345 lines
31 KiB
XML
345 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.71.e66239" ID-GBIF-Dataset="94a6aebd-0719-4984-85ed-e344f6575ad7" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191979748" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2625-8498-71-577" ID-Pensoft-UUID="797724D32BE75E1E98139FD917A5FB86" ID-ZooBank="58FD15FCCC21446A98EB060F3996B29B" ModsDocID="2625-8498-71-577" checkinTime="1641857298323" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Mallik, Ashok Kumar, Srikanthan, Achyuthan Needamangalam, Ganesh, Sumaithangi Rajagopalan, Vijayakumar, Seenapuram Palaniswamy, Campbell, Patrick D., Malhotra, Anita & Shanker, Kartik" docDate="2021" docId="615B9F9AD41B502EA5AF0876BE157142" docLanguage="en" docName="VertZool 71: 577-619" docOrigin="Vertebrate Zoology 71" docPubDate="2021-10-06" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.71.e66239" docTitle="Craspedocephalus macrolepis" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="797724D32BE75E1E98139FD917A5FB86" lastPageNumber="577" masterDocId="797724D32BE75E1E98139FD917A5FB86" masterDocTitle="Resolving pitfalls in pit viper systematics - A multi-criteria approach to species delimitation in pit vipers (Reptilia, Viperidae, Craspedocephalus) of Peninsular India reveals cryptic diversity" masterLastPageNumber="619" masterPageNumber="577" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" updateTime="1641863041560" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Resolving pitfalls in pit viper systematics - A multi-criteria approach to species delimitation in pit vipers (Reptilia, Viperidae, Craspedocephalus) of Peninsular India reveals cryptic diversity</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mallik, Ashok Kumar</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5148-2199</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ashokgene@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Srikanthan, Achyuthan Needamangalam</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0570-3330</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ganesh, Sumaithangi Rajagopalan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1947-8093</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Chennai Snake Park, Raj Bhavan post, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600022, India</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Vijayakumar, Seenapuram Palaniswamy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Campbell, Patrick D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Darwin Centre, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, South Kensington, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Malhotra, Anita</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1738-9046</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL 57 2 UW, UK</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Shanker, Kartik</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Vertebrate Zoology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-10-06</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>71</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>577</mods:start>
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<mods:end>619</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.71.e66239</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.71.e66239</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">2625-8498-71-577</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">797724D32BE75E1E98139FD917A5FB86</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="191979748" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:615B9F9AD41B502EA5AF0876BE157142" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/615B9F9AD41B502EA5AF0876BE157142" lastPageNumber="577" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<taxonomicName LSID="615B9F9A-D41B-502E-A5AF-0876BE157142" authority="(Beddome, 1862)" authorityName="Kuhl & van Hasselt" authorityYear="1822" baseAuthorityName="Beddome" baseAuthorityYear="1862" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus macrolepis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">Craspedocephalus macrolepis (Beddome, 1862)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Craspedocephalus macrolepis comb. nov. in life, showing: (A) juvenile entire view from High Wavy Mountains, (B) close up of hindbody and tail, (C) entire lateral view, (D) head dorsal view, (E) head and forebody lateral view; from Eravikulam, Anaimalai range." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596179" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Figures 4</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Craspedocephalus macrolepis comb. nov. lectotype (NHMUK 1946.1.18.72), in preservation, showing: (A) entire dorsal view, (B) entire ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596180" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">, 5</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Craspedocephalus macrolepis comb. nov. lectotype (NHMUK 1946.1.18.72), in preservation, showing: (A) head lateral left view, (B) head dorsal view, (C) head ventral view, (D) head lateral right view." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596181" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">, 6</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus macrolepis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">Trimeresurus macrolepis</taxonomicName>
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Beddome, 1862
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<taxonomicName authority="Günther, 1864" authorityName="Günther" authorityYear="1864" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Peltopelor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peltopelor macrolepis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">Peltopelor macrolepis</taxonomicName>
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(Beddome, 1862) -
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Günther">Guenther</normalizedToken>
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, 1864; Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus macrolepis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">Trimeresurus macrolepis</taxonomicName>
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- Hutton, 1949; Malhotra & Davis, 1991;
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<bibRefCitation author="Vijayakumar, SP" journalOrPublisher="Hamadryad" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" pagination="265 - 272" refId="B60" refString="Vijayakumar, SP, Vasudevan, K, Ishwar, NM, 2001. Herpetofaunal mortality on roads in the Anamalai Hills, southern Western Ghats. Hamadryad 26 (2): 265 - 272" title="Herpetofaunal mortality on roads in the Anamalai Hills, southern Western Ghats." volume="26" year="2001">Vijayakumar et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
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; Chandramouli & Ganesh, 2010; Bhupathy & Sathishkumar, 2013
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus (Peltopelor) macrolepis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis" subGenus="Peltopelor">Trimeresurus (Peltopelor) macrolepis</taxonomicName>
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Beddome, 1862 -
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2992.1.1" author="David, P" journalOrPublisher="Hamadryad" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refId="B12" refString="David, P, Vogel, G, Dubois, A, 2011. On the need to follow rigorously the Rules of the Code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies (type species) for a nominal genus which lacked one: the case of the nominal genus Trimeresurus Lacepede 1804 (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae). Zootaxa 2992: 1-51. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2992.1.1" title="On the need to follow rigorously the Rules of the Code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies (type species) for a nominal genus which lacked one: the case of the nominal genus Trimeresurus Lacepede 1804 (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae). Zootaxa 2992: 1 - 51." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2992.1.1" year="2011">David et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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||
<taxonomicName authority="Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822" authorityName="Kuhl & van Hasselt" authorityYear="1822" baseAuthorityName="Beddome" baseAuthorityYear="1862" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus macrolepis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">Craspedocephalus macrolepis</taxonomicName>
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(Beddome, 1862) (this work)
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="taxonomic history">
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||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Taxonomic history.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Beddome, RH" journalOrPublisher="Madras Quarterly Journal of Medical Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" pagination="1 - 31" refId="B3" refString="Beddome, RH, 1862. Notes upon the land and freshwater snakes of the Madras Presidency. Madras Quarterly Journal of Medical Sciences 5: 1 - 31" title="Notes upon the land and freshwater snakes of the Madras Presidency." volume="5" year="1862">Beddome (1862)</bibRefCitation>
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described this species from the Anaimalai and Palani hills. The uniqueness of this species resulted in its being assigned to its own genus
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<taxonomicName authority="Günther, 1864" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Peltopelor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peltopelor" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Peltopelor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in a subsequent treatment by
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<bibRefCitation author="Guenther, ACLG" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Miscellany" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refId="B20" refString="Guenther, ACLG, 1864. . The Reptiles of British India. London Printed by the Ray Society, xxvii + 452 pp." title=". The Reptiles of British India. London Printed by the Ray Society, xxvii + 452 pp." year="1864">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Günther">Guenther</normalizedToken>
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(1864)
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</bibRefCitation>
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. Later,
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<bibRefCitation author="Smith, MA" journalOrPublisher="Organisms Diversity & Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" publicationUrl="http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/fbi/016/index.pdf" refId="B53" refString="Smith, MA, 1943. The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, including the whole of the Indo-Chinese Subregion. Reptilia and Amphibia, Vol. 3., Serpentes, London: Taylor & Francis. http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/fbi/016/index.pdf" title="The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, including the whole of the Indo-Chinese Subregion. Reptilia and Amphibia, Vol. 3., Serpentes, London: Taylor & Francis." url="http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/fbi/016/index.pdf" year="1943">Smith (1943)</bibRefCitation>
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subsumed this genus into
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<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Trimeresurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2004.02.008" author="Malhotra, A" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" pagination="83 - 100" refId="B35" refString="Malhotra, A, Thorpe, RS, 2004. A phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for Asian pitvipers (Trimeresurus and Ovophis). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32: 83 - 100, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2004.02.008" title="A phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for Asian pitvipers (Trimeresurus and Ovophis)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2004.02.008" volume="32" year="2004">Malhotra and Thorpe (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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suggested a revised taxonomy for all
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<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Trimeresurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(sensu lato) groups and assigned them to different genera, reinstating
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<taxonomicName authority="Günther, 1864" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1864" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Peltopelor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peltopelor" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Peltopelor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as a valid genus (also see
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<bibRefCitation author="Wallach, V" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refId="B64" refString="Wallach, V, Williams, KL, Boundy, J, 2014. Snakes of the World: a Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group), 1209 pp." title="Snakes of the World: a Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group), 1209 pp." year="2014">Wallach et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" collectorName="R. H. Beddome" location="Toriba in Golay" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Lectotype">
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<typeStatus>Lectotype</typeStatus>
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, NHMUK 1946.1.18.72 (formerly BMNH 1861.12.30.80), a male (
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<collectorName>R.H. Beddome</collectorName>
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, 1857-1862), designated by
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:615B9F9AD41B502EA5AF0876BE157142:F5CF7D5A3A95A78EFB604374B5BC470F" name="Toriba in Golay">Toriba in Golay</location>
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et al. (1993: 101)
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Specimen series</emphasis>
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||
:
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" collectorName="R. H. Beddome, Vellimala, Periyar, Rajamalai, Kerala, Ashok Kumar Mallik, Uppupara, Goodrickal Range-west, Devarmala, Tamil Nadu, Saunak P. Pal, Shenbaganur, Paralai, Valparai, Maj. Frank Wall." elevation="1829" location="Anamallay Mountains" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Lectotype">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<typeStatus>Lectotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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- NHMUK 1946.1.17.72 from "
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||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:615B9F9AD41B502EA5AF0876BE157142:A8A2939DB5D6A95B88318B4655533CBE" name="Anamallay Mountains">Anamallay Mountains</location>
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, at
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<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8288" unit="ft" value="6000.0">
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<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8288" unit="ft" value="6000.0">6000 feet</elevation>
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</quantity>
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" collected in 1857-62 by
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<collectorName>R. H. Beddome</collectorName>
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; CESS014, CESS015 from
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<collectorName>Vellimala</collectorName>
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,
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<collectorName>Periyar</collectorName>
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and CESS190 from
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<collectorName>Rajamalai</collectorName>
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,
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<collectorName>Kerala</collectorName>
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, collected in 2011, by
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<collectorName>Ashok Kumar Mallik</collectorName>
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; CESS170 from
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<collectorName>Uppupara</collectorName>
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,
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<collectorName>Goodrickal Range-west</collectorName>
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,
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<collectorName>Kerala</collectorName>
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, CESS256 from
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<collectorName>Devarmala</collectorName>
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,
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<collectorName>Tamil Nadu</collectorName>
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, collected in 2011, by
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<collectorName>Saunak P. Pal</collectorName>
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; BNHS2543 from
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<collectorName>Shenbaganur</collectorName>
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,
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<collectorName>Tamil Nadu</collectorName>
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and BNHS2545 from
|
||
<collectorName>Paralai</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName>Valparai</collectorName>
|
||
collected in 1909, by
|
||
<collectorName>Maj. Frank Wall.</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="type locality">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Type locality.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
"Anamallay Mountains; at 6,000 feet elevation" [= Anaimalai Hills, Western Ghats India, ca. 10°22'N; 77°08'E] by lectotype designation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wallach, V" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refId="B64" refString="Wallach, V, Williams, KL, Boundy, J, 2014. Snakes of the World: a Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group), 1209 pp." title="Snakes of the World: a Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. Boca Raton (Florida): CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group), 1209 pp." year="2014">Wallach et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The mentioned in the description is "Anamallay mountains at 6000 ft and Pulney Hills at 4000 ft" which is the current day Anamalais, south of the Palghat gap and the Palani hills further east. Here we restrict the nomen
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus macrolepis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Trimeresurus macrolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the population distributed in mountain ranges north of the Shencottah gap.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="lineage diagnosis (redefined herein)">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Lineage diagnosis (redefined herein).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
Within the
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="C." lsidName="C. macrolepis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. macrolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="C." lsidName="C. macrolepis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. macrolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">s. str.</emphasis>
|
||
(L6) can be distinguished as follows: in having higher dorsal scale rows: 13-19 (vs. 10-14 in L7); lower ventral count 133-140 (vs. 150 in L7).
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Craspedocpehalus" lsidName="Craspedocpehalus macrolepis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Craspedocpehalus macrolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L6) is allopatric with its sister taxon (L7), from which it has a shallow genetic divergence (3.7% at cyt
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">b</emphasis>
|
||
and 0.7-1.0% at 16S rRNA). The low level of genetic divergence is the lowest genetic break between any the lineages inferred here (See Supplementary File 5: Table S4). This shallow genetic break coincides with a physical barrier (Shencottah gap) for these lineages.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
A medium sized pit viper (recorded till 920mm by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ganesh, SR" journalOrPublisher="Nucleic Acids Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" refId="B15" refString="Ganesh, SR, Asokan, S, Kannan, P, 2008. Record length of Large Scaled pit Viper (Trimeresurus macrolepis) Beddome, 1862 with notes on its ecological and conservational significance. Cobra 2 (3): 17-22." title="Record length of Large Scaled pit Viper (Trimeresurus macrolepis) Beddome, 1862 with notes on its ecological and conservational significance. Cobra 2 (3): 17 - 22." year="2008">Ganesh et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with a prehensile tail of length up to 136 mm; a distinct triangular head with large shield-like scales, with 1-3 cephalic scales between the undivided supraoculars with five scales surrounding the supraoculars, up to two scales between the internasal scales and the tip of the rostral scale visible from above; nasal scale entire, sub-rectangular and encompasses the nostril completely with 2-3 scales between the internasals; 1-2 scales between the nasal and the anterior part of the loreal pit; 8 supralabials and 9-12 infralabials on both sides; 6-8 scales including the last infralabial from the first ventral scale; three preocular scales of which the second and third scale from above constitute to form the posterior shields of the loreal pit; one or two post oculars; temporals smooth; 14-17 NSR (dorsal scale rows at neck), 13-19 MSR (dorsal scale rows at midbody), and 10 PSR (dorsal scale rows before vent), all keeled; Last row of scales on both sides bordered with a slightly larger row of scales, separating the ventral scales from the body; Ventrals 133-140, Anal scale undivided, followed by divided subcaudals 50-57.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="colour in life">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Colour in life.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Specimens in life are in a uniform dark green throughout the dorsal surface, often with a black post ocular stripe that extends to 2 scale rows; the postocular stripe continues to a white to creamy white lateral stripe that stops at the vent; uniform creamy to light green ventrals with hints of light blue, that continues to the mandibular portion that is either yellow, light green, light blue or creamy white in colour; tail after the vent continues with dark green, feeble blue bands at the end of the tail, the terminal scale black or greyish with feeble white bands.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="colour in preservative">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Colour in preservative.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Specimens in preservative show a range of variation in colour depending on the preservative; range from dark to light green on the head and dorsum with hints of or blue black bordering the scales; tail tip banded with grey and white bands, tail darker blue bands with bluish green.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="habitat">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Habitat.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">A typically arboreal (rarely terrestrial) species (Ganesh et al. 2010) that is found in high elevation shola forests (tropical montane stunted rainforests) and forests bordering high elevation grasslands. Due to anthropogenic changes to the landscape, this species is also sometimes found in cultivated landscapes such as tea estates and cardamom plantations, found at elevations from about 1100 m asl to 2600 m asl.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
Endemic to the southern Western Ghats. The revised distribution restricts this species to the high elevation landscapes of its range, the northern most limit being south of the Palghat gap, in the Nelliampathi hills, Anaimalai, with Palni hills being the eastern-most end of its distribution, extending southwards across High
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wavy’s">Wavy's</normalizedToken>
|
||
or Meghamalai, Kottaimalai Ranges in the Srivilliputhur-Periyar landscape, to the Sivagiri-Devarmalai range, ending north of the Shencottah gap.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596179" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822" authorityName="Kuhl & van Hasselt" authorityYear="1822" baseAuthorityName="Beddome" baseAuthorityYear="1862" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus macrolepis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Craspedocephalus macrolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
in life, showing: (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">A</emphasis>
|
||
) juvenile entire view from High Wavy Mountains, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">B</emphasis>
|
||
) close up of hindbody and tail, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C</emphasis>
|
||
) entire lateral view, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">D</emphasis>
|
||
) head dorsal view, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">E</emphasis>
|
||
) head and forebody lateral view; from Eravikulam, Anaimalai range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596180" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822" authorityName="Kuhl & van Hasselt" authorityYear="1822" baseAuthorityName="Beddome" baseAuthorityYear="1862" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus macrolepis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Craspedocephalus macrolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
lectotype (NHMUK 1946.1.18.72), in preservation, showing: (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">A</emphasis>
|
||
) entire dorsal view, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">B</emphasis>
|
||
) entire ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596181" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822" authorityName="Kuhl & van Hasselt" authorityYear="1822" baseAuthorityName="Beddome" baseAuthorityYear="1862" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus macrolepis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrolepis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Craspedocephalus macrolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">comb. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
lectotype (NHMUK 1946.1.18.72), in preservation, showing: (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">A</emphasis>
|
||
) head lateral left view, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">B</emphasis>
|
||
) head dorsal view, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C</emphasis>
|
||
) head ventral view, (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">D</emphasis>
|
||
) head lateral right view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |