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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.70.765" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ed56f26c-bcce-4fc2-b74f-c360d8a06e00" ID-PMC="PMC3088447" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-70-67" ID-PubMed="21594044" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2010" ModsDocID="1313-2970-70-67" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 70" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic position of Osteocephalus festae (Anura, Hylidae) with description of its larva" checkinTime="1451250872890" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Ron, Santiago R., Toral, Eduardo, Venegas, Pablo J. &amp; Barnes, Charles W." docDate="2010" docId="3F6416DDD97C20BFD0A1EC0F7BA49134" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 70: 67-92" docOrigin="ZooKeys 70" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.70.765" docTitle="Osteocephalus festae Peracca 1904" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="79" masterDocId="C655FFB1FFA7FFF71B1EFFA1FFC3E35A" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic position of Osteocephalus festae (Anura, Hylidae) with description of its larva" masterLastPageNumber="92" masterPageNumber="67" pageNumber="71" updateTime="1668164904637" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic position of Osteocephalus festae (Anura, Hylidae) with description of its larva</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Ron, Santiago R.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Toral, Eduardo</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Venegas, Pablo J.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Barnes, Charles W.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>70</mods:number>
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<mods:start>67</mods:start>
<mods:end>92</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.70.765</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.70.765</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-70-67</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360869" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3F6416DDD97C20BFD0A1EC0F7BA49134" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F6416DDD97C20BFD0A1EC0F7BA49134" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="79" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="71" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
<taxonomicName authority="Peracca, 1904" authorityName="Peracca" authorityYear="1904" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae (Peracca, 1904)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="71" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyla festae" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Hyla festae</taxonomicName>
Peracca, 1904:39. Holotype: MZUT An208, a female from &quot;Valle Santiago&quot; (&quot;= lower
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Zamora&quot; according to
<bibRefCitation author="Trueb, L" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History University of Kansas" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 47" title="A synopsis of Neotropical hylid frogs, genus Osteocephalus." volume="1" year="1971">Trueb and Duellman 1971</bibRefCitation>
) Provincia Morona Santiago, Ecuador (Fig. 3G-H).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus buckleyi" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buckleyi">Osteocephalus buckleyi</taxonomicName>
(part)
<bibRefCitation author="Trueb, L" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History University of Kansas" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 47" title="A synopsis of Neotropical hylid frogs, genus Osteocephalus." volume="1" year="1971">Trueb and Duellman 1971</bibRefCitation>
. Synonymy fide
<bibRefCitation author="Trueb, L" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History University of Kansas" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 47" title="A synopsis of Neotropical hylid frogs, genus Osteocephalus." volume="1" year="1971">Trueb and Duellman 1971</bibRefCitation>
: 23.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
Throughout this section, coloration refers to preserved specimens unless otherwise noted.
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
is a medium-sized species of
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Osteocephalus</taxonomicName>
having the following combination of characters: (1) size sexually dimorphic; maximum SVL in males 56.1 mm, in females 84.9 mm; (2) skin on dorsum bearing tubercles in males, smooth in females; (3) skin on flanks areolate; (4) hand webbing formula II
<normalizedToken originalValue="2½-3¼III3½">21/2-31/4III31/2</normalizedToken>
-2IV; foot webbing formula varying as shown in Table 3 and Fig. 4; (5) dorsum brown, usually with irregular dark marks; (6) venter varying from cream to tan, with ill to well defined brown chocolate blotches; (7) narrow, cream to light brown, labial stripe confluent with similarly colored suborbital mark; (8) flanks cream to light brown with darker reticulations anteriorly and dark blotches posteriorly; (9) dermal roofing bones of the skull weakly exostosed; (10) bones green in life; (11) iris dark brown without reticulations, in life; (12) paired vocal sacs located laterally, behind jaw articulation, (13) in life, juveniles with red iris, and pale elbows, knees, and heels; (14) larvae with LTRF of 4/7 or 5/7.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
is most similar to
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus verruciger" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verruciger">Osteocephalus verruciger</taxonomicName>
. Both species differ from other
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Osteocephalus</taxonomicName>
by the combination of a brown iris (in life) and the presence of brown marks in the venter (in life and preservative).
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus verruciger" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verruciger">Osteocephalus verruciger</taxonomicName>
in having: (1) less dorsal ornamentation in males (fewer and less developed dorsal tubercles in
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
), (2) smaller tympanum (1/5 of head length in
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
vs. 1/4 in
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus verruciger" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verruciger">Osteocephalus verruciger</taxonomicName>
), and (3) more tooth rows in larvae (LTRF = 4/7 to 5/7 in
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
vs. 2/5 in
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus verruciger" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verruciger">Osteocephalus verruciger</taxonomicName>
; Fig. 5). Mitochondrial DNA sequences show that
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus verruciger" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verruciger">Osteocephalus verruciger</taxonomicName>
are not sister species (Fig. 2).
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus mutabor" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mutabor">Osteocephalus mutabor</taxonomicName>
Jungfer &amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hödl">Hoedl</normalizedToken>
, 2002 in having chocolate blotches in the venter (blotches absent in
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus mutabor" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mutabor">Osteocephalus mutabor</taxonomicName>
). It differs from most species of
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Osteocephalus</taxonomicName>
(except
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus verruciger" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verruciger">Osteocephalus verruciger</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus heyeri" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heyeri">Osteocephalus heyeri</taxonomicName>
Lynch, 2002, and
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus subtilis" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subtilis">Osteocephalus subtilis</taxonomicName>
Martins &amp; Cardoso, 1987) in having a dark brown iris in life (iris bronze to golden with or without black straight lines or irregular black reticulations in
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus alboguttatus" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alboguttatus">Osteocephalus alboguttatus</taxonomicName>
(Boulenger, 1882),
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus buckleyi" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buckleyi">Osteocephalus buckleyi</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus cabrerai" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cabrerai">Osteocephalus cabrerai</taxonomicName>
(Cochran &amp; Goin, 1970),
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus deridens" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="deridens">Osteocephalus deridens</taxonomicName>
Jungfer et al., 2000,
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus exophthalmus" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exophthalmus">Osteocephalus exophthalmus</taxonomicName>
Smith &amp; Noonan, 2001,
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus fuscifacies" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscifacies">Osteocephalus fuscifacies</taxonomicName>
Jungfer et al., 2000,
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus leoniae" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leoniae">Osteocephalus leoniae</taxonomicName>
Jungfer &amp; Lehr, 2001,
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus leprieurii" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leprieurii">Osteocephalus leprieurii</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Duméril">Dumeril</normalizedToken>
&amp; Bibron, 1841),
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus mutabor" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mutabor">Osteocephalus mutabor</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus oophagus" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oophagus">Osteocephalus oophagus</taxonomicName>
Jungfer &amp; Schiesari, 1995,
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus pearsoni" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pearsoni">Osteocephalus pearsoni</taxonomicName>
(Gaige, 1929),
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus phasmatus" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phasmatus">Osteocephalus phasmatus</taxonomicName>
MacCulloch &amp; Lathrop, 2005,
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus planiceps" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planiceps">Osteocephalus planiceps</taxonomicName>
Cope, 1874,
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus taurinus" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taurinus">Osteocephalus taurinus</taxonomicName>
Steindachner, 1862, and
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus yasuni" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yasuni">Osteocephalus yasuni</taxonomicName>
Ron &amp; Pramuk, 1999).
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus mimeticus" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mimeticus">Osteocephalus mimeticus</taxonomicName>
(Melin, 1941) can be discriminated from
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
in having
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="72" start="start">a</pageBreakToken>
black iris with golden marks.
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus subtilis" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subtilis">Osteocephalus subtilis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus heyeri" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heyeri">Osteocephalus heyeri</taxonomicName>
in size (maximum male SVL 38.8 mm in
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus subtilis" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subtilis">Osteocephalus subtilis</taxonomicName>
, 36.1 mm in
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus heyeri" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heyeri">Osteocephalus heyeri</taxonomicName>
vs. 56.1 mm in
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
). The presence of areolate skin in the flanks, specially anteriorly, distinguish
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
from
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus leprieurii" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leprieurii">Osteocephalus leprieurii</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus mutabor" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mutabor">Osteocephalus mutabor</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus pearsoni" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pearsoni">Osteocephalus pearsoni</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus planiceps" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planiceps">Osteocephalus planiceps</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus yasuni" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yasuni">Osteocephalus yasuni</taxonomicName>
(smooth to granular skin on flanks; Trueb &amp; Duellman, 1971).
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus taurinus" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taurinus">Osteocephalus taurinus</taxonomicName>
has weakly areolate skin restricted to the axillary region.
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
further differs from
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus buckleyi" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buckleyi">Osteocephalus buckleyi</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus cabrerai" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cabrerai">Osteocephalus cabrerai</taxonomicName>
in lacking prominent tarsal tubercles (
<bibRefCitation author="Jungfer, KH" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="28 - 50" title="The taxonomic status of some spiny-backed treefrogs, genus Osteocephalus (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae)." volume="2407" year="2010">Jungfer 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
Figure 2. Bayesian consensus phylogram depicting relationships within
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Osteocephalus</taxonomicName>
. Phylogram derived from analysis of 1975 bp of mtDNA (genes ND1 and 12S). Numbers in parenthesis corresponds to those on Table 1 and Figure 1. Posterior probabilities resulting from Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo searches appear above branches. An asterisk represents a value of 1. The outgroup species
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hypsiboas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypsiboas heilprini" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heilprini">Hypsiboas heilprini</taxonomicName>
is not shown.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="72" type="holotype">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
The holotype is an adult female with SVL = 78 mm (Fig. 3G, H; Peracca, 1904). The descriptions provided by
<bibRefCitation author="Peracca, MG" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata, Universita di Torino" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 41" title="Viaggio del Dr. Enrico Festa nell'Ecuador e regioni vicine." volume="465" year="1904">Peracca (1904)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Jungfer, KH" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="28 - 50" title="The taxonomic status of some spiny-backed treefrogs, genus Osteocephalus (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae)." volume="2407" year="2010">Jungfer (2010)</bibRefCitation>
are adequate.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
Figure 3. Dorsolateral and ventral views of
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
. A QCAZ 41039, adult female, SVL = 79.81 mm B Amplectant pair (not collected) from Chonza Alta, Peru
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–D">C-D</normalizedToken>
QCAZ 45674, subadult, SVL = 36.54 mm
<normalizedToken originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
QCAZ 38081, juvenile, SVL = 13.37 mm
<normalizedToken originalValue="G–H">G-H</normalizedToken>
MZUT An208 (holotype), adult female, (SVL = 78.00 mm;
<bibRefCitation author="Peracca, MG" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata, Universita di Torino" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 41" title="Viaggio del Dr. Enrico Festa nell'Ecuador e regioni vicine." volume="465" year="1904">Peracca 1904</bibRefCitation>
). Holotype photographs by Franco Andreone and photographs of the amplectant pair by PJV. See Appendix I for locality data.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
Figure 4. Ventral views of the right hand and foot of
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
. Adult female from
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Napinaza, Ecuador, SVL = 84.93 mm, QCAZ 39811. Hand and foot are shown at the same scale.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="75" pageId="5" pageNumber="72" type="variation">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="72">Variation.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="5" pageNumber="72">
Variation in dorsal and ventral coloration of preserved specimens is shown in Figures 6 and 7. Dorsal coloration consists of a light brown to dark brown background with irregular marks. There is sexual dimorphism in dorsal tuberculation: in females the dorsum is smooth while in males it varies between having scant
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="73" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
ill-defined non-keratinized tubercles (most males from
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Napinaza, e.g., QCAZ 26488) to having abundant keratinized tubercles (two males from Chonza Alta, e.g., CORBIDI 758; Fig. 3B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
Ventral surfaces of preserved specimens (Fig. 7) have a cream (QCAZ 39364) to tan (QCAZ 39806) background with darker brown marks that are more distinct and abundant in females (e.g., QCAZ 39811) than in males (e.g., QCAZ 39799); a male from
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lejía">Lejia</normalizedToken>
(CORBIDI 623) has an immaculate venter. Ventrally, limbs vary from brown to cream; in QCAZ 39809 and 39811 cream dots are present on hindlimbs; scant cream tubercles can be present in the external edge of the forearm (e.g., QCAZ 39804). The vent region is dark brown to brown bordered by a lighter
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="74" start="start">area</pageBreakToken>
(cream to tan). Flanks are areolate in the anterior half and smooth posteriorly. The areolate portion is cream with dark brown reticulation; the posterior half is cream (e.g., QCAZ39810) to light brown (e.g., QCAZ 39806) with dark brown blotches.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="75" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">
Head shape is rounded in dorsal view and rounded (e.g., QCAZ 39803) to bluntly rounded (e.g., QCAZ 39800-01) in lateral view. Lateral head coloration varies between dark brown (QCAZ 11625) to light brown (QCAZ 39810). Except for QCAZ
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="75" start="start">39802</pageBreakToken>
and 41039, there is a lighter (brown to cream) subocular mark. A tan (QCAZ 39805) to cream (QCAZ 39364) labial stripe is always present. The tympanic annulus is concealed dorsally and has lighter color than the background. Variation in hand and foot webbing is shown in Table 3. The distal subarticular tubercle on Finger IV is single in all specimens.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="CF973A20D23E1E640EB8CC46B0F0AC45" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CF973A20D23E1E640EB8CC46B0F0AC45" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
Table 3. Variation in webbing in hand and feet of representative adults of
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
. Webbing formula notations follow
<bibRefCitation author="Savage, JM" journalOrPublisher="Beitraege zur Neotropischen Fauna" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="111 - 131" title="Variation and distribution on the tree-frog genus Phyllomedusa in Costa Rica, Central America." volume="2" year="1967">Savage and Heyer (1967)</bibRefCitation>
with modifications by
<bibRefCitation author="Myers, CW" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 32" title="A new species of Hyla from Cerro Colorado, and other tree frog records and geographical notes from Western Panama." volume="2752" year="1982">Myers and Duellman (1982)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
<table pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
<th colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" rowspan="1">Hand</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" rowspan="1">Foot</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Morphometric data pertain to adults and are summarized in Table 4. In the examined series, the largest male has a SVL of 56.09 mm and the largest female 84.94 mm; mean male SVL = 49.47 mm (n = 12; SD = 5.10), mean female SVL = 67.92 mm (n = 27; SD = 10.08). Females are significantly larger than males (t = 5.52, df = 23, P &lt;0.001). A MANOVA on the residuals of the regressions between SVL and the other measured variables indicates lack of significant differences between sexes in size-free morphometry (F = 1.052, df = 17, P = 0.433).</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="FC27A557BE938CECC0251A9E4FA511FE" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FC27A557BE938CECC0251A9E4FA511FE" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
Table 4. Descriptive statistics for morphometric measurements of adult
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
. Mean
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
SD is given with range below. Bold figures are averages for individuals of all populations. Abbreviations are: SVL = snout-vent length; FOOT = Foot Length; HL = Head Length; HW = Head Width; ED = Eye Diameter; TD = Tympanum Diameter; TL = Tibia Length; FL = Femur Length. All measurements are in mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
<table pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
<tr pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
<th colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" rowspan="1">Species</th>
<th align="center" colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" rowspan="1">SVL</th>
<th align="center" colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" rowspan="1">FOOT</th>
<th align="center" colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" rowspan="1">HL</th>
<th align="center" colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" rowspan="1">HW</th>
<th align="center" colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" rowspan="1">ED</th>
<th align="center" colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" rowspan="1">TD</th>
<th align="center" colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" rowspan="1">TL</th>
<th align="center" colspan="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" rowspan="1">FL</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" type="color in life">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Color in life.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Based on digital photograph of adult female QCAZ 41039 (Fig. 3A): dorsum dark brown with irregular light brown and yellowish green marks; canthal region dark brown with yellowish green subocular mark and labial band; tympanum brown; flanks greenish brown with dark brown reticulation anteriorly and irregular dark brown marks posteriorly; dorsal surfaces of thighs and shanks dark brown with transversal brown bands bordered with light brown; dorsal surfaces of forelimbs dark brown with irregular brown marks; venter light tan with irregular brown marks; bones green; iris dark brown. Female CORBIDI 761 has a predominantly light brown dorsum with irregular brown marks; clear areas on flanks and below the eye and tympanum are light yellow.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="76" start="start">There</pageBreakToken>
is significant change in coloration between juveniles and adults. The following description is based on a digital photograph of juvenile QCAZ 38081 (Fig. 3E-F). The dorsum beige with black interorbital band and two large medial ovoid black blotches; flanks dark brown; dorsal surfaces of thighs and shanks brown with cream transversal bars; dorsal surfaces of arms cream, dorsal surfaces of forearms brown with cream transversal bars; knees, elbows, and heels cream; anterior half of the venter cream, posterior half light brown; bones green; iris bright red.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" type="morphometric comparisons">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Morphometric comparisons.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
Three components with eigenvalues&gt; 1.0 were extracted from the PCA for males (Table 5). The three components accounted for 76.4% of the total variation. The highest loadings for the PCA for males were foot length and tibia length for PC I, head length for PC II, and eye diameter and tympanum diameter for PC III (Table 5). The morphometric space of
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
overlaps with
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus verruciger" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verruciger">Osteocephalus verruciger</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 8) but only slightly with
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus buckleyi" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buckleyi">Osteocephalus buckleyi</taxonomicName>
. There are significant differences in PC scores between
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus buckleyi" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buckleyi">Osteocephalus buckleyi</taxonomicName>
along PC II and PC III (t = 2.46, df = 9, P = 0.035; t = 6.76, df = 13, P &lt;0.001, respectively) but not along PC I (t = 1.61, df = 7, P = 0.115). There are significant differences only along PC III between
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus verruciger" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verruciger">Osteocephalus verruciger</taxonomicName>
, (t = 9.03, df = 9, P &lt;0.001).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="77994C4747B2B124B428EA9B547C112B" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/77994C4747B2B124B428EA9B547C112B" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
Table 5. Character loadings and eigenvalues for Principal Components (PC)
<normalizedToken originalValue="I–III">I-III</normalizedToken>
. The analysis was based seven morphometric variables of adult
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Osteocephalus</taxonomicName>
. Bold figures indicate highest loadings.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<table pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<th colspan="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" rowspan="1">PCA Males</th>
<th colspan="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" rowspan="1">PCA Females</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
Three components with eigenvalues&gt; 1.0 were extracted from the PCA for females (Table 5). The three components accounted for 80.3% of the total variation. The highest loadings for the PCA for females were tibia length and femur length for PC I, eye diameter and tympanum diameter for PC II, and head width and head length for PC III (Table 5). There is little overlap in the morphometric space of
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus verruciger" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verruciger">Osteocephalus verruciger</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus buckleyi" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buckleyi">Osteocephalus buckleyi</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 8). Principal Components scores are significantly different between
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus verruciger" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verruciger">Osteocephalus verruciger</taxonomicName>
along PC I and PC III (t = 4.96, df = 21, P &lt;0.001; t = 4.91, df = 21, P &lt;0.001, respectively) but not along PC II (t = 0.85, df = 21, P = 0.403). Similarly,
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus buckleyi" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buckleyi">Osteocephalus buckleyi</taxonomicName>
differed along PC I and PC III (t = 4.96, df = 21, P &lt;0.001; t = 4.91, df = 21, P &lt;0.001, respectively) but not along PC II (t = 0.85, df = 21, P = 0.403).
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
In the DFA classification procedure, 24 out of 25 specimens of
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
were classified correctly. The misclassified female (QCAZ 38420) was assigned to
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus verruciger" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verruciger">Osteocephalus verruciger</taxonomicName>
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="77" start="start">.</pageBreakToken>
The multivariate analyses (PCA and DFA) show morphometric differentiation between
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
and the closely related
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus verruciger" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verruciger">Osteocephalus verruciger</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus buckleyi" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buckleyi">Osteocephalus buckleyi</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" type="tadpoles">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="77">Tadpoles.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="77">
Letters in parenthesis refer to individual tadpoles on each lot. The following description is based on lot QCAZ 30511 of ten larvae in Stages 25 (A), 26 (B), 31 (C), 32 (D), 33 (E), 34 (F), 35 (G), 39 (H), 40 (I) and 42 (J). Tadpoles were collected at
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Napinaza by E. E. Tapia and I. G. Tapia on October 2003. These larvae belong to the exotrophic, benthic guild as defined by
<bibRefCitation author="McDiarmid, RW" editor="McDiarmid, RW" journalOrPublisher="The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="7 - 23" title="Research: materials and techniques." volumeTitle="Tadpoles, The Biology of Anuran Larvae." year="1999">McDiarmid and Altig (1999)</bibRefCitation>
. Morphometric data are provided in Table 6. In dorsal view, a tadpole in Stage 39 (QCAZ 30511H; Fig. 5A) shows elliptical body, widest between eye and spiracle, with rounded snout. Eyes relatively large (body length about 7.89 times larger than eye diameter), directed and positioned dorsolaterally, not visible in ventral view, and separated by a distance 1.27 times the internarial distance. External nares oval, located dorsolaterally, at about one fourth the distance between anterior margin of snout and anterior margin of eye. In profile (Fig. 5B) body depressed (body width/body height = 0.18), flattened ventrally, snout slightly rounded. Oral disc not emarginated. Spiracle sinistral, inner wall free from body, its tip closer to the vent than the eye. Spiracle opening rounded.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="8274AA1FB249FFE33F3B8E2EEBF85FF6" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8274AA1FB249FFE33F3B8E2EEBF85FF6" pageId="10" pageNumber="77">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="77">
Table 6. Measurements of tadpoles of
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
(lot QCAZ 30511). Developmental stages, in parentheses, are defined according to
<bibRefCitation author="Gosner, KL" journalOrPublisher="Herpetologica" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="183 - 190" title="A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification." volume="16" year="1960">Gosner (1960)</bibRefCitation>
. Abbreviations are: TL = Total Length; BL = Body Length; BW = Body Width; BH = Body Height; TAL = Tail Length; ED = Eye Diameter; ODW = Oral Disc Width; IOD = Interorbital Distance (measured between center pupils); IND = Internarial Distance (measured between centers of narinal openings); MTH = Maximum Tail Height; TMH = Tail Muscle Height; TMW = Tail Muscle Width. All measurements in mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="77">
<table pageId="10" pageNumber="77">
<tr pageId="10" pageNumber="77">
<th colspan="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" rowspan="1">Stage</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="77">Tail musculature robust, decreasing in size towards tip of tail. Dorsal fin not extending onto body, slightly convex and attaining its maximum height at mid length of tail; tail tip rounded; ventral fin convex, beginning at tail-body junction and tapering gradually towards tail tip. Medial vent tube with both walls attached directly to ventral fin, opening directed posteroventrally. Limbs with subarticular patches. Dorsal body, middle body, supraorbital, infraorbital, posterior supraorbital, and posterior infraorbital lateral lines evident. No glands.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="10" pageNumber="77">
Oral disc anteroventral (Fig. 5B; average transverse width 4.35 mm; 58% of body width), not emarginate, LTRF 4/7; papillae distributed around oral disc; tooth rows
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="78" start="start">complete</pageBreakToken>
except for medial gap in row A4; A1 = 304, A2 = 322, A3 = 311, A4 = 108 + 112; P1 = 177, P2 = 235, P3 = 234, P4 = 328, P5 = 284, P6 = 330, and P7 = 177.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="78">In preservative, dorsum brown with darker marks between eyes; dark brown dorsolateral stripes extend from mid-body to base of tail; caudal musculature beige with brown spots (Fig 5); skin of flanks, spiracle, vent tube, fins, and around the eyes transparent; belly and fins transparent with white blotches.</paragraph>
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="78">
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="78">
Figure 5. Tadpoles of
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus verruciger" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verruciger">Osteocephalus verruciger</taxonomicName>
.
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="G–J">G-J</normalizedToken>
are in preservative;
<normalizedToken originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
in life.
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
:
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
, stage 39, QCAZ 30511;
<normalizedToken originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
:
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
, stage 33, QCAZ 38074;
<normalizedToken originalValue="G–J">G-J</normalizedToken>
:
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus verruciger" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verruciger">Osteocephalus verruciger</taxonomicName>
,stage 36, QCAZ 36751. A, G: dorsal view; B, H: lateral view; C, I: ventral view; D, J:oral apparatus. Photos in life by SRR.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="78">
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="78">
Figure 6. Adult
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
showing variation in dorsal coloration of preserved specimens. Left to right, upper row: QCAZ 39804, 39811, 39810, 39802, 39798 (females); lower row: QCAZ 39799, 26552, 26488, 26561 (males), 39364 (female). Provincia Loja and Morona Santiago, Ecuador. See Appendix I for locality data.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="78">
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="78">
Figure 7. Ventral views of adult
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
showing variation in ventral coloration of preserved specimens. Specimen identity and arrangement is the same as in Figure 6.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="78" type="tadpole variation and comparisons with other species">
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="78">Tadpole variation and comparisons with other species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="78">In QCAZ 38074, 26321, 26053, 26498 and 26284 the caudal musculature is cream with brown dots; fins can have dark brown spots without white blotches (e.g., QCAZ 38074, 26321). The LTRF is the same in all stages but in stage 42, rows A2-A4 and P1-P3 have approximately half the number of teeth.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="78">In preservative, ten tadpoles collected in Chonza Alta, Peru, lot CORBIDI-CL-10 in Stages 37 (A-B), 36 (C), 34 (D), 32 (E), 31 (F), 42 (G, H, I) and 44 (J) have dorsum brown with darker marks between the eyes; dark brown dorsolateral stripes from mid-body to base of tail; caudal musculature cream with abundant melanophores; skin of flanks, spiracle, vent tube, and fins transparent; skin around the eyes brown; belly and fins transparent with abundant melanophores. Oral disc with LTRF 5/7; papillae distributed around oral disc; tooth rows complete except for medial gap in row A5.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="78">In life (Fig. 5E-F; QCAZ 38074, stage 33; based on digital photograph), dorsum dark brown with darker marks between the eyes; dark brown dorsolateral lines from mid-body to base of tail; tail musculature light brown with small dark brown melanophores; white dots at tail-body junction; skin is transparent ventrally in anterior half of body and ventrolaterally in the posterior half; tail musculature light brown with dark brown spots; fins transparent. Iris bronze. Live tadpoles from Chonza Alta (CORBIDI-CL-10) have dorsum and caudal musculature olive brown; skin transparent ventrally with bright brown flecks, gut visible through the skin; fins translucent brown.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="78">
Larvae of
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus verruciger" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verruciger">Osteocephalus verruciger</taxonomicName>
differ from those of
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
(in parentheses) by being smaller, having uniform dark body (tan to cream), LTRF = 2/5 (4/7 to 5/7); and having a dorsal gap in marginal papillae (marginal papillae complete). For comparison, larvae of
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus verruciger" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verruciger">Osteocephalus verruciger</taxonomicName>
is shown in Figure 5
<normalizedToken originalValue="G–H">G-H</normalizedToken>
. Differences were verified in 30
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus verruciger" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verruciger">Osteocephalus verruciger</taxonomicName>
larvae from four localities (lots QCAZ 1579, 10798, 21405 and 36751). Larvae of
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
have the highest number of tooth rows known among
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Osteocephalus</taxonomicName>
(LTRF = 2/3 in
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus oophagus" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oophagus">Osteocephalus oophagus</taxonomicName>
, 2/6 in
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus buckleyi" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="buckleyi">Osteocephalus buckleyi</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus taurinus" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taurinus">Osteocephalus taurinus</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Hero, JM" journalOrPublisher="Amazoniana" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="201 - 262" title="An illustrated key to the tadpoles of occurring in the central Amazon rainforest, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil." volume="11" year="1990">Hero 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Jungfer, KH" journalOrPublisher="Alytes" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 13" title="Description of a central Amazonian and Guianan tree frog, genus Osteocephalus (Anura: Hylidae), with oophagous tadpoles." volume="13" year="1995">Jungfer and Schiesari 1995</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="79" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" type="distribution and ecology">
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="78">Distribution and ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="79" pageId="11" pageNumber="78">
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
has been recorded at nine localities in the Ecuadorian (Loja, Morona Santiago, and Zamora-Chinchipe provinces) and Peruvian Amazon basin (Mariscal
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cáceres">Caceres</normalizedToken>
and Rioja provinces). Localities with known elevation (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Napinaza,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Miasí">Miasi</normalizedToken>
, San Francisco, Reserva Tapichalaca,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Lejia, Chonza Alta,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Camñopite">Camnopite</normalizedToken>
Bajo, and Naranjillo) range between 1000 and 2200 m of elevation. The elevation at San Francisco (2200 m) is the highest known for
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Osteocephalus</taxonomicName>
. Maximum airline distance between localities is 440 km.
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus verruciger" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verruciger">Osteocephalus verruciger</taxonomicName>
have similar elevational ranges and seem to replace each other latitudinally in Ecuador (Fig. 1). Records of
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus verruciger" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verruciger">Osteocephalus verruciger</taxonomicName>
from Peru (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation author="Trueb, L" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="601 - 610" title="The systematic status and life history of Hyla verrucigera Werner." volume="1970" year="1970">Trueb and Duellman 1970</bibRefCitation>
)
<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="79" start="start">are</pageBreakToken>
likely misidentified
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus mimeticus" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mimeticus">Osteocephalus mimeticus</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Jungfer, KH" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="28 - 50" title="The taxonomic status of some spiny-backed treefrogs, genus Osteocephalus (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae)." volume="2407" year="2010">Jungfer 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Thus, the southernmost confirmed records of
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus verruciger" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="verruciger">Osteocephalus verruciger</taxonomicName>
are those from Provincia Morona Santiago, Ecuador.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="79">
Most of our specimens of
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
are from
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Napinaza, a river surrounded by secondary forest, pastures and agricultural lands. At the collection site, the river has an average width of 2.85 m and an average depth of 23 cm with fast running water and waterfalls that reach 10 m in height (
<bibRefCitation author="Salazar-Valenzuela, D" journalOrPublisher="Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador." pageId="14" pageNumber="81" title="Demografia e historia natural de una de las ultimas ranas arlequin (Atelopus sp.) (Anura: Bufonidae) del Ecuador. Unpublished licenciatura thesis, Quito, Ecuador:" year="2007">Salazar-Valenzuela 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Tadpoles were found in small ponds in the margins of the river. Adults were observed at night next to the river or within the forest on vegetation 40 to 250 cm above the ground.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="79">
All the specimens collected in Las Cataratas de Paraiso (Chonza Alta) and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Camñopite">Camnopite</normalizedToken>
were found at night on vegetation 50 to 300 cm above the ground, next to fast running streams. Tadpoles (CORBIDI-CL-10) were found in a rocky stream with average width of 4 m and an average depth of 30 to 40 cm with fast running water, close to the base of a waterfall. At both sites the streams are surrounded by secondary forest, pastures and agricultural lands. The specimens from Bajo Naranjillo and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Lejia were found at night on branches 150 to 200 cm above the ground (in primary forest at
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Lejia and secondary forest surrounded by pastures at Naranjillo).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="79">
At Las Cataratas de Paraiso (Chonza Alta), on 1 December 2007, we found twelve males calling from the low vegetation and six amplectant pairs (Fig. 3B). Recently metamorphosed individuals were perching on leaves and rocks at the shore. On 4 November 2008, at the same stream, we only found one adult non-amplectant female, two adult males, several tadpoles, and 12 freshly metamorphosed juveniles on leaves and rocks (e.g., CORBIDI 1962-64). The rainy season in this region generally starts in December but during our surveys heavy rains fell since the first week of November. Three gravid females (CORBIDI 761, SVL 68.6 mm; CORBIDI 762, SVL 69.1 mm; CORBIDI 764, SVL 66.6 mm) contained 1080, 1388 and 1290 eggs respectively. A gravid female CORBIDI 624 (SVL = 71.2 mm) from
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Lejia, collected on 29 January 2008, contained 780 eggs. The color of eggs in preservative is black and brownish-cream.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="79">
Vegetation types for Ecuadorian localities (according to the classification of
<bibRefCitation author="Sierra, R" journalOrPublisher="Wildlife Conservation Society y Ecociencia, Quito" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" title="Mapa de vegetacion del Ecuador Continental 1: 1 ' 000.000." volumeTitle="Proyecto INEFAN / GEF-BIRF" year="1999">Sierra et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
) are: (1) Evergreen Foothill Forest of the Eastern Slopes of the Southern Andes, characterized by abundant epiphytes, trees reaching 30 m of height with
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Podocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Podocarpus" order="Ericales" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Podocarpus</taxonomicName>
as dominant species (Reserva Tapichalaca), (2) Amazonian Mountain Range Evergreen Foothill Forest, characterized by a mixture of Amazonian and Andean vegetation with a canopy of 30 m (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Napinaza and
<normalizedToken originalValue="Miasí">Miasi</normalizedToken>
), and (3) Cloud Montane Forest of the Eastern Slopes of the Southern Andes, characterized by trees covered by mosses and abundant epiphytes (San Francisco;
<bibRefCitation pageId="12" pageNumber="79">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cerón">Ceron</normalizedToken>
et al. 1999
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="79">
Vegetation types of the Peruvian localities (according to
<bibRefCitation author="Duellman, WE" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Papers Natural History Museum the University of Kansas" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 78" title="Frogs of the Genus Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in the Andes of Northern Peru." volume="13" year="1999">Duellman and Pramuk 1999</bibRefCitation>
) are Humid Subtropical Forest, characterized by of a variety of moderate to large trees including
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Juglandaceae" genus="Juglans" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Juglans neotropica" order="Fagales" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="neotropica">Juglans neotropica</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Cedrela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cedrela fissipes" order="Sapindales" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fissipes">Cedrela fissipes</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Tabebuia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tabebuia" order="Lamiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Tabebuia</taxonomicName>
, and genera common in the Amazon lowlands like
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Brosimum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brosimum" order="Rosales" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Brosimum</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aphrophoridae" genus="Cordia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cordia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cordia</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Inga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Inga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Inga</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Piper" order="Piperales" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Piper</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Swietenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Swietenia" order="Sapindales" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Swietenia</taxonomicName>
. At some collecting sites, the forest has been cleared for citrus and coffee plantations.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="12" pageNumber="79">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="79">Figure 8. Principal components from analysis of seven size-corrected morphological variables. See Table 5 for character loadings on each component.</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" type="taxonomic remarks">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="79">Taxonomic remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="12" pageNumber="79">
<bibRefCitation author="Jungfer, KH" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="28 - 50" title="The taxonomic status of some spiny-backed treefrogs, genus Osteocephalus (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae)." volume="2407" year="2010">Jungfer (2010)</bibRefCitation>
ascribed two females (EPN 5578, MHNG 2560.60) and three males (EPN 5577, EPN AA-5611, EPN 5607) to
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
. Based on data from
<bibRefCitation author="Jungfer, KH" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="28 - 50" title="The taxonomic status of some spiny-backed treefrogs, genus Osteocephalus (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae)." volume="2407" year="2010">Jungfer (2010)</bibRefCitation>
, both females differ from the holotype and 18 adult
<pageBreakToken pageId="13" pageNumber="80" start="start">females</pageBreakToken>
analyzed here (in parentheses) in having a venter uniform tan without marks (brown marks present), webbing almost reaching the ultimate subarticular tubercle in the inner edge of third finger (web reaching half the distance between ultimate and penultimate subarticular tubercles), and larger tympanum size with TD/HL = 0.23-0.25 (TD/HL = 0.14-0.22 among 39 adult males and females). In addition, we did not find the sexual dimorphism in relative tympanum size reported by Jungfer (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Student’s">Student's</normalizedToken>
t = 1.227, df = 23, P = 0.232). Males assigned to
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
also seem to differ from our series in the extent of the axillary membrane (covering half of the upper arm vs. one third to one fourth in our series). The discrepancies suggest that at least some of the specimens assigned to
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Osteocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Osteocephalus festae" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">Osteocephalus festae</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation author="Jungfer, KH" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="28 - 50" title="The taxonomic status of some spiny-backed treefrogs, genus Osteocephalus (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae)." volume="2407" year="2010">Jungfer (2010)</bibRefCitation>
may belong to a different species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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