treatments-xml/data/8A/4D/05/8A4D051E6B4FFFEDB2EC50A37B18567E.xml

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<mods:title id="233227065ACCE73041813500C8E02B9C">Description of a new species of Eupsophus (Amphibia: Neobatrachia) from the Valdivian Coastal range, Southern Chile: an integrative taxonomic approach</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E608E158229775324D1D38A35D1449E0">Nuñez, José J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2F5E6302C6EFBFB5ACB0F5309D46D6C9">Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile. Casilla 567, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="957E8768B098F2444A21D1CEBA30F902" type="email">jjnunezn@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="1F76DAAC627FDB02FF714A97BCF242D3">Rabanal, Felipe E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2998DF3C36780B98CC8554AD011D73FC">Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile. Casilla 567. Valdivia, Chile Corresponding author: E-mail: jjnunezn @ gmail. com</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F7403D8AD8E7503BB8CE2FBEFA98207D">Formas, J. Ramon</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="ADA13D611A65D6539ED94F66EB76F9E3">Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile. Casilla 567, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile.</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B4FFFE4B2EC50A3795B532F" ID-CoL="3CYH6" authority="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas, 2012" authorityName="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas" authorityYear="2012" box="[151,350,1780,1806]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altor" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B4FFFE4B2EC50A3795B532F" bold="true" box="[151,350,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Eupsophus altor</emphasis>
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Nuñez, Rabanal &amp; Formas (
<figureCitation id="9ADFA88D6B4FFFE4B16850A37B5C532F" box="[787,857,1780,1806]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,244,1530,1551]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,660,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-459@6.[151,1436,660,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. Holotype of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. (IZUA 3607) from Cerro Oncol (Valdivia Province). B: Terrestrial embryos of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. C: Nest with tadpoles of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. Stage 30. D: Tadpoles at stages 37–41. Stages according to Gosner (1960). Bar indicates 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250318" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250318/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="025BB4086B4FFFE4B2EC51407B9E530E" blockId="5.[151,923,1780,1839]" box="[151,923,1815,1839]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Oncol’s ground frog (English) Rana de hojarasca de Oncol (Spanish)</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="3090681A6B4FFFE4B2EC5108794D5356" bold="true" box="[151,328,1886,1911]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Type Material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="B28CBE556B4FFFE4B33551087962539E" collectingDate="2008-06-11" collectionCode="IZUA" collectorName="Felipe Rabanal &amp; Jose Nunez &amp; Cerro Oncol" country="Chile" county="Valdivia" elevation="650" latitude="-39.683334" location="Coastal" longLatPrecision="1167" longitude="-73.316666" municipality="Valdivia Province" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" specimenCode="IZUA 3607" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B4FFFE4B335510879BE5356" bold="true" box="[334,443,1887,1911]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
<typeStatus id="DD5F0AAA6B4FFFE4B335510879BE5356" box="[334,443,1887,1911]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
. 
<specimenCode id="52421C736B4FFFE4B3B251087A4B5356" box="[457,590,1887,1911]" collectionCode="IZUA" country="Chile" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tii4-3eeh" name="Universidad Austral de Chile, Instituto de Zoologia" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">IZUA 3607</specimenCode>
, adult male collected by 
<collectorName id="AF11D1DE6B4FFFE4B11F51087C085356" box="[868,1037,1887,1911]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Felipe Rabanal</collectorName>
and 
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on 
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<collectingDate id="661E6B206B4FFFE4B69651087D845356" box="[1261,1409,1887,1911]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="2008-06-11">11 June 2008</collectingDate>
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at the 
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(
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; 
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, 
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a.s.l.
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), 
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range, 
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, 
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W (by road) of 
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city, 
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(
<figureCitation id="9ADFA88D6B4FFFE4B36251F0795F539E" box="[281,346,1959,1983]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,244,1348,1369]" captionTargetBox="[384,1190,435,1295]" captionTargetId="figure-381@1.[362,1219,411,1319]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distributional map of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. Numbers indicate the following localities: 1 Cerro Oncol (Type Locality), 2 Curiñanco, 3 Chan-Chán, 4 Alepue. (See coordenates in the text)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250310" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250310/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="B28CBE556B4FFFE4B30851F07D15539E" box="[371,1296,1959,1984]" collectingDate="2008-06-11" collectionCode="IZUA" collectorName="Felipe Rabanal &amp; Jose Nunez &amp; Cerro Oncol" country="Chile" county="Valdivia" elevation="650" latitude="-39.683334" location="Coastal" longLatPrecision="1167" longitude="-73.316666" municipality="Valdivia Province" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" specimenCode="IZUA 3608-3620" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B4FFFE4B30851F079F4539E" bold="true" box="[371,497,1959,1983]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
<typeStatus id="DD5F0AAA6B4FFFE4B30851F079E8539E" box="[371,493,1959,1983]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="52421C736B4FFFE4B38351F07AC6539E" box="[504,707,1959,1983]" collectionCode="IZUA" country="Chile" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tii4-3eeh" name="Universidad Austral de Chile, Instituto de Zoologia" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">IZUA 3608–3620</specimenCode>
, collected at the type locality, same data as holotype
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="025BB4086B4CFFE7B2BC56C07B7C567E" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,607]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B4CFFE7B2BC56C07944548E" box="[199,321,151,176]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" reason="1">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B4CFFE7B2BC56C0793F5491" bold="true" box="[199,314,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The species is assigned to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B4CFFE7B08956CF7B685491" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[754,877,152,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B4CFFE7B08956CF7B685491" box="[754,877,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Eupsophus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because it has the following osteological cranial pattern (cervical cotylar arrangement 
<typeStatus id="DD5F0AAA6B4CFFE7B04656EB7A6854F5" box="[573,621,188,212]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">type</typeStatus>
II; palatal shelf of premaxilla relatively deep; palatal shelf of maxilla of moderate width; pterygoid process moderately large; nasals small, widely separated medially; nasals in broad contact with maxillae, not in contact with pterygoids; epiotic eminences prominent; zygomatic ramus of squamosal of moderate length, widely separated from maxilla; otic ramus of squamosal as long as zygomatic ramus, expanded medially into small otic plate; squamosal-maxillary angle 50–55°; palatines broad, widely separated medially, bearing odontoid ridges; sphenethmoid entire, extending anteriorly to anterior edge of nasals parasphenoid alae oriented at right angles to anterior ramus of parasphenoid, broadly overlapped laterally by median rami of pterygoid) as has been described by 
<bibRefCitation id="6675C9F96B4CFFE7B04457E07ADC55EE" author="Lynch" box="[575,729,439,463]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 238" refId="ref9297" refString="Lynch. J. P. (1971) Evolutionary relationships, osteology, and biogeography of leptodactyloid frogs. University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History History, Miscellaneus Publication, 53, 1 - 238." type="journal article" year="1971">Lynch (1971)</bibRefCitation>
and endotrophic tadpoles (
