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<mods:title id="E26338810BF72EC45313B3B32BB2E438">Review of subgenus Daphaenisca Kiriakoff, 1953 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Synthomini: Thyretina), with identification keys, and description of three new species</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="9D9229D8FF85485EFF124C80FD8BF95F" box="[151,635,1681,1707]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF85485EFF124C80FD8BF95F" blockId="2.[151,635,1681,1707]" box="[151,635,1681,1707]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">
<heading id="8E7FCD3FFF85485EFF124C80FD8BF95F" bold="true" box="[151,635,1681,1707]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" reason="1">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF85485EFF124C80FD8BF95F" bold="true" box="[151,635,1681,1707]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">
Subgenus
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF85485EFE924C80FD8BF95F" box="[279,635,1681,1707]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Daphaenisca">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF85485EFE924C80FE45F95F" bold="true" box="[279,437,1681,1707]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Daphaenisca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B11907A2FF85485EFE394C80FD8BF95F" author="Kiriakoff" box="[444,635,1681,1707]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" refString="Kiriakoff, S. G. (1953) Les Thyretidae du Musee Royal du Congo Belge (Lepidoptera Notodontoidea). Annales du Musee Royal du Congo Belge, Series 8, 26, 7 - 91." type="journal article" year="1953">Kiriakoff, 1953</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="D5377A53FF85485EFF124CC9FC62F8E1" blockId="2.[151,1436,1752,2029]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF85485EFF124CC9FEDBF904" box="[151,299,1752,1776]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Daphaenisca">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF85485EFF124CC9FEDBF904" box="[151,299,1752,1776]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Daphaenisca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
currently includes the two species
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF85485EFD4D4CC9FCC6F904" box="[712,822,1752,1776]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daphaena" subGenus="Daphaenisca">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF85485EFD4D4CC9FCC6F904" box="[712,822,1752,1776]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">daphaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF85485EFCF14CC9FC4AF904" box="[884,954,1752,1776]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis" subGenus="Daphaenisca">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF85485EFCF14CC9FC4AF904" box="[884,954,1752,1776]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">affinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, very similar in external appearance, and lacking external characters with clear and decisive synapomorphies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF85485EFF424D30FA77F8A9" blockId="2.[151,1436,1752,2029]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">
In his catalogue (2009: 34, 35), Przybyłowicz synonymysed the name
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF85485EFC734D31FB9BF8CC" box="[1014,1131,1824,1848]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Balacrella</emphasis>
with
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF85485EFB354D31FAB4F8CC" box="[1200,1348,1824,1848]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Daphaenisca</emphasis>
, noting that “the differences in genitalia are rather small and do not support the maintenance of two separate subgenera”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF85485EFF424D79FD03F850" blockId="2.[151,1436,1752,2029]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">
Our re-examination of
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF85485EFE4F4D79FDE0F874" box="[458,528,1896,1920]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis" subGenus="Daphaenisca">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF85485EFE4F4D79FDE0F874" box="[458,528,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">affinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF85485EFDC24D79FD45F874" box="[583,693,1896,1920]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daphaena" subGenus="Daphaenisca">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF85485EFDC24D79FD45F874" box="[583,693,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">daphaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, previously included in
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF85485EFC424D79FBCCF874" box="[967,1084,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Balacrella</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF85485EFBF14D79FAF8F874" box="[1140,1288,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Daphaenisca</emphasis>
respectively, confirms what was observed by
<bibRefCitation id="B11907A2FF85485EFD854D9DFD1FF850" author="Przybylowicz" box="[512,751,1932,1957]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" refString="Przybylowicz, L. (2009) Thyretini of Africa. An illustrated Catalogue of the Thyretini (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae: Syntominae) of the Afrotropical Region. Entomonograph Series, 16, 1 - 170." type="journal article" year="2009">Przybyłowicz (2009)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF85485FFF424DA1FCD3FE59" blockId="2.[151,1436,1752,2029]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,861]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="154" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">
Firstly, we examined the less stable or more variable characters, such as wing and body colours and patterns, wing venation and spurs formula, which show perfect correspondence between the two species. The second step was to examine the more stable characters, such as male and female genitalia, for which we highlight some differences that justify the species rank, but not their splitting into two subgenera. For instance, the shape of the uncus, considered by
<bibRefCitation id="B11907A2FF84485FFE0F4ACEFDB3FF0C" author="Kiriakoff" box="[394,579,223,248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" refString="Kiriakoff, S. G. (1957) Notes sur les Thyretidae (Lepidoptera: Notodontoidea). Bulletin et Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 93 (V - VI), 154 - 155." type="journal article" year="1957">Kiriakoff (1957)</bibRefCitation>
to be significant in diagnosis, is here seen to be rather variable, and thus not able to support generic or subgeneric diagnosis. This finding is supported by the recent discovery in
<collectingCountry id="AD9F3AC3FF84485FFA994B15FA97FEE9" box="[1308,1383,260,285]" name="Gabon" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Gabon</collectingCountry>
