171 lines
21 KiB
XML
171 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="BA85212BE279235D7C9F7D5BF8AE1454" ID-CLB-Dataset="298073" ID-DOI="10.5070/P940253335" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c3872b03-1bb2-4abd-989f-d4aeee1cb8e8" ID-ISSN="0031-0298" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10913403" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="diego" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1712168991736" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Burrow, Carole Jan & Elliott, David Kenneth" docDate="2023" docId="8E3A87E5FFCBB401DCB4FCED8A6342EC" docLanguage="en" docName="PaleoBios.40.2.1-7.pdf" docOrigin="PaleoBios 40 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/p940253335" docStyle="DocumentStyle:76F55B8832C4952BA7DD61B33E1F0E81.1:PaleoBios.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="76F55B8832C4952BA7DD61B33E1F0E81" docStyleName="PaleoBios.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Ischnacanthiformes BERG 1940" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="3" masterDocId="7203FF9DFFCFB404DC03FFE88B3E433E" masterDocTitle="Acanthodian fauna from the Early Devonian (Emsian) of Death Valley, California" masterLastPageNumber="7" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1717509832777" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="7FF5A21816553871F0F5068F71EFF280">Acanthodian fauna from the Early Devonian (Emsian) of Death Valley, California</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2D34A71B6D971A829BFA88C8ECFA89C3">Burrow, Carole Jan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3E4B30D666783172203886FBAA3459F1">Elliott, David Kenneth</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="D1C50C22B0C72355944B3118B03AB107">PaleoBios</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E2154C35C8BB629CCFFC26D2C21900F8">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="8E3A87E5FFCBB401DCB4FCED8A6342EC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11473518" ID-GBIF-Taxon="232131773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11473518" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8E3A87E5FFCBB401DCB4FCED8A6342EC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8E3A87E5FFCBB401DCB4FCED8A6342EC" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection id="4E896578FFCBB400DCB4FCED8941407D" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="062C36F3FFCBB400DCB4FCED8941407D" blockId="4.[183,729,773,835]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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<heading id="5D64819FFFCBB400DCB4FCED8941407D" allCaps="true" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" reason="2">
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<collectionCode id="6082AE36FFCBB400DCB4FCED8A354021" box="[183,267,773,799]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">ORDER</collectionCode>
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<taxonomicName id="C1934D70FFCBB400DD12FCED89E74021" authority="BERG, 1940" authorityName="BERG" authorityYear="1940" box="[273,729,773,799]" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ischnacanthiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" rank="order">
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ISCHNACANTHIFORMES
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<bibRefCitation id="62024B02FFCBB400DE48FCED89E74021" author="Berg, L. S." box="[587,729,773,799]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="87 - 345" refId="ref3457" refString="Berg, L. S. 1940. Sistema ryboobraznykh i ryb, nyne zhivushchikh i iskopaemykh (Classification of fishes, both recent and fossil). Trudy Instituta Zoologicheskikh Akademiia Nauk 5 (2): 87 - 345 [in Russian]." type="journal article" year="1940">BERG, 1940</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<collectionCode id="6082AE36FFCBB400DD11FCC08A59407C" box="[274,359,808,834]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">FAMILY</collectionCode>
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,
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<collectionCode id="6082AE36FFCBB400DD72FCC08AFC407C" box="[369,450,808,834]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">GENUS</collectionCode>
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,
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<collectionCode id="6082AE36FFCBB400DDCFFCC08915407C" box="[460,555,808,834]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">SPECIES</collectionCode>
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INDET.
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="4E896578FFCBB400DD87FCBB89324053" box="[388,524,851,877]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="description">
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<paragraph id="062C36F3FFCBB400DD87FCBB89324053" blockId="4.[388,524,851,877]" box="[388,524,851,877]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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(
|
||
<figureCitation id="9EA82A76FFCBB400DD8FFCBB8AEE4053" box="[396,464,851,877]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[110,189,1877,1901]" captionTargetBox="[112,1520,1336,1855]" captionTargetId="figure-493@4.[112,1520,1336,1856]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Ischnacanthiform acanthodian dermal elements. A, fin spine FMNH-PF14560; B, fin spine fragment FMNH-PF14561. C, D, dentigerous jaw bone FMNH-PF14562, labial view; boxed area in C is enlarged in D. Scale bars=0.5 mm in A–C, 0.1 mm in D. Arrow indicates rostral direction." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913407" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913407/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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A-D)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="4E896578FFCBB400DC93FC96892740DE" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="062C36F3FFCBB400DC93FC96892740DE" blockId="4.[110,801,894,1308]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="34E7EAE1FFCBB400DC93FC968AB140A6" bold="true" box="[144,399,894,920]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Referred material</emphasis>
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—Fin spines
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<collectionCode id="6082AE36FFCBB400DE4CFC9689ED40A7" box="[591,723,894,921]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">FMNH-PF</collectionCode>
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14560,
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<collectionCode id="6082AE36FFCBB400DC73FC498BC84082" box="[112,246,929,956]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">FMNH-PF</collectionCode>
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14561, dentigerous jaw bone fragments
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<collectionCode id="6082AE36FFCBB400DC73FC2D8BCB40DE" box="[112,245,965,992]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">FMNH-PF</collectionCode>
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||
14562,
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<collectionCode id="6082AE36FFCBB400DD4BFC2D8AF040DE" box="[328,462,965,992]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">FMNH-PF</collectionCode>
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14563.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="4E896578FFCBB401DC93FC008A6342EC" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="062C36F3FFCBB400DC93FC008E46423E" blockId="4.[110,801,894,1308]" lastBlockId="4.[830,1521,195,1313]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="34E7EAE1FFCBB400DC93FC008A10473C" bold="true" box="[144,302,1000,1026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Description</emphasis>
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—The fin spines are laterally flattened, and ornamented with closely spaced smooth longitudinal ridges that parallel the leading edge. The more complete spine (
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<collectionCode id="6082AE36FFCBB400DCC3FBB98A764752" box="[192,328,1105,1132]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">FMNH-PF</collectionCode>
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14560;
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<figureCitation id="9EA82A76FFCBB400DD9EFBBA8ACB4752" box="[413,501,1106,1132]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[110,189,1877,1901]" captionTargetBox="[112,1520,1336,1855]" captionTargetId="figure-493@4.[112,1520,1336,1856]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Ischnacanthiform acanthodian dermal elements. A, fin spine FMNH-PF14560; B, fin spine fragment FMNH-PF14561. C, D, dentigerous jaw bone FMNH-PF14562, labial view; boxed area in C is enlarged in D. Scale bars=0.5 mm in A–C, 0.1 mm in D. Arrow indicates rostral direction." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913407" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913407/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
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) is c.
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||
<quantity id="C16B9B16FFCBB400DE34FBBA89B14752" box="[567,655,1106,1132]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="27.0">27 mm</quantity>
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long, maximum depth
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<quantity id="C16B9B16FFCBB400DD01FB9D8A7647B1" box="[258,328,1141,1167]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
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, possibly lacking the proximal end. The leading edge ridge is slightly wider than the five lateral ridges on the exposed side of the spine. The other specimen (
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||
<collectionCode id="6082AE36FFCBB400DCB1FB368A0647C7" box="[178,312,1246,1273]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">FMNH-PF</collectionCode>
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14561;
|
||
<figureCitation id="9EA82A76FFCBB400DD8BFB368AE547C7" box="[392,475,1246,1273]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[110,189,1877,1901]" captionTargetBox="[112,1520,1336,1855]" captionTargetId="figure-493@4.[112,1520,1336,1856]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Ischnacanthiform acanthodian dermal elements. A, fin spine FMNH-PF14560; B, fin spine fragment FMNH-PF14561. C, D, dentigerous jaw bone FMNH-PF14562, labial view; boxed area in C is enlarged in D. Scale bars=0.5 mm in A–C, 0.1 mm in D. Arrow indicates rostral direction." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913407" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913407/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Fig.2B</figureCitation>
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||
) is a
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||
<quantity id="C16B9B16FFCBB400DE11FB37896847C7" box="[530,598,1247,1273]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
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long fragment of the proximal half of a spine, maximum depth
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<quantity id="C16B9B16FFCBB400DE9AFAEA89DF4622" box="[665,737,1282,1308]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
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, also with five ridges on the exposed side. On both specimens the ornament ridges extend the whole length.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="062C36F3FFCBB400DF63FEE288F141BA" blockId="4.[830,1521,195,1313]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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The more complete dentigerous jaw bone specimen (
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<collectionCode id="6082AE36FFCBB400DF49FEC588EC4276" box="[842,978,301,328]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">FMNH-PF</collectionCode>
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||
14562;
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||
<figureCitation id="9EA82A76FFCBB400D825FEC58F454279" box="[1062,1147,301,327]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[110,189,1877,1901]" captionTargetBox="[112,1520,1336,1855]" captionTargetId="figure-493@4.[112,1520,1336,1856]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Ischnacanthiform acanthodian dermal elements. A, fin spine FMNH-PF14560; B, fin spine fragment FMNH-PF14561. C, D, dentigerous jaw bone FMNH-PF14562, labial view; boxed area in C is enlarged in D. Scale bars=0.5 mm in A–C, 0.1 mm in D. Arrow indicates rostral direction." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913407" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913407/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
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||
) is
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||
<quantity id="C16B9B16FFCBB400D8A6FEC58FC24279" box="[1189,1276,301,327]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
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long and is the posterior part of the bone, lacking the posterior end, with the smooth labial surface exposed. Eight teeth are preserved on the occlusal surface. The teeth increase in height anteriorly, curve slightly lingually, have a smooth labial surface, and are slightly recurved antero-posteriorly. They appear to be monocuspid (
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<figureCitation id="9EA82A76FFCBB400D88EFDE88FD74124" box="[1165,1257,512,538]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[110,189,1877,1901]" captionTargetBox="[112,1520,1336,1855]" captionTargetId="figure-493@4.[112,1520,1336,1856]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Ischnacanthiform acanthodian dermal elements. A, fin spine FMNH-PF14560; B, fin spine fragment FMNH-PF14561. C, D, dentigerous jaw bone FMNH-PF14562, labial view; boxed area in C is enlarged in D. Scale bars=0.5 mm in A–C, 0.1 mm in D. Arrow indicates rostral direction." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10913407" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10913407/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
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), lacking denticles or ancilliary cusps. The other specimen (
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<collectionCode id="6082AE36FFCBB400D919FDCB8E9C4100" box="[1306,1442,547,574]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">FMNH-PF</collectionCode>
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||
14563; not figured) is a small jaw fragment with one smooth cusp intact.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="062C36F3FFCBB400DF63FD6488EF474E" blockId="4.[830,1521,195,1313]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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||
<emphasis id="34E7EAE1FFCBB400DF63FD648F3D4198" bold="true" box="[864,1027,652,678]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Comparison</emphasis>
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—Laterally flattened spines with equal width longitudinal ridges paralleling the leading edge, and a lack of a differentiated insertion, characterise the
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<taxonomicName id="C1934D70FFCBB400DF43FD1E8F09402E" authorityName="BERG" authorityYear="1940" box="[832,1079,758,784]" order="Ischnacanthiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" rank="order">Ischnacanthiformes</taxonomicName>
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||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="62024B02FFCBB400D84FFD1F8FC9402F" author="Burrow, C." box="[1100,1271,759,785]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" refId="ref3669" refString="Burrow, C. 2021. Handbook of Paleoichthyology. Vol. 5. Acanthodii, Stem Chondrichthyes. Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil, Munich. 166 pp." type="book" year="2021">Burrow 2021</bibRefCitation>
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||
). The spines of
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<taxonomicName id="C1934D70FFCBB400D9C4FD1F88C8400A" family="Poracanthodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Poracanthodidae</taxonomicName>
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||
and
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<taxonomicName id="C1934D70FFCBB400D83AFCF28FDD400A" box="[1081,1251,794,820]" family="Acritolepidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acritolepidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="62024B02FFCBB400D8FAFCF28ED7400A" author="Valiukevicius, J. J." box="[1273,1513,794,820]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" refId="ref4707" refString="Valiukevicius, J. J. 1992. First articulated Poracanthodes from" type="book" year="1992">Valiukevičius 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2003,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="62024B02FFCBB400DF8CFCD58F064069" author="Burrow, C. J." box="[911,1080,829,855]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="1329 - 1341" refId="ref3634" refString="Burrow, C. J. 2011. A partial articulated acanthodian from the Silurian of New Brunswick, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 48 (9): 1329 - 1341." type="journal article" year="2011">Burrow 2011</bibRefCitation>
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||
) typically have more lateral ridges than the Death Valley specimens, and the
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<taxonomicName id="C1934D70FFCBB400D94BFC88885340A3" family="Ischnacanthidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ischnacanthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where known,have fewer ridges (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="62024B02FFCBB400D909FC6C8E9240A3" author="Burrow, C. J." box="[1290,1452,899,926]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="824 - 840" refId="ref3602" refString="Burrow, C. J. 2007. Early Devonian (Emsian) acanthodian faunas of the western USA. Journal of Paleontology 81 (5): 824 - 840." type="journal article" year="2007">Burrow 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). The spines most likely belong to an ischnacanthid. However, most ischnacanthiform taxa are based on isolated dentigerous jaw bones and scales rather than articulated fish, and their fin spine morphology is thus unknown, so we assign these spines to an undetermined ischnacanthiform.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="062C36F3FFCBB401DF63FB928A6342EC" blockId="4.[830,1521,195,1313]" lastBlockId="5.[110,800,193,466]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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Dermal dentigerous jaw bones are only found in ischnacanthiform acanthodians (
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<bibRefCitation id="62024B02FFCBB400D8D1FB758EB34789" author="Burrow, C. J." box="[1234,1421,1181,1207]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="8 - 22" refId="ref3537" refString="Burrow, C. J. 2004 a. Acanthodians with dentigerous jaws: the Ischnacanthiformes and Acanthodopsis. Fossils and Strata 50: 8 - 22." type="journal article" year="2004">Burrow 2004a</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="62024B02FFCBB400D99EFB758EE14789" author="Burrow, C. J." box="[1437,1503,1181,1207]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="1329 - 1341" refId="ref3634" refString="Burrow, C. J. 2011. A partial articulated acanthodian from the Silurian of New Brunswick, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 48 (9): 1329 - 1341." type="journal article" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The morphological features of the lingual side of the bones and teeth are important characters for identifying genera (e.g., Long 1986,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="62024B02FFCBB400D865FAEF8E24461F" author="Burrow, C. J." box="[1126,1306,1287,1313]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="8 - 22" refId="ref3537" refString="Burrow, C. J. 2004 a. Acanthodians with dentigerous jaws: the Ischnacanthiformes and Acanthodopsis. Fossils and Strata 50: 8 - 22." type="journal article" year="2004">Burrow 2004a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="62024B02FFCBB400D926FAEE8E48461E" author="Burrow, C. J." box="[1317,1398,1286,1312]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="257 - 267" refId="ref3565" refString="Burrow, C. J. 2004 b. A redescription of Atopacanthus dentatus Hussakof and Bryant 1918 (Acanthodii, Ischnacanthidae). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 (2): 257 - 267." type="journal article" year="2004">2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The size and exposed morphology of the Death Valley specimens conforms with that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C1934D70FFCAB401DD80FF0D8B8F421C" authority="Burrow, 2007" authorityName="Burrow" authorityYear="2007" family="Ischnacanthidae" genus="Cacheacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="utahensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="34E7EAE1FFCAB401DD80FF0D898843C1" box="[387,694,229,255]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cacheacanthus utahensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="62024B02FFCAB401DEBFFF0D8B8F421C" author="Burrow, C. J." pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="824 - 840" refId="ref3602" refString="Burrow, C. J. 2007. Early Devonian (Emsian) acanthodian faunas of the western USA. Journal of Paleontology 81 (5): 824 - 840." type="journal article" year="2007">Burrow, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Emsian of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="C457F811FFCAB401DDB5FEE08ACD421C" box="[438,499,264,290]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||
, but they cannot be definitively assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C1934D70FFCAB401DD75FEC38910427B" authorityName="Burrow" authorityYear="2007" box="[374,558,299,325]" family="Ischnacanthidae" genus="Cacheacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="34E7EAE1FFCAB401DD75FEC38910427B" box="[374,558,299,325]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cacheacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as some characters diagnostic for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C1934D70FFCAB401DD1FFEA68AED4256" authorityName="Burrow" authorityYear="2007" box="[284,467,334,360]" family="Ischnacanthidae" genus="Cacheacanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="34E7EAE1FFCAB401DD1FFEA68AED4256" box="[284,467,334,360]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Cacheacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are based on the parabasal shape of the teeth and presence or absence of a lingual tooth row, and these features are not visible on the described specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |