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<document id="CBDC6CF42686834C30CF9190F0428F11" ID-CLB-Dataset="2383" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5093.3.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d9d92f32-c288-44a2-a860-6a6cdeb36189" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5909824" ID-ZooBank="EC380383-C960-4473-92DD-A46699E07FA2" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1643276104272" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Maggioni, Tamara, Rimondino, Clara, Taverna, Anabela, Reyna, Paola, Lagger, Cristian, Alurralde, Gastón, Calcagno, Emilia &amp; Tatián, Marcos" docDate="2022" docId="0075879CFFB7FF8CFF0987F8456CFCE0" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5093.3.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5093 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Culeolus anonymus Monniot C. &amp; Monniot F. 1976" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="307" masterDocId="FC4CFFE4FFBEFF87FF9E8264410BFFBD" masterDocTitle="Abyssal ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata) from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica, including a new Styela species and stomach content identifications" masterLastPageNumber="314" masterPageNumber="296" pageNumber="305" updateTime="1699304442058" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="201CCC58B17A8BEEF2AC1220C61A5544">Abyssal ascidians (Chordata, Tunicata) from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica, including a new Styela species and stomach content identifications</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B357FE13CEBAA5B3468BE5F04CB80BF1">Rimondino, Clara</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="84A765CAA54A9D03B5E3BF059D2D260E">Taverna, Anabela</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B96891F3814521CEA5D685951B1DE120">Reyna, Paola</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A5B532792D150E5216959C5A80AC3A10">Lagger, Cristian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A753E3600436DDE6DABE3C344A3BE0A3">Alurralde, Gastón</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="406FFF0191DD418173D22C32C0BBE89D">Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0332 - 3978</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CA91BE570C2D634B62914FE56BFCDDCC">Calcagno, Emilia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B21D0D0AB21EF0CF767647CAD2637508">Tatián, Marcos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="DE1A7F6481F5770BE35F2B81C0C2C554">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="DCEE9B2540090943ABBD547FF07FC7D8">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0075879CFFB7FF8CFF0987F8456CFCE0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5911117" ID-GBIF-Taxon="192662322" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5911117" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0075879CFFB7FF8CFF0987F8456CFCE0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0075879CFFB7FF8CFF0987F8456CFCE0" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="307" pageId="9" pageNumber="305">
<subSubSection id="C0C66501FFB7FF8EFF0987F84212FA0A" box="[151,793,1436,1463]" pageId="9" pageNumber="305" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8863368AFFB7FF8EFF0987F84212FA0A" blockId="9.[151,793,1436,1499]" box="[151,793,1436,1463]" pageId="9" pageNumber="305">
<heading id="D32B81E6FFB7FF8EFF0987F84212FA0A" bold="true" box="[151,793,1436,1463]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="305" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB7FF8EFF0987F84212FA0A" ID-CoL="6C32B" authority="Monniot C. &amp; Monniot F., 1976" authorityName="Monniot C. &amp; Monniot F." authorityYear="1976" box="[151,793,1436,1463]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anonymus">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB7FF8EFF0987F84212FA0A" bold="true" box="[151,793,1436,1463]" pageId="9" pageNumber="305">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB7FF8EFF0987F84083FA0A" bold="true" box="[151,392,1436,1463]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="305">Culeolus anonymus</emphasis>
Monniot C. &amp; Monniot F., 1976
</emphasis>
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</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8863368AFFB7FF8EFF0987A541FEFA66" blockId="9.[151,793,1436,1499]" box="[151,245,1473,1499]" pageId="9" pageNumber="305">
<figureCitation id="10E72A0FFFB7FF8EFF0987A541FEFA66" box="[151,245,1473,1499]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1525,1549]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,597,1502]" captionTargetId="figure-198@10.[155,1433,597,1502]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Culeolus anonymus. A: individual; B: vesicles of the tunic; C: internal anatomy (without branchial sac)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5909843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5909843/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="305">Figure 6</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C0C66501FFB7FF8EFF0984614350F9E6" pageId="9" pageNumber="305" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8863368AFFB7FF8EFF0984614436F9A3" blockId="9.[151,1341,1541,1627]" box="[151,1341,1541,1566]" pageId="9" pageNumber="305">
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB7FF8EFF09846143ADF9A0" ID-CoL="6C32B" authority="Monniot C. &amp; Monniot F. 1976" authorityName="Monniot C. &amp; Monniot F." authorityYear="1976" box="[151,678,1541,1565]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anonymus">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB7FF8EFF0984614054F9A0" box="[151,351,1541,1565]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="305">Culeolus anonymus</emphasis>
Monniot C. &amp; Monniot F. 1976
</taxonomicName>
; Sanamyan K. &amp; Sanamyan N. 2002: 344, fig 25, and synonymy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8863368AFFB7FF8EFF09844045C7F981" blockId="9.[151,1341,1541,1627]" box="[151,1228,1572,1596]" pageId="9" pageNumber="305">
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB7FF8EFF09844040FFF981" ID-CoL="6C2Q7" authority=": Millar, 1959: 199" authorityName=": Millar" authorityPageNumber="199" authorityYear="1959" box="[151,500,1572,1596]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suhmi">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB7FF8EFF098440403EF981" box="[151,309,1572,1596]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="305">Culeolus suhmi</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EC4D4B7BFFB7FF8EFEDF844040FFF981" author="Millar, R. H." box="[321,500,1572,1596]" pageId="9" pageNumber="305" pagination="189 - 209" refId="ref11729" refString="Millar, R. H. (1959) Ascidiacea. Galathea Report, 1, 189 - 209." type="journal article" year="1959">Millar, 1959: 199</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, figs. 11B and 11F (part: stations 663 y 668);
<bibRefCitation id="EC4D4B7BFFB7FF8EFC5B84404573F981" author="Millar, R. H." box="[965,1144,1572,1596]" pageId="9" pageNumber="305" pagination="99 - 159" refId="ref11769" refString="Millar, R. H. (1970) Ascidians, including specimens from the deep-sea, collected by the R. V. ' Vema' and now in the American Museum of Natural History. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 49 (2), 99 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1970. tb 00732. x" type="journal article" year="1970">Millar, 1970: 136</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 28.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8863368AFFB7FF8EFF0984274350F9E6" blockId="9.[151,1341,1541,1627]" box="[151,603,1602,1627]" pageId="9" pageNumber="305">
?
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB7FF8EFF3784264350F9E6" authority="Herdman, 1881" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1881" box="[169,603,1602,1627]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wivylle-thomsoni">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB7FF8EFF37842640BDF9E7" box="[169,438,1602,1626]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="305">Culeolus wivylle-thomsoni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EC4D4B7BFFB7FF8EFE2384264350F9E6" author="Herdman, W. A." box="[445,603,1602,1627]" pageId="9" pageNumber="305" pagination="52 - 58" refId="ref10962" refString="Herdman, W. A. (1881) Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the &quot; Challenger &quot; expedition. Part III. Cynthidae. Proceedings of the Royal society of Edinburgh, 11 (3), 52 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0370164600046782" type="journal article" year="1881">Herdman, 1881</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C0C66501FFB7FF8EFF0984EC457BF91E" box="[151,1136,1672,1700]" pageId="9" pageNumber="305" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8863368AFFB7FF8EFF0984EC457BF91E" blockId="9.[151,1437,1672,2023]" box="[151,1136,1672,1700]" pageId="9" pageNumber="305">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB7FF8EFF0984EC4072F91F" bold="true" box="[151,377,1672,1698]" pageId="9" pageNumber="305">Material examined</emphasis>
:
<geoCoordinate id="EDE8504DFFB7FF8EFE1684ED40ECF91E" box="[392,487,1673,1699]" degrees="68" direction="south" minutes="32" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="305" precision="925" value="-68.53333">68°32’S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EDE8504DFFB7FF8EFE6C84ED4351F91E" box="[498,602,1673,1699]" degrees="20" direction="west" minutes="34" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="305" precision="925" value="-20.566668">20°34’W</geoCoordinate>
, station 9, 4930 m,
<date id="FC62104AFFB7FF8EFCAB84ED42CFF919" box="[821,964,1673,1700]" pageId="9" pageNumber="305" value="2005-02-27">27 Feb 2005</date>
,
<specimenCount id="9EDAFD03FFB7FF8EFC5184ED4567F91E" box="[975,1132,1673,1699]" pageId="9" pageNumber="305" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C0C66501FFB7FF8DFF5984C84429F9EA" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="306" pageId="9" pageNumber="305" type="description">
<paragraph id="8863368AFFB7FF8DFF5984C845BEFF44" blockId="9.[151,1437,1672,2023]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,249]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="306" pageId="9" pageNumber="305">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB7FF8EFF5984C84052F97B" bold="true" box="[199,345,1708,1734]" pageId="9" pageNumber="305">Description.</emphasis>
The only specimen collected was found attached to the peduncle of
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB7FF8EFBE284C9443EF97A" box="[1148,1333,1709,1735]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="305">
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB7FF8EFBE284C9443AF97A" authorityName=": Millar" authorityYear="1959" box="[1148,1329,1709,1735]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="9" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suhmi">Culeolus suhmi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Its body measures
<quantity id="4F249B6FFFB7FF8EFE9484B54052F956" box="[266,345,1745,1771]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="305" unit="cm" value="1.8">1.8 cm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4F249B6FFFB7FF8EFE4D84B54329F956" box="[467,546,1745,1771]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="305" unit="cm" value="2.7">2.7 cm</quantity>
wide while the length of the peduncle reaches
<quantity id="4F249B6FFFB7FF8EFBCE84B545A9F956" box="[1104,1186,1745,1772]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="305" unit="cm" value="6.5">6.5 cm</quantity>
, the shortest measure reported so far. The tunic is white (
<figureCitation id="10E72A0FFFB7FF8EFDB88491438AF8AD" box="[550,641,1781,1808]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1525,1549]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,597,1502]" captionTargetId="figure-198@10.[155,1433,597,1502]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Culeolus anonymus. A: individual; B: vesicles of the tunic; C: internal anatomy (without branchial sac)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5909843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5909843/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="305">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
). It is completely covered by tiny rounded-tipped vesicles, which give the surface of the animal a granulated aspect (
<figureCitation id="10E72A0FFFB7FF8EFD2F857D4206F889" box="[689,781,1817,1844]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1525,1549]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,597,1502]" captionTargetId="figure-198@10.[155,1433,597,1502]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Culeolus anonymus. A: individual; B: vesicles of the tunic; C: internal anatomy (without branchial sac)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5909843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5909843/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="305">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
). The atrial aperture is surrounded by a crest of papillae interrupted dorsally. In the ventral region, the papillae of the crest are thicker and attached by their sides, creating a sort of stout lamella. There are no papillae in the mid-ventral region nor in any other region of the body (
<figureCitation id="10E72A0FFFB7FF8EFAAD850541A7F822" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1525,1549]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,597,1502]" captionTargetId="figure-198@10.[155,1433,597,1502]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Culeolus anonymus. A: individual; B: vesicles of the tunic; C: internal anatomy (without branchial sac)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5909843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5909843/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="305">Figs. 6A, B</figureCitation>
). There are 32 oral tentacles, with ramifications of the one order, disposed in a circle. Bigger tentacles with wide bases are distributed interspaced with smaller and thinner tentacles. Some of the bases of the bigger tentacles are so wide that they extend beyond the line of insertion towards the oral aperture. There is no oral velum. The dorsal tubercle has a “C” shape. The pre-pharyngeal band is simple. It makes a pronounced V around the dorsal tubercle. The dorsal lamina is composed of 20 triangular languets. Strong muscle fibers form a gridded network over the mantle. The branchial sac has six folds on each side. The branchial formula for the left side is:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8863368AFFB4FF8DFF098343437EFEFC" blockId="10.[151,629,295,322]" box="[151,629,295,322]" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">DL - 2 (7) 2 (6) 3 (9) 3 (7) 3 (6) 2 (4) 4 - E</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8863368AFFB4FF8DFF59830B435FFD83" blockId="10.[151,1437,367,574]" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">
There is a short esophagus that connects with a small stomach, which is covered by two rows of hepatic diverticula. The intestine is long and thick. The border of the anus has multiple lobes. A short atrial velum was observed. There are two gonads on each side of the body. On the left side, the posterior gonad is located inside the gut-loop, while the anterior gonad is located antero-dorsal to the gut-loop. Both right gonads are located parallel to the endostyle, in one line, one after another. The anterior gonads on both sides of the body have two lobes, while the ventral gonads have only one (
<figureCitation id="10E72A0FFFB4FF8DFE718047434CFD83" box="[495,583,547,574]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1525,1549]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,597,1502]" captionTargetId="figure-198@10.[155,1433,597,1502]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Culeolus anonymus. A: individual; B: vesicles of the tunic; C: internal anatomy (without branchial sac)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5909843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5909843/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DCA36602FFB4FF8DFF0987914437F9B3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5909843" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5909843" box="[151,1340,1525,1550]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5909843/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="306" startId="10.[151,250,1525,1549]" targetBox="[155,1433,597,1502]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8863368AFFB4FF8DFF0987914437F9B3" blockId="10.[151,1340,1525,1550]" box="[151,1340,1525,1550]" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB4FF8DFF0987914018F9B3" bold="true" box="[151,275,1525,1550]" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB4FF8DFE87879240EAF9B0" box="[281,481,1526,1550]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anonymus">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB4FF8DFE87879240EAF9B0" box="[281,481,1526,1550]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">Culeolus anonymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB4FF8DFE7387914303F9B0" bold="true" box="[493,520,1525,1549]" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">A:</emphasis>
individual;
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB4FF8DFD1C87924397F9B3" bold="true" box="[642,668,1526,1550]" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">B:</emphasis>
vesicles of the tunic;
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB4FF8DFCE78791429FF9B0" bold="true" box="[889,916,1525,1549]" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">C:</emphasis>
internal anatomy (without branchial sac).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8863368AFFB4FF8DFF5984584429F9EA" blockId="10.[151,1437,1596,2018]" box="[199,1314,1596,1623]" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB4FF8DFF59845840AAF9EB" bold="true" box="[199,417,1596,1622]" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">Stomach contents.</emphasis>
In the stomach of this specimen we found pellet-shaped material (fecal pellets).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C0C66501FFB4FF8CFF598404456CFCE0" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="307" pageId="10" pageNumber="306" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8863368AFFB4FF8DFF598404454AF8CB" blockId="10.[151,1437,1596,2018]" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB4FF8DFF5984044030F9C7" bold="true" box="[199,315,1632,1658]" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EC4D4B7BFFB4FF8DFEDD840440D0F9C6" author="Millar, R. H." box="[323,475,1632,1659]" pageId="10" pageNumber="306" pagination="189 - 209" refId="ref11729" refString="Millar, R. H. (1959) Ascidiacea. Galathea Report, 1, 189 - 209." type="journal article" year="1959">Millar (1959)</bibRefCitation>
was the first who recognized two different species based on the morphologies of the postero-ventral crests of several specimens of
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB4FF8DFD3A84E04205F923" box="[676,782,1668,1694]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB4FF8DFD3A84E04201F923" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1881" box="[676,778,1668,1694]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Culeolus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which he temporarily identified as
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB4FF8DFB3D84E04451F923" box="[1187,1370,1668,1694]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB4FF8DFB3D84E0445DF923" authorityName=": Millar" authorityYear="1959" box="[1187,1366,1668,1694]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suhmi">Culeolus suhmi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
After the study of new material, Monniot C. &amp; Monniot F. (1976) identified all specimens with postero-ventral crests interrupted dorsally as
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB4FF8DFE0084A8438FF95B" box="[414,644,1740,1766]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB4FF8DFE0084A8438BF95B" box="[414,640,1740,1766]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anonymus">Culeolus anonymus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The authors originally described two populations based on the shape of the crest: one group with a continuous crest and the other with a crest composed of separate papillae. However, subsequent samples showed the existence of intermediate forms (Monniot C. &amp; Monniot F. 1982). The number of branchial folds may also vary in
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB4FF8DFD8F855C43AEF8EF" box="[529,677,1848,1874]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anonymus">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB4FF8DFD8F855C43AEF8EF" box="[529,677,1848,1874]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">C. anonymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although the most frequent is six folds per side, Sanamyan K. &amp; Sanamyan N. (1999) observed five folds in specimens collected in the Indo-Pacific.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8863368AFFB4FF8CFF5985E4459BFED8" blockId="10.[151,1437,1596,2018]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,861]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="307" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">
Other species of
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB4FF8DFE0A85E440F3F827" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1881" box="[404,504,1920,1946]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB4FF8DFE0A85E440F3F827" box="[404,504,1920,1946]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">Culeolus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
recorded in the Southern Ocean are:
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB4FF8DFC2185E4449CF827" authority="Vinogradova, 1962" authorityName="Vinogradova" authorityYear="1962" box="[959,1431,1920,1946]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB4FF8DFC2185E445A7F827" box="[959,1196,1920,1946]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">Culeolus antarcticus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EC4D4B7BFFB4FF8DFB2785E4449CF827" author="Vinogradova, N." box="[1209,1431,1920,1946]" pageId="10" pageNumber="306" pagination="196 - 215" refId="ref14016" refString="Vinogradova, N. (1962) Ascidiae simplices of the Indian part of the Antarctic. Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic expedition (1955 - 1958). Exploration of the faunas of the Seas I, 9, 196 - 215." type="journal article" year="1962">Vinogradova, 1962</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB4FF8DFF0985C043D9F803" authority="Sanamyan K. &amp; Sanamyan N., 2002" authorityName="Sanamyan K. &amp; Sanamyan N." authorityYear="2002" box="[151,722,1956,1982]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likae">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB4FF8DFF0985C0403DF803" box="[151,310,1956,1982]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">Culeolus likae</emphasis>
Sanamyan K. &amp; Sanamyan N., 2002
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB4FF8DFD4585C0440BF803" authority="Monniot C. &amp; Monniot F., 1982" authorityName="Monniot C. &amp; Monniot F." authorityYear="1982" box="[731,1280,1956,1982]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pinguis">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB4FF8DFD4585C0429CF803" box="[731,919,1956,1982]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">Culeolus pinguis</emphasis>
Monniot C. &amp; Monniot F., 1982
</taxonomicName>
; and
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB4FF8DFAA785C040C6F85F" authority="Herdman, 1881" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1881" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="recumbens">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB4FF8DFAA785C04004F85F" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">Culeolus recumbens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EC4D4B7BFFB4FF8DFE8785AC40C6F85F" author="Herdman, W. A." box="[281,461,1992,2018]" pageId="10" pageNumber="306" pagination="52 - 58" refId="ref10962" refString="Herdman, W. A. (1881) Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the &quot; Challenger &quot; expedition. Part III. Cynthidae. Proceedings of the Royal society of Edinburgh, 11 (3), 52 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0370164600046782" type="journal article" year="1881">Herdman, 1881</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB4FF8DFE4585AC43B1F85F" box="[475,698,1992,2018]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anonymus">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB4FF8DFE4585AC43B1F85F" box="[475,698,1992,2018]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">Culeolus anonymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is clearly distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB4FF8DFB8B85AC45BEF85F" authorityName="Vinogradova" authorityYear="1962" box="[1045,1205,1992,2018]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB4FF8DFB8B85AC45BEF85F" box="[1045,1205,1992,2018]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">C. antarcticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB4FF8DFB6F85AC4441F85F" box="[1265,1354,1992,2018]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="10" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likae">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB4FF8DFB6F85AC4441F85F" box="[1265,1354,1992,2018]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="306">C. likae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the shape of the postero-ventral crest and by the number of gonads. The crest of both,
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB5FF8CFBC082F345F4FF0D" authorityName="Vinogradova" authorityYear="1962" box="[1118,1279,151,177]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB5FF8CFBC082F345F4FF0D" box="[1118,1279,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">C. antarcticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB5FF8CFAA582F34497FF0C" box="[1339,1436,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB5FF8CFAA582F34493FF0C" box="[1339,1432,151,177]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likae">C. likae</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
consists of a lamella that completely surrounds the atrial aperture and is interrupted dorsally, and extends along the mid-ventral side of the body. Moreover,
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB5FF8CFDF682BB420CFF45" authorityName="Vinogradova" authorityYear="1962" box="[616,775,223,249]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB5FF8CFDF682BB420CFF45" box="[616,775,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">C. antarcticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has one gonad consisting of one lobe on each side of the body, while
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB5FF8CFEBE8367407DFEA0" box="[288,374,259,285]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="likae">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB5FF8CFEBE8367407DFEA0" box="[288,374,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">C. likae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presents three gonads per side.
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB5FF8CFD478367429EFEA1" box="[729,917,259,285]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pinguis">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB5FF8CFD478367429EFEA1" box="[729,917,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">Culeolus pinguis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presents a postero-ventral crest that surrounds the atrial aperture and two gonads with two lobes on each side. Finally,
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB5FF8CFC7F83434576FEFC" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1881" box="[993,1149,295,321]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="recumbens">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB5FF8CFC7F83434576FEFC" box="[993,1149,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">C. recumbens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not present gonads outside the gut-loop, and the postero-ventral crest completely surrounds the atrial aperture.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8863368AFFB5FF8CFF59830B407AFD70" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">
In a revision of the genus,
<bibRefCitation id="EC4D4B7BFFB5FF8CFE73830B437BFE34" author="Kott, P." box="[493,624,367,393]" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" pagination="62 - 70" refId="ref11269" refString="Kott, P. (2002) Culeolus herdmani Sluiter, 1904 (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) from the northwestern Australian continental slope with an overview of the genus. Records of the Western Australian Museum, 21, 62 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.18195 / issn. 0312 - 3162.21 (1). 2002.063 - 070" type="journal article" year="2002">Kott (2002)</bibRefCitation>
proposed the synonymy between
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB5FF8CFC74830B4577FE35" box="[1002,1148,367,393]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anonymus">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB5FF8CFC74830B4577FE35" box="[1002,1148,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">C. anonymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB5FF8CFB2F830B4455FE34" authorityName=": Millar" authorityYear="1959" box="[1201,1374,367,393]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suhmi">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB5FF8CFB2F830B4455FE34" box="[1201,1374,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">Culeolus suhmi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This statement, although possible, is difficult to maintain based on the present available data. As such, the position and morphology of the gonads of the present specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB5FF8CFC9D83D3429CFE6D" box="[771,919,439,465]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anonymus">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB5FF8CFC9D83D3429CFE6D" box="[771,919,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">C. anonymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is almost identical to the figure presented by Monniot C. &amp; Monniot F. (1973) for specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB5FF8CFD4383BF4280FE48" authorityName=": Millar" authorityYear="1959" box="[733,907,475,501]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suhmi">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB5FF8CFD4383BF4280FE48" box="[733,907,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">Culeolus suhmi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the North Atlantic. However, the gonads of
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB5FF8CFF2B839B4043FDA5" box="[181,328,511,537]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anonymus">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB5FF8CFF2B839B4043FDA5" box="[181,328,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">C. anonymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB5FF8CFEE0839B4327FDA4" authorityName=": Millar" authorityYear="1