<bibRefCitation id="6675C9F96B4CFFE7B66857E07CAB55EE" author="Formas, J. R." box="[1043,1198,439,463]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" pagination="411 - 415" refId="ref8744" refString="Formas, J. R. (1985) The voices and relationships of the Chilean frogs Eupsophus migueli and E. calcaratus (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 98, 411 - 415." type="journal article" year="1985">Formas 1985</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B4CFFE7B6BF57EF7D7A55F1" authorityName="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas" authorityYear="2012" box="[1220,1407,440,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altor">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B4CFFE7B6BF57EF7D7A55F1" box="[1220,1407,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Eupsophus altor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is assigned to the 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B4CFFE7B33E578A79AB55D5" baseAuthorityName="Formas &amp; Vera" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[325,430,476,500]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roseus">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B4CFFE7B33E578A795355D5" box="[325,342,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">E</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="3090681A6B4CFFE7B31E578A79AB55D5" box="[357,430,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">roseus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Group species by having 2n = 30 chromosomes. 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B4CFFE7B1A1578B7C9755D5" authorityName="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas" authorityYear="2012" box="[986,1170,476,500]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altor">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B4CFFE7B1A1578B7C9755D5" box="[986,1170,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Eupsophus altor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from all species described of the 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B4CFFE7B31A545679C85639" baseAuthorityName="Formas &amp; Vera" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[353,461,513,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roseus">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B4CFFE7B31A545679C85639" box="[353,461,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">E. roseus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group species by having early winter breeding season, terrestrial tadpoles and its advertisement call with spectral elements reaching the 20 kHz, and nine mitochondrial D-loop nucleotide site substitutions from its congeneric species phylogenetically closest.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<emphasis id="3090681A6B4CFFE7B2EC53AD792E522E" bold="true" box="[151,299,1530,1551]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">FIGURE 5. A.</emphasis>
Holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B4CFFE7B3D753AD7A4E522E" authority="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas, 2012" authorityName="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas" authorityYear="2012" box="[428,587,1530,1551]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altor" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B4CFFE7B3D753AD7A4E522E" box="[428,587,1530,1551]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Eupsophus altor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="3090681A6B4CFFE7B02A53AD7A9B522E" bold="true" box="[593,670,1530,1551]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2BA3D5616B4CFFE7B02A53AD7A9B522E" box="[593,670,1530,1551]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(IZUA 3607) from Cerro Oncol (Valdivia Province). B: Terrestrial embryos of 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B4CFFE7B2EC504F7931520C" authority="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas, 2012" authorityName="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas" authorityYear="2012" box="[151,308,1560,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altor" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B4CFFE7B2EC504F7931520C" box="[151,308,1560,1581]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Eupsophus altor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2BA3D5616B4CFFE7B3405040798D520D" box="[315,392,1559,1580]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" rank="species">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B4CFFE7B34050407987520D" bold="true" box="[315,386,1559,1580]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">sp. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
C: Nest with tadpoles of 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B4CFFE7B004504F7B1B520C" authority="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas, 2012" authorityName="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas" authorityYear="2012" box="[639,798,1560,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altor" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B4CFFE7B004504F7B1B520C" box="[639,798,1560,1581]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Eupsophus altor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2BA3D5616B4CFFE7B15F50407B74520D" box="[804,881,1559,1580]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" rank="species">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B4CFFE7B15F50407B6E520D" bold="true" box="[804,875,1559,1580]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">sp. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Stage 30. D: Tadpoles at stages 37–41. Stages according to 
<bibRefCitation id="6675C9F96B4CFFE7B2D450627938526B" author="Gosner, K. L." box="[175,317,1589,1610]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" pagination="183 - 190" refId="ref9099" refString="Gosner, K. L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica, 16, 183 - 190." type="journal article" year="1960">Gosner (1960)</bibRefCitation>
. Bar indicates 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="4AFEE7836B4CFFEAB2BD50387AD65353" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" type="description">
<paragraph id="025BB4086B4CFFE6B2BD50387B3555EE" blockId="6.[151,1437,1647,2032]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,2025]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B4CFFE7B2BD50387A1352A6" box="[198,534,1647,1672]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" reason="1">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B4CFFE7B2BD50387A1552A9" bold="true" box="[198,528,1647,1672]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
Description of the 
<typeStatus id="DD5F0AAA6B4CFFE7B3D250277A1552A9" box="[425,528,1648,1672]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Adult male 
<quantity id="C51C19ED6B4CFFE7B0DC50387B0852A6" box="[679,781,1647,1671]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.66" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" unit="mm" value="36.6">36.6 mm</quantity>
in SVL. Head 0.93 times narrow than body; head length 31.7% of SVL; head width 1.2 times broader than long. Snout rounded dorsal view and obtuse in lateral view; loreal region flat, nostrils slightly prominent, oriented laterally; internarial distance 0.31 times the head width, internarial region slightly convex; nostril slightly closer to the anterior border of the eye than the terminus of snout; canthus rostralis marked. Eyes prominent, laterally oriented, 0.44 times the head length; tympanum round, 0.67 times the eye diameter; dorsolateral fold well developed, extending from the posterior corner of eyelid, terminating dorsal to forelimb. Maxillary and premaxillary teeth present; seven prevomerine teeth (4 on the left and 3 on the right), obliquely located between the choanae, small sized (0.26 times internarial distance) and subcircular in shape; tongue rounded, posterior the border slightly notched, attached approximately 66.4% of its length interiorly. Forelimbs slender; dorsal and ventral surfaces smooth. Relative length of the fingers: III&gt;IV&gt;II&gt;I; tips of the fingers rounded and slightly protuberant; subarticular tubercles rounded distributed on fingers as follows: І- ІІ- ІV (1), ІІІ (2); inner palmar tubercle ovoid; outer almost rectangular, as long as the inner; one subarticular tubercle on fingers I–IV; supernumerary palmar tubercles absent; nuptial pads on fingers I–II with tiny spines unpigmented. Hind limbs long and slender (162.8% of SVL); tibiotarsal articulation reaching the posterior border of eye when hind limb is adpressed along the body; toes long and thin, their relative length are: IV&gt;V=III&gt;II&gt;I; a small delicate web between toes III–IV; tips rounded; inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid and developed, external tubercle conical and small, one-fourth of length of inner metatarsal tubercle; subarticular tubercles rounded, distributed on toes as follows: I(1), II(1), III(2), IV(3), V(2). Skin of head, dorsal surface, flanks and limbs smooth; ventral surfaces of limbs smooth; cloacal opening directed posteriorly at ventral level of thighs; cloacal opening unornamentated, covered by a fold of skin; Ventral surface of thighs smooth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="025BB4086B4DFFE6B2BC578C7C8C567D" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B4DFFE6B2BC578C797755D5" bold="true" box="[199,370,475,500]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" reason="1">Colour in life.</emphasis>
The dorsum is reddish-pink with light gray spots. Extremities with light gray bracelets. The flanks are whitish but with yellow in axillary and inguinal areas. Throat, chest and belly with minute melanophores regularly distributed. The ventral surface is white or creamy (
<figureCitation id="9ADFA88D6B4DFFE6B12C54767B985618" box="[855,925,545,569]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,244,1530,1551]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,660,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-459@6.[151,1436,660,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. Holotype of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. (IZUA 3607) from Cerro Oncol (Valdivia Province). B: Terrestrial embryos of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. C: Nest with tadpoles of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. Stage 30. D: Tadpoles at stages 37–41. Stages according to Gosner (1960). Bar indicates 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250318" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250318/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Upper part of the iris yellowish with black reticulations. Color in preservative (70% ethanol plus NaCl) similar to the live specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="025BB4086B4DFFE6B2BC5431790757B5" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B4DFFE6B2BC54317946565E" bold="true" box="[199,323,614,639]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" reason="1">Osteology.</emphasis>
Neurocranial braincase: The neurocranial braincase is made up of three bones: sphenethmoid, prootics and exoccipitals. It is partially covered by the frontoparietals dorsally and the parasphenoid ventrally (
<figureCitation id="9ADFA88D6B4DFFE6B71554DE78B956E5" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,244,1807,1828]" captionTargetBox="[278,1321,689,1795]" captionTargetId="figure-369@8.[263,1334,679,1806]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Skull of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. (IZUA 3619); in dorsal (A),ventral (B), and lateral (C) views. Pectoral girdle (D) and hyoid plate (E) of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. Bar indicates 5 mm. Gray areas indicate cartilaginous tissue." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250320" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250320/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
). The sphenethmoid forms the floor, edges of the roof and the anterolateral wall of each side of the braincase. Dorsally occupies a large area (its width is equal to the length of the nasals) between the nasals, frontoparietals and frontoparietal fontanella. Its ventral face overlaps with the inner half of the neopalatines, vomers and anterior end of the cultriform process of the parasphenoid. The prootics are fused with the exoccipitals, forming the posterior region of the braincase and the otic capsules. The exoccipital, which are covered ventrally by the parasphenoid forming the posteromedial walls of the otic capsules, the margin of the foramen magnum, and the occipital condyles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="025BB4086B4DFFE6B2BC55C97BF2519F" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
Dermatocranium: The frontoparietals are paired and their anterior extremes are slightly divergent. The frontoparietals are expanded posteriorly and they overlap the prootics but do not reach the foramen magnum. The frontoparietal fenestra extends forward from the anterior third of the skull. The fontanella is 0.24 times the skull length. The nasals are paired subrectangular bones, transversally oriented and superimposed on the sphenethmoid (
<figureCitation id="9ADFA88D6B4DFFE6B2E4527E78FF5060" box="[159,250,1065,1089]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,244,1807,1828]" captionTargetBox="[278,1321,689,1795]" captionTargetId="figure-369@8.[263,1334,679,1806]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Skull of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. (IZUA 3619); in dorsal (A),ventral (B), and lateral (C) views. Pectoral girdle (D) and hyoid plate (E) of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. Bar indicates 5 mm. Gray areas indicate cartilaginous tissue." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250320" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250320/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
). A space separates the nasals from the oblique cartilage of the nasal capsule. The parasphenoid is Tshaped, not fused with the subjacent bones. The cultriform process, which rests on the sphenethmoid, is long not keeled and anteriorly serrated, their tips do not reach the level of the neopalatines. The posteromedial process of the parasphenoid is acuminate and near the foramen magnum margin. The alae deflect posteriorly and they gradually expand to the cartilaginous extreme. The neopalatines are curved bones, concave posteriorly. One-third of it inner length overlaps with the sphenethmoid. The outer edge reaches the pars palatine of the maxilla. The vomers are paired bones that overlap the sphenethmoid. Each vomer comprises a dentigerous process with a transverse and concave row that bears 4 to 5 teeth. The posterior margin forms the posterior margin of choanae. The maxillary arcade is complete. The upper jaw is composed of the premaxillae, maxillae and quadratojugal bones. Each premaxilla bears 4–5 teeth. The alary process is subrectangular, oriented dorsally curved backwards and not reach the nasals. The pars palatina is subrectangular and the palatine process is pointed. The maxilla is well-developed, pars fascialis is wide and pars palatina narrow. The teeth (19–24) are conical.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="025BB4086B4DFFE6B2BC539E78FF52F2" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
Suspensorium: Each pterygoid has well-developed the anterior, medial and posterior rami. The anterior ramus is expanded anteriorly, articulating with the inner side of the maxilla. The medial ramus does not reach the allae of parasphenoid, but it contacts on the prootic. The posterior ramus invests the cartilaginous quadrate process medially and terminates posteriorly at the angle of the jaw. The zygomatic ramus of the squamosal is slightly curved (
<figureCitation id="9ADFA88D6B4DFFE6B28850037949524D" box="[243,332,1620,1644]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,244,1807,1828]" captionTargetBox="[278,1321,689,1795]" captionTargetId="figure-369@8.[263,1334,679,1806]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Skull of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. (IZUA 3619); in dorsal (A),ventral (B), and lateral (C) views. Pectoral girdle (D) and hyoid plate (E) of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. Bar indicates 5 mm. Gray areas indicate cartilaginous tissue." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250320" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250320/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
). The otic ramus is expanded and shorter than zygomatic ramus. The ventral ramus is straight and the angle with the maxilla is about 45º. The annulus tympanic is oned dorsally, cartilaginous and joined to the zygomatic ramus. The coronoid process of the mandible is trapezoidal and normally developed. Columella presents.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="025BB4086B4DFFE6B2BC5089796053E7" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
Hyoid apparatus: The hyoid plate is cartilaginous and mineralized at posteromedial processes (
<figureCitation id="9ADFA88D6B4DFFE6B77450897D6C52D7" box="[1295,1385,1758,1782]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,244,1807,1828]" captionTargetBox="[278,1321,689,1795]" captionTargetId="figure-369@8.[263,1334,679,1806]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Skull of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. (IZUA 3619); in dorsal (A),ventral (B), and lateral (C) views. Pectoral girdle (D) and hyoid plate (E) of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. Bar indicates 5 mm. Gray areas indicate cartilaginous tissue." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250320" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250320/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
). At midline the hyoid corpus is 1.2 times wider than long; the hypoglossal sinus is broad and U-shaped, approximately as deep as wide and its margins are parallel. The allary processes are thin, perpendicular to the axial axis of the hyoid plate, slightly oriented forward and with a distal expansion. The hyales are thin and curved; the anterior lateral processes are developed and slightly curved laterally. The postero-lateral processes are thin and oriented postero-laterally, their tips are sharp. The posterior ends of the posteromedial processes are cartilaginous and slightly expanded.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="025BB4086B4DFFE9B2BC51867B9D56A5" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2025]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,644]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="7" pageNumber="60">
Pectoral girdle: The pectoral girdle is arciferous, the omosternum is cartilaginous with an expanded distal end (
<figureCitation id="9ADFA88D6B42FFE9B2E456C078F9548E" box="[159,252,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,244,1807,1828]" captionTargetBox="[278,1321,689,1795]" captionTargetId="figure-369@8.[263,1334,679,1806]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Skull of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. (IZUA 3619); in dorsal (A),ventral (B), and lateral (C) views. Pectoral girdle (D) and hyoid plate (E) of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. Bar indicates 5 mm. Gray areas indicate cartilaginous tissue." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250320" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250320/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
). The anterior expansion is shorter than the cartilaginous sternum. The omosternum slightly expanded anteriorly and stick-like. The sternum is wide and its distal end is rounded. The procoracoid is present and extends to the level of the internal extreme of the clavicle, the clavicles do not touch each other. The prolongation of the procoracoid extends between the clavicle and the scapula. In ventral view, the right cartilaginous epicoracoid overlaps the left. The pectoral fenestra, whose inner margin is concave is 1.5 times wider than long. Each of these apertures is anteriorly bordered by the procoracoid cartilage, medially by the epicoraciod cartilage, and posteriolly by the coracoid. Each clavicule is concave anteriorly. The glenoid end of the clavicle is expanded dorsolaterally into a wedge-shaped process that articulates with the pars acromialis of the scapula. The clavicles do not reach the glenoid fossa. The scapula is rectangular in shape and 1.3 times the coracoid. The scapula is composed of two planes: pars acromialis concave and the pars glenoid concave posteriorly. The coracoid is subrectangular and the distal ends are distally expanded. The glenoid cavity is limited by the pars glenoidalis and coracoid. The outer edge of the supra scapular cartilage is cartilaginous. The cleitrum consists of an ossified thin and bifid lamina, the posterior ramus is shorter of the anterior ramus slightly expanded, as long as the scapula; the anterior border ossified as cleitrum; the posterior and lateral margins unmineralized.
</paragraph>
<caption id="569BE4806B42FFE9B2EC51587C875360" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250320" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5250320" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250320/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" startId="8.[151,244,1807,1828]" targetBox="[278,1321,689,1795]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="025BB4086B42FFE9B2EC51587C875360" blockId="8.[151,1436,1807,1857]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B42FFE9B2EC515879025305" bold="true" box="[151,263,1807,1828]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">FIGURE 6</emphasis>
. Skull of 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B42FFE9B31651587A0F5305" authority="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas, 2012" authorityName="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas" authorityYear="2012" box="[365,522,1807,1828]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altor" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B42FFE9B31651587A0F5305" box="[365,522,1807,1828]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Eupsophus altor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="3090681A6B42FFE9B06A51587A5B5305" bold="true" box="[529,606,1807,1828]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2BA3D5616B42FFE9B06A51587A5B5305" box="[529,606,1807,1828]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(IZUA 3619); in dorsal (A),ventral (B), and lateral (C) views. Pectoral girdle (D) and hyoid plate (E) of 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B42FFE9B33D517B79E15360" authority="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas, 2012" authorityName="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas" authorityYear="2012" box="[326,484,1836,1857]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altor" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B42FFE9B33D517B79E15360" box="[326,484,1836,1857]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Eupsophus altor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2BA3D5616B42FFE9B391517B7A325360" box="[490,567,1836,1857]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" rank="species">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B42FFE9B391517B7A345360" bold="true" box="[490,561,1836,1857]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">sp. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Bar indicates 5 mm. Gray areas indicate cartilaginous tissue.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="025BB4086B42FFE8B2BC513978CD55D5" blockId="8.[151,1436,1902,2034]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,500]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
Axial osteology: The vertebral columnae is composed of eight procoelus, non-imbricate, independent presacral vertebrae (
<figureCitation id="9ADFA88D6B42FFE9B37651C57985538B" box="[269,384,1938,1962]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,244,1951,1972]" captionTargetBox="[270,1318,548,1940]" captionTargetId="figure-211@9.[258,1330,539,1951]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Vertebral column of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. (IZUA 3619) in dorsal (A), and ventral (B) views. Left acetabulum of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. (C). Dorsal views of the hand (D) and foot (E) of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. Bar indicates 5 mm. (C1–C4= carpal bones; T1–T3 = tarsal bones)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250322" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250322/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Fig.7A, B</figureCitation>
). Presacral I (atlas) wide, shallow cervical cotyles widely separated. The presacrals II–IV with low neural spines, presacrals V–VIII with neural spine absent. Relative lengths of transverse processes and sacrum: III = sacrum &lt;IV&lt;II&lt;V–VII&lt;VIII. Distal ends of presacral III slightly expanded; transverse processes of presacrals V–VIII acuminated. Presacral II oriented anteriorly, III–VII oriented posteriorly and VIII oriented perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis. Sacral diapophysis rounded, end slightly expanded, oriented posterolateraly; sacrum with bicondylar articulation with urostyle. Urostyle robust bearing dorsal crest that is more developed anteriorly, approximately 1.2 times larger than sacrum plus presacral vertebral column. Overall length of pelvic girdle 1.6 times the length of sacrum plus presacral vertebral column. Ilial shaft poorly developed, interilial profile U-shaped, width of the U at the anterior ends of the ilia approximately 2.5 times its base. Ilium forming anterior margin of round acetabulum; preacetabulum forming approximately a 45º angle to the ilial shaft; ilia articulating with one another medially forming the anterior margin of acetabulum; ventral margin of acetabulum formed by cartilaginous pubis. The ischium is prominent, articulating with the ilium and fused with the pubis (
<figureCitation id="9ADFA88D6B43FFE8B71457E078BE55D5" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,244,1951,1972]" captionTargetBox="[270,1318,548,1940]" captionTargetId="figure-211@9.[258,1330,539,1951]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Vertebral column of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. (IZUA 3619) in dorsal (A), and ventral (B) views. Left acetabulum of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. (C). Dorsal views of the hand (D) and foot (E) of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. Bar indicates 5 mm. (C1–C4= carpal bones; T1–T3 = tarsal bones)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250322" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250322/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="569BE4806B43FFE8B2EC51C879F253D4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250322" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5250322" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250322/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" startId="9.[151,244,1951,1972]" targetBox="[270,1318,548,1940]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="025BB4086B43FFE8B2EC51C879F253D4" blockId="9.[151,1436,1951,2037]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B43FFE8B2EC51C8790B5395" bold="true" box="[151,270,1951,1972]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Vertebral column of 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B43FFE8B39151F77A8F5394" authority="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas, 2012" authorityName="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas" authorityYear="2012" box="[490,650,1952,1973]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altor" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B43FFE8B39151F77A8F5394" box="[490,650,1952,1973]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Eupsophus altor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="3090681A6B43FFE8B0E951C87AE55395" bold="true" box="[658,736,1951,1972]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2BA3D5616B43FFE8B0E951C87AE55395" box="[658,736,1951,1972]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(IZUA 3619) in dorsal (A), and ventral (B) views. Left acetabulum of 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B43FFE8B2EC5197793353F4" authority="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas, 2012" authorityName="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas" authorityYear="2012" box="[151,310,1984,2005]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altor" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B43FFE8B2EC5197793353F4" box="[151,310,1984,2005]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Eupsophus altor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="3090681A6B43FFE8B34651E8798F53F5" bold="true" box="[317,394,1983,2004]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2BA3D5616B43FFE8B34651E8798F53F5" box="[317,394,1983,2004]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(C). Dorsal views of the hand (D) and foot (E) of 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B43FFE8B10751977C1F53F4" authority="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas, 2012" authorityName="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas" authorityYear="2012" box="[892,1050,1984,2005]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altor" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B43FFE8B10751977C1F53F4" box="[892,1050,1984,2005]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Eupsophus altor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2BA3D5616B43FFE8B65951E87C6A53F4" box="[1058,1135,1983,2005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rank="species">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B43FFE8B65951E87C6F53F5" bold="true" box="[1058,1130,1983,2004]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">sp. nov</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Bar indicates 5 mm. (C1–C4= carpal bones; T1–T3 = tarsal bones).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="025BB4086B40FFEBB2BC56C07992553D" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,1004]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
Forelimb: Humerus as long and robust as the radioulna; phalangeal formula for manus 2-2-3-3; terminal phalanges pointed, distal carpals 2–4 fused; distal carpal 1, element Y, radiale and ulnare independent; prepollex with two elements (pattern C; 
<bibRefCitation id="6675C9F96B40FFEBB38456887A9F54D6" author="Fabrezi, M." box="[511,666,223,247]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" pagination="210 - 220" refId="ref8611" refString="Fabrezi, M. (2001) Patterns of carpal development among anuran amphibians. Journal of Morphology, 249, 210 - 220." type="journal article" year="2001">Fabrezi 2001</bibRefCitation>
), the proximal triangular in shape and ossified; the distal element cartilaginous (
<figureCitation id="9ADFA88D6B40FFEBB34C5753798F553D" box="[311,394,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,244,1951,1972]" captionTargetBox="[270,1318,548,1940]" captionTargetId="figure-211@9.[258,1330,539,1951]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Vertebral column of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. (IZUA 3619) in dorsal (A), and ventral (B) views. Left acetabulum of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. (C). Dorsal views of the hand (D) and foot (E) of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. Bar indicates 5 mm. (C1–C4= carpal bones; T1–T3 = tarsal bones)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250322" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250322/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Fig.7D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="025BB4086B40FFEBB2BC57707A3B55EE" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,1004]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
Hind limb: Femur and tibiofibula similar in length; tibiale and fibulare fused at the ends. Tarsal elements ossified; metatarsal IV and V articulate with the end of fibulare; metatarsal III articulates with tarsal 2–3, and metatarsal II articulates with the element Y; the metatarsal I articulate with tarsal 1. Phalangeal formula of the foot: 2-2-3-4-3, terminal phalanges pointed. The prehallux has two elements; proximal one ossified and smaller than the cartilaginous distal element (
<figureCitation id="9ADFA88D6B40FFEBB3A157E07A3455EE" box="[474,561,439,463]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,244,1951,1972]" captionTargetBox="[270,1318,548,1940]" captionTargetId="figure-211@9.[258,1330,539,1951]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Vertebral column of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. (IZUA 3619) in dorsal (A), and ventral (B) views. Left acetabulum of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. (C). Dorsal views of the hand (D) and foot (E) of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. Bar indicates 5 mm. (C1–C4= carpal bones; T1–T3 = tarsal bones)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250322" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250322/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="025BB4086B40FFEBB2BC578B7ADF57CD" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,1004]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B40FFEBB2BC578B792855D5" bold="true" box="[199,301,476,500]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" reason="1">Tadpole.</emphasis>
The tadpoles of 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B40FFEBB394578A7A4355D5" authorityName="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas" authorityYear="2012" box="[495,582,476,500]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altor">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B40FFEBB394578A7A4355D5" box="[495,582,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">E. altor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are endotrophic and its description is based on 
<specimenCount id="14E27F816B40FFEBB612578B7D1755D5" box="[1129,1298,476,500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" type="generic">five specimens</specimenCount>
collected at the 
<typeStatus id="DD5F0AAA6B40FFEBB2BB545778F55639" box="[192,240,512,536]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">type</typeStatus>
locality (one in stage 33 and four in stage 34). The total length ranges between 
<quantity id="C51C19ED6B40FFEBB60957A87D1D5636" box="[1138,1304,511,535]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="1.96" metricValueMin="1.8399999999999999" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" unit="mm" value="19.0" valueMax="19.6" valueMin="18.4">18.4–19.6 mm</quantity>
. Larva 
<typeStatus id="DD5F0AAA6B40FFEBB71754577D995639" box="[1388,1436,512,536]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">type</typeStatus>
IV (
<bibRefCitation id="6675C9F96B40FFEBB2BE5473794E561D" author="Orton, G. L." box="[197,331,548,572]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" pagination="63 - 75" refId="ref9593" refString="Orton, G. L. (1953) The systematics of vertebrate larvae. Systematic Zoology, 2, 63 - 75." type="journal article" year="1953">Orton 1953</bibRefCitation>
) with elliptical body in dorsal view, slightly depressed (
<figureCitation id="9ADFA88D6B40FFEBB1AD54737C51561D" box="[982,1108,548,572]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,244,1526,1547]" captionTargetBox="[164,1417,175,1494]" captionTargetId="figure-217@11.[151,1436,155,1497]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Tadpole of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. (IZUA 3621) (Stage 33, Gosner 1960). Lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (D) views; oral disc (C). Bar indicates 5 mm (A, B, D), and 1.5 mm (C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250324/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Fig. 8A, B</figureCitation>
). Snout slightly truncated in lateral and dorsal profiles. Pupils are circular. The small nostrils are oval in shape, not protruding. The narial opening situated anterolaterally nearer to the snout than the anterior border of the eyes. The internarial distance 0.6 times the interorbital distance. The oral disc is ventral (
<emphasis id="3090681A6B40FFEBB17254C67B425689" box="[777,839,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6675C9F96B40FFEBB13454D87C445686" author="Mijares-Urrutia, A." box="[847,1089,655,679]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" pagination="119 - 143" refId="ref9392" refString="Mijares-Urrutia, A. (1998) Los renacuajos de los anuros altoandinos de Venezuela: morfologia externa y claves. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 46, 119 - 143." type="journal article" year="1998">Mijares-Urrutia 1998</bibRefCitation>
), nearly circular in shape (
<figureCitation id="9ADFA88D6B40FFEBB71454D878BE56ED" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,244,1526,1547]" captionTargetBox="[164,1417,175,1494]" captionTargetId="figure-217@11.[151,1436,155,1497]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Tadpole of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. (IZUA 3621) (Stage 33, Gosner 1960). Lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (D) views; oral disc (C). Bar indicates 5 mm (A, B, D), and 1.5 mm (C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250324/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
). The margin of the oral disc slightly emarginated with a single row of the marginal papillae. Rostral gap 0.75 times the oral disc; mental gap absent. Intramarginal papillae absent. Upper and lower jaw sheaths well keratinized and with serrations. Labial tooth formula 2(2)/2. Tube spiracular short, reduced and sinistrally disposed; its aperture corresponds 0.5 times the eye diameter. Intestinal convolutions poorly defined and with abundant vitellum. Vent medial, large (0.22 times the body length), tubular in shape with its posterior extreme slightly sharpened, the aperture is longitudinal (
<figureCitation id="9ADFA88D6B40FFEBB02055307AB2575E" box="[603,695,871,895]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,244,1526,1547]" captionTargetBox="[164,1417,175,1494]" captionTargetId="figure-217@11.[151,1436,155,1497]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Tadpole of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. (IZUA 3621) (Stage 33, Gosner 1960). Lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (D) views; oral disc (C). Bar indicates 5 mm (A, B, D), and 1.5 mm (C)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250324/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
). The caudal fins are low. Tail length 0.70 times the total length. Tail height low (0.85 times the body height). Tail width, 1.5 times the internarial distance. Tail axis curved dorsoventrally with myomeres well developed. Tip of the tail rounded. Body and tail unpigmented. The measurements of the tadpoles are shown in 
<tableCitation id="4F6681B36B40FFEBB0FB55837AD057CD" box="[640,725,980,1004]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,231,1051,1072]" captionText="TABLE 3. Measurements (Mean and standard deviation in mm) of the tadpoles Eupsophus altor. Stages sensu Gosner (1960)." pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Table 3</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="569BE4806B40FFEBB2EC524C7D5D5010" box="[151,1368,1051,1073]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" startId="10.[151,231,1051,1072]">
<paragraph id="025BB4086B40FFEBB2EC524C7D5D5010" blockId="10.[151,1368,1051,1073]" box="[151,1368,1051,1073]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B40FFEBB2EC524C78FB5011" bold="true" box="[151,254,1051,1072]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">TABLE 3</emphasis>
. Measurements (Mean and standard deviation in mm) of the tadpoles 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B40FFEBB1E5524B7C3E5010" authorityName="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas" authorityYear="2012" box="[926,1083,1052,1073]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altor">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B40FFEBB1E5524B7C3E5010" box="[926,1083,1052,1073]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Eupsophus altor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Stages 
<emphasis id="3090681A6B40FFEBB6F0524B7CC55010" box="[1163,1216,1052,1073]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6675C9F96B40FFEBB6BD524B7D515010" author="Gosner, K. L." box="[1222,1364,1052,1073]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" pagination="183 - 190" refId="ref9099" refString="Gosner, K. L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica, 16, 183 - 190." type="journal article" year="1960">Gosner (1960)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="025BB4086B40FFEBB2DE52197D6351F6" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<table id="70E446A86B40001EB2DE52197D7751F6" box="[165,1394,1102,1495]" gridcols="9" gridrows="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<tr id="BCD4B64A6B40001EB2DE52197D775042" box="[165,1394,1102,1123]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="FF05DF366B40001EB2DE521979755042" box="[165,368,1102,1123]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Character</th>
<th id="FF05DF366B40001EB09452197B555042" box="[751,848,1102,1123]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Stages</th>
</tr>
<tr id="BCD4B64A6B40001EB2DE52247D7750A9" box="[165,1394,1139,1160]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB3D1522479D950A9" box="[426,476,1139,1160]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">23</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB07352247A3650A9" box="[520,563,1139,1160]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">24</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB02052247ABE50A9" box="[603,699,1139,1160]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">26</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB09452247B5550A9" box="[751,848,1139,1160]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">28</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB1F952247BB650A9" box="[898,947,1139,1160]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">33</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB19252247C4E50A9" box="[1001,1099,1139,1160]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">34</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB60252247CDE50A9" box="[1145,1243,1139,1160]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">36</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB76A52247D7750A9" box="[1297,1394,1139,1160]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">37</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BCD4B64A6B40001EB2DE52CF7D77508C" box="[165,1394,1176,1197]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB3D152CF79D9508C" box="[426,476,1176,1197]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">n = 1</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB07352CF7A36508C" box="[520,563,1176,1197]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">n =1</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB02052CF7ABE508C" box="[603,699,1176,1197]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">n = 2</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB09452CF7B55508C" box="[751,848,1176,1197]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">n = 2</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB1F952CF7BB6508C" box="[898,947,1176,1197]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">n = 1</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB19252CF7C4E508C" box="[1001,1099,1176,1197]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">n = 3</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB60252CF7CDE508C" box="[1145,1243,1176,1197]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">n = 3</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB76A52CF7D77508C" box="[1297,1394,1176,1197]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">n = 4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BCD4B64A6B40001EB2DE52E97D7750F2" box="[165,1394,1214,1235]" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<th id="FF05DF366B40001EB2DE52E9797550F2" box="[165,368,1214,1235]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Total length</th>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB3D152E979D950F2" box="[426,476,1214,1235]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">11.2</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB07352E97A3650F2" box="[520,563,1214,1235]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">13.0</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB02052E97ABE50F2" box="[603,699,1214,1235]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">13.1–13.3</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB09452E97B5550F2" box="[751,848,1214,1235]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">13.1–13.3</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB1F952E97BB650F2" box="[898,947,1214,1235]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">19.6</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB19252E97C4E50F2" box="[1001,1099,1214,1235]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">18.4 ± 1.6</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB60252E97CDE50F2" box="[1145,1243,1214,1235]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">21.2 ± 1.1</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB76A52E97D7750F2" box="[1297,1394,1214,1235]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">20 ± 1.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BCD4B64A6B40001EB2DE52B47D7750D9" box="[165,1394,1251,1272]" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<th id="FF05DF366B40001EB2DE52B4797550D9" box="[165,368,1251,1272]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Body length</th>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB3D152B479D950D9" box="[426,476,1251,1272]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">4.2</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB07352B47A3650D9" box="[520,563,1251,1272]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">5.5</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB02052B47ABE50D9" box="[603,699,1251,1272]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">6.1–6.2</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB09452B47B5550D9" box="[751,848,1251,1272]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">6.0–6.3</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB1F952B47BB650D9" box="[898,947,1251,1272]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">6.4</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB19252B47C4E50D9" box="[1001,1099,1251,1272]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">6.8 ± 0.4</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB60252B47CDE50D9" box="[1145,1243,1251,1272]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">7.1 ± 0.3</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB76A52B47D7750D9" box="[1297,1394,1251,1272]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">6.8 ± 0.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BCD4B64A6B40001EB2DE535F7D77513C" box="[165,1394,1288,1309]" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<th id="FF05DF366B40001EB2DE535F7975513C" box="[165,368,1288,1309]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Tail length</th>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB3D1535F79D9513C" box="[426,476,1288,1309]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">6.3</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB073535F7A36513C" box="[520,563,1288,1309]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">7.5</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB020535F7ABE513C" box="[603,699,1288,1309]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">7.2–7.4</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB094535F7B55513C" box="[751,848,1288,1309]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">7.1–8.2</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB1F9535F7BB6513C" box="[898,947,1288,1309]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">13.2</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB192535F7C4E513C" box="[1001,1099,1288,1309]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">11.6 ± 1.4</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB602535F7CDE513C" box="[1145,1243,1288,1309]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">14.1 ± 0.8</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB76A535F7D77513C" box="[1297,1394,1288,1309]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">13.2 ± 1.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BCD4B64A6B40001EB2DE537A7D775163" box="[165,1394,1325,1346]" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<th id="FF05DF366B40001EB2DE537A79755163" box="[165,368,1325,1346]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Maximum tail height</th>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB3D1537A79D95163" box="[426,476,1325,1346]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">2.3</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB073537A7A365163" box="[520,563,1325,1346]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">2.7</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB020537A7ABE5163" box="[603,699,1325,1346]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">2.1–2.2</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB094537A7B555163" box="[751,848,1325,1346]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">2.3–2.5</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB1F9537A7BB65163" box="[898,947,1325,1346]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">3.5</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB192537A7C4E5163" box="[1001,1099,1325,1346]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">3.1 ± 0.9</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB602537A7CDE5163" box="[1145,1243,1325,1346]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">4.0 ± 0.4</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB76A537A7D775163" box="[1297,1394,1325,1346]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">3.2 ± 0.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BCD4B64A6B40001EB2DE53047D775149" box="[165,1394,1363,1384]" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<th id="FF05DF366B40001EB2DE530479755149" box="[165,368,1363,1384]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Tail muscle height</th>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB3D1530479D95149" box="[426,476,1363,1384]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">1.3</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB07353047A365149" box="[520,563,1363,1384]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">1.6</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB02053047ABE5149" box="[603,699,1363,1384]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">1.5–1.7</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB09453047B555149" box="[751,848,1363,1384]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">1.5–1.7</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB1F953047BB65149" box="[898,947,1363,1384]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">1.8</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB19253047C4E5149" box="[1001,1099,1363,1384]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">1.8 ± 0.4</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB60253047CDE5149" box="[1145,1243,1363,1384]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">2.1 ± 0.2</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB76A53047D775149" box="[1297,1394,1363,1384]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">2.2 ± 0.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BCD4B64A6B40001EB2DE532F7D7751AC" box="[165,1394,1400,1421]" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<th id="FF05DF366B40001EB2DE532F797551AC" box="[165,368,1400,1421]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Tail muscle width</th>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB3D1532F79D951AC" box="[426,476,1400,1421]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">0.9</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB073532F7A3651AC" box="[520,563,1400,1421]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">1.0</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB020532F7ABE51AC" box="[603,699,1400,1421]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">1.0–1.2</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB094532F7B5551AC" box="[751,848,1400,1421]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">1.1–1.3</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB1F9532F7BB651AC" box="[898,947,1400,1421]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">1.0</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB192532F7C4E51AC" box="[1001,1099,1400,1421]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">1.4 ± 0.5</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB602532F7CDE51AC" box="[1145,1243,1400,1421]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">1.6 ± 0.3</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB76A532F7D7751AC" box="[1297,1394,1400,1421]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">1.6 ± 0.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BCD4B64A6B40001EB2DE53CA7D775193" box="[165,1394,1437,1458]" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<th id="FF05DF366B40001EB2DE53CA79755193" box="[165,368,1437,1458]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Internarial distance</th>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB3D153CA79D95193" box="[426,476,1437,1458]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">0.6</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB07353CA7A365193" box="[520,563,1437,1458]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">0.6</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB02053CA7ABE5193" box="[603,699,1437,1458]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">0.9 –1.0</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB09453CA7B555193" box="[751,848,1437,1458]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">0.9–1.2</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB1F953CA7BB65193" box="[898,947,1437,1458]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">1.2</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB19253CA7C4E5193" box="[1001,1099,1437,1458]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">1.3 ± 0.1</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB60253CA7CDE5193" box="[1145,1243,1437,1458]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">1.4 ± 0.1</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB76A53CA7D775193" box="[1297,1394,1437,1458]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">1.3 ± 0.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BCD4B64A6B40001EB2DE53957D7751F6" box="[165,1394,1474,1495]" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<th id="FF05DF366B40001EB2DE5395797551F6" box="[165,368,1474,1495]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Interocular distance</th>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB3D1539579D951F6" box="[426,476,1474,1495]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">1.2</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB07353957A3651F6" box="[520,563,1474,1495]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">1.5</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB02053957ABE51F6" box="[603,699,1474,1495]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">1.4 –1.5</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB09453957B5551F6" box="[751,848,1474,1495]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">1.5–1.6</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB1F953957BB651F6" box="[898,947,1474,1495]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">2.1</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB19253957C4E51F6" box="[1001,1099,1474,1495]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">2.1 ± 0.4</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB60253957CDE51F6" box="[1145,1243,1474,1495]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">2.5 ± 2.8</td>
<td id="FF05DF366B40001EB76A53957D7751F6" box="[1297,1394,1474,1495]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">2.8 ± 0.1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="025BB4086B40FFEBB2BC50587A14524E" blockId="10.[151,1436,1551,1647]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B40FFEBB2BC5058797D5209" bold="true" box="[199,376,1551,1576]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" reason="1">Chromosomes.</emphasis>
The diploid number is 2n=30 and the Fundamental Number (NF) is 44. Calculation of arm ratios identifies pairs 1, 5, 9, 10 and 11 as metacentric (m), pairs 2 and 3 submetacentric (sm), and pairs 4, 6–8, 12– 15 as telocentric (
<tableCitation id="4F6681B36B40FFEBB327500079B1524E" box="[348,436,1623,1647]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,231,1695,1716]" captionText="TABLE 4. Relative length, arm ratio and type of chromosomes of Eupsophus altor. * Chromosome with secondary constriction." pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Table 4</tableCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="9ADFA88D6B40FFEBB3BB50007A06524E" box="[448,515,1623,1647]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="12.[151,244,1202,1223]" captionTargetBox="[199,1392,657,1191]" captionTargetId="figure-544@12.[190,1395,652,1197]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 9. Chromosomes of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. (IZUA 3620). Bar indicates 10µm. Asterisk indicates chromosome with secondary constriction." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250326" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250326/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="569BE4806B40FFEBB2EC50C87D635295" box="[151,1382,1695,1717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" startId="10.[151,231,1695,1716]">
<paragraph id="025BB4086B40FFEBB2EC50C87D635295" blockId="10.[151,1402,1695,2028]" box="[151,1382,1695,1717]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B40FFEBB2EC50C878FB5295" bold="true" box="[151,254,1695,1716]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">TABLE 4.</emphasis>
Relative length, arm ratio and type of chromosomes of 
<emphasis id="3090681A6B40FFEBB16D50F77BBD5294" box="[790,952,1696,1717]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B40FFEBB16D50F77BB15294" authorityName="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas" authorityYear="2012" box="[790,948,1696,1717]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altor">Eupsophus altor</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
* Chromosome with secondary constriction.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="025BB4086B40FFEBB31C5085798B52C6" blockId="10.[151,1402,1695,2028]" box="[359,398,1746,1767]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Pair</paragraph>
<paragraph id="025BB4086B40FFEBB31C50AD7D7F5316" blockId="10.[151,1402,1695,2028]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Relative length 
<uuid id="76428EDD6B40FFEBB34151757D345316" box="[314,1329,1826,1847]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">¹ 165 109 93 66 64 63 61 59 58 56 48 46 37 35</uuid>
35
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="025BB4086B40FFEBB2DE511D7D2F5378" blockId="10.[151,1402,1695,2028]" box="[165,1322,1866,1887]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B40FFEBB2DE511D78AB537E" box="[165,174,1866,1887]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">r</emphasis>
² 1.2 2.7 3.4 oe 1.3 oe 1.1 oe 1.1 oe 1.1 oe
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="025BB4086B40FFEBB2DE51267D6C53A7" blockId="10.[151,1402,1695,2028]" box="[165,1385,1905,1926]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<typeStatus id="DD5F0AAA6B40FFEBB2DE512678D253A7" box="[165,215,1905,1926]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Type</typeStatus>
<quantity id="C51C19ED6B40FFEBB2AC5126797F53A7" box="[215,378,1905,1926]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="3.0">³ m</quantity>
sm* st t m t t t m m m t t t t
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="025BB4086B40FFEBB2EC51F379875396" blockId="10.[151,1402,1695,2028]" box="[151,386,1956,1975]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
¹ According to 
<bibRefCitation id="6675C9F96B40FFEBB36351F379875396" author="Bogart, J. P." box="[280,386,1956,1975]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" pagination="369 - 383" refId="ref8420" refString="Bogart, J. P. (1970) Systematic problems in the amphibian family Leptodactylidae (Anura) as indicated by karyotypic analysis. Cytogenetics, 9, 369 - 383." type="journal article" year="1970">Bogart 1970</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="025BB4086B40FFEBB2EC51E8796C53F3" blockId="10.[151,1402,1695,2028]" box="[151,361,1983,2002]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
² 
<emphasis id="3090681A6B40FFEBB2D851E878AE53F0" box="[163,171,1983,2001]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">r</emphasis>
= large arm/short arm
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="025BB4086B40FFEBB2EC518E7B0953CD" blockId="10.[151,1402,1695,2028]" box="[151,780,2009,2028]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
<quantity id="C51C19ED6B40FFEBB2EC518E78AB53CD" box="[151,174,2009,2028]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="3.0">³m</quantity>
= metacentric, sm = submetacentric, st = subtelocentric, t = telocentric
</paragraph>
<caption id="569BE4806B41FFEAB2EC53A17AE4520F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250324" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5250324" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250324/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" startId="11.[151,244,1526,1547]" targetBox="[164,1417,175,1494]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="025BB4086B41FFEAB2EC53A17AE4520F" blockId="11.[151,1436,1526,1582]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B41FFEAB2EC53A17909522A" bold="true" box="[151,268,1526,1547]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Tadpole of 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B41FFEAB30653A17A1E522A" authority="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas, 2012" authorityName="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas" authorityYear="2012" box="[381,539,1526,1547]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altor" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B41FFEAB30653A17A1E522A" box="[381,539,1526,1547]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Eupsophus altor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="3090681A6B41FFEAB05B53A17A69522A" bold="true" box="[544,620,1526,1547]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="2BA3D5616B41FFEAB05B53A17A69522A" box="[544,620,1526,1547]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(IZUA 3621) (Stage 33, 
<bibRefCitation id="6675C9F96B41FFEAB12753A17BDE522A" author="Gosner, K. L." box="[860,987,1526,1547]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" pagination="183 - 190" refId="ref9099" refString="Gosner, K. L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica, 16, 183 - 190." type="journal article" year="1960">Gosner 1960</bibRefCitation>
). Lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (D) views; oral disc (C). Bar indicates 5 mm (A, B, D), and 1.5 mm (C).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="025BB4086B41FFEAB2BC500978F95327" blockId="11.[151,1436,1630,2015]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B41FFEAB2BC500979BD5256" bold="true" box="[199,440,1630,1655]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" reason="1">Reproductive mode.</emphasis>
Nests (
<emphasis id="3090681A6B41FFEAB06B50087A265257" box="[528,547,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">N</emphasis>
=30) and tadpoles were observed between May and August between the forest and meadowlands. The terrestrial eggs were easy to separate as in 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B41FFEAB1F650D47CF352BB" authority="(Formas &amp; Vera 1980)" baseAuthorityName="Formas &amp; Vera" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[909,1270,1666,1690]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roseus">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B41FFEAB1F650D47BF052BB" box="[909,1013,1667,1690]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">E. roseus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6675C9F96B41FFEAB67E50D57CEB52BB" author="Formas, J. R. &amp; Vera, M. A." box="[1029,1262,1666,1690]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" pagination="11 - 14" refId="ref8868" refString="Formas, J. R. &amp; Vera, M. A. (1980) Reproductive patterns of Eupsophus roseus and E. vittatus. Journal of Herpetology, 14, 11 - 14." type="journal article" year="1980">Formas &amp;Vera 1980</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Eggs (17–30, 
<quantity id="C51C19ED6B41FFEAB2EC50F1791A529F" box="[151,287,1702,1726]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" metricValueMax="5.7" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="5.6" valueMax="5.7" valueMin="5.5">5.5–5.7 mm</quantity>
in diameter) and tadpoles were grouped in moist burrows in the ground covered by logs or stones. In all cases the tadpoles were found away from any aquatic environment. A male was always observed near the tadpoles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="025BB4086B41FFEAB2BC51457AD65353" blockId="11.[151,1436,1630,2015]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
The eggs develop into endotrophic tadpoles that completing their total development within the nest. This particular reproductive mode, including terrestrial tadpoles, is an additional argument that support the hypothesis that 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B41FFEAB2B3510C79185353" authorityName="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas" authorityYear="2012" box="[200,285,1882,1906]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altor">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B41FFEAB2B3510C78DC5353" box="[200,217,1883,1906]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">E</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="3090681A6B41FFEAB29C510D79185353" box="[231,285,1882,1906]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">altor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an independent lineage of 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B41FFEAB01E510C7AC95353" baseAuthorityName="Formas &amp; Vera" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[613,716,1883,1906]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roseus">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B41FFEAB01E510C7A735353" box="[613,630,1883,1906]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">E</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="3090681A6B41FFEAB0FF510C7AC95353" box="[644,716,1883,1906]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">roseus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4AFEE7836B41FFEDB2BC51297C3955D5" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="025BB4086B41FFEDB2BC51297C3955D5" blockId="11.[151,1436,1630,2015]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1436,151,607]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B41FFEAB2BC51297A5353B7" box="[199,598,1918,1943]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" reason="1">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B41FFEAB2BC51297A4A53B6" bold="true" box="[199,591,1918,1943]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Distribution and natural history</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
At present, specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B41FFEAB1F251287BE453B7" authorityName="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas" authorityYear="2012" box="[905,993,1918,1942]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altor">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B41FFEAB1F251287BE453B7" box="[905,993,1918,1942]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">E. altor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known from the 
<typeStatus id="DD5F0AAA6B41FFEAB6A051287D0E53B6" box="[1243,1291,1919,1943]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">type</typeStatus>
locality and three additional sites [Alepue (
<geoCoordinate id="67D0D2CF6B41FFEAB07351F57A60539B" box="[520,613,1954,1978]" degrees="39" direction="south" minutes="36" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="-39.6">39º36’S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="67D0D2CF6B41FFEAB00351F57AE5539B" box="[632,736,1954,1978]" degrees="73" direction="west" minutes="14" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="-73.23333">73º14’W</geoCoordinate>
), Chan-Chán (
<geoCoordinate id="67D0D2CF6B41FFEAB1F451F57BE8539B" box="[911,1005,1954,1978]" degrees="39" direction="south" minutes="33" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="-39.55">39º33’S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="67D0D2CF6B41FFEAB18551F57C61539B" box="[1022,1124,1954,1978]" degrees="73" direction="west" minutes="12" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="-73.2">73º12’W</geoCoordinate>
) and Curiñanco (
<geoCoordinate id="67D0D2CF6B41FFEAB74151F57D93539B" box="[1338,1430,1954,1978]" degrees="39" direction="south" minutes="39" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="-39.65">39º39’S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="67D0D2CF6B41FFEAB2EC519178FB53FF" box="[151,254,1990,2014]" degrees="73" direction="west" minutes="18" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="-73.3">73º18’W</geoCoordinate>
)] located the western slopes of the Coastal range, between the mouth of the rivers Lingue (
<geoCoordinate id="67D0D2CF6B41FFEAB74151917D9253FF" box="[1338,1431,1990,2014]" degrees="39" direction="south" minutes="26" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="-39.433334">39º26’S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="67D0D2CF6B46FFEDB2EC56C078F9548E" box="[151,252,151,175]" degrees="73" direction="west" minutes="12" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" precision="925" value="-73.2">73º12’W</geoCoordinate>
) and Valdivia (
<geoCoordinate id="67D0D2CF6B46FFEDB3D556C07A0E548E" box="[430,523,151,175]" degrees="39" direction="south" minutes="52" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" precision="925" value="-39.866665">39º52’S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="67D0D2CF6B46FFEDB06156C07A84548E" box="[538,641,151,175]" degrees="73" direction="west" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" precision="925" value="-73.38333">73º23’W</geoCoordinate>
), Valdivia province. This area is covered by the typical vegetation of Valdivian rain forest (
<bibRefCitation id="6675C9F96B46FFEDB3DF56EB7A3B54F5" author="Veblen, T. T." box="[420,574,188,212]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" pagination="217 - 231" refId="ref9987" refString="Veblen, T. T. (2007) Temperate forests of Southern Andean Region. In Veblen, T. T., Orme, A &amp; Young, K. (Eds.), Physical Geography of South America. Oxford University Press, UK, pp. 217 - 231." type="book chapter" year="2007">Veblen 2007</bibRefCitation>
) where the following plants were identified: 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B46FFEDB60F56EA7D2054F5" box="[1140,1317,189,212]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Winteraceae" genus="Drymis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Canellales" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="winteri">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B46FFEDB60F56EA7D2054F5" box="[1140,1317,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">Drymis winteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B46FFEDB74756EB791354D9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Atherospermataceae" genus="Laurelia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="phyllipiana">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B46FFEDB74756EB791354D9" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">Laurelia phyllipiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B46FFEDB35656B77A5854D9" box="[301,605,224,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cunoniaceae" genus="Weinmannia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trichosperma">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B46FFEDB35656B77A5854D9" box="[301,605,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">Weinmannia trichosperma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B46FFEDB00F56B77BD354D9" authorityName="Brotherus" authorityYear="1905" baseAuthorityName="Brid. ex Hedw." box="[628,982,224,248]" class="Bryopsida" family="Polytrichaceae" genus="Dendroligotrichum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polytrichales" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="species" species="dendroides">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B46FFEDB00F56B77BD354D9" box="[628,982,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">Dendroligotrichum dendroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B46FFEDB65E56B77CC954D6" box="[1061,1228,224,248]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Cladoniaceae" genus="Cladonia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Lecanorales" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B46FFEDB65E56B77C8854D9" box="[1061,1165,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">Cladonia</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
There, the most common frogs are: 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B46FFEDB3EA57537A3F553D" authorityName="Cuevas" authorityYear="2008" box="[401,570,260,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Alsodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="norae">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B46FFEDB3EA57537A3F553D" box="[401,570,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">Alsodes norae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B46FFEDB02857537B77553D" authorityName="Barrio" authorityYear="1967" box="[595,882,260,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachylidae" genus="Batrachyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antartandica">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B46FFEDB02857537B77553D" box="[595,882,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">Batrachyla antartandica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B46FFEDB1F157537C72553D" authorityName="Bell" authorityYear="1843" box="[906,1143,260,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Batrachylidae" genus="Batrachyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leptopus">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B46FFEDB1F157537C72553D" box="[906,1143,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">Batrachyla leptopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B46FFEDB6F457537D91553D" authorityName="Grandison" authorityYear="1961" box="[1167,1428,260,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vertebralis">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B46FFEDB6F457537D91553D" box="[1167,1428,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">Eupsophus vertebralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B46FFEDB2EC577F79675561" baseAuthorityName="Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1799" box="[151,354,296,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Leptodactylidae" genus="Pleurodema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thaul">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B46FFEDB2EC577F79675561" box="[151,354,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">Pleurodema thaul</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B46FFEDB3DC577F7A9E5561" authorityName="Dumeril &amp; Bibron" authorityYear="1841" box="[423,667,296,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhinodermatidae" genus="Rhinoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="darwinii">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B46FFEDB3DC577F7A9E5561" box="[423,667,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">Rhinoderma darwinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. During January and February (austral summer) specimens of the small lizards 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B46FFEDB357571B79EF5545" baseAuthorityName="A.M.C.Dumeril &amp; Bibron" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[300,490,332,356]" class="Reptilia" family="Liolaemidae" genus="Liolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pictus">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B46FFEDB357571B79EF5545" box="[300,490,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">Liolaemus pictus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B46FFEDB05B571A7AC35545" baseAuthorityName="Dumeril &amp; Bibron" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[544,710,333,356]" class="Reptilia" family="Liolaemidae" genus="Liolaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyanogaster">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B46FFEDB05B571A7AC35545" box="[544,710,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">L. cyanogaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were observed. Throughout the year, adult specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B46FFEDB73D571A7D9E5545" authorityName="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas" authorityYear="2012" box="[1350,1435,332,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altor">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B46FFEDB73D571A7D9E5545" box="[1350,1435,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">E. altor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were found under rotten trees and at night walking through the vegetation ground. Mating calls (maximum activity at night), males with nuptial pads and gravid females were observed throughout May and August (austral winter). The clutches and tadpoles were always observed during May and June, and tadpoles between May and October in terrestrial nests, under logs or tree holes until 
<quantity id="C51C19ED6B46FFEDB0EC578B7AC755D2" box="[663,706,476,500]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
above the ground (
<figureCitation id="9ADFA88D6B46FFEDB1E1578B7C2A55D5" box="[922,1071,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,244,1530,1551]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,660,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-459@6.[151,1436,660,1509]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. A. Holotype of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. (IZUA 3607) from Cerro Oncol (Valdivia Province). B: Terrestrial embryos of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. C: Nest with tadpoles of Eupsophus altor sp. nov. Stage 30. D: Tadpoles at stages 37–41. Stages according to Gosner (1960). Bar indicates 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250318" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250318/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">Fig 5B, C, D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4AFEE7836B46FFEDB2BC54577B18567E" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="025BB4086B46FFEDB2BC54577B18567E" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,607]" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B46FFEDB2BC5457794B5639" bold="true" box="[199,334,512,536]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" reason="1">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific name 
<taxonomicName id="C5E4CF8B6B46FFEDB05554577A615639" authorityName="Nuñez &amp; Rabanal &amp; Formas" authorityYear="2012" box="[558,612,512,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Alsodidae" genus="Eupsophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altor">
<emphasis id="3090681A6B46FFEDB05554577A615639" box="[558,612,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">altor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is derived from the Latin meaning “one who looks after or brings up its offspring”. This epithet is given in the masculine form of the word (the female form is 
<emphasis id="3090681A6B46FFEDB61354737C9B561D" box="[1128,1182,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="65">altex</emphasis>
) because we observed that in this species males are the care givers for offspring.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>