plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/24/62/E0/2462E075FFAAA664666CFB65FA5914F6.xml

314 lines
54 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="FC7756316D15E74D075FF16DD303B56A" ID-DOI="10.4467/16890027AP.15.013.3210" ID-ISSN="1689-0027" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12638210" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1720037028310" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Thomsen, Helge A. &amp; Østergaard, Jette B." docDate="2015" docId="2462E075FFAAA664666CFB65FA5914F6" docLanguage="en" docName="ActaProtozool.54.3.155-169.pdf" docOrigin="Acta Protozoologica 54 (3)" docSource="https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/4f37d3b9-0ba9-3a93-9b4c-ca45f0e95209/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:64ABA4BEA387EE5C24A0DDEB32CC92E7.3:ActaProtozool.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="64ABA4BEA387EE5C24A0DDEB32CC92E7" docStyleName="ActaProtozool.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Quaternariella obscura Thomsen 1980" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="164" masterDocId="D85B980DFFACA66D655CFFA8FFE91774" masterDocTitle="Coccolithophorids in Polar Waters: Quaternariella and Porsildia gen. nov. Mercedesia gen. nov., Ericiolus," masterLastPageNumber="169" masterPageNumber="155" pageNumber="161" updateTime="1720040093326" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:mods id="8C75C5EA72AE1552E4CEBC515B2F2657" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="5BF878B2CC3E8B1CD176422C4620DAEB">
<mods:title id="7F816A8380765EFB8B6EA99D6747CB02">Coccolithophorids in Polar Waters: Quaternariella and Porsildia gen. nov. Mercedesia gen. nov., Ericiolus,</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="3D2EF96E33066066CF1E073ABAD0D190" type="personal">
<mods:role id="3BDEF09ED05C31EFEFBBBA861EEBA70E">
<mods:roleTerm id="DC2B4FAD02767A75D0DD4070B682A25F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="C43C700834A713E8984B20D70668E344">Thomsen, Helge A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="05C8CBAA144DC158716511DB4A13209F" type="personal">
<mods:role id="2BAA31556CDAC132C5C148DB31739412">
<mods:roleTerm id="EAE7A410F5BB83D660EC3678357E63CE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="29107CA728EEE9F60F6B9801F5797A83">Østergaard, Jette B.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="8857A550815DB15A6B5ADE089B16F4D9">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="AFC5F0D4904E2203B352651E17F92AE5" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="14619FCB317CA0CDBA6FE2F02B38E373">
<mods:title id="1E4A1FD2C5A187FF3AA5B73781DE6E25">Acta Protozoologica</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="22F5F1CAC396896C14B9853CF19138B5">
<mods:date id="D42C6D802048E919538997E9C0DFF2E3">2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="7179CA55062112891A7D17A32CD87BE0" type="volume">
<mods:number id="40086DC414AF6620014F065DDFE4A331">54</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="8B4401D6E99D9F44C17B4BAFDA193E62" type="issue">
<mods:number id="B6B03EF30458DF20840DD7D85F6B340F">3</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="B7B6A58E2DE03B3E909A09F3DC7CE405" unit="page">
<mods:start id="A47B9D9C6EADAA60989A12D656F5C397">155</mods:start>
<mods:end id="E2F492E744AB4D345C760351EA941C56">169</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="E9B4AE973B9C5BE4F1F291C408769ADB">
<mods:url id="724CBF904287749785D76859AA2FC23F">https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/4f37d3b9-0ba9-3a93-9b4c-ca45f0e95209/</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="732ABC7618EAA2590CF8FA416EC7687C">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="353E0B79F6DC3715FB0173C0A3AC16D6" type="DOI">10.4467/16890027AP.15.013.3210</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="5FF0654023587E7BBFA055FF902188F2" type="ISSN">1689-0027</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E41FB991845763187CF7B4DCF5D58C5D" type="Zenodo-Dep">12638210</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="2462E075FFAAA664666CFB65FA5914F6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12637798" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12637798" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2462E075FFAAA664666CFB65FA5914F6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2462E075FFAAA664666CFB65FA5914F6" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">
<subSubSection id="E4D102E8FFAAA66A666CFB65FDBF10E4" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="162" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="AC745163FFAAA66B666CFB65FA5F1393" blockId="6.[816,1462,1229,1256]" box="[816,1462,1229,1256]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">
<heading id="F73CE60FFFAAA66B666CFB65FA5F1393" box="[816,1462,1229,1256]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" reason="5">
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFAAA66B666CFB65FA5F1393" bold="true" box="[816,1462,1229,1256]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">
<taxonomicName id="6BCB2AE0FFAAA66B666CFB65FAF11393" authority="Thomsen 1980 d" authorityName="Thomsen" authorityYear="1980" box="[816,1304,1229,1256]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Calyptrosphaeraceae" genus="Quaternariella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="obscura">
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFAAA66B666CFB65FBA2139C" bold="true" box="[816,1099,1229,1256]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">Quaternariella obscura</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="C85A2C92FFAAA66B610EFB66FAF11393" author="Thomsen H. A." box="[1106,1304,1229,1256]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" pagination="260 - 265" refId="ref7264" refString="Thomsen H. A. (1980 d) Quaternariella obscura gen. et sp. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae) from West Greenland. Phycologia 19: 260 - 265" type="journal article" year="1980">Thomsen 1980d</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="34F04DE6FFAAA66B607AFB65FA471393" box="[1318,1454,1229,1255]" captionStart-0="Figs 21–27" captionStart-1="Figs 28–35" captionStartId-0="8.[132,175,1835,1857]" captionStartId-1="10.[132,175,1725,1747]" captionTargetBox-0="[132,1470,223,1784]" captionTargetBox-1="[170,1417,223,1681]" captionTargetId-0="figure-5@8.[132,1470,223,1785]" captionTargetId-1="figure-5@10.[170,1417,223,1684]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionText-0="Figs 21–27. Quaternarielle obscura. TEM whole mounts from the Arctic, viz. West Greenland/Arctic Station (Figs 21, 22) and NEW (Figs 23–27). 21 – groups of crystallites; 22 – complete cell with appendages; 23 – complete cell with curled up haptonema and nicely organized packages of crystallites; 24 – detail from Fig. 23 showing the boxed organization of crystallites; dissolution phenomena are obvious; 25, 26 – complete cells showing an even spread of crystallite packages; 27 – high magnification of single rhombohedral crystallites." captionText-1="Figs 28–35. Quaternariella obscura. TEM whole mounts from Antarctica (EPOS) (Figs 28–29) and (Figs 30–35) West Greenland (Arctic Station). 28 – complete cell from the southern hemisphere; 29 – detail of the periplast from Fig. 28; 30 – Q. obscura combination cell (Arctic Station 1990) showing Papposphaera-like coccoliths along one side of the cell; arrows point to square rim elements and arrowheads to pentagonal elements; 31– a second combination cell (Arctic Station 1990) where heterococcoliths are visible as dark, oval structures; 32 – combination cell collected near Arctic Station during 1988; arrow points to square rim elements and arrowhead to pentagonal elements; 33 – Detail from Fig. 32; 34 – complete coccosphere with heterococcoliths that are similar to those shown in Figs 30, 32; 35 – detail from Fig. 34. Arrows point to square rim elements and arrowheads to pentagonal elements; notice also the irregular elements in the central area of the coccolith." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12638216" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12638218" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/12638216/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/12638218/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">Figs 21–33</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC745163FFAAA66A660AFAA8FDBF10E4" blockId="6.[816,1463,1280,1586]" lastBlockId="7.[125,771,1667,1936]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="162" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">
This taxon was described based on material from West
<collectingCountry id="D4DC11F3FFAAA66B662BFA8BFC181249" box="[887,1009,1315,1341]" name="Greenland" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">Greenland</collectingCountry>
(Arctic Station). The main diagnostic feature is packages of rhombohedral crystallites (typically in groups of four) evenly distributed over the entire cell surface. The coccolith base plate scale is circular and rimmed and has a diameter of approx. 0.6 µm (
<bibRefCitation id="C85A2C92FFAAA66B66C7FA7AFB8D1298" author="Thomsen H. A." box="[923,1124,1490,1516]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" pagination="260 - 265" refId="ref7264" refString="Thomsen H. A. (1980 d) Quaternariella obscura gen. et sp. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae) from West Greenland. Phycologia 19: 260 - 265" type="journal article" year="1980">Thomsen 1980d</bibRefCitation>
). Evidence is also available documenting the presence of small non mineralized under layer scales (
<bibRefCitation id="C85A2C92FFAAA66B6142F9B0FB0F1146" author="Thomsen H. A." box="[1054,1254,1560,1586]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" pagination="260 - 265" refId="ref7264" refString="Thomsen H. A. (1980 d) Quaternariella obscura gen. et sp. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae) from West Greenland. Phycologia 19: 260 - 265" type="journal article" year="1980">Thomsen 1980d</bibRefCitation>
; loc. cit.
<figureCitation id="34F04DE6FFAAA66B6001F9B0FA411146" box="[1373,1448,1560,1586]" captionStart="Figs 3–8" captionStartId="4.[132,175,1747,1769]" captionText="Figs 3–8. Mercedesia aspiphora. TEM whole mounts (Figs 3, 6) from Antarctica (EPOS) and (Figs 4, 5, 7, 8) from the Arctic (NEW). 3 – high magnification of triangular nannoliths from the cell shown in Fig. 6; arrows point to distinct central knobs; 4 – high magnification of nannoliths from Fig. 5; 5 – complete cell with armour of triangular nannoliths; 6 – complete cell (type material) with appendages; the haptonema (arrow) is both shorter and thinner than the flagella; a single coccolith (Emiliania huxleyi) almost the size of the entire M. aspiphora cell obscures part of the flagellum; 7 – high magnification of nannoliths; the arrow points to a nannolith with the distal face upwards, whereas an arrowhead points to a nannolith with the proximal face exposed; circles indicate distinct central knobs; 8 – detail from Fig. 7 showing the finely serrate margin of the nannoliths in distal (arrow) and proximal (arrowhead) views." pageId="6" pageNumber="161">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). Most probably there is a cluster of four crystallites in the centre of each scale. Here we illustrate additional material from the
<typeStatus id="7370EFC1FFABA66A6406F961FE641197" box="[346,397,1737,1763]" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">type</typeStatus>
locality (
<figureCitation id="34F04DE6FFABA66A675EF960FD651197" box="[514,652,1736,1763]" captionStart="Figs 21–27" captionStartId="8.[132,175,1835,1857]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,223,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-5@8.[132,1470,223,1785]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 21–27. Quaternarielle obscura. TEM whole mounts from the Arctic, viz. West Greenland/Arctic Station (Figs 21, 22) and NEW (Figs 23–27). 21 – groups of crystallites; 22 – complete cell with appendages; 23 – complete cell with curled up haptonema and nicely organized packages of crystallites; 24 – detail from Fig. 23 showing the boxed organization of crystallites; dissolution phenomena are obvious; 25, 26 – complete cells showing an even spread of crystallite packages; 27 – high magnification of single rhombohedral crystallites." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12638216" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12638216/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">Figs 21–22</figureCitation>
) and also document the occurrence of this taxon in NE
<collectingCountry id="D4DC11F3FFABA66A67D5F943FCEA1071" box="[649,771,1771,1797]" name="Greenland" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">Greenland</collectingCountry>
(NEW /
<figureCitation id="34F04DE6FFABA66A65BCF8A6FE8F105C" box="[224,358,1806,1832]" captionStart="Figs 21–27" captionStartId="8.[132,175,1835,1857]" captionTargetBox="[132,1470,223,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-5@8.[132,1470,223,1785]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 21–27. Quaternarielle obscura. TEM whole mounts from the Arctic, viz. West Greenland/Arctic Station (Figs 21, 22) and NEW (Figs 23–27). 21 – groups of crystallites; 22 – complete cell with appendages; 23 – complete cell with curled up haptonema and nicely organized packages of crystallites; 24 – detail from Fig. 23 showing the boxed organization of crystallites; dissolution phenomena are obvious; 25, 26 – complete cells showing an even spread of crystallite packages; 27 – high magnification of single rhombohedral crystallites." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12638216" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12638216/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">Figs 23–27</figureCitation>
) as well as from
<collectingCountry id="D4DC11F3FFABA66A676CF8A6FD43105C" box="[560,682,1806,1832]" name="Antarctica" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
(EPOS /
<figureCitation id="34F04DE6FFABA66A65D1F898FEFF103F" box="[141,278,1840,1867]" captionStart="Figs 28–35" captionStartId="10.[132,175,1725,1747]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,223,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-5@10.[170,1417,223,1684]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figs 28–35. Quaternariella obscura. TEM whole mounts from Antarctica (EPOS) (Figs 28–29) and (Figs 30–35) West Greenland (Arctic Station). 28 – complete cell from the southern hemisphere; 29 – detail of the periplast from Fig. 28; 30 – Q. obscura combination cell (Arctic Station 1990) showing Papposphaera-like coccoliths along one side of the cell; arrows point to square rim elements and arrowheads to pentagonal elements; 31– a second combination cell (Arctic Station 1990) where heterococcoliths are visible as dark, oval structures; 32 – combination cell collected near Arctic Station during 1988; arrow points to square rim elements and arrowhead to pentagonal elements; 33 – Detail from Fig. 32; 34 – complete coccosphere with heterococcoliths that are similar to those shown in Figs 30, 32; 35 – detail from Fig. 34. Arrows point to square rim elements and arrowheads to pentagonal elements; notice also the irregular elements in the central area of the coccolith." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12638218" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12638218/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">Figs 28–29</figureCitation>
). Irrespective of the origin of the material the general appearance is very similar. Numerical details have been accounted for in
<tableCitation id="E14964D8FFABA66A64A4F8DEFDB810E4" box="[504,593,1910,1936]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="9.[125,181,223,244]" captionText="Table 3. Coccolith dimensions (µm) of Quaternariella obscura. Notice that none of the measurements, e.g. cell diameter, have been corrected for the transformation from a 3D to a 2D object that occurs to a variable degree during cell drying." pageId="7" pageNumber="162">Table 3</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="F8B401EBFFAAA66B65D8F97DFA5110E7" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" startId="6.[132,175,1749,1771]" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="AC745163FFAAA66B65D8F97DFA5110E7" blockId="6.[132,1464,1749,1940]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFAAA66B65D8F97DFF02119E" bold="true" box="[132,235,1749,1771]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">Figs 9–15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6BCB2AE0FFAAA66B65ACF97EFE64119F" box="[240,397,1750,1771]" class="Coccolithophyceae" genus="Mercedesia" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFAAA66B65ACF97EFEB6119F" box="[240,351,1750,1771]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">Mercedesia</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
TEM whole mounts of
<taxonomicName id="6BCB2AE0FFAAA66B6733F97EFCEE119F" box="[623,775,1750,1771]" class="Coccolithophyceae" genus="Mercedesia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="multistellata">
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFAAA66B6733F97EFCEE119F" box="[623,775,1750,1771]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">M. multistellata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figs 9, 10, 14, 15) from the Arctic (NOW) and
<taxonomicName id="6BCB2AE0FFAAA66B618AF97EFADE119F" box="[1238,1335,1750,1771]" class="Coccolithophyceae" genus="Mercedesia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="pusilla">
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFAAA66B618AF97EFADE119F" box="[1238,1335,1750,1771]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">M. pusilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figs 11–13) from Antarctica (EPOS).
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFAAA66B642BF959FE6A1072" bold="true" box="[375,387,1777,1798]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">9</emphasis>
– scatter of nannoliths from the cell shown in Fig. 10; arrow points to an asymmetrically positioned ‘two-armed’ nannolith; spherical structures of unknown origin occur among the nannoliths;
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFAAA66B66D7F8A5FC4A1056" bold="true" box="[907,931,1805,1826]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">10</emphasis>
– complete cell (
<taxonomicName id="6BCB2AE0FFAAA66B610CF8A6FB001057" box="[1104,1257,1806,1827]" class="Coccolithophyceae" genus="Mercedesia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="multistellata">
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFAAA66B610CF8A6FB001057" box="[1104,1257,1806,1827]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">M. multistellata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
type specimen) with stretched out flagella and haptonema (arrow);
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFAAA66B6765F881FDB9104A" bold="true" box="[569,592,1833,1854]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">11</emphasis>
– whole cell (
<taxonomicName id="6BCB2AE0FFAAA66B6789F882FCDC104B" box="[725,821,1834,1855]" class="Coccolithophyceae" genus="Mercedesia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="6" pageNumber="161" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="pusilla">
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFAAA66B6789F882FCDC104B" box="[725,821,1834,1855]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">M. pusilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
type specimen) with flagella and a shorter haptonema that stretches out perpendicular to the cell (arrow);
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFAAA66B64B6F8EDFDEB102E" bold="true" box="[490,514,1861,1882]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">12</emphasis>
– detail of nannoliths showing the central pore;
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFAAA66B668CF8EDFC01102E" bold="true" box="[976,1000,1861,1882]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">13</emphasis>
– high magnification of nannoliths from the cell shown in Fig. 11;
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFAAA66B6472F8C9FEAF1002" bold="true" box="[302,326,1889,1910]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">14</emphasis>
– detail of nannoliths (from Fig. 10) showing the rather robust appearance of some nannoliths;
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFAAA66B618CF8C9FB011002" bold="true" box="[1232,1256,1889,1910]" pageId="6" pageNumber="161">15</emphasis>
– detail of nannoliths (from Fig. 10) showing a perfectly aligned nannolith and others that are tilted to the extent that one arm is ‘reduced’ to a dark spot (arrow).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="F8B401EBFFABA66A6521FA32FCC41154" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12638214" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12638214" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12638214/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="162" startId="7.[125,168,1434,1456]" targetBox="[125,1463,223,1395]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="AC745163FFABA66A6521FA32FCC41154" blockId="7.[125,1455,1434,1568]" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFABA66A6521FA32FF0712DB" bold="true" box="[125,238,1434,1456]" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">Figs 16–20.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="6BCB2AE0FFABA66A65A8FA32FE7412DB" box="[244,413,1434,1455]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Ceratolithaceae" genus="Ericiolus" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="7" pageNumber="162" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="frigidus">
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFABA66A65A8FA32FE7412DB" box="[244,413,1434,1455]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">Ericiolus frigidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. TEM whole mounts from Antarctica (EPOS).
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFABA66A6601FA32FC9C12DB" bold="true" box="[861,885,1434,1455]" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">16</emphasis>
– detail of anterior cell end showing the entangled armor of nannoliths with the most solid spine pointing outwards;
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFABA66A67CEFA1EFD4312BF" bold="true" box="[658,682,1462,1483]" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">17</emphasis>
– detail of single nannoliths showing the tetrads of spines; the outwardly projecting spine (arrows) is more robust than the other three spines;
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFABA66A6797FA7AFD0A1293" bold="true" box="[715,739,1490,1511]" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">18</emphasis>
– more robust single nannolith; the arrow points to the outwardly directed spine;
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFABA66A65E1FA46FF3C1177" bold="true" box="[189,213,1518,1539]" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">19</emphasis>
– whole cell with extended flagella and a somewhat shorter haptonema; notice the highly characteristic heart-shaped cell body;
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFABA66A6521F9A2FF7C116B" bold="true" box="[125,149,1546,1567]" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">20</emphasis>
– a second example of a heart-shaped coccopshere with appendages.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="E4D102E8FFABA6646613F92CFA5914F6" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="7" pageNumber="162" type="description">
<paragraph id="AC745163FFABA6646613F92CFD70121C" blockId="7.[809,1456,1667,1936]" lastBlockId="9.[125,771,698,1938]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">
We provide here for the first time evidence for the existence of different life cycle phases in
<taxonomicName id="6BCB2AE0FFABA66A6075F90EFA5911B4" authorityName="Thomsen" authorityYear="1980" box="[1321,1456,1702,1728]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Calyptrosphaeraceae" genus="Quaternariella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="7" pageNumber="162" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="obscura">
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFABA66A6075F90EFA5911B4" box="[1321,1456,1702,1728]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">Q. obscura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="34F04DE6FFABA66A666DF960FC551197" box="[817,956,1736,1763]" captionStart="Figs 28–35" captionStartId="10.[132,175,1725,1747]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,223,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-5@10.[170,1417,223,1684]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figs 28–35. Quaternariella obscura. TEM whole mounts from Antarctica (EPOS) (Figs 28–29) and (Figs 30–35) West Greenland (Arctic Station). 28 – complete cell from the southern hemisphere; 29 – detail of the periplast from Fig. 28; 30 – Q. obscura combination cell (Arctic Station 1990) showing Papposphaera-like coccoliths along one side of the cell; arrows point to square rim elements and arrowheads to pentagonal elements; 31– a second combination cell (Arctic Station 1990) where heterococcoliths are visible as dark, oval structures; 32 – combination cell collected near Arctic Station during 1988; arrow points to square rim elements and arrowhead to pentagonal elements; 33 – Detail from Fig. 32; 34 – complete coccosphere with heterococcoliths that are similar to those shown in Figs 30, 32; 35 – detail from Fig. 34. Arrows point to square rim elements and arrowheads to pentagonal elements; notice also the irregular elements in the central area of the coccolith." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12638218" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12638218/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">Figs 30–33</figureCitation>
). We found three combination cells in the Arctic that display typical
<taxonomicName id="6BCB2AE0FFABA66A6102F944FB091071" authorityName="Thomsen" authorityYear="1980" box="[1118,1248,1771,1798]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Calyptrosphaeraceae" genus="Quaternariella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="7" pageNumber="162" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="obscura">
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFABA66A6102F944FB091071" box="[1118,1248,1771,1798]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">Q. obscura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
holococcoliths in one half of the cell whereas the other half carries heterococcoliths that bear resemblance to e.g.
<taxonomicName id="6BCB2AE0FFABA66A6058F898FCB0101A" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Papposphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="7" pageNumber="162" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFABA66A6058F898FA46103E" box="[1284,1455,1840,1866]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">Papposphaera</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="34F04DE6FFABA66A6636F8FBFC1E1019" box="[874,1015,1875,1901]" captionStart="Figs 28–35" captionStartId="10.[132,175,1725,1747]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,223,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-5@10.[170,1417,223,1684]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figs 28–35. Quaternariella obscura. TEM whole mounts from Antarctica (EPOS) (Figs 28–29) and (Figs 30–35) West Greenland (Arctic Station). 28 – complete cell from the southern hemisphere; 29 – detail of the periplast from Fig. 28; 30 – Q. obscura combination cell (Arctic Station 1990) showing Papposphaera-like coccoliths along one side of the cell; arrows point to square rim elements and arrowheads to pentagonal elements; 31– a second combination cell (Arctic Station 1990) where heterococcoliths are visible as dark, oval structures; 32 – combination cell collected near Arctic Station during 1988; arrow points to square rim elements and arrowhead to pentagonal elements; 33 – Detail from Fig. 32; 34 – complete coccosphere with heterococcoliths that are similar to those shown in Figs 30, 32; 35 – detail from Fig. 34. Arrows point to square rim elements and arrowheads to pentagonal elements; notice also the irregular elements in the central area of the coccolith." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12638218" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12638218/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="162">Figs 30, 32</figureCitation>
). The contours of the individual heterococcolith can be traced and we can additionally account for at least some details of the rim calcification. In the combination cells (
<figureCitation id="34F04DE6FFA5A66464B6FD75FD9A1583" box="[490,627,733,759]" captionStart="Figs 28–35" captionStartId="10.[132,175,1725,1747]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,223,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-5@10.[170,1417,223,1684]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figs 28–35. Quaternariella obscura. TEM whole mounts from Antarctica (EPOS) (Figs 28–29) and (Figs 30–35) West Greenland (Arctic Station). 28 – complete cell from the southern hemisphere; 29 – detail of the periplast from Fig. 28; 30 – Q. obscura combination cell (Arctic Station 1990) showing Papposphaera-like coccoliths along one side of the cell; arrows point to square rim elements and arrowheads to pentagonal elements; 31– a second combination cell (Arctic Station 1990) where heterococcoliths are visible as dark, oval structures; 32 – combination cell collected near Arctic Station during 1988; arrow points to square rim elements and arrowhead to pentagonal elements; 33 – Detail from Fig. 32; 34 – complete coccosphere with heterococcoliths that are similar to those shown in Figs 30, 32; 35 – detail from Fig. 34. Arrows point to square rim elements and arrowheads to pentagonal elements; notice also the irregular elements in the central area of the coccolith." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12638218" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12638218/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Figs 30, 32</figureCitation>
) the heterococcolith rims have fallen apart into the individual elements. This probably is due to the very delicate structure of the rim. The heterococcolith central area is oval and measures 0.47–0.61 × 0.82–0.96 µm which is within the size range typical for species of
<taxonomicName id="6BCB2AE0FFA5A6646740FC22FD2E14D0" authorityName="Tangen" authorityYear="1972" box="[540,711,906,932]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Papposphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFA5A6646740FC22FD2E14D0" box="[540,711,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Papposphaera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Unfortunately we were not able to resolve the exact structure of the central area calcification, although
<figureCitation id="34F04DE6FFA5A66467F1FC78FCEA149E" box="[685,771,976,1002]" captionStart="Figs 28–35" captionStartId="10.[132,175,1725,1747]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,223,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-5@10.[170,1417,223,1684]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figs 28–35. Quaternariella obscura. TEM whole mounts from Antarctica (EPOS) (Figs 28–29) and (Figs 30–35) West Greenland (Arctic Station). 28 – complete cell from the southern hemisphere; 29 – detail of the periplast from Fig. 28; 30 – Q. obscura combination cell (Arctic Station 1990) showing Papposphaera-like coccoliths along one side of the cell; arrows point to square rim elements and arrowheads to pentagonal elements; 31– a second combination cell (Arctic Station 1990) where heterococcoliths are visible as dark, oval structures; 32 – combination cell collected near Arctic Station during 1988; arrow points to square rim elements and arrowhead to pentagonal elements; 33 – Detail from Fig. 32; 34 – complete coccosphere with heterococcoliths that are similar to those shown in Figs 30, 32; 35 – detail from Fig. 34. Arrows point to square rim elements and arrowheads to pentagonal elements; notice also the irregular elements in the central area of the coccolith." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12638218" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12638218/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
shows that it seems to consist of a heap of irregularly placed elements. The rim consists of a proximal/inner cycle of rod shaped elements aligned end-to-end (
<figureCitation id="34F04DE6FFA5A6646793FB90FF1E1301" captionStart="Figs 28–35" captionStartId="10.[132,175,1725,1747]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,223,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-5@10.[170,1417,223,1684]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figs 28–35. Quaternariella obscura. TEM whole mounts from Antarctica (EPOS) (Figs 28–29) and (Figs 30–35) West Greenland (Arctic Station). 28 – complete cell from the southern hemisphere; 29 – detail of the periplast from Fig. 28; 30 – Q. obscura combination cell (Arctic Station 1990) showing Papposphaera-like coccoliths along one side of the cell; arrows point to square rim elements and arrowheads to pentagonal elements; 31– a second combination cell (Arctic Station 1990) where heterococcoliths are visible as dark, oval structures; 32 – combination cell collected near Arctic Station during 1988; arrow points to square rim elements and arrowhead to pentagonal elements; 33 – Detail from Fig. 32; 34 – complete coccosphere with heterococcoliths that are similar to those shown in Figs 30, 32; 35 – detail from Fig. 34. Arrows point to square rim elements and arrowheads to pentagonal elements; notice also the irregular elements in the central area of the coccolith." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12638218" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12638218/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Figs 30, 32–33</figureCitation>
). The distal/outer cycle is built of differently sized pentagonal and square elements (height: 0.27– 0.38 µm). In an undisturbed coccosphere these element most likely will closely adjoin to form a somewhat widening tube encircling the central area. The overall appearance and the dimensions of the rim thus coincide with those described from species of
<taxonomicName id="6BCB2AE0FFA5A6646704FA82FCEA1230" authorityName="Tangen" authorityYear="1972" box="[600,771,1322,1348]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Papposphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFA5A6646704FA82FCEA1230" box="[600,771,1322,1348]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Papposphaera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="C85A2C92FFA5A66465B8FAE5FE311213" author="Thomsen H. A." box="[228,472,1357,1383]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" pagination="77 - 94" refId="ref7295" refString="Thomsen H. A. (1981) Identification by electron microscopy of nanoplanktonic coccolithophorids (Prymnesiophyceae) from West Greenland, including the description of Papposphaera sarion sp. nov. Br. Phycol. J. 16: 77 - 94" type="journal article" year="1981">
Thomsen
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFA5A6646405FAE6FE7D1213" box="[345,404,1357,1383]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
1981
</bibRefCitation>
, loc. cit.
<figureCitation id="34F04DE6FFA5A664671FFAE5FD63121C" box="[579,650,1357,1384]" captionStart="Figs 3–8" captionStartId="4.[132,175,1747,1769]" captionText="Figs 3–8. Mercedesia aspiphora. TEM whole mounts (Figs 3, 6) from Antarctica (EPOS) and (Figs 4, 5, 7, 8) from the Arctic (NEW). 3 – high magnification of triangular nannoliths from the cell shown in Fig. 6; arrows point to distinct central knobs; 4 – high magnification of nannoliths from Fig. 5; 5 – complete cell with armour of triangular nannoliths; 6 – complete cell (type material) with appendages; the haptonema (arrow) is both shorter and thinner than the flagella; a single coccolith (Emiliania huxleyi) almost the size of the entire M. aspiphora cell obscures part of the flagellum; 7 – high magnification of nannoliths; the arrow points to a nannolith with the distal face upwards, whereas an arrowhead points to a nannolith with the proximal face exposed; circles indicate distinct central knobs; 8 – detail from Fig. 7 showing the finely serrate margin of the nannoliths in distal (arrow) and proximal (arrowhead) views." pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="F8B401EBFFA4A66565D8F883FADC10E1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12638216" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12638216" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12638216/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" startId="8.[132,175,1835,1857]" targetBox="[132,1470,223,1784]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="AC745163FFA4A66565D8F883FADC10E1" blockId="8.[132,1471,1835,1941]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFA4A66565D8F883FF1E1034" bold="true" box="[132,247,1835,1857]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">Figs 21–27.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFA4A66565A1F883FE361034" box="[253,479,1835,1856]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">
Quaternarielle
<taxonomicName id="6BCB2AE0FFA4A66564CEF883FE361034" authorityName="Thomsen" authorityYear="1980" box="[402,479,1835,1856]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Calyptrosphaeraceae" genus="Quaternariella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="obscura">obscura</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
. TEM whole mounts from the Arctic, viz. West Greenland/Arctic Station (Figs 21, 22) and NEW (Figs 23–27).
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFA4A6656588F8EFFF051028" bold="true" box="[212,236,1863,1884]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">21</emphasis>
– groups of crystallites;
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFA4A6656487F8EFFE1A1028" bold="true" box="[475,499,1863,1884]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">22</emphasis>
– complete cell with appendages;
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFA4A6656663F8EFFCBE1028" bold="true" box="[831,855,1863,1884]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">23</emphasis>
– complete cell with curled up haptonema and nicely organized packages of crystallites;
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFA4A665642DF8CBFE60100C" bold="true" box="[369,393,1891,1912]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">24</emphasis>
– detail from Fig. 23 showing the boxed organization of crystallites; dissolution phenomena are obvious;
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFA4A66560DEF8CBFA57100C" bold="true" box="[1410,1470,1891,1912]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">25, 26</emphasis>
– complete cells showing an even spread of crystallite packages;
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFA4A66567A9F8D7FCE410E0" bold="true" box="[757,781,1919,1940]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">27</emphasis>
– high magnification of single rhombohedral crystallites.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="F8B401EBFFA5A6646521FF77FB991665" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" startId="9.[125,181,223,244]" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="AC745163FFA5A6646521FF77FB991665" blockId="9.[125,1455,223,273]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFA5A6646521FF77FF271780" bold="true" box="[125,206,223,244]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Table 3.</emphasis>
Coccolith dimensions (µm) of
<taxonomicName id="6BCB2AE0FFA5A664675CFF77FD0D1780" authorityName="Thomsen" authorityYear="1980" box="[512,740,223,244]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Calyptrosphaeraceae" genus="Quaternariella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="obscura">
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFA5A664675CFF77FD0D1780" box="[512,740,223,244]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Quaternariella obscura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Notice that none of the measurements, e.g. cell diameter, have been corrected for the transformation from a 3D to a 2D object that occurs to a variable degree during cell drying.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="AC745163FFA5A6646521FE9AFB46153F" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">
<table id="DECBA3C3FFA559926521FE9AFA84153F" box="[125,1389,306,587]" gridcols="8" gridrows="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">
<tr id="12FB5321FFA559926521FE9AFA841631" box="[125,1389,306,325]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th id="512A3A5DFFA559926521FE9AFF241631" box="[125,205,306,325]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Flagella</th>
<th id="512A3A5DFFA55992645DFE9AFE8A1631" box="[257,355,306,325]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Haptonema</th>
<th id="512A3A5DFFA5599264D9FE9AFE091631" box="[389,480,306,325]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Cell diam.</th>
<th id="512A3A5DFFA5599267E3FE9AFC671631" box="[703,910,306,325]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Crystallite (edge)</th>
<th id="512A3A5DFFA559926154FE9AFA841631" box="[1032,1389,306,325]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Source of material</th>
</tr>
<tr id="12FB5321FFA559926521FEFFFA84161F" box="[125,1389,343,363]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-7="1">
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926761FEFFFD87161F" box="[573,622,343,363]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Mean</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA5599267E3FEFFFD1B161F" box="[703,754,343,363]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">SD</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926674FEFFFC67161F" box="[808,910,343,363]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">min/max</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926699FEFFFC35161F" box="[965,988,343,363]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">n</td>
</tr>
<tr id="12FB5321FFA559926521FED4FA8416E4" box="[125,1389,380,400]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="512A3A5DFFA559926521FED4FF2416E4" box="[125,205,380,400]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">20.8/25.4</th>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA5599264D9FED4FE0916E4" box="[389,480,380,400]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">3.8</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926761FED4FD8716E4" box="[573,622,380,400]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">0.119</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA5599267E3FED4FD1B16E4" box="[703,754,380,400]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">0.011</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926674FED4FC6716E4" box="[808,910,380,400]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">0.099/0.132</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926699FED4FC3516E4" box="[965,988,380,400]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">8</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926154FED4FA8416E4" box="[1032,1389,380,400]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Arctic Station, W. Greenland (Figs 21,22)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="12FB5321FFA559926521FE0AFA8416C1" box="[125,1389,418,437]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<td id="512A3A5DFFA5599264D9FE0AFE0916C1" box="[389,480,418,437]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">4.3 × 5.3</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926761FE0AFD8716C1" box="[573,622,418,437]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">0.097</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA5599267E3FE0AFD1B16C1" box="[703,754,418,437]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">0.013</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926674FE0AFC6716C1" box="[808,910,418,437]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">0.078/0.122</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926699FE0AFC3516C1" box="[965,988,418,437]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">18</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926154FE0AFA8416C1" box="[1032,1389,418,437]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Arctic Station, W. Greenland (Fig. 30)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="12FB5321FFA559926521FE6FFA8416AF" box="[125,1389,455,475]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<td id="512A3A5DFFA55992645DFE6FFE8A16AF" box="[257,355,455,475]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">13.2</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA5599264D9FE6FFE0916AF" box="[389,480,455,475]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">4.3 × 4.8</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926154FE6FFA8416AF" box="[1032,1389,455,475]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">NEW (Figs 23,24)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="12FB5321FFA559926521FE45FA841574" box="[125,1389,493,512]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926761FE45FD871574" box="[573,622,493,512]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">0.127</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA5599267E3FE45FD1B1574" box="[703,754,493,512]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">0.014</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926674FE45FC671574" box="[808,910,493,512]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">0.110/0.152</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926699FE45FC351574" box="[965,988,493,512]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">14</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926154FE45FA841574" box="[1032,1389,493,512]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">NEW (Figs 25, 27)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="12FB5321FFA559926521FDBAFA841552" box="[125,1389,530,550]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<td id="512A3A5DFFA5599264D9FDBAFE091552" box="[389,480,530,550]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">3.1 × 3.5</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926761FDBAFD871552" box="[573,622,530,550]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">0.129</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA5599267E3FDBAFD1B1552" box="[703,754,530,550]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">0.016</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926674FDBAFC671552" box="[808,910,530,550]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">0.09/0.16</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926699FDBAFC351552" box="[965,988,530,550]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">18</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926154FDBAFA841552" box="[1032,1389,530,550]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">NEW (Fig. 26)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="12FB5321FFA559926521FD90FA84153F" box="[125,1389,568,587]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<td id="512A3A5DFFA5599264D9FD90FE09153F" box="[389,480,568,587]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">2.5 × 3.8</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926761FD90FD87153F" box="[573,622,568,587]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">0.115</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA5599267E3FD90FD1B153F" box="[703,754,568,587]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">0.013</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926674FD90FC67153F" box="[808,910,568,587]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">0.087/0.139</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926699FD90FC35153F" box="[965,988,568,587]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">21</td>
<td id="512A3A5DFFA559926154FD90FA84153F" box="[1032,1389,568,587]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">EPOS (Figs 28–29)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC745163FFA5A66465FFFAD8FE4B1039" blockId="9.[125,771,698,1938]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">
The cell illustrated in
<figureCitation id="34F04DE6FFA5A66464EDFAD8FDD112FF" box="[433,568,1392,1419]" captionStart="Figs 28–35" captionStartId="10.[132,175,1725,1747]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,223,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-5@10.[170,1417,223,1684]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figs 28–35. Quaternariella obscura. TEM whole mounts from Antarctica (EPOS) (Figs 28–29) and (Figs 30–35) West Greenland (Arctic Station). 28 – complete cell from the southern hemisphere; 29 – detail of the periplast from Fig. 28; 30 – Q. obscura combination cell (Arctic Station 1990) showing Papposphaera-like coccoliths along one side of the cell; arrows point to square rim elements and arrowheads to pentagonal elements; 31– a second combination cell (Arctic Station 1990) where heterococcoliths are visible as dark, oval structures; 32 – combination cell collected near Arctic Station during 1988; arrow points to square rim elements and arrowhead to pentagonal elements; 33 – Detail from Fig. 32; 34 – complete coccosphere with heterococcoliths that are similar to those shown in Figs 30, 32; 35 – detail from Fig. 34. Arrows point to square rim elements and arrowheads to pentagonal elements; notice also the irregular elements in the central area of the coccolith." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12638218" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12638218/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Figs 34–35</figureCitation>
is interpreted as a complete specimen of the heterococcolithophorid stage within the
<taxonomicName id="6BCB2AE0FFA5A6646404FA1DFD9E12BB" authorityName="Thomsen" authorityYear="1980" box="[344,631,1461,1487]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Calyptrosphaeraceae" genus="Quaternariella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="obscura">
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFA5A6646404FA1DFD9E12BB" box="[344,631,1461,1487]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Quaternariella obscura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
life cycle. The absence of muroliths with a central process must be noted although more material obviously needs to be examined to verify whether this is a persistent feature of this species. An enlargement of selected coccoliths in
<figureCitation id="34F04DE6FFA5A66465C6F9CAFF041109" box="[154,237,1634,1661]" captionStart="Figs 28–35" captionStartId="10.[132,175,1725,1747]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,223,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-5@10.[170,1417,223,1684]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figs 28–35. Quaternariella obscura. TEM whole mounts from Antarctica (EPOS) (Figs 28–29) and (Figs 30–35) West Greenland (Arctic Station). 28 – complete cell from the southern hemisphere; 29 – detail of the periplast from Fig. 28; 30 – Q. obscura combination cell (Arctic Station 1990) showing Papposphaera-like coccoliths along one side of the cell; arrows point to square rim elements and arrowheads to pentagonal elements; 31– a second combination cell (Arctic Station 1990) where heterococcoliths are visible as dark, oval structures; 32 – combination cell collected near Arctic Station during 1988; arrow points to square rim elements and arrowhead to pentagonal elements; 33 – Detail from Fig. 32; 34 – complete coccosphere with heterococcoliths that are similar to those shown in Figs 30, 32; 35 – detail from Fig. 34. Arrows point to square rim elements and arrowheads to pentagonal elements; notice also the irregular elements in the central area of the coccolith." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12638218" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12638218/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
shows, in support of the morphological interpretation of the coccolith shown in
<figureCitation id="34F04DE6FFA5A6646749F92DFD8311EB" box="[533,618,1669,1695]" captionStart="Figs 28–35" captionStartId="10.[132,175,1725,1747]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,223,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-5@10.[170,1417,223,1684]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figs 28–35. Quaternariella obscura. TEM whole mounts from Antarctica (EPOS) (Figs 28–29) and (Figs 30–35) West Greenland (Arctic Station). 28 – complete cell from the southern hemisphere; 29 – detail of the periplast from Fig. 28; 30 – Q. obscura combination cell (Arctic Station 1990) showing Papposphaera-like coccoliths along one side of the cell; arrows point to square rim elements and arrowheads to pentagonal elements; 31– a second combination cell (Arctic Station 1990) where heterococcoliths are visible as dark, oval structures; 32 – combination cell collected near Arctic Station during 1988; arrow points to square rim elements and arrowhead to pentagonal elements; 33 – Detail from Fig. 32; 34 – complete coccosphere with heterococcoliths that are similar to those shown in Figs 30, 32; 35 – detail from Fig. 34. Arrows point to square rim elements and arrowheads to pentagonal elements; notice also the irregular elements in the central area of the coccolith." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12638218" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12638218/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
, that the central area calcification comprises a flat layer of irregular aggregations of elements of different size and shape. It is also evident that this cell shares the irregular appearance of the outer edge of the coccolith rim with the cells illustrated in
<figureCitation id="34F04DE6FFA5A6646444F89AFE771039" box="[280,414,1842,1869]" captionStart="Figs 28–35" captionStartId="10.[132,175,1725,1747]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,223,1681]" captionTargetId="figure-5@10.[170,1417,223,1684]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figs 28–35. Quaternariella obscura. TEM whole mounts from Antarctica (EPOS) (Figs 28–29) and (Figs 30–35) West Greenland (Arctic Station). 28 – complete cell from the southern hemisphere; 29 – detail of the periplast from Fig. 28; 30 – Q. obscura combination cell (Arctic Station 1990) showing Papposphaera-like coccoliths along one side of the cell; arrows point to square rim elements and arrowheads to pentagonal elements; 31– a second combination cell (Arctic Station 1990) where heterococcoliths are visible as dark, oval structures; 32 – combination cell collected near Arctic Station during 1988; arrow points to square rim elements and arrowhead to pentagonal elements; 33 – Detail from Fig. 32; 34 – complete coccosphere with heterococcoliths that are similar to those shown in Figs 30, 32; 35 – detail from Fig. 34. Arrows point to square rim elements and arrowheads to pentagonal elements; notice also the irregular elements in the central area of the coccolith." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12638218" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12638218/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Figs 30, 32</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AC745163FFA5A66465FFF8FDFA5914F6" blockId="9.[125,771,698,1938]" lastBlockId="9.[809,1456,698,898]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">
Although the rim of the heterococcoliths in the combination cells resembles that of
<taxonomicName id="6BCB2AE0FFA5A664675DF8D0FD4310E6" authorityName="Tangen" authorityYear="1972" box="[513,682,1912,1938]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Papposphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFA5A664675DF8D0FD4310E6" box="[513,682,1912,1938]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Papposphaera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
coccoliths, the absence of a central process and the aberrant structure of the central area makes it is difficult to assign these heterococcoliths to
<taxonomicName id="6BCB2AE0FFA5A664613CFCA8FAE0146E" authorityName="Tangen" authorityYear="1972" box="[1120,1289,768,794]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Papposphaeraceae" genus="Papposphaera" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFA5A664613CFCA8FAE0146E" box="[1120,1289,768,794]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Papposphaera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or any other known heterococcolithophorid genus. However, from a taxonomic point of view it is in the future sufficient to refer to the heterococcolith phase as
<taxonomicName id="6BCB2AE0FFA5A66461B7FCC0FA5914F6" authority="HET." authorityName="HET." box="[1259,1456,872,898]" class="Coccolithophyceae" family="Calyptrosphaeraceae" genus="Quaternariella" kingdom="Chromista" order="Coccosphaerales" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" phylum="Haptophyta" rank="species" species="obscura">
<emphasis id="9EBF8D71FFA5A66461B7FCC0FA8214F6" box="[1259,1387,872,898]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Q. obscura</emphasis>
HET.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink