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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.65.21000" ID-GBIF-Dataset="03cce405-5887-4474-b040-35de18e8d020" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182223676" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1860-1324-1-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="77D7AEC9294554E5BBDCABA37901022A" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1166397" ID-ZooBank="73DEE0F32BB04A21B4455E168FE50F54" ModsDocID="1860-1324-65-1-1" checkinTime="1621372489409" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Liebherr, James K." docDate="2018" docId="3A6D8EA473A7BAFCB2B57CC15D54E75B" docLanguage="en" docName="DeutEntomolZeit 65(1): 1-63" docOrigin="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 65 (1)" docPubDate="2018-01-18" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.65.21000" docTitle="Mecyclothorax (Mecyclothorax) spiculatus subsp. subgenus Sharp 1903" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="77D7AEC9294554E5BBDCABA37901022A" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="77D7AEC9294554E5BBDCABA37901022A" masterDocTitle="Cladistic classification of Mecyclothorax Sharp (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) and taxonomic revision of the New Caledonian subgenus Phacothorax Jeannel" masterLastPageNumber="63" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1643465225333" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Cladistic classification of Mecyclothorax Sharp (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) and taxonomic revision of the New Caledonian subgenus Phacothorax Jeannel</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Liebherr, James K.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9831-884X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Cornell University Insect Collection, John H. and Anna B. Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 - 2601, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">jkl5@cornell.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title>Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2018-01-18</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>65</mods:number>
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.65.21000</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.65.21000</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1860-1324-1-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182223676" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3A6D8EA473A7BAFCB2B57CC15D54E75B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3A6D8EA473A7BAFCB2B57CC15D54E75B" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<taxonomicName authority="Mecyclothorax Sharp, 1903" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1903" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Mecyclothorax) subsp. subgenus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" species="spiculatus" subGenus="Mecyclothorax" subSpecies="subgenus">subgenus Mecyclothorax Sharp, 1903</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
This subgenus holds most of the species-level diversity in the genus, and within those radiations character diversity is rampant, making setal configurations, body form, or mensural characters useless for diagnosis. The best means to diagnose this group is through male genitalic characters, as no species of this subgenus studied to date exhibit a flagellum on the internal sac. Instead, the gonopore is surrounded by either a donut-shaped, soft expansion, or this area of the sac bears a scoop-like flagellar plate, well sclerotized and even ridged, with the gonopore present in membrane lying on the convex surface of this plate (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Male aedeagal median lobe and parameres of Mecyclothorax spp., right lateral view, internal sac everted in C-G: A, M. blackburni; B-C, M. peryphoides; D, M. moorei; E, M. lewisensis; F, M. punctipennis; G, M. montivagus. See Table 2 for abbreviations." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.65.21000.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/179960" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">4F, G</figureCitation>
). The male median lobe also exhibits an opercular flap: i.e. a sclerotized triangle articulated with membrane that lies at the distal end of the ostium (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Male aedeagal median lobe and parameres of Mecyclothorax spp., right lateral view, internal sac everted in C-G: A, M. blackburni; B-C, M. peryphoides; D, M. moorei; E, M. lewisensis; F, M. punctipennis; G, M. montivagus. See Table 2 for abbreviations." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.65.21000.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/179960" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">4G</figureCitation>
). Male parameres are elongate, with the left paramere generally narrow basally with the apex extended as an attenuate whip (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Paired left (above) and right (below) parameres of Mecyclothorax spp. (ectal view): A, M. blackburni; B, M. storeyi; C, M. amplipennis; D, M. montivagus; E, M. laterobustus. As the aedeagal assembly of M. storeyi males is inverted relative to other Mecyclothorax species (Moore 1984), the configuration of the upper, or right paramere of M. storeyi should be compared to the ventral, or left parameres of the other species, and vice versa." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.65.21000.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/179961" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5D</figureCitation>
). External characters differ greatly across the pectinate comb of taxa comprising the base of the radiation -
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M. monteithi" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="monteithi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. monteithi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M. globicollis" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="globicollis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. globicollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Strict consensus cladogram of 16 equally most-parsimonious trees derived from cladistic analysis of 65 moriomorphine taxa, including the secondary outgroup Neonomius laevicollis, six primary outgroup taxa in Amblytelus and allied genera, and 58 ingroup terminals; 57 Mecyclothorax species plus two genitalic forms of M. andersoni. Species terminals are labeled with species name and three-letter abbreviation of relevant generic or subgeneric name. Full listing of included taxa along with subgeneric assignments is presented in Table 2. Cladistic analysis is based on 137 characters (see character descriptions for nature of each character Areas occupied by the included taxa indicated by abbreviations following species epithets: Bo, Borneo; EOZ, eastern Australia, i. e. east of the Nullarbor Plain; FP, French Polynesia, Tahiti; HI, Hawaiian Islands, Maui; Jv, Java; LH, Lord Howe Island; NC, New Caledonia; Nf, Norfolk Island; NNZ, North Island of New Zealand; NZ, generally distributed across New Zealand; OZ, generally distributed across Australia; PNG, Papua New Guinea; QOZ, restricted to Queensland, Australia; SNZ, South Island of New Zealand plus Chatham Islands; SP &amp; A, St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands; WOZ, western Australia, i. e. west of the Nullarbor Plain." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.65.21000.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/179963" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7</figureCitation>
) - though several external characters can assist in assignment of species to this subgenus. First, the labrum is emarginate apically, either distinctly as in
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M. goweri" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="goweri">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. goweri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Head and mouthpart structures of Mecyclothorax spp. A-C. Head capsule, dorsal view: A, M. goweri; B, M. fleutiauxi; C, M. laterorectus. D-I, Mentum, labial palps and ligula: D, M. peryphoides, ventral view; E, M. storeyi, ventral view; F, M. amplipennis, dorsal view; G, M. montivagus, dorsal view; H, M. kanak, ventral view; I, M. fleutiauxi, ventral view. Abbreviations include: aso, anterior supraorbital seta; pso, posterior supraorbital seta." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.65.21000.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/179957" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1A</figureCitation>
), or less so as in
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M. montivagus" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="montivagus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. montivagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 8. Mecyclothorax spp., dorsal view, with subgeneric assignments: A, M. (Eucyclothorax, subgen. n.) Mecyclothorax blackburni (type species); B, M. (Qecyclothorax, subgen. n.) Mecyclothorax storeyi (type species); C, M. (Meonochilus, status n.) Meonochilus amplipennis (type species); D, M. (Mecyclothorax) montivagus (type species); E, M. (Mecyclothorax) lissus." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.65.21000.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/179964" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8D</figureCitation>
). The ligular margin is generally truncate with the ligular setae well separated (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Head and mouthpart structures of Mecyclothorax spp. A-C. Head capsule, dorsal view: A, M. goweri; B, M. fleutiauxi; C, M. laterorectus. D-I, Mentum, labial palps and ligula: D, M. peryphoides, ventral view; E, M. storeyi, ventral view; F, M. amplipennis, dorsal view; G, M. montivagus, dorsal view; H, M. kanak, ventral view; I, M. fleutiauxi, ventral view. Abbreviations include: aso, anterior supraorbital seta; pso, posterior supraorbital seta." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.65.21000.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/179957" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1G</figureCitation>
), though as exceptions, the ligula is apically rounded in the Papuan taxa
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M. brispex" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="brispex">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. brispex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M. andersoni" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="andersoni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. andersoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Strict consensus cladogram of 16 equally most-parsimonious trees derived from cladistic analysis of 65 moriomorphine taxa, including the secondary outgroup Neonomius laevicollis, six primary outgroup taxa in Amblytelus and allied genera, and 58 ingroup terminals; 57 Mecyclothorax species plus two genitalic forms of M. andersoni. Species terminals are labeled with species name and three-letter abbreviation of relevant generic or subgeneric name. Full listing of included taxa along with subgeneric assignments is presented in Table 2. Cladistic analysis is based on 137 characters (see character descriptions for nature of each character Areas occupied by the included taxa indicated by abbreviations following species epithets: Bo, Borneo; EOZ, eastern Australia, i. e. east of the Nullarbor Plain; FP, French Polynesia, Tahiti; HI, Hawaiian Islands, Maui; Jv, Java; LH, Lord Howe Island; NC, New Caledonia; Nf, Norfolk Island; NNZ, North Island of New Zealand; NZ, generally distributed across New Zealand; OZ, generally distributed across Australia; PNG, Papua New Guinea; QOZ, restricted to Queensland, Australia; SNZ, South Island of New Zealand plus Chatham Islands; SP &amp; A, St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands; WOZ, western Australia, i. e. west of the Nullarbor Plain." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.65.21000.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/179963" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7</figureCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Liebherr, JK" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="679 - 703" refId="B63" refString="Liebherr, JK, 2017b. Review of Mecyclothorax Sharp (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Moriomorphini) from Papua New Guinea with descriptions of five new species. The Coleopterists Bulletin 71: 679 - 703" title="Review of Mecyclothorax Sharp (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Moriomorphini) from Papua New Guinea with descriptions of five new species." volume="71" year="2017 b">Liebherr 2017b</bibRefCitation>
). The prosternum exhibits a smooth to distinctly punctate anteapical groove, though never any other punctures. The parascutellar striole is present, and may be smooth or punctate, with up to 8 punctures along its length (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 8. Mecyclothorax spp., dorsal view, with subgeneric assignments: A, M. (Eucyclothorax, subgen. n.) Mecyclothorax blackburni (type species); B, M. (Qecyclothorax, subgen. n.) Mecyclothorax storeyi (type species); C, M. (Meonochilus, status n.) Meonochilus amplipennis (type species); D, M. (Mecyclothorax) montivagus (type species); E, M. (Mecyclothorax) lissus." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.65.21000.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/179964" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8D-E</figureCitation>
). The female reproductive tract is nearly exclusively characterized by the spermathecal duct entering the dorsal surface of the bursa directly dorsad the juncture of the common oviduct with the bursa copulatrix (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Female reproductive tract, gonocoxites and associated laterotergites, Amblytelus and Mecyclothorax spp: A, A. matthewsi; B, A. brevis; C, M. blackburni; D, M. storeyi; E, M. minutus; F, M. rectangulus. See Table 2 for abbreviations." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.65.21000.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/179962" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6F</figureCitation>
). However, based on the cladistic analysis (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Strict consensus cladogram of 16 equally most-parsimonious trees derived from cladistic analysis of 65 moriomorphine taxa, including the secondary outgroup Neonomius laevicollis, six primary outgroup taxa in Amblytelus and allied genera, and 58 ingroup terminals; 57 Mecyclothorax species plus two genitalic forms of M. andersoni. Species terminals are labeled with species name and three-letter abbreviation of relevant generic or subgeneric name. Full listing of included taxa along with subgeneric assignments is presented in Table 2. Cladistic analysis is based on 137 characters (see character descriptions for nature of each character Areas occupied by the included taxa indicated by abbreviations following species epithets: Bo, Borneo; EOZ, eastern Australia, i. e. east of the Nullarbor Plain; FP, French Polynesia, Tahiti; HI, Hawaiian Islands, Maui; Jv, Java; LH, Lord Howe Island; NC, New Caledonia; Nf, Norfolk Island; NNZ, North Island of New Zealand; NZ, generally distributed across New Zealand; OZ, generally distributed across Australia; PNG, Papua New Guinea; QOZ, restricted to Queensland, Australia; SNZ, South Island of New Zealand plus Chatham Islands; SP &amp; A, St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands; WOZ, western Australia, i. e. west of the Nullarbor Plain." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.65.21000.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/179963" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7</figureCitation>
), entry of the spermathecal duct at the bursal-common oviduct juncture-as in subgenera
<taxonomicName authority="Liebherr, 2018" authorityName="Liebherr" authorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Eucyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eucyclothorax" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Eucyclothorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authority="Liebherr, 2018" authorityName="Liebherr" authorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Qecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Qecyclothorax" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Qecyclothorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-atavistically and independently re-evolves in
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M. brispex" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="brispex">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. brispex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the Australian sister taxa
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M. lateralis" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. lateralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M. minutus" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="minutus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. minutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Female reproductive tract, gonocoxites and associated laterotergites, Amblytelus and Mecyclothorax spp: A, A. matthewsi; B, A. brevis; C, M. blackburni; D, M. storeyi; E, M. minutus; F, M. rectangulus. See Table 2 for abbreviations." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.65.21000.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/179962" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="member species">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Member species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The immense diversity of species comprising this subgenus is represented by 25 species in the cladistic analysis. The various species known from Norfolk Island (
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, BP" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Australian Entomological Society" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refId="B78" refString="Moore, BP, 1985. The Carabidae of Norfolk Island. In Ball GE (ed Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Zoogeography of Beetles and Ants, Dr W Junk Publishers, Dordrecht: 237-256." title="The Carabidae of Norfolk Island. In Ball GE (ed Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Zoogeography of Beetles and Ants, Dr W Junk Publishers, Dordrecht: 237 - 256." year="1985">Moore 1985</bibRefCitation>
), Lord Howe Island (
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, BP" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Australian Entomological Society" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refId="B79" refString="Moore, BP, 1992. The Carabidae of Lord Howe Island. In Noonan GR, Ball GE, Stork NE (Eds) The Biogeography of Ground Beetles of Mountains and Islands, Intercept Ltd., Andover, Hampshire, UK." title="The Carabidae of Lord Howe Island. In Noonan GR, Ball GE, Stork NE (Eds) The Biogeography of Ground Beetles of Mountains and Islands, Intercept Ltd., Andover, Hampshire, UK." year="1992">Moore 1992</bibRefCitation>
), Borneo (
<bibRefCitation author="Baehr, M" journalOrPublisher="Spixiana" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="263 - 267" refId="B15" refString="Baehr, M, Lorenz, W, 1999. A reevaluation of Loeffleria globicollis Mandl from Borneo (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Psydrinae). Spixiana 22: 263 - 267" title="A reevaluation of Loeffleria globicollis Mandl from Borneo (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Psydrinae)." volume="22" year="1999">Baehr and Lorenz 1999</bibRefCitation>
), Java (
<bibRefCitation author="Andrewes, HE" journalOrPublisher="Treubia" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="273 - 286" refId="B2" refString="Andrewes, HE, 1933. On some new species of Carabidae, chiefly from Java. Treubia 14: 273 - 286" title="On some new species of Carabidae, chiefly from Java." volume="14" year="1933">Andrewes 1933</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Louwerens, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="45 - 53" refId="B72" refString="Louwerens, CJ, 1949. Some notes on the Carabidae, collected by Mr. P. H. van Doesburg in the Malay Archipelago with descriptions of new species. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 90: 45 - 53" title="Some notes on the Carabidae, collected by Mr. P. H. van Doesburg in the Malay Archipelago with descriptions of new species." volume="90" year="1949">Louwerens 1949</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Louwerens, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="303 - 327" refId="B73" refString="Louwerens, CJ, 1953. Carabidae (Col.) from the Sunda Islands. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel 64: 303 - 327" title="Carabidae (Col.) from the Sunda Islands." volume="64" year="1953">1953</bibRefCitation>
; 3 of 5 resident species analyzed); Papua New Guinea (8 species,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3709.1.2" author="Gueorguiev, B" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="52 - 70" refId="B32" refString="Gueorguiev, B, 2013. Taxonomic, nomenclatural, and faunistic records for species in tribes Melaenini, Moriomorphini, Pterostichini, Licinini, and Sphodrini (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Zootaxa 3709: 52 - 70, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3709.1.2" title="Taxonomic, nomenclatural, and faunistic records for species in tribes Melaenini, Moriomorphini, Pterostichini, Licinini, and Sphodrini (Coleoptera: Carabidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3709.1.2" volume="3709" year="2013">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guéorguiev">Gueorguiev</normalizedToken>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-900000260" author="Liebherr, JK" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="147 - 154" refId="B53" refString="Liebherr, JK, 2008a. Mecyclothorax kavanaughi sp. n. (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from the Finisterre Range, Papua New Guinea. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 151: 147 - 154, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-900000260" title="Mecyclothorax kavanaughi sp. n. (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from the Finisterre Range, Papua New Guinea." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-900000260" volume="151" year="2008 a">Liebherr 2008a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Liebherr, JK" journalOrPublisher="The Coleopterists Bulletin" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="679 - 703" refId="B63" refString="Liebherr, JK, 2017b. Review of Mecyclothorax Sharp (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Moriomorphini) from Papua New Guinea with descriptions of five new species. The Coleopterists Bulletin 71: 679 - 703" title="Review of Mecyclothorax Sharp (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Moriomorphini) from Papua New Guinea with descriptions of five new species." volume="71" year="2017 b">2017b</bibRefCitation>
), St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands (
<bibRefCitation author="Enderlein, G" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle Serie A Zoologie" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refId="B26" refString="Enderlein, G, 1909. 9. Des Insektenfauna der Insel Neu-Amsterdam. In Enderlein G (ed). Die Insekten des Antarktischen Gebietes, 10. Druck und Verlag von Georg Reimer, Berlin: pp. 486-492." title="9. Des Insektenfauna der Insel Neu-Amsterdam. In Enderlein G (ed). Die Insekten des Antarktischen Gebietes, 10. Druck und Verlag von Georg Reimer, Berlin: pp. 486 - 492." year="1909">Enderlein 1909</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Jeannel, R" journalOrPublisher="Earth and Plaetary Science Letters" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" refId="B39" refString="Jeannel, R, 1940. Coleopteres. In Jeannel R (ed). Croisiere de Bougainville aux Iles Australes Francaises. Memoires de Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 14(N.S.): 63-201." title="Coleopteres. In Jeannel R (ed). Croisiere de Bougainville aux Iles Australes Francaises. Memoires de Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 14 (N. S.): 63 - 201." year="1940">Jeannel 1940</bibRefCitation>
), and New Zealand (
<bibRefCitation author="Liebherr, JK" journalOrPublisher="(Psydrinae: Meonini New Zealand Entomologist" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="5 - 22" refId="B65" refString="Liebherr, JK, Marris, JWM, 2009. Revision of the New Zealand species of Mecyclothorax Sharp (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Psydrinae, Mecyclothoracini) and the consequent removal of several species to Meonochilus gen. n. (Psydrinae: Meonini New Zealand Entomologist 32: 5 - 22" title="Revision of the New Zealand species of Mecyclothorax Sharp (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Psydrinae, Mecyclothoracini) and the consequent removal of several species to Meonochilus gen. n." volume="32" year="2009">Liebherr and Marris 2009</bibRefCitation>
) all are members of this clade (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Strict consensus cladogram of 16 equally most-parsimonious trees derived from cladistic analysis of 65 moriomorphine taxa, including the secondary outgroup Neonomius laevicollis, six primary outgroup taxa in Amblytelus and allied genera, and 58 ingroup terminals; 57 Mecyclothorax species plus two genitalic forms of M. andersoni. Species terminals are labeled with species name and three-letter abbreviation of relevant generic or subgeneric name. Full listing of included taxa along with subgeneric assignments is presented in Table 2. Cladistic analysis is based on 137 characters (see character descriptions for nature of each character Areas occupied by the included taxa indicated by abbreviations following species epithets: Bo, Borneo; EOZ, eastern Australia, i. e. east of the Nullarbor Plain; FP, French Polynesia, Tahiti; HI, Hawaiian Islands, Maui; Jv, Java; LH, Lord Howe Island; NC, New Caledonia; Nf, Norfolk Island; NNZ, North Island of New Zealand; NZ, generally distributed across New Zealand; OZ, generally distributed across Australia; PNG, Papua New Guinea; QOZ, restricted to Queensland, Australia; SNZ, South Island of New Zealand plus Chatham Islands; SP &amp; A, St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands; WOZ, western Australia, i. e. west of the Nullarbor Plain." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.65.21000.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/179963" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7</figureCitation>
). Examination of illustrations of male genitalia for other New Guinean species (
<bibRefCitation author="Baehr, M" journalOrPublisher="Spixiana" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="249 - 252" refId="B5" refString="Baehr, M, 1992. A new Mecyclothorax Sharp from New Guinea (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Psydrinae). Spixiana 15: 249 - 252" title="A new Mecyclothorax Sharp from New Guinea (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Psydrinae)." volume="15" year="1992">Baehr 1992</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Baehr, M" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Muenchner Entomologische Gesellschaft" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="3 - 19" refId="B6" refString="Baehr, M, 1995. The genus Mecyclothorax Sharp, 1903 in New Guinea (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Psydrinae). Mitteilungen der Muenchner Entomologische Gesellschaft 85: 3 - 19" title="The genus Mecyclothorax Sharp, 1903 in New Guinea (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Psydrinae)." volume="85" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Baehr, M" journalOrPublisher="Spixiana" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="21 - 24" refId="B7" refString="Baehr, M, 1998. A further new species of the genus Mecyclothorax Sharp from western New Guinea. Spixiana 21: 21 - 24" title="A further new species of the genus Mecyclothorax Sharp from western New Guinea." volume="21" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.79563" author="Baehr, M" journalOrPublisher="Revue Suisse de Zoologie" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="695 - 704" refId="B8" refString="Baehr, M, 2002. Two new species of the genus Mecyclothorax Sharp from Papua New Guinea (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Psydrinae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 109: 695 - 704, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.79563" title="Two new species of the genus Mecyclothorax Sharp from Papua New Guinea (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Psydrinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.79563" volume="109" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-900000258" author="Baehr, M" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="133 - 140" refId="B11" refString="Baehr, M, 2008. Two new species of the genus Mecyclothorax Sharp from New Guinea (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Psydrinae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 151: 133 - 140, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-900000258" title="Two new species of the genus Mecyclothorax Sharp from New Guinea (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Psydrinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-900000258" volume="151" year="2008">2008</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Baehr, M" journalOrPublisher="Spixiana" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="123 - 129" refId="B13" refString="Baehr, M, 2014. A new species of the genus Mecyclothorax Sharp from New Guinea (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Psydrini, Mecyclothoracina). Spixiana 37: 123 - 129" title="A new species of the genus Mecyclothorax Sharp from New Guinea (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Psydrini, Mecyclothoracina)." volume="37" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
) indicates that the entire 22 species currently known from New Guinea belong to this subgenus. Phylogenetic placement of
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M. montivagus" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="montivagus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. montivagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of Hawaii, and
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M. marau" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="marau">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. marau</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of Tahiti near
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M. punctipennis" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="punctipennis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. punctipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of Australia, the hypothesized colonist taxon for both the Hawaiian and Tahitian radiations (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.322.5492" author="Liebherr, JK" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 170" refId="B59" refString="Liebherr, JK, 2013. The Mecyclothorax beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) of Tahiti, Society Islands. ZooKeys 322: 1 - 170, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.322.5492" title="The Mecyclothorax beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) of Tahiti, Society Islands." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.322.5492" volume="322" year="2013">Liebherr 2013</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.544.6074" author="Liebherr, JK" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 407" refId="B60" refString="Liebherr, JK, 2015. The Mecyclothorax beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) of Haleakala, Maui: Keystone of a hyperdiverse Hawaiian radiation. ZooKeys 544: 1 - 407, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.544.6074" title="The Mecyclothorax beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) of Haleakala, Maui: Keystone of a hyperdiverse Hawaiian radiation." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.544.6074" volume="544" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
) indicates that these species appropriately act as surrogates for the entire 239 species of the Hawaiian
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1903" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Mecyclothorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
radiation (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.544.6074" author="Liebherr, JK" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 407" refId="B60" refString="Liebherr, JK, 2015. The Mecyclothorax beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) of Haleakala, Maui: Keystone of a hyperdiverse Hawaiian radiation. ZooKeys 544: 1 - 407, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.544.6074" title="The Mecyclothorax beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) of Haleakala, Maui: Keystone of a hyperdiverse Hawaiian radiation." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.544.6074" volume="544" year="2015">Liebherr 2015</bibRefCitation>
) plus the 108 species comprising the Society Island radiation on Tahiti and Moorea (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.224.3675" author="Liebherr, JK" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="37 - 80" refId="B58" refString="Liebherr, JK, 2012. The first precinctive Carabidae from Moorea, Society Islands: new Mecyclothorax spp. (Coleoptera) from the summit of Mont Tohiea. ZooKeys 224: 37 - 80, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.224.3675" title="The first precinctive Carabidae from Moorea, Society Islands: new Mecyclothorax spp. (Coleoptera) from the summit of Mont Tohiea." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.224.3675" volume="224" year="2012">Liebherr 2012</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.322.5492" author="Liebherr, JK" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 170" refId="B59" refString="Liebherr, JK, 2013. The Mecyclothorax beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) of Tahiti, Society Islands. ZooKeys 322: 1 - 170, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.322.5492" title="The Mecyclothorax beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) of Tahiti, Society Islands." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.322.5492" volume="322" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
). The Australian
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1903" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Mecyclothorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fauna is shown to be biogeographically polyphyletic, with the Australian species
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M. lateralis" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. lateralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M. minutus" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="minutus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. minutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M. ambiguus" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="ambiguus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. ambiguus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName genus="M." lsidName="M. punctipennis" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="punctipennis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M. punctipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
latecomers (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Strict consensus cladogram of 16 equally most-parsimonious trees derived from cladistic analysis of 65 moriomorphine taxa, including the secondary outgroup Neonomius laevicollis, six primary outgroup taxa in Amblytelus and allied genera, and 58 ingroup terminals; 57 Mecyclothorax species plus two genitalic forms of M. andersoni. Species terminals are labeled with species name and three-letter abbreviation of relevant generic or subgeneric name. Full listing of included taxa along with subgeneric assignments is presented in Table 2. Cladistic analysis is based on 137 characters (see character descriptions for nature of each character Areas occupied by the included taxa indicated by abbreviations following species epithets: Bo, Borneo; EOZ, eastern Australia, i. e. east of the Nullarbor Plain; FP, French Polynesia, Tahiti; HI, Hawaiian Islands, Maui; Jv, Java; LH, Lord Howe Island; NC, New Caledonia; Nf, Norfolk Island; NNZ, North Island of New Zealand; NZ, generally distributed across New Zealand; OZ, generally distributed across Australia; PNG, Papua New Guinea; QOZ, restricted to Queensland, Australia; SNZ, South Island of New Zealand plus Chatham Islands; SP &amp; A, St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands; WOZ, western Australia, i. e. west of the Nullarbor Plain." figureDoi="10.3897/dez.65.21000.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/179963" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7</figureCitation>
) relative to member taxa of
<taxonomicName authority="Liebherr, 2018" authorityName="Liebherr" authorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Eucyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eucyclothorax" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Eucyclothorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authority="Liebherr, 2018" authorityName="Liebherr" authorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Qecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Qecyclothorax" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Qecyclothorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with the late-arriving branch of the Australian
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1903" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Mecyclothorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fauna having been derived from New Guinean roots. The two species recently described from Timor Leste (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1660" author="Baehr, M" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" pagination="421 - 450" refId="B16" refString="Baehr, M, Reid, CAM, 2017. On a collection of Carabidae from Timor Leste, with descriptions of nine new species (Insecta: Coleoptera: Carabidae). Records of the Australian Museum 69: 421 - 450, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1660" title="On a collection of Carabidae from Timor Leste, with descriptions of nine new species (Insecta: Coleoptera: Carabidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.69.2017.1660" volume="69" year="2017">Baehr and Reid 2017</bibRefCitation>
) also appear to be members of this subgenus based on their gracile body form with cordate pronotum, largely impunctate ventral body surface, and lack of a flagellum in the male aedeagal median lobe.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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