182 lines
24 KiB
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182 lines
24 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="839B9E7CF91C3760A6FF3658BDAEA77D">A review of the genus Trichogorgia (Cnidaria, Octocorallia), including descriptions of new species</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="06681E5CF4C2B1F2C30A36803E13C238">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="77090FA16ABC708B9F9D0C1E55EB80BD">2019</mods:date>
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="69BD7CC25B2AFFE68299FDA7FDEF82C8" ID-CoL="84VDZ" authority="Hickson, 1904" authorityName="Hickson" authorityYear="1904" box="[238,581,621,648]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Trichogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2AFFE68299FDA7FE2782C7" bold="true" box="[238,397,621,648]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Trichogorgia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2AFFE683E3FDA7FDEF82C8" author="Hickson, S. J." box="[404,581,621,647]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" pagination="211 - 239" refId="ref6552" refString="Hickson, S. J. (1904) The Alcyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope. Part II. Marine investigations in South Africa, 3, 211 - 239." type="journal article" year="1904">Hickson, 1904</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="E6A754CA5B2AFFE682E0FD7BFE568348" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="AE0207415B2AFFE682E0FD7BFBC482A7" blockId="1.[151,1436,689,775]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
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<taxonomicName id="69BD7CC25B2AFFE682E0FD7BFE4E8285" ID-CoL="84VDZ" authority="Hickson 1904: 222" authorityName="Hickson" authorityPageNumber="222" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,484,689,714]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Trichogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2AFFE682E0FD7BFEB68286" box="[151,284,689,713]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Trichogorgia</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="2F1C21505B2AFFE68354FD7BFE4E8285" author="Hickson, S. J." box="[291,484,689,714]" page="222" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" year="1904">
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<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2AFFE68354FD7BFE4E8285" author="Hickson, S. J." box="[291,484,689,714]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" pagination="211 - 239" refId="ref6552" refString="Hickson, S. J. (1904) The Alcyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope. Part II. Marine investigations in South Africa, 3, 211 - 239." type="journal article" year="1904">Hickson 1904: 222</bibRefCitation>
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.—
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<treatmentCitation id="2F1C21505B2AFFE68076FD7BFD778286" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[513,733,689,714]" page="497" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" year="1919">
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<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2AFFE68076FD7BFD778286" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[513,733,689,714]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" pagination="1 - 946" refId="ref6638" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissenschftliche Ergenbisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia ", 13 (2), 1 - 946." type="journal article" year="1919">Kükenthal 1919: 497</bibRefCitation>
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; 1924: 383.—
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<treatmentCitation id="2F1C21505B2AFFE6811DFD7BFBE58286" author="Deichmann, E." box="[874,1103,689,714]" page="223" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" year="1936">
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<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2AFFE6811DFD7BFBE58286" author="Deichmann, E." box="[874,1103,689,714]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" pagination="253 - 308" refId="ref6370" refString="Deichmann, E. (1936) The Alcyonaria of the Western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 53, 253 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49348" type="journal article" year="1936">Deichmann 1936: 223</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.—
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<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2AFFE6861AFD7BFB4D8285" author="Bayer, F. M." box="[1133,1255,689,714]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" pagination="231" refId="ref5788" refString="Bayer, F. M. (1956) Octocorallia. In: Moore, R. C. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F. Coelenterata. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, F 163 - F 231." type="book chapter" year="1956">Bayer 1956</bibRefCitation>
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: F216.—
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<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2AFFE68733FD7BFE2282A7" author="Bayer, F. M. & Muzik, K. M." pageId="1" pageNumber="518" pagination="65 - 90" refId="ref5949" refString="Bayer, F. M. & Muzik, K. M. (1976) New genera and species of the holaxonian family Chrysogorgiidae (Octocorallia: Gorgonacea). Zoologische Mededelingen, 50 (5), 65 - 90." type="journal article" year="1976">Bayer & Muzik 1976: 78-79</bibRefCitation>
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.—
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<treatmentCitation id="2F1C21505B2AFFE683D0FD05FDD982A7" author="Williams, G. C." box="[423,627,719,744]" page="268" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" year="1992">