of a third species attributable to the subgenus
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFDED4B39FD0CFEB4" box="[616,764,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Daphaenisca</emphasis>
, of which the uncus has a single point, rather than bifurcate or trifurcate as in
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF84485FFEF34B5DFE14FE90" box="[374,484,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daphaena">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFEF34B5DFE14FE90" box="[374,484,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">daphaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF84485FFDA24B5DFD9DFE90" box="[551,621,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFDA24B5DFD9DFE90" box="[551,621,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">affinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
respectively. The other structures of the male genitalia of the three considered species show a limited degree of interspecific variation, being similar to each other with the same general structure of the valvae and a fairly stout aedeagus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF84485FFF424BA6FBCDFDC9" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,861]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
Regarding wing shape, we noted a clear difference between
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFC1E4BA9FBDFFE24" box="[923,1071,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Daphaenisca</emphasis>
and the other close subgenera included in the genus
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF84485FFE1E4BCDFE05FE00" box="[411,501,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFE1E4BCDFE05FE00" box="[411,501,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Balacra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. To evaluate these differences we performed one-way ANOVA on the forewing length/width ratio, the results consistently reflecting the known taxonomic differences in wing proportions and thereby confirming its stability as differential characters for the
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF84485FFCE74835FC4CFDC8" box="[866,956,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFCE74835FC4CFDC8" box="[866,956,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Balacra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgenera.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF84485FFF424859FB8FFD5C" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,861]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
Average forewing ratios are lowest in
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFD334859FC95FD94" box="[694,869,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Lamprobalacra</emphasis>
and highest in
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFBB84859FB21FD94" box="[1085,1233,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Daphaenisca</emphasis>
(2.09 and 2.62 respectively), which correspond to the largest and smallest widths (
<tableCitation id="980A4FE8FF84485FFC10487DFC2DFD70" box="[917,989,620,645]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,908,931]" captionTargetBox="[159,1014,960,1147]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Mean values (± ES) for each considered subgenus." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/81F72ADBFF84485FFF12499DFCD7FC57" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" tableUuid="81F72ADBFF84485FFF12499DFCD7FC57">Tab. 1</tableCitation>
). Statistically significant differences in the forewing length/width ratios (
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFD8A4880FDEDFD5C" box="[527,541,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">p</emphasis>
&lt;0.05%) of the selected subgenera are shown (
<tableCitation id="980A4FE8FF84485FFBAD489EFB82FD5C" box="[1064,1138,655,680]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,239,1214,1237]" captionText="TABLE 2. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for mean forewing length / width ratio. Groups refer to Daphaenisca, Pseudapiconoma, Lamprobalacra and Balacra subgenera. Values in boldface are statistically significant (p &lt;0.05)." pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Tab. 2</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF84485FFF4248A5FA6CFCC3" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,861]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
The comparison the other three subgenera proved to be the most significant. Indeed,
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFB2E48A5FACFFD38" box="[1195,1343,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Daphaenisca</emphasis>
has the highest average forewing ratio, corresponding to the smallest widths. The t test values calculated for the other three groups show less marked differences (p-values from 0.19 to 0.08) (
<tableCitation id="980A4FE8FF84485FFC0F48EDFC24FCE0" box="[906,980,764,789]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,239,1512,1535]" captionTargetBox="[159,934,1600,1870]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 3. Pairwise T-test for all considered subgenera. Values in boldface are statistically significant (p &lt;0.05). Subgenera are listed from top-down in order of similarity level." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/81F72ADBFF84485FFF124FF9FCCCF9D7" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" tableUuid="81F72ADBFF84485FFF124FF9FCCCF9D7">Tab. 3</tableCitation>
). Generally, the statistical analyses were effective in reflecting the known taxonomic similarities between the four subgenera included in the genus
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF84485FFABE4931FA65FCCC" box="[1339,1429,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFABE4931FA65FCCC" box="[1339,1429,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Balacra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9D9229D8FF84485FFF424955FD64F85A" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF84485FFF424955FCAFFCA8" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,861]" box="[199,863,836,861]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFF424955FE92FCA9" bold="true" box="[199,354,836,861]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<typeStatus id="0A33C4F1FF84485FFF424955FEF2FCA9" box="[199,258,836,861]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF84485FFEEC4955FCAAFCA8" authority="Hampson, 1898" authorityName="Hampson" authorityYear="1898" box="[361,858,836,860]" class="Insecta" genus="Pseudapiconoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daphaena">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFEEC4955FD6EFCA8" box="[361,670,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Pseudapiconoma daphaena</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B11907A2FF84485FFD234954FCAAFCA8" author="Hampson" box="[678,858,836,860]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" refString="Hampson, G. F. (1898) Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum (Syntomidae). Vol. 1. Trustees of the British Museum, London, XXI + 559 pp." type="book" year="1898">Hampson, 1898</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="81F72ADBFF84485FFF12499DFCD7FC57" ID-Table-UUID="81F72ADBFF84485FFF12499DFCD7FC57" box="[151,807,908,931]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/81F72ADBFF84485FFF12499DFCD7FC57" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" targetBox="[159,1014,960,1147]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF84485FFF12499DFCD7FC57" blockId="3.[151,807,908,931]" box="[151,807,908,931]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFF12499DFEFAFC57" bold="true" box="[151,266,908,931]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Mean values (±ES) for each considered subgenus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF84485FFF1A49D1FC06FB8F" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<table id="A78888F3FF84B7A3FF1A49D1FC06FB8F" box="[159,1014,960,1147]" gridcols="3" gridrows="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<tr id="6BB87811FF84B7A3FF1A49D1FC06FC22" box="[159,1014,960,982]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<th id="2869116DFF84B7A3FF1A49D1FEBAFC22" box="[159,330,960,982]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Subgenera</th>
<th id="2869116DFF84B7A3FE6B49D1FD4EFC22" box="[494,702,960,982]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Mean forewing ratio</th>
<th id="2869116DFF84B7A3FC4F49D1FC06FC22" box="[970,1014,960,982]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">ES</th>
</tr>
<tr id="6BB87811FF84B7A3FF1A49F8FC06FC0B" box="[159,1014,1001,1023]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<th id="2869116DFF84B7A3FF1A49F8FEBAFC0B" box="[159,330,1001,1023]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Daphaenisca</th>
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FE6B49F8FD4EFC0B" box="[494,702,1001,1023]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">2.62</td>
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FC4F49F8FC06FC0B" box="[970,1014,1001,1023]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">0.17</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6BB87811FF84B7A3FF1A4E03FC06FBDC" box="[159,1014,1042,1064]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<th id="2869116DFF84B7A3FF1A4E03FEBAFBDC" box="[159,330,1042,1064]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF84485FFF1A4E03FEBAFBDC" box="[159,330,1042,1064]" class="Insecta" genus="Pseudapiconoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudapiconoma</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FE6B4E03FD4EFBDC" box="[494,702,1042,1064]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">2.27</td>
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FC4F4E03FC06FBDC" box="[970,1014,1042,1064]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">0.25</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6BB87811FF84B7A3FF1A4E2DFC06FBA6" box="[159,1014,1084,1106]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<th id="2869116DFF84B7A3FF1A4E2DFEBAFBA6" box="[159,330,1084,1106]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Lamprobalacra</th>
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FE6B4E2DFD4EFBA6" box="[494,702,1084,1106]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">2.09</td>
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FC4F4E2DFC06FBA6" box="[970,1014,1084,1106]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">0.15</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6BB87811FF84B7A3FF1A4E74FC06FB8F" box="[159,1014,1125,1147]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<th id="2869116DFF84B7A3FF1A4E74FEBAFB8F" box="[159,330,1125,1147]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF84485FFF1A4E74FF1CFB8F" box="[159,236,1125,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Balacra</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FE6B4E74FD4EFB8F" box="[494,702,1125,1147]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">2.17</td>
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FC4F4E74FC06FB8F" box="[970,1014,1125,1147]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">0.08</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="81F72ADBFF84485FFF124EAFFAAAFB01" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF84485FFF124EAFFAAAFB01" blockId="3.[151,1436,1213,1269]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFF124EAFFEE0FB21" bold="true" box="[151,272,1214,1237]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for mean forewing length/width ratio. Groups refer to
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFA8C4EACFA6CFB21" box="[1289,1436,1213,1237]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Daphaenisca,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF84485FFF124ECCFDF2FB01" authority="Lamprobalacra" authorityName="Lamprobalacra" box="[151,514,1245,1269]" class="Insecta" genus="Pseudapiconoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFF124ECCFEBFFB01" box="[151,335,1245,1269]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Pseudapiconoma</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFED94ECCFDF2FB01" box="[348,514,1245,1269]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Lamprobalacra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF84485FFDB34ECCFD7CFB01" box="[566,652,1245,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFDB34ECCFD7CFB01" box="[566,652,1245,1269]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Balacra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgenera. Values in boldface are statistically significant (
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFB7A4ECFFAFCFB01" box="[1279,1292,1246,1269]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">p</emphasis>
&lt;0.05).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF84485FFF1A4F00FDF1FA57" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<table id="A78888F3FF84B7A3FF1A4F00FAB9FA57" box="[159,1353,1297,1443]" gridcols="5" gridrows="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<tr id="6BB87811FF84B7A3FF1A4F00FAB9FAD3" box="[159,1353,1297,1319]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<th id="2869116DFF84B7A3FF1A4F00FEB3FAD3" box="[159,323,1297,1319]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Source</th>
<th id="2869116DFF84B7A3FE624F00FDF2FAD3" box="[487,514,1297,1319]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Df</th>
<th id="2869116DFF84B7A3FD6B4F00FC83FAD3" box="[750,883,1297,1319]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">MS</th>
<th id="2869116DFF84B7A3FC634F00FB9BFAD3" box="[998,1131,1297,1319]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">F</th>
<th id="2869116DFF84B7A3FB404F00FAB9FAD3" box="[1221,1353,1297,1319]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">P</th>
</tr>
<tr id="6BB87811FF84B7A3FF1A4F2BFAB9FAA4" box="[159,1353,1338,1360]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<th id="2869116DFF84B7A3FF1A4F2BFEB3FAA4" box="[159,323,1338,1360]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Between groups</th>
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FE624F2BFDF2FAA4" box="[487,514,1338,1360]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">3</td>
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FD6B4F2BFC83FAA4" box="[750,883,1338,1360]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">1.105107933</td>
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FC634F2BFB9BFAA4" box="[998,1131,1338,1360]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">34.63375844</td>
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FB404F2BFAB9FAA4" box="[1221,1353,1338,1360]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">3.24356E-14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6BB87811FF84B7A3FF1A4F75FAB9FA8E" box="[159,1353,1380,1402]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="2869116DFF84B7A3FF1A4F75FEB3FA8E" box="[159,323,1380,1402]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Within groups</th>
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FE624F75FDF2FA8E" box="[487,514,1380,1402]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">76</td>
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FD6B4F75FC83FA8E" box="[750,883,1380,1402]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">0.031908403</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6BB87811FF84B7A3FF1A4F9CFAB9FA57" box="[159,1353,1421,1443]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="2869116DFF84B7A3FF1A4F9CFEB3FA57" box="[159,323,1421,1443]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Total</th>
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FE624F9CFDF2FA57" box="[487,514,1421,1443]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">79</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="81F72ADBFF84485FFF124FF9FCCCF9D7" ID-Table-UUID="81F72ADBFF84485FFF124FF9FCCCF9D7" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/81F72ADBFF84485FFF124FF9FCCCF9D7" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" targetBox="[159,934,1600,1870]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF84485FFF124FF9FCCCF9D7" blockId="3.[151,1436,1512,1571]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFF124FF9FEE0FA0B" bold="true" box="[151,272,1512,1535]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
Pairwise T-test for all considered subgenera. Values in boldface are statistically significant (
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFAC44FF8FABEF9F4" box="[1345,1358,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">p</emphasis>
&lt;0.05). Subgenera are listed from top-down in order of similarity level.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF84485FFF1A4C51FC56F8BA" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<table id="A78888F3FF84B7A3FF1A4C51FC56F8BA" box="[159,934,1600,1870]" gridcols="2" gridrows="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<tr id="6BB87811FF84B7A3FF1A4C51FC56F9A2" box="[159,934,1600,1622]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<th id="2869116DFF84B7A3FF1A4C51FDFEF9A2" box="[159,526,1600,1622]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Pairwise samples</th>
<th id="2869116DFF84B7A3FCA44C51FC56F9A2" box="[801,934,1600,1622]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">ρ-value</th>
</tr>
<tr id="6BB87811FF84B7A3FF1A4C78FC56F98B" box="[159,934,1641,1663]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FF1A4C78FDFEF98B" box="[159,526,1641,1663]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFF1A4C78FED5F98B" box="[159,293,1641,1663]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Daphaenisca</emphasis>
vs
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF84485FFEC24C78FE69F98B" box="[327,409,1641,1663]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFEC24C78FE69F98B" box="[327,409,1641,1663]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Balacra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FCA44C78FC56F98B" box="[801,934,1641,1663]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<geoCoordinate id="B0BC1C94FF84485FFCA44C78FC7CF98B" box="[801,908,1641,1663]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" precision="1" value="4.86189">4.86189E-</geoCoordinate>
09
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6BB87811FF84B7A3FF1A4C83FC56F95C" box="[159,934,1682,1704]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FF1A4C83FDFEF95C" box="[159,526,1682,1704]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFF1A4C83FED5F95C" box="[159,293,1682,1704]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Daphaenisca</emphasis>
vs
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFEC24C83FE15F95C" box="[327,485,1682,1704]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Lamprobalacra</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FCA44C83FC56F95C" box="[801,934,1682,1704]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<geoCoordinate id="B0BC1C94FF84485FFCA44C83FC7CF95C" box="[801,908,1682,1704]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" precision="1" value="6.24454">6.24454E-</geoCoordinate>
08
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6BB87811FF84B7A3FF1A4CADFC56F926" box="[159,934,1724,1746]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FF1A4CADFDFEF926" box="[159,526,1724,1746]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFF1A4CADFED5F926" box="[159,293,1724,1746]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Daphaenisca</emphasis>
vs
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF84485FFEC24CADFE06F926" box="[327,502,1724,1746]" class="Insecta" genus="Pseudapiconoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFEC24CADFE06F926" box="[327,502,1724,1746]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Pseudapiconoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FCA44CADFC56F926" box="[801,934,1724,1746]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<geoCoordinate id="B0BC1C94FF84485FFCA44CADFC7CF926" box="[801,908,1724,1746]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" precision="1" value="7.60716">7.60716E-</geoCoordinate>
05
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6BB87811FF84B7A3FF1A4CF4FC56F90F" box="[159,934,1765,1787]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FF1A4CF4FDFEF90F" box="[159,526,1765,1787]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF84485FFF1A4CF4FEBDF90F" box="[159,333,1765,1787]" class="Insecta" genus="Pseudapiconoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFF1A4CF4FEBDF90F" box="[159,333,1765,1787]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Pseudapiconoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vs
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFEF54CF4FDFEF90F" box="[368,526,1765,1787]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Lamprobalacra</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FCA44CF4FC56F90F" box="[801,934,1765,1787]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">0.019750545</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6BB87811FF84B7A3FF1A4D1FFC56F8D0" box="[159,934,1806,1828]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FF1A4D1FFDFEF8D0" box="[159,526,1806,1828]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFF1A4D1FFECDF8D0" box="[159,317,1806,1828]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Lamprobalacra</emphasis>
vs
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF84485FFEE54D1FFE42F8D0" box="[352,434,1806,1828]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFEE54D1FFE42F8D0" box="[352,434,1806,1828]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Balacra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FCA44D1FFC56F8D0" box="[801,934,1806,1828]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">0.040194314</td>
</tr>
<tr id="6BB87811FF84B7A3FF1A4D29FC56F8BA" box="[159,934,1848,1870]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FF1A4D29FDFEF8BA" box="[159,526,1848,1870]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF84485FFF1A4D29FEBDF8BA" box="[159,333,1848,1870]" class="Insecta" genus="Pseudapiconoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFF1A4D29FEBDF8BA" box="[159,333,1848,1870]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Pseudapiconoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vs
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF84485FFEF54D29FE32F8BA" box="[368,450,1848,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFEF54D29FE32F8BA" box="[368,450,1848,1870]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Balacra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="2869116DFF84B7A3FCA44D29FC56F8BA" box="[801,934,1848,1870]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">0.086862363</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF84485FFF424D84FD64F85A" blockId="3.[199,1436,1941,2002]" box="[199,660,1941,1966]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFF424D84FE95F85A" bold="true" box="[199,357,1941,1966]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<typeStatus id="0A33C4F1FF84485FFF424D84FEF2F85A" box="[199,258,1941,1966]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
R.
<collectingCountry id="AD9F3AC3FF84485FFE094D84FE3EF85A" box="[396,462,1941,1966]" name="Niger" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Niger</collectingCountry>
, Asaba [
<collectingCountry id="AD9F3AC3FF84485FFDA84D84FD7AF85A" box="[557,650,1941,1966]" name="Nigeria" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9D9229D8FF844858FF424DA8FAB2FF23" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="155" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF844858FF424DA8FAB2FF23" blockId="3.[199,1436,1941,2002]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,1514]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="155" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFF424DA8FEB1F826" bold="true" box="[199,321,1977,2002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Smaller than the other subgenera in
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF84485FFD5C4DA8FCC3F825" box="[729,819,1977,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFD5C4DA8FCC3F825" box="[729,819,1977,2001]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Balacra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF84485FFCFD4DA8FB1CF825" authority="Lampobalacra" authorityName="Lampobalacra" box="[888,1260,1977,2001]" class="Insecta" genus="Pseudapiconoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFCFD4DA8FBC9F825" box="[888,1081,1977,2001]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Pseudapiconoma</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFBC24DA8FB1CF825" box="[1095,1260,1977,2001]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Lampobalacra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF84485FFB7C4DA8FAA3F825" box="[1273,1363,1977,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF84485FFB7C4DA8FAA3F825" box="[1273,1363,1977,2001]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Balacra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), with more elongated forewings and dark ground colour. Hindwing venation has six veins from the cell (missing Sc+R1 and Rs), whereas in the similar genus
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF834858FDC44AD1FCA8FF23" authority="Kiriakoff, 1952" authorityName="Kiriakoff" authorityYear="1952" box="[577,856,190,215]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Bergeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FDC44AD1FD54FF23" box="[577,676,192,215]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Bergeria</emphasis>
Kiriakoff, 1952
</taxonomicName>
there are five veins (with M2 also missing).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9D9229D8FF834858FF424AF4FEC1FD26" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="description">
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF424AF4FB8BFEB2" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1514]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FF424AF4FEA9FF0A" bold="true" box="[199,345,229,254]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Description.</emphasis>
Adult: subgenus of small-sized species (forewing length
<quantity id="1270D7B6FF834858FB9D4AF7FB6DFF0A" box="[1048,1181,230,254]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" unit="mm" value="15.5" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="12.0">12–19 mm</quantity>
); forewings narrower (length/width ratio 2.5–3) than in other subgenera (i.e.,
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF834858FC994B18FB62FED5" authority="Lampobalacra" authorityName="Lampobalacra" box="[796,1170,265,289]" class="Insecta" genus="Pseudapiconoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FC994B18FC2DFED5" box="[796,989,265,289]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Pseudapiconoma</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FC684B18FB62FED5" box="[1005,1170,265,289]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Lampobalacra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF834858FB264B18FB0DFED5" box="[1187,1277,265,289]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FB264B18FB0DFED5" box="[1187,1277,265,289]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Balacra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, length/width ratio 1.5; 2; 2 respectively); hindwings very small, roughly circular or elongated (
<figureCitation id="4DB366D6FF834858FBAD4B3CFB9EFEB2" box="[1064,1134,301,326]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 4" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[247,1361,206,1863]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[238,1372,193,1876]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 4. Morphology. Fig. 2. Forewing venation of Balacra affinis. Fig. 3. Hindwing venation of Balacra magnoloi sp. n. Fig. 4. Forewing sizes and external morphological terms in Daphaenisca subgenus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259159/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF424B40FAD0FE9E" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1514]" box="[199,1312,337,362]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Ground colour dark violaceous to blackish with few yellow and red patches on the wings and body.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF424B64FBC2FE7A" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1514]" box="[199,1074,373,398]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Head small with serrate or bipectinate antennae, and short porrect labial palpi.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF424B88FDE4FE0E" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1514]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
Forewings homogeneous in colour with very small patches and complete venation (Noctuoidea ground plan); M2 and M3 short-stalked, M1 short-stalked with radius sector Rs4[Rs1(Rs2, Rs3)], and R anastomosing with Sc; areole sometimes present (
<figureCitation id="4DB366D6FF834858FE444BF0FDF7FE0E" box="[449,519,481,506]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 4" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[247,1361,206,1863]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[238,1372,193,1876]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 4. Morphology. Fig. 2. Forewing venation of Balacra affinis. Fig. 3. Hindwing venation of Balacra magnoloi sp. n. Fig. 4. Forewing sizes and external morphological terms in Daphaenisca subgenus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259159/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF424814FE68FDB6" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1514]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
Hindwings with lighter colouration, Thyretini ground plan venation with M2 and M3 stalked and Rs and M1 fused together (
<figureCitation id="4DB366D6FF834858FEC34838FE7AFDB6" box="[326,394,553,578]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 4" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1936,1959]" captionTargetBox="[247,1361,206,1863]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[238,1372,193,1876]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 4. Morphology. Fig. 2. Forewing venation of Balacra affinis. Fig. 3. Hindwing venation of Balacra magnoloi sp. n. Fig. 4. Forewing sizes and external morphological terms in Daphaenisca subgenus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259159/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF42485FFDD2FD92" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1514]" box="[199,546,589,614]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Legs with spurs formula 0-2-2.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF424860FAF2FD7E" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1514]" box="[199,1282,625,650]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
Male genitalia
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF834858FEEA4860FE39FD7D" box="[367,457,625,649]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FEEA4860FE39FD7D" box="[367,457,625,649]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Balacra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like with simple valvae and distal elongation of the valvar costal margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF424884FEC1FD26" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1514]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Female genitalia with quite long ductus bursae, slightly convoluted and quite rigid. Bursa rather large, ovoidal or spheroidal.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9D9229D8FF834858FF4248CCFCE6FCCA" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF4248CCFCE6FCCA" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1514]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FF4248CCFE04FD02" bold="true" box="[199,500,733,758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
The subgenus is found in equatorial and tropical Africa from
<collectingCountry id="AD9F3AC3FF834858FB3548CCFB09FD02" box="[1200,1273,733,758]" name="Ghana" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Ghana</collectingCountry>
in the West to
<collectingCountry id="AD9F3AC3FF834858FF124910FF1EFCEE" box="[151,238,769,794]" name="Uganda" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Uganda</collectingCountry>
in the East. The African Moths website (http://www.africanmoths.com; last visit
<date id="A1365C93FF834858FB284910FAACFCEE" box="[1197,1372,769,794]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" value="2015-08-05">5 August 2015</date>
) also reports
<collectingCountry id="AD9F3AC3FF834858FF6E4934FEDBFCCA" box="[235,299,805,830]" name="Niger" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Niger</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="AD9F3AC3FF834858FEE74934FE47FCCA" box="[354,439,805,830]" name="Angola" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Angola</collectingCountry>
, but there is no clear reference.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9D9229D8FF834858FF424958FD36FC06" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF424958FC50FC96" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1514]" box="[199,928,841,866]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">The habitat of the subgenus ranges from deciduous to rain forest.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF42497FFE08FC5D" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1514]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
In
<collectingCountry id="AD9F3AC3FF834858FF61497CFEDFFC72" box="[228,303,877,902]" name="Gabon" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Gabon</collectingCountry>
(Ivindo National Park) it flies at least from November to April, throughout the long rainy season, and the short dry and rainy seasons.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF4249A4FD36FC06" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1514]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
Early stages and larval food plants remain unknown for all included species, with the exception of
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF834858FAA349A4FA64FC39" box="[1318,1428,949,973]" class="Insecta" genus="Pseudapiconoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daphaena">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FAA349A4FA64FC39" box="[1318,1428,949,973]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">daphaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whose eggs are herein described for the first time.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9D9229D8FF834858FF4249ECFAC2FA1D" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF4249ECFECBFB3E" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1514]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FF4249ECFCA2FBE2" bold="true" box="[199,850,1021,1046]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Differential characters and possible synapomorphies.</emphasis>
The general appearance of the subgenus is better characterised than other
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF834858FE354E30FDFAFBCD" box="[432,522,1057,1081]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FE354E30FDFAFBCD" box="[432,522,1057,1081]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Balacra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgenera: the size is quite small; the ground colour is constantly uniform and dark without dots or transparent fenestrae on the forewings; the forewing ratio is constant within the subgenus, and different from other subgenera (see above and Discussion for more details). The latter character is here considered a good synapomorphy at subgeneric level because it seems to be stable within the subgenus
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FB504E9CFA99FB51" box="[1237,1385,1165,1189]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Daphaenisca</emphasis>
and exclusive to it.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF424EC4FAC2FA1D" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1514]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
The genitalia show an elongation of the costal valvar margin (a similar elongation in the subgenus
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FF124EE8FEDDFAE5" box="[151,301,1273,1297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Callobalacra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="B11907A2FF834858FEB14EE8FE12FAE6" author="Kiriakoff" box="[308,482,1273,1298]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" refString="Kiriakoff, S. G. (1953) Les Thyretidae du Musee Royal du Congo Belge (Lepidoptera Notodontoidea). Annales du Musee Royal du Congo Belge, Series 8, 26, 7 - 91." type="journal article" year="1953">Kiriakoff, 1953</bibRefCitation>
does not seem to be of costal origin), and an exclusive connecting structure between the tegumen and uncus which extends inside the tegumen. This structure is considered to be socii (i.e., derived from the caudal margin of the tegumen or even more caudal, but well separated from the uncus). It is regarded as synaphomorphic of the subgenus, since it is not present in the remaining subgenera of the genus
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF834858FB574F74FADCFA89" box="[1234,1324,1381,1405]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FB574F74FADCFA89" box="[1234,1324,1381,1405]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Balacra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although there is a superficially similar structure in
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FDF24F98FCFCFA55" box="[631,780,1417,1441]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Callobalacra</emphasis>
, where the uncus and tegumen are connected by a clearly sclerotised area, remaining separate however. In the subgenus
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FCE44FBFFC3BFA31" box="[865,971,1454,1477]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Heronina</emphasis>
Kiriakoff, 1955, the tegumen and uncus are welded together, but in such a different manner that it cannot be seen as homologous to
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FB124FC0FADBFA1D" box="[1175,1323,1489,1513]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Daphaenisca</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
<subSection id="BC0763B8FF834859FF124C2CFA6BFF13" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="156" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="9D9229D8FF834859FF124C2CFA6BFF13" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="156" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" type="key">
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF124C2CFD1FF9A3" blockId="4.[151,751,1597,1623]" box="[151,751,1597,1623]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
<heading id="8E7FCD3FFF834858FF124C2CFD1FF9A3" bold="true" box="[151,751,1597,1623]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" reason="1">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FF124C2CFD1FF9A3" bold="true" box="[151,751,1597,1623]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
Keys to the species of the subgenus
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FDD44C2CFD1FF9A3" bold="true" box="[593,751,1597,1623]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Daphaenisca</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF124C95FF21F969" blockId="4.[151,1436,1668,1872]" box="[151,209,1668,1693]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Male</paragraph>
<key id="A1192D62FF834858FF124CB6FA6BF8A4" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
<keyStep id="6E7C62F6FF834858FF124CB6FA6CF92E" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF124CB6FA6BF949" blockId="4.[151,1436,1668,1872]" box="[151,1435,1703,1725]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
<keyLead id="6E79D966FF834858FF124CB6FA6BF949" box="[151,1435,1703,1725]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">1. Male antennae serrate.................................................................................. 2</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF124CD4FA6CF92E" blockId="4.[151,1436,1668,1872]" box="[151,1436,1732,1754]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
<keyLead id="6E79D966FF834858FF124CD4FA6CF92E" box="[151,1436,1732,1754]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
- Male antennae bipectinate........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF834858FAC44CD5FA6CF92E" box="[1345,1436,1732,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="magnoloi">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FAC44CD5FA6CF92E" box="[1345,1436,1732,1754]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">magnoloi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="6E7C62F6FF834858FF124CF3FA6BF8E1" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF124CF3FA66F90C" blockId="4.[151,1436,1668,1872]" box="[151,1430,1762,1784]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
<keyLead id="6E79D966FF834858FF124CF3FA66F90C" box="[151,1430,1762,1784]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
2. Distal end of the uncus trifurcate....................................................................
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF834858FADF4CF3FA66F90C" box="[1370,1430,1762,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FADF4CF3FA66F90C" box="[1370,1430,1762,1784]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">affinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF124D11FA6BF8E1" blockId="4.[151,1436,1668,1872]" box="[151,1435,1791,1813]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
<keyLead id="6E79D966FF834858FF124D11FA6BF8E1" box="[151,1435,1791,1813]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">- Distal end of the uncus bifurcate.......................................................................... 3</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="6E7C62F6FF834858FF124D0DFA6BF8A4" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF124D0DFA6BF8C6" blockId="4.[151,1436,1668,1872]" box="[151,1435,1820,1842]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
<keyLead id="6E79D966FF834858FF124D0DFA6BF8C6" box="[151,1435,1820,1842]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
3 Vesica of the aedeagus bearing a single big thorn-like cornutus..........................................
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF834858FAB84D0DFA6BF8C6" box="[1341,1435,1820,1842]" class="Insecta" genus="Pseudapiconoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daphaena">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FAB84D0DFA6BF8C6" box="[1341,1435,1820,1842]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">daphaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF124D2BFA6BF8A4" blockId="4.[151,1436,1668,1872]" box="[151,1435,1850,1872]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
<keyLead id="6E79D966FF834858FF124D2BFA6BF8A4" box="[151,1435,1850,1872]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
- Vesica of the aedeagus bearing a cluster of spine-like cornuti...........................................
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF834858FAA94D2AFA6BF8A4" box="[1324,1435,1851,1872]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inexpectata">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FAA94D2AFA6BF8A4" box="[1324,1435,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">inexpectata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF124D6DFF1AF861" blockId="4.[151,1436,1916,2032]" box="[151,234,1916,1941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">Female</paragraph>
<footnote id="B693665DFF834858FF124D8EFA6CF804" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF124D8EFA66F841" blockId="4.[151,1436,1916,2032]" box="[151,1430,1951,1973]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
1. Hindwing ground colour yellow.......................................................................
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF834858FAE34D8EFA66F841" box="[1382,1430,1951,1973]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flava">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FAE34D8EFA66F841" box="[1382,1430,1951,1973]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">flava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF124DACFA65F826" blockId="4.[151,1436,1916,2032]" box="[151,1429,1980,2003]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF834858FF124DACFF6FF827" bold="true" box="[151,159,1981,2003]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">-</emphasis>
Hindwing ground colour other than yellow................................................................ 2
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF834858FF124DCBFA6CF804" blockId="4.[151,1436,1916,2032]" box="[151,1436,2010,2032]" pageId="4" pageNumber="155">
2. corpus bursae with many rib-like rows...............................................................
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF834858FAE54DCBFA6CF804" box="[1376,1436,2010,2032]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="155" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">affinis</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</footnote>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF824859FF124A86FA6BFF59" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,231]" box="[151,1435,151,173]" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">- corpus bursae smooth without such rows................................................................... 3</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF824859FF124AA5FA6CFF3E" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,231]" box="[151,1436,180,202]" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">
3. corpus bursae with single long signum.............................................................
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF824859FAAD4AA4FA6CFF3E" box="[1320,1436,181,202]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Balacra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inexpectata">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF824859FAAD4AA4FA6CFF3E" box="[1320,1436,181,202]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">inexpectata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D5377A53FF824859FF124AC3FA6BFF13" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,231]" box="[151,1435,209,231]" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">
- corpus bursae with two long parallel signa...........................................................
<taxonomicName id="128801D0FF824859FAB94AC0FA6BFF13" box="[1340,1435,209,231]" class="Insecta" genus="Pseudapiconoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daphaena">
<emphasis id="E7FCA641FF824859FAB94AC0FA6BFF13" box="[1340,1435,209,231]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="156">daphaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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