treatments-xml/data/26/75/87/267587D7FFFA82457A617FEBD8FCF9A3.xml

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<mods:title id="B0A76B68FF80564E9968931F5A814CAF">A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="96D46E3FF1FC358823D2BBC567F00BFE">Hodgson, Chris</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="AE6336C1FFFA82437A617FEBD9D3F963" blockId="57.[264,711,1756,1822]" box="[264,711,1756,1782]" pageId="57">
<heading id="F52B81ADFFFA82437A617FEBD9D3F963" bold="true" box="[264,711,1756,1782]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="57" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="69DC4D42FFFA82437A617FEBD9D3F963" ID-CoL="6D5Y2" authority="Jakubski" authorityName="Jakubski. Letters" authorityYear="1965" box="[264,711,1756,1782]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Dimargarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanganyicus">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFA82437A617FEBD9D3F963" bold="true" box="[264,711,1756,1782]" pageId="57">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFA82437A617FEBD95AF963" bold="true" box="[264,590,1756,1782]" italics="true" pageId="57">Dimargarodes tanganyicus</emphasis>
Jakubski
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AE6336C1FFFA82437A617E33DA74F88B" blockId="57.[264,711,1756,1822]" box="[264,352,1796,1822]" pageId="57">
(
<figureCitation id="36E72A44FFFA82437A787E33DA42F88B" box="[273,342,1796,1822]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="60.[264,367,1720,1744]" captionTargetBox="[354,1270,347,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-78@60.[282,1307,298,1717]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 8. Male Dimargarodes tanganyicus Jakubski. Letters as for Fig. 6 except F = fleshy body seta; N = side view of posterior end of abdomen, and K = minute seta as on scape and coxae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5065434" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5065434/files/figure.png" pageId="57">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="69DC4D42FFFA82437A617E63D9E8F8FE" ID-CoL="6D5Y2" authority="Jakubski, 1965: 97" authorityName="Jakubski. Letters" authorityPageNumber="97" authorityYear="1965" box="[264,764,1876,1899]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Dimargarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanganyicus">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFA82437A617E63D93DF8FE" box="[264,553,1876,1899]" italics="true" pageId="57">Dimargarodes tanganyicus</emphasis>
Jakubski, 1965: 97
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E6C6654AFFF982417A61782BD95FF8A1" lastPageId="59" pageId="58" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="AE6336C1FFF982407A61782BDADFFEA0" blockId="58.[264,1323,284,430]" box="[264,459,284,309]" pageId="58">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFF982407A61782BDADFFEA0" box="[264,459,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="58">Material studied</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE6336C1FFF982407A517874D943FE3B" blockId="58.[264,1323,284,430]" pageId="58">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFF982407A517874D9ABFEC8" bold="true" box="[312,703,323,349]" pageId="58">
TANGANYIKA (
<collectingCountry id="D6CB7651FFF9824079707874D9A3FEC8" box="[537,695,323,349]" name="Tanzania" pageId="58">TANZANIA</collectingCountry>
)
</emphasis>
: 
<materialsCitation id="1EB43C9CFFF9824079B17873D947FE3B" collectingDate="1954-12-09" collectionCode="BMNH" collectorName="Eric Burtt &amp; E. Burtt" country="Tanzania" county="Details" location="Old" municipality="Jakubski" pageId="58" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Shinyanga">
no details but perhaps collected by 
<collectorName id="03295317FFF982407FC47873DE3EFECB" box="[1197,1322,324,350]" pageId="58">Eric Burtt</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="C8CDAE04FFF982407A79785BDA7BFE13" box="[272,367,364,390]" pageId="58">BMNH</collectionCode>
): 3/5 ad 
<specimenCount id="B8DAFD48FFF982407AA5785ADAE7FEEA" box="[460,499,365,383]" pageId="58" type="male">♂♂</specimenCount>
(in fair to poor condition). 
<collectingCounty id="47024E4DFFF98240785F785BD89DFE13" box="[822,905,364,390]" pageId="58">Details</collectingCounty>
given by 
<collectingMunicipality id="4E07ACBBFFF982407897785BDF7DFE13" box="[1022,1129,364,390]" pageId="58">Jakubski</collectingMunicipality>
: 
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<collectingRegion id="6C18F823FFF982407FC1785BDE33FE13" box="[1192,1319,364,390]" country="Tanzania" name="Shinyanga" pageId="58">Shinyanga</collectingRegion>
, no host, 
<date id="DA621001FFF982407A0578A3DAF1FE3B" box="[364,485,404,430]" pageId="58" value="1954-12-09">
<collectingDate id="CA26E9E9FFF982407A0578A3DAF1FE3B" box="[364,485,404,430]" pageId="58" value="1954-12-09">9.xii.1954</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName id="03295317FFF982407A9B78A3D947FE3B" box="[498,595,404,430]" pageId="58">E. Burtt</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFF982407A6178D3DACFFE68" box="[264,475,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="58">Mounted material</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE6336C1FFF982407A517B3BD8C8FC4B" blockId="58.[264,1325,484,990]" pageId="58">
Large, 3.6–4.5+mm long, and 1.0–1.15 mm wide across prealare. Body unusually broad in prothoracic region. With a pair of large compound eyes. Setae on body of 
<specimenCount id="B8DAFD48FFF982407FB37B03DE32FDDB" box="[1242,1318,564,590]" pageId="58" type="generic" typeStatus="type">1 type</specimenCount>
, broad basally and here considered to be fleshy (fs), length 
<quantity id="69249B24FFF9824078B97B6BDF57FDE3" box="[976,1091,604,630]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.25" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="58" unit="m" value="52.5" valueMax="85.0" valueMin="20.0">20–85 m</quantity>
, longest anteriorly; without hair­like setae (hs) (except on legs and on base of scape and coxae, where extremely short); hairs (hrs) extremely few or absent; collared setae (cs) and pores absent. Antennae long, about 3/4s total­body length, covered in numerous short setae. Sclerotised areas mostly without nodulations. Legs all exceptionally well developed, particularly all femurs but with anterior legs fossorial; all legs without bifurcated setae (bs); tarsi 1 segmented; posterior tibia and tarsus with some very broad, blunt spines; claws trifurcate and broadly attached to tarsus; claw digitules acute. Abdominal segment I not visible on venter; with tubular ducts on segments VI and VII; without lateral caudal extensions. Penial sheath strongly sclerotised, broad basally and tapering.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFF982407A617D23DA53FBB8" box="[264,327,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="58">Head</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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Triangular in dorsal view, length 
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, width across compound eyes 
<quantity id="69249B24FFF982407A617D53DA8EFBEB" box="[264,410,1124,1150]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.45" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.9" pageId="58" unit="m" value="645.0" valueMax="700.0" valueMin="590.0">
590– 
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</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFF982407AC17D53D91BFBE8" box="[424,527,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="58">Dorsally</emphasis>
with a well­developed postoccipital suture (pos) extending across posterior part of epicranium; dorsal surface of head sclerotised immediately anterior to epicranium otherwise dorsomedial part of epicranium (dmep) barely sclerotised. Postocciput (poc) possibly represented by an area of light sclerotisation just posterior to postoccipital suture. Midcranial ridge (mcr) very short or absent. Dmep with 9–21 fs (each 
<quantity id="69249B24FFF982407A617C1BDA6DFAD3" box="[264,377,1324,1350]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="58" unit="m" value="60.0" valueMax="80.0" valueMin="40.0">40–80 m</quantity>
long) + 0–2 hrs dorsal head setae (dhs) on each side posterior to each scape. Pores absent. 
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFF982407AC07C63D901FAF8" box="[425,533,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="58">Laterally</emphasis>
with a pair of large compound eyes (cde), each more or less oval in shape, but much broader ventrally, where they nearly meet; each with about 100–120 ommatidia (each ommatidium 30 x 
<quantity id="69249B24FFF9824079DF7C93D9EFFA2B" box="[694,763,1444,1470]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="58" unit="m" value="23.0">23 m</quantity>
wide); each cde about 
<quantity id="69249B24FFF982407F7D7C93DFB6FA2B" box="[1044,1186,1444,1470]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.98" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.86" pageId="58" unit="m" value="198.0" valueMax="210.0" valueMin="186.0">186–210 m</quantity>
long. Each compound eye (cde) with a narrow, heavily sclerotised, ocular sclerite (ocs) along posterolateral margins, each ocs with a single, relatively small ocellus (o) dorsally, width 
<quantity id="69249B24FFF982407A617F2BDA68F9A3" box="[264,380,1564,1590]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.15" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="58" unit="m" value="31.5" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="28.0">
28– 
<specimenCount id="B8DAFD48FFF982407A5C7F2BDA68F9A3" box="[309,380,1564,1590]" pageId="58" type="generic">35 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. Preocular ridge (procr) probably running posteriorly along dorsal margin of cde. Postocular ridge (pocr) present posterior to each ocular sclerite (ocs), extending from near each ocellus to posterior margin of each compound eye; a short sclerotised ventral projection (p) present extending posteriorly from pocr. 
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFF9824078E27FA3D8E1F938" box="[907,1013,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="58">Ventrally</emphasis>
with a strong ventral midcranial ridge (vmcr), which divides between compound eyes (cde), each arm extending anteriorly past inner margin of each scape; vmcr extending posteriorly between compound eyes and nearly reaching preoral ridge (pror); lateral margins of vmcr lightly sclerotised, with 20–28 fs on each side; preocular ridges (procr) probably running along ventral margin of each compound eye; preoral ridge (pror) represented by a short, narrow, strongly sclerotised transverse ridge posteriorly between compound eyes; ventral plate (vp) present medially just posterior to pror, with a narrow sclerotised ridge along each antero­lateral margin. Cranial apophysis (ca) not detected. Mouth (m) opening membranous, just posterior to ventral plate. Tentorial arms (ata &amp; pta) represented by 2 pairs of barely sclerotised openings and fine tubes, situated just behind and laterad to mouth. Tentorial bridge (tb) and tentorial apodemes not detected. Ventral sclerites (vs) possibly represented by a sclerotisation at anterior apex of each cervical sclerite (cv).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE6336C1FFF882417A517B6CDA4EFBEB" blockId="59.[264,1324,284,1150]" pageId="59">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFF882417A517B6CDAA4FDE0" bold="true" box="[312,432,603,629]" pageId="59">Antennae</emphasis>
: 10 segmented; length 2.7–3.0 mm (ratio of total­body length to antennal length 1:0.7). Scape (scp) 
<quantity id="69249B24FFF88241793D7BB3D9F6FD0B" box="[596,738,644,670]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.625" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.55" pageId="59" unit="m" value="162.5" valueMax="170.0" valueMin="155.0">155–170 m</quantity>
long, 
<quantity id="69249B24FFF8824178517BB3D8D3FD0B" box="[824,967,644,670]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.975" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.75" pageId="59" unit="m" value="197.5" valueMax="220.0" valueMin="175.0">175–220 m</quantity>
wide, sclerotised, each with about 20 fs, each about 
<quantity id="69249B24FFF8824179477B9BD9B4FD53" box="[558,672,684,710]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.75" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="59" unit="m" value="57.5" valueMax="75.0" valueMin="40.0">40–75 m</quantity>
long, + 10–12 very small setae near basal margin on dorsal surface. Pedicel (pdc) 
<quantity id="69249B24FFF8824179367BE3D9FAFD7B" box="[607,750,724,750]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="59" unit="m" value="135.0" valueMax="150.0" valueMin="120.0">120–150 m</quantity>
long, 
<quantity id="69249B24FFF8824178507BE3D8DCFD7B" box="[825,968,724,750]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3199999999999998" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.24" pageId="59" unit="m" value="132.0" valueMax="140.0" valueMin="124.0">124–140 m</quantity>
wide, articulating with scape; with about 15–20 fs, 11 or 12 basiconic sensilla (bass) ventrally and 2 campaniform sensilla (camp) dorsally. Segments III–X of flagellum all of approximately similar width, each 
<quantity id="69249B24FFF882417A237A7BDADEFCF3" box="[330,458,844,870]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.19" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.88" pageId="59" unit="m" value="119.0" valueMax="150.0" valueMin="88.0">88–150 m</quantity>
wide; each segment with (on ventral surface) numerous shorter setae, each clearly hollow towards base, with sclerotised walls and without a sclerotised basal socket, length 
<quantity id="69249B24FFF882417AAB7AABD922FC23" box="[450,566,924,950]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="59" unit="m" value="25.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="20.0">20–30 m</quantity>
; these becoming longer (length 
<quantity id="69249B24FFF8824178BD7AABDF52FC23" box="[980,1094,924,950]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="59" unit="m" value="42.5" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="35.0">35–50 m</quantity>
) and more fleshy looking on dorsal surface, where setae rather less numerous; segment IV also with a group of 11–18 coeloconic sensilla (cos) ventrally, mainly at distal end; segment lengths (m): III 190–215; IV 255–305; V 285–335; VI 310–405; VII 345–425; VIII 360–405; IX 330–405; X 350–430. Satellite setae (sats), capitate setae (caps) and bristles (ab) all absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE6336C1FFF882417A617D83DA48FB58" blockId="59.[264,1323,1204,1844]" box="[264,348,1204,1229]" pageId="59">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFF882417A617D83DA48FB58" box="[264,348,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="59">Thorax</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE6336C1FFF882417A517DEBD95FF8A1" blockId="59.[264,1323,1204,1844]" pageId="59">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFF882417A517DEBDAD5FB63" bold="true" box="[312,449,1244,1270]" pageId="59">Prothorax:</emphasis>
largely membranous but lateral margins mildly sclerotised anteriorly and posteriorly; prothorax separated from head by a broad neck, with no indications of a cervical groove. 
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFF882417ABE7C1BD92AFAD0" box="[471,574,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="59">Dorsally</emphasis>
with a pair of large, approximately triangular, quite heavily sclerotised, post­tergites (pt). Pronotum (prn) represented by a single sclerotised bar dorsally, more or less overlying ventral plate. 
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFF8824178527C4BD8B1FA00" box="[827,933,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="59">Ventrally</emphasis>
with a pair of cervical sclerites (cv), strong basally near coxae, with a proepimeron (epm 
<subScript id="32583484FFF8824178B97C83D8CCFA57" attach="left" box="[976,984,1460,1474]" fontSize="6" pageId="59">1</subScript>
) medially, terminating in a rather triangular, sclerotised point, which appears to touch posterior margin of each compound eye (ventral sclerite (vs)?); cv with an area of small convex nodulations laterally near head. Pleural ridge (plr 
<subScript id="32583484FFF8824179A47F18D9C1F9A8" attach="left" box="[717,725,1583,1597]" fontSize="6" pageId="59">1</subScript>
) and pleural apophysis (pla 
<subScript id="32583484FFF882417F457F18DF20F9A8" attach="right" box="[1068,1076,1583,1597]" fontSize="6" pageId="59">1</subScript>
) small. Structure of prosternum (stn 
<subScript id="32583484FFF882417AAA7F6DDADFF9FD" attach="right" box="[451,459,1626,1640]" fontSize="6" pageId="59">1</subScript>
) uncertain, but apparently without a strong median ridge but with some sclerotisation posteriorly. Pores absent. Setae as follows: median pronotal setae (mpns) on pronotum: 5–14 pairs fs + 0–2 hrs; each post­tergite with 10–22 fs post­tergital setae (pts) + some minute pores; laterally with about 19–25 fs anterior propleural setae (apl 
<subScript id="32583484FFF882417FB07FE2DFF5F976" attach="right" box="[1241,1249,1749,1763]" fontSize="6" pageId="59">1</subScript>
s) and 40–60 fs posterior propleural setae (ppl 
<subScript id="32583484FFF88241798B7E37D9FEF89B" attach="both" box="[738,746,1792,1806]" fontSize="6" pageId="59">1</subScript>
s) on separate areas of mild sclerotisation; setae apparently absent ventrally.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="FAA36649FFFF82467A617F8FDFFDF967" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5065434" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5065434" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5065434/files/figure.png" pageId="60" startId="60.[264,367,1720,1744]" targetBox="[354,1270,347,1669]" targetPageId="60">
<paragraph id="AE6336C1FFFF82467A617F8FDFFDF967" blockId="60.[264,1323,1720,1778]" pageId="60">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFF82467A617F8FDA9DF945" bold="true" box="[264,393,1720,1744]" pageId="60">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Male 
<taxonomicName id="69DC4D42FFFF82467AA77F8FD8BEF95A" authority="Jakubski. Letters" authorityName="Jakubski. Letters" authorityYear="1965" box="[462,938,1720,1743]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Dimargarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanganyicus">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFF82467AA77F8FD9FAF95A" box="[462,750,1720,1743]" italics="true" pageId="60">Dimargarodes tanganyicus</emphasis>
Jakubski. Letters
</taxonomicName>
as for Fig. 6 except F = fleshy body seta; N = side view of posterior end of abdomen, and K = minute seta as on scape and coxae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="E6C6654AFFFF82457A517E12D8FCF9A3" lastPageId="63" pageId="60" type="description">
<paragraph id="AE6336C1FFFF82467A517E12DE3FF8D5" blockId="60.[264,1323,1829,1899]" box="[312,1323,1829,1856]" pageId="60">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFF82467A517E12DAD9F8AA" bold="true" box="[312,461,1829,1855]" pageId="60">Mesothorax</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFF82467A8B7E11D956F8AA" box="[482,578,1830,1855]" italics="true" pageId="60">dorsally</emphasis>
: prescutum (prsc) large and oval (length 
<quantity id="69249B24FFFF82467F2F7E11DFC2F8D5" box="[1094,1238,1830,1856]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="60" unit="m" value="270.0" valueMax="290.0" valueMin="250.0">250–290 m</quantity>
, width
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE6336C1FFFF82477A617E79D929FBE6" blockId="60.[264,1323,1829,1899]" lastBlockId="61.[264,1324,284,1886]" lastPageId="61" pageId="60">
<quantity id="69249B24FFFF82467A617E79DA8FF8FD" box="[264,411,1870,1896]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="60" unit="m" value="490.0" valueMax="600.0" valueMin="380.0">380–600 m</quantity>
); lightly nodulated; mesoprephragma (phr 
<subScript id="32583484FFFF824678F07E6AD8B5F8FE" attach="left" box="[921,929,1885,1899]" fontSize="6" pageId="60">1</subScript>
) narrow; prescutal ridges (pscr) short, mesad to each prealare (pra) and extending anteriorly to mesoprephragma (phr 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE82477E79781BDE0CFEAF" attach="left" box="[1296,1304,300,314]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">1</subScript>
); prescutal sutures (pscs) weak; prescutum without prescutal setae (prscs). Scutum (sct) sclerotised throughout and nodulated on anterolateral margin; with a group of 10–30 fs + 4–6 hrs scutal setae (scts) on each side of scutum. Scutellum (scl) triangular; without oval membranous areas laterally; scl with 1–6 fs scutellar setae (scls). Mesopostnotum (pn 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE82477E7078F8DE35FE48" attach="right" box="[1305,1313,463,477]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">2</subScript>
) with a fairly narrow membranous area posterior to scutellum; mesopostnotal apophyses (pn 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE82477A467B15DA23FDA5" attach="both" box="[303,311,546,560]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">2</subScript>
a) small or even possibly absent. 
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFE824779D77B25D83DFDBE" box="[702,809,530,555]" italics="true" pageId="61">Laterally</emphasis>
: prealare (pra) elongate. Tegular (teg) large and sclerotised with a group of 20–30 fs tegular setae (tegs). Mesopleural ridge (plr 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE82477FB77B7ADFF2FDCE" attach="left" box="[1246,1254,589,603]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">2</subScript>
) well developed, with a deep pleural apophysis (pla 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE8247782D7B4FD858FD13" attach="left" box="[836,844,632,646]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">2</subScript>
). Mesepisternum (eps 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE82477F377B4FDF72FD13" attach="right" box="[1118,1126,632,646]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">2</subScript>
) not nodulated. Mesothoracic spiracles (sp 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE824779287B94D95DFD24" attach="right" box="[577,585,675,689]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">2</subScript>
) large: width of peritremes 
<quantity id="69249B24FFFE824778F97BA5DF36FD39" box="[912,1058,658,684]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.125" metricValueMax="1.25" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="61" unit="m" value="112.5" valueMax="125.0" valueMin="100.0">100–125 m</quantity>
, each peritreme with a reticulated inner surface and each muscle plate strongly sclerotised. 
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFE82477F4D7B89DF9AFD42" box="[1060,1166,702,727]" italics="true" pageId="61">Ventrally</emphasis>
: basisternum (stn 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE82477A5D7BC2DA28FC96" attach="right" box="[308,316,757,771]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">2</subScript>
) large, not nodulated, length 
<quantity id="69249B24FFFE824779C87BD1D826FC95" box="[673,818,742,768]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" metricValueMax="4.6" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="61" unit="m" value="420.0" valueMax="460.0" valueMin="380.0">380–460 m</quantity>
, width 
<quantity id="69249B24FFFE824778E47BD1DF0AFC95" box="[909,1054,742,768]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="7.7" metricValueMin="7.3" pageId="61" unit="m" value="750.0" valueMax="770.0" valueMin="730.0">730–770 m</quantity>
; with a total of 35–50 hrs basisternal setae (stn 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE824779427A16D927FCBA" attach="right" box="[555,563,801,815]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">2</subScript>
s); median ridge (mdr) absent; without a distinct marginal ridge (mr) anteriorly but ridge well developed anterolaterally between basisternum and lateropleurite (lpl); posteriorly with well­developed precoxal ridges (pcr 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE82477FFF7A44DF8AFC14" attach="left" box="[1174,1182,883,897]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">2</subScript>
); furca (f) moderately broad basally, with short arms, which diverge strongly; lateropleurite (lpl) large, approximately triangular, bounded ventrally by a broad marginal ridge, posteriorly by a broad precoxal ridge and laterally by a short, heavily sclerotised, subepisternal ridge (ser); each lpl without setae. Without postmesospiracular setae (pm 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE82477F2F7D21DF5AFBB1" attach="both" box="[1094,1102,1046,1060]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">2</subScript>
s). 
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFE82477F117D30DE37FBB5" box="[1144,1315,1031,1056]" italics="true" pageId="61">Wing sclerites</emphasis>
: probably similar to other members of this group but most could not be identified; additional sclerite present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE6336C1FFFE82477A517DB6D8DEF9FB" blockId="61.[264,1324,284,1886]" pageId="61">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFE82477A517DB6DAD8FB0E" bold="true" box="[312,460,1153,1179]" pageId="61">Metathorax</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFE82477AB57DB6D928FB0F" box="[476,572,1153,1178]" italics="true" pageId="61">dorsally</emphasis>
: metapostnotum (pn 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE824778597DA6D82CFB0A" attach="left" box="[816,824,1169,1183]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">3</subScript>
) possibly unsclerotised, but with 0 or 1 fs metatergal setae (mts). 
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFE824779307D9BD9D0FB50" box="[601,708,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="61">Laterally</emphasis>
: suspensorial sclerites (ss) well developed. Dorsospiracular setae (dss) absent. Pleural ridge (plr 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE824778E37DD3D886FB67" attach="left" box="[906,914,1252,1266]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">3</subScript>
) well developed, extending from metacoxae to base of hamulohalteres (h); precoxal ridge (pcr 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE82477F7D7C38DF08FA88" attach="left" box="[1044,1052,1295,1309]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">3</subScript>
) well developed and extending about 
<quantity id="69249B24FFFE82477AB87C1DD931FAD1" box="[465,549,1322,1348]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="61" unit="m" value="380.0">380 m</quantity>
ventrally towards metasternum; with a moderately deep pleural apophysis (pla 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE82477AD37C55DAD6FAE5" attach="right" box="[442,450,1378,1392]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">3</subScript>
). Metepisternum (eps 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE824779BD7C55D9C8FAE5" attach="right" box="[724,732,1378,1392]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">3</subScript>
) present as a sclerotisation on ventral side of metapleural ridge (plr 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE824779647CBAD901FA0E" attach="left" box="[525,533,1421,1435]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">3</subScript>
), each with 3–9 fs postmetaspiracular setae (eps 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE82477F097CBADF7CFA0E" attach="both" box="[1120,1128,1421,1435]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">3</subScript>
s); metepimeron (epm 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE82477A2D7C8FDA58FA53" attach="left" box="[324,332,1464,1478]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">3</subScript>
) short and extending dorsally. Posterior spiracles (sp 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE824778BD7C8FD8C8FA53" attach="right" box="[980,988,1464,1478]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">3</subScript>
) large: width of peritremes about 
<quantity id="69249B24FFFE82477A337CE4DAF8FA78" box="[346,492,1491,1517]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.225" metricValueMax="1.25" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="61" unit="m" value="122.5" valueMax="125.0" valueMin="120.0">
120– 
<specimenCount id="B8DAFD48FFFE82477AFF7CE4DAF8FA78" box="[406,492,1491,1517]" pageId="61" type="generic">125 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFE824779687CE4D97FFA79" box="[513,619,1491,1516]" italics="true" pageId="61">Ventrally</emphasis>
: metasternum (stn 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE824778317CD4D874FA64" attach="right" box="[856,864,1507,1521]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">3</subScript>
) represented by a quadrate median sternite with 2 lateral arms; probably with well­developed lateral sternal apophyses (stn 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE82477E6D7F39DE18F989" attach="both" box="[1284,1292,1550,1564]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">3</subScript>
a). Postmesoprecoxal ridge setae (ppcr 
<subScript id="32583484FFFE824779AA7F0ED9DFF9D2" attach="both" box="[707,715,1593,1607]" fontSize="6" pageId="61">2</subScript>
s) and anterior metasternal setae (amss) absent; posterior metasternal setae (pmss): total of 5 or 6 pairs of fs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE6336C1FFFE82447A517F4CD82BFE3B" blockId="61.[264,1324,284,1886]" lastBlockId="62.[264,1325,284,1870]" lastPageId="62" pageId="61">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFE82477A517F4CDA93F900" bold="true" box="[312,391,1659,1685]" pageId="61">Wings</emphasis>
: large and well developed; length 3.7 mm, width 1.95 mm (ratio of length to width 1:0.53; ratio of total­body length to wing length 1:0.90). Subcostal thickening (sclt) well developed; wing anterior to sclt only mildly sclerotised; rest of wing membranous, sometimes with faint reticulations; with a line of 10–14 circular sensoria (sens) along more distal part of subcostal thickening but alar setae (als) absent; radius (rad) and media (med) veins apparently represented by light sclerotisations; alar fold (af) not detected. Alar lobe (al) small and lightly sclerotised. Hamulohalteres (h) mainly sclerotised and quite broad, with a strong vein along anterior margin, which has a distinct indentation proximally; length 
<quantity id="69249B24FFFD82447A33785BDAFFFE13" box="[346,491,364,390]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.145" metricValueMax="6.45" metricValueMin="5.84" pageId="62" unit="m" value="614.5" valueMax="645.0" valueMin="584.0">584–645 m</quantity>
, width uncertain; with 1 short apical hamulus (ham), about 
<quantity id="69249B24FFFD82447FD3785BDE3FFE13" box="[1210,1323,364,390]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="2.4" pageId="62" unit="m" value="29.0" valueMax="34.0" valueMin="24.0">24–34 m</quantity>
long, which broadens into a flat, plate­like apex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE6336C1FFFD82447A51788CD860F8DB" blockId="62.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="62">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFD82447A51788CDA66FE40" bold="true" box="[312,370,443,469]" pageId="62">Legs</emphasis>
: all legs exceptionally strong and well developed, particularly all femur; prothoracic legs fossorial, markedly different from meso­ and metathoracic legs. 
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFD82447A617B3BDADAFDB0" box="[264,462,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="62">Prothoracic legs</emphasis>
as follows: lengths (m): coxae (cx) 535–680; trochanter (tr) + femur (fm) 695–900; tibia (ti) 175–205 and tarsus (ta) 85–110; with a group of 30–40 very small setae near coxal base (mainly on posterior surface) + about 30–40 fs distally; each coxa with a strong internal ridge; trochanter with about 15–20 fs but without a long flagellate seta; trochanter with a group of 6 or 7 campaniform sensilla (camp) on each lateral surface near coxal articulation; trochanterofemur articulation clear and diagonal; femur with about 130 fs; bifurcated setae (bs) and very short setae absent. Tibia, tarsus and claw all more or less fused and forming a paddle­like structure; tibia with 16–18 fs + 6 small setae; bifurcated setae (bs) and tibial spurs (tibs) absent; tarsus 1 segmented, with 1 (or perhaps 2) campaniform sensilla (camp) on proximal dorsal surface; without bifurcated setae (bs); with 7 or 8 fs + 4 or 5 very small setae; tarsal spurs (tabs) absent; tarsal digitules (tdgt) apparently absent; claws (c) broadly fused to base of tarsus, with no real articulation, length 
<quantity id="69249B24FFFD82447A337ADBDAF8FB93" box="[346,492,1004,1030]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.825" metricValueMax="3.15" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="62" unit="m" value="282.5" valueMax="315.0" valueMin="250.0">250–315 m</quantity>
; each claw with 5 or 6 fs but with possibly no digitules (cdgt). 
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFD82447F887ADBD904FBB8" italics="true" pageId="62">Meso­ and metathoracic legs</emphasis>
: lengths (m): coxae (cx) II 505–625; III 
<quantity id="69249B24FFFD82447F677D23DF8BFBBB" box="[1038,1183,1044,1070]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.4" pageId="62" unit="m" value="520.0" valueMax="600.0" valueMin="440.0">440–600 m</quantity>
; metacoxae with a group of 30–60 very small hs near base, plus 20–30 long fs distally. Trochanter (tr) + femur (fm): II 770–930; III 
<quantity id="69249B24FFFD8244790C7D53D811FBEB" box="[613,773,1124,1150]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.095" metricValueMax="1.21" metricValueMin="0.98" pageId="62" unit="m" value="1095.0" valueMax="1210.0" valueMin="980.0">980–1210 m</quantity>
; metatrochanter with about 22 hs but without a long flagellate seta; trochanter with a group of 5 or 6 campaniform sensilla (camp) on each lateral surface near coxal articulation; trochanterofemur articulation clear and diagonal; metafemur with about 70–80 long fs along ventral and posterior margins, 15–20 shorter fs along dorsal and anterior margins plus about 14 short spinose setae along ventral margin; bifurcated setae (bs) absent. Tibia (ti) lengths: II 645–825; III 760–910; metatibiae with a line of strong spine­ or spur­like setae along ventral margin plus about 14 short spines; setae becoming similar to fs elsewhere, particularly along dorsal margin where they are long and very fleshy at base, including 4 or 5 shorter, stout, very blunt setae; bifurcated setae (bs) absent; each tibia with several tibial spurs (tibs) distally, longest about 
<quantity id="69249B24FFFD82447A617CC3DA68F99B" box="[264,380,1524,1550]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.5" pageId="62" unit="m" value="67.5" valueMax="70.0" valueMin="65.0">
65– 
<specimenCount id="B8DAFD48FFFD82447A5A7CC3DA68F99B" box="[307,380,1524,1550]" pageId="62" type="generic">70 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. Tarsi (ta) 1­segmented; lengths: II 220–255; III 
<quantity id="69249B24FFFD824478A77CC3DF4BF99B" box="[974,1119,1524,1550]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.275" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.05" pageId="62" unit="m" value="227.5" valueMax="250.0" valueMin="205.0">205–250 m</quantity>
; with 1 (perhaps 2?) campaniform sensilla (camp) on proximal dorsal surface; without bifurcated setae (bs); with 8 fs, 2 basiconic sensilla (bass) + 3 very short setae on ventral and lateral surfaces; dorsal surface with 6 very large, long fs + a total of about 8 short, blunt setae in 2 rows; tarsal spurs (tabs) not differentiated, but spur­like setae in this position 
<quantity id="69249B24FFFD82447F1B7FA3DFF7F93B" box="[1138,1251,1684,1710]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="62" unit="m" value="75.0" valueMax="80.0" valueMin="70.0">70–80 m</quantity>
long; tarsal digitules (tdgt) apparently absent or represented by largest and broadest blunt seta. Claws (c) digitate, with 3 fingers of approximately similar length; none with a denticle (cd); claw III about 
<quantity id="69249B24FFFD824479627E3BD98DF8B3" box="[523,665,1804,1830]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.135" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0699999999999998" pageId="62" unit="m" value="113.5" valueMax="120.0" valueMin="107.0">107–120 m</quantity>
long, with 2 fine, acute digitules (cdgt), each about 
<quantity id="69249B24FFFD82447A617E03DA6DF8DB" box="[264,377,1844,1870]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="62" unit="m" value="45.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="40.0">40–50 m</quantity>
long; each claw broadly attached to tarsus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE6336C1FFFC82457A61782BDA63FEA0" blockId="63.[264,1323,284,1310]" box="[264,375,284,309]" pageId="63">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFC82457A61782BDA63FEA0" box="[264,375,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="63">Abdomen</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE6336C1FFFC82457A517873D86AFC1B" blockId="63.[264,1323,284,1310]" pageId="63">
Largely membranous, without caudal extensions. Tergites (at) on segments I and II quite large, very small or absent on II–V and narrow but wide on segments VI–VIII. Large sternites (as) present medially on segments II–VIII. Pleurites only present on segment VIII. Dorsal abdominal setae (ads) I–VII few, as follows (on each side): II 4–8 fs, III 3–7 fs, IV 3–6 fs, V 2–6 fs, VI &amp; VII 0 or 1 fs (almost all hairs (hrs) on 
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!). Ventral abdominal setae (avs) in lines of fs along posterior margins of all sternites as follows (totals): II 13–24 fs, III 15–26 fs, IV 15–21 fs, V 13–21 fs, VI 10–13 fs, VII 5–10 fs and VIII 1 or 2 fs. Pleural setae: dorsal pleural setae (dps) only present on segment VIII, with 3–6 on each pleurite; ventral pleural setae (vps) as follows: I–III 0; IV–VI 3–8 fs, VII 2–5 fs, VIII 1–5 fs. Pores absent. With a tightly packed group of membranous tubular ducts (tdc) present medially on segments VI and VII, groups fused to form a single oval area of ducts; outer opening of each duct roughly six­sided and each duct about 
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long; size of both groups combined about 
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long and 
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wide. Abdominal spiracles (asp) clearly present on segments VI–VIII but trachea present laterally on more anterior segments; width of each peritreme 
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16– 
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE6336C1FFFC82457A517AABD801FA8B" blockId="63.[264,1323,284,1310]" pageId="63">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFC82457A517AABD91CFC23" bold="true" box="[312,520,924,950]" pageId="63">Genital segment</emphasis>
: anus (an) presumably present on dorsal surface just anterior to penial sheath. Penial sheath (ps) strongly sclerotised and triangular in shape, about 
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long and 
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at widest point. Penial sheath more membranous ventrally, with a long ventral slit through which aedeagus emerges. Aedeagus (aed) quite broad when viewed from the side and roughly S­shaped; narrowly triangular when viewed dorsally, with a pointed apex and a fairly broad base; length 
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, width at base when viewed dorsally 
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; ventrally possibly articulating on a heavily sclerotised basal rod (bra). Eversible endophallus (eph) apparently absent. Penial sheath with some longer setae (pss) basally, each perhaps 
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long; setae nearer apex all very short; also with a group of sensilla (psp) near apex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE6336C1FFFC82457A617C63DA6CFAF8" blockId="63.[264,1322,1364,1590]" box="[264,376,1364,1389]" pageId="63">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFC82457A617C63DA6CFAF8" box="[264,376,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="63">Comment</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AE6336C1FFFC82457A517C4BD8FCF9A3" blockId="63.[264,1322,1364,1590]" pageId="63">
In his phylogenetic analysis of the genera within the 
<taxonomicName id="69DC4D42FFFC824578A07C4BDF79FA03" box="[969,1133,1404,1430]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Margarodidae</taxonomicName>
based on adult female characters, Vahedi (2002) found that 
<taxonomicName id="69DC4D42FFFC824578787C93D8D6FA28" authorityName="Jakubski. Letters" authorityYear="1965" box="[785,962,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Dimargarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanganyicus">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFC824578787C93D8D6FA28" box="[785,962,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="63">D. tanganyicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was sister to 
<taxonomicName id="69DC4D42FFFC82457F087C93DFE4FA28" box="[1121,1264,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFC82457F087C93DFE4FA28" box="[1121,1264,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="63">Margarodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It is clear from the descriptions of 
<taxonomicName id="69DC4D42FFFC824579057CFBD84CFA73" box="[620,856,1484,1510]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFC824579057CFBD9EFFA70" box="[620,763,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="63">Margarodes</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
below and the description of 
<taxonomicName id="69DC4D42FFFC82457FD07CFBDA5EF99B" authority="Giard" authorityName="Giard" authorityYear="1894" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitium">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFC82457FD07CFBDE3EFA70" box="[1209,1322,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="63">M. vitium</emphasis>
Giard
</taxonomicName>
by Theron (1958) (= 
<taxonomicName id="69DC4D42FFFC824579377CC3D832F99B" authority="Philippi" authorityName="Philippi" box="[606,806,1524,1550]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Sphaeraspis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitis">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFC824579377CC3D9AFF998" box="[606,699,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="63">M. vitis</emphasis>
Philippi
</taxonomicName>
, but included in 
<taxonomicName id="69DC4D42FFFC824578907CC3DF9CF998" authorityName="Giard" authorityYear="1897" box="[1017,1160,1524,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Sphaeraspis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9CA8EAD3FFFC824578907CC3DF9CF998" box="[1017,1160,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="63">Sphaeraspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Jakubski, 1965)) that the males of these two genera are also very similar.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>