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<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2AFFE683D0FD05FDD982A7" author="Williams, G. C." box="[423,627,719,744]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" pagination="181 - 296" refId="ref7060" refString="Williams, G. C. (1992) The Alcyonacea of southern Africa. Gorgonian octocorals (Coelenterata, Anthozoa). Annals of the South African Museum, 101 (8), 181 - 296." type="journal article" year="1992">Williams 1992: 268</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.—
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<treatmentCitation id="2F1C21505B2AFFE680E6FD05FCDD82A7" author="Castro, C. B. & Medeiros, M. S. & Loiola, L. L." box="[657,887,719,744]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/554D1963FFC7FFC4FE33F1840D4F6570" page="821" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" year="2010">
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<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2AFFE680E6FD05FCDD82A7" author="Castro, C. B. & Medeiros, M. S. & Loiola, L. L." box="[657,887,719,744]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" pagination="763 - 827" refId="ref6251" refString="Castro, C. B., Medeiros, M. S. & Loiola, L. L. (2010) Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from Brazilian reefs. Journal of Natural History, 44, 763 - 827. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930903441160" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Castro
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<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2AFFE680ACFD1BFCA482A7" box="[731,782,720,744]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">et al.</emphasis>
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2010: 821
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.—
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<treatmentCitation id="2F1C21505B2AFFE681E3FD05FBC082A7" author="Weinberg, S." box="[916,1130,719,744]" page="406" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" year="2013">
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<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2AFFE681E3FD05FBC082A7" author="Weinberg, S." box="[916,1130,719,744]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" pagination="405 - 412" refId="ref7019" refString="Weinberg, S. (2013) Trichogorgia insulaeuropensis spec. nov., a new gorgonian from the Southern Indian Ocean (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Alcyonacea: Chrysogorgiidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 87, 405 - 412." type="journal article" year="2013">Weinberg 2013: 406</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AE0207415B2AFFE682E0FD25FE568348" blockId="1.[151,1436,689,775]" box="[151,508,750,775]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="8EAD206F5B2AFFE682E0FD25FE568348" box="[151,508,750,775]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
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<taxonomicName id="69BD7CC25B2AFFE682E0FD25FE528348" authority="Hickson, 1904: 226" authorityName="Hickson" authorityPageNumber="226" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,504,750,775]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Malacogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2AFFE682E0FD25FE8D8348" box="[151,295,751,775]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Malacogorgia</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="2F1C21505B2AFFE68359FD24FE528348" author="Hickson, S. J." box="[302,504,750,775]" page="226" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" year="1904">
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<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2AFFE68359FD24FE528348" author="Hickson, S. J." box="[302,504,750,775]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" pagination="211 - 239" refId="ref6552" refString="Hickson, S. J. (1904) The Alcyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope. Part II. Marine investigations in South Africa, 3, 211 - 239." type="journal article" year="1904">Hickson, 1904: 226</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<paragraph id="AE0207415B2AFFE682E0FCE6FC3A830B" blockId="1.[151,912,811,836]" box="[151,912,811,836]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
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<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2AFFE682E0FCE6FE89830B" bold="true" box="[151,291,811,836]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
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<typeStatus id="7106B9E35B2AFFE682E0FCE6FF66830B" box="[151,204,812,836]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="69BD7CC25B2AFFE6835DFCE6FD3F830B" ID-CoL="58CRR" authority="Hickson, 1904" authorityName="Hickson" authorityYear="1904" box="[298,661,811,836]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Trichogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flexilis">
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<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2AFFE6835DFCE6FE53830B" box="[298,505,812,836]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Trichogorgia flexilis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2AFFE68388FCE1FD3F830B" author="Hickson, S. J." box="[511,661,811,836]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" pagination="211 - 239" refId="ref6552" refString="Hickson, S. J. (1904) The Alcyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope. Part II. Marine investigations in South Africa, 3, 211 - 239." type="journal article" year="1904">Hickson, 1904</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="E6A754CA5B2AFFE682E0FCBBFA3183B7" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="AE0207415B2AFFE682E0FCBBFA3183B7" blockId="1.[151,1437,881,1377]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
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<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2AFFE682E0FCBBFEB883C3" bold="true" box="[151,274,881,908]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Chrysogorgiids with uniplanar flabellate or lyrate colonies, with long terminal branches. Axis with or without calcareous deposits, becoming very thin and flexible at terminal branches. Polyps biserial on all sides of terminal and subterminal branches, widely spaced or more crowded terminally. Sclerites present or absent; if present, in the form of very thin scales (double disks or double pads), with finely serrated edges (
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<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2AFFE68600FC14FA3983B7" author="Bayer, F. M. & Muzik, K. M." box="[1143,1427,990,1016]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" pagination="65 - 90" refId="ref5949" refString="Bayer, F. M. & Muzik, K. M. (1976) New genera and species of the holaxonian family Chrysogorgiidae (Octocorallia: Gorgonacea). Zoologische Mededelingen, 50 (5), 65 - 90." type="journal article" year="1976">Bayer & Muzik 1976: 79</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E6A754CA5B2AFFE682B0FBC8FBD18573" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="AE0207415B2AFFE682B0FBC8FBD18573" blockId="1.[151,1437,881,1377]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
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<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2AFFE682B0FBC8FE918453" bold="true" box="[199,315,1026,1052]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Remarks.</emphasis>
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Six species currently belong to this genus (
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<tableCitation id="E33F32FA5B2AFFE6816DFBC8FCC78453" box="[794,877,1026,1052]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,239,590,616]" captionTargetBox="[165,2011,627,1099]" captionText="TABLE 1. Valid species of the genus Trichogorgia Hickson, 1904, their morphological characters and distribution.?unknown; -absent or rare." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FAC257C95B2CFFE082E0FD84F9228227" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" tableUuid="FAC257C95B2CFFE082E0FD84F9228227">Table 1</tableCitation>
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), which fit into at least four general colony forms: lyrate, flabellate, slender planar and bushy (
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<figureCitation id="36861BC45B2AFFE680E5FBECFD44840F" box="[658,750,1062,1088]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1922,1947]" captionTargetBox="[158,1433,205,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,196,1815]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Forms and distribution of the genus Trichogorgia. A: four common colony shapes in the genus (left to right): lyrate, flabellate, slender planar and bushy, respectively; B: comparison between bathymetric ranges of Trichogorgia species; C: distribution map for the genus. Depth given in meters (m)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616837/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
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). A seventh dubious species was described by
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||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2AFFE6877AFBECFA36840F" author="Hiles, I. L." box="[1293,1436,1062,1088]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" pagination="195 - 206" refId="ref6585" refString="Hiles, I. L. (1899) The Gorgonacea collected by Dr. Willey. Zoological Results based on material from New Britain, New Guinea, Loyalty Islands and elsewhere, collected during the years 1895 1896 and 1897, by Arthur Willey, Part 2, 195 - 206" type="book chapter" year="1899">Hiles (1899)</bibRefCitation>
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as
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<taxonomicName id="69BD7CC25B2AFFE682C0FB80FE61842B" authorityName="Hiles" authorityYear="1899" box="[183,459,1098,1124]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Chrysogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="constricta">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2AFFE682C0FB80FE61842B" box="[183,459,1098,1124]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Chrysogorgia constricta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from New Britain, which was later transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BD7CC25B2AFFE6867BFB80FB35842B" authorityName="Hickson" authorityYear="1904" box="[1036,1183,1098,1124]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Trichogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2AFFE6867BFB80FB35842B" box="[1036,1183,1098,1124]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Trichogorgia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2AFFE686BAFB80FA32842B" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[1229,1432,1098,1124]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" pagination="1 - 946" refId="ref6638" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissenschftliche Ergenbisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia ", 13 (2), 1 - 946." type="journal article" year="1919">Kükenthal (1919)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Soon after its description, authors started to question its identity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2AFFE68106FBA4FBBF84C7" author="Versluys, J." box="[881,1045,1134,1160]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" pagination="1 - 120" refId="ref6993" refString="Versluys, J. (1902) Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Expedition. I. Die Chrysogorgiiden. Siboga Expeditie, 13, 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="1902">Versluys 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2AFFE68656FBA4FB7284C7" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[1057,1240,1134,1160]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" pagination="1 - 946" refId="ref6638" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissenschftliche Ergenbisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer " Valdivia ", 13 (2), 1 - 946." type="journal article" year="1919">Kükenthal 1919</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The uncertainty emerged mostly because its body wall sclerites are spindles arranged in eight-line chevrons (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2AFFE686E5FB58FAA584E3" author="Hiles, I. L." box="[1170,1295,1170,1196]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" pagination="195 - 206" refId="ref6585" refString="Hiles, I. L. (1899) The Gorgonacea collected by Dr. Willey. Zoological Results based on material from New Britain, New Guinea, Loyalty Islands and elsewhere, collected during the years 1895 1896 and 1897, by Arthur Willey, Part 2, 195 - 206" type="book chapter" year="1899">Hiles 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 195–196, pl. XXII. figs. 8, 9, 10), whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BD7CC25B2AFFE6805FFB7CFD11849F" authorityName="Hickson" authorityYear="1904" box="[552,699,1206,1232]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Trichogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2AFFE6805FFB7CFD11849F" box="[552,699,1206,1232]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Trichogorgia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sclerites are only scales, when present (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2AFFE686F4FB7CFA84849F" author="Williams, G. C." box="[1155,1326,1206,1232]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" pagination="181 - 296" refId="ref7060" refString="Williams, G. C. (1992) The Alcyonacea of southern Africa. Gorgonian octocorals (Coelenterata, Anthozoa). Annals of the South African Museum, 101 (8), 181 - 296." type="journal article" year="1992">Williams 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), never in chevron. It is also uncertain if specimens from Amboina Island (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2AFFE68105FB10FB8F84BB" author="Hentschel, E." box="[882,1061,1242,1268]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" pagination="643 - 652" refId="ref6497" refString="Hentschel, E. (1903) Gorgonacea von Amboina und Thursday Island. Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien und dem Malayischen Archipel. Ausgefuhrt in den Jahren 1891 - 1893 von Richard Semon, 5. Band, 6. Lieferung. Denkschriften der Medicinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena, 8, 643 - 652." type="journal article" year="1903">Hentschel 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) correspond to the same species. Herein, I suggest to keep that species in its original genus (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BD7CC25B2AFFE68151FB34FC6B8557" box="[806,961,1278,1304]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Chrysogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2AFFE68151FB34FC6B8557" box="[806,961,1278,1304]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Chrysogorgia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), until the
|
||
<typeStatus id="7106B9E35B2AFFE6864DFB35FBDF8556" box="[1082,1141,1279,1305]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">types</typeStatus>
|
||
are re-examined. With the two new names given in this manuscript, the genus expands its diversity to eight species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E6A754CA5B2AFFE682B0FA8FFA80852F" box="[199,1322,1349,1377]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE0207415B2AFFE682B0FA8FFA80852F" blockId="1.[151,1437,881,1377]" box="[199,1322,1349,1377]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2AFFE682B0FA8FFECB852F" bold="true" box="[199,353,1349,1376]" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Probably cosmopolitan, mostly found at mesophotic depths,
|
||
<quantity id="6945AAA45B2AFFE68679FA8CFB3F852E" box="[1038,1173,1350,1377]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.37" metricValueMax="6.62" metricValueMin="0.12" pageId="1" pageNumber="518" unit="m" value="337.0" valueMax="662.0" valueMin="12.0">12 to 662 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="36861BC45B2AFFE686D3FA8CFAB7852F" box="[1188,1309,1350,1376]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1922,1947]" captionTargetBox="[158,1433,205,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,196,1815]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Forms and distribution of the genus Trichogorgia. A: four common colony shapes in the genus (left to right): lyrate, flabellate, slender planar and bushy, respectively; B: comparison between bathymetric ranges of Trichogorgia species; C: distribution map for the genus. Depth given in meters (m)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616837/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="518">Fig. 1B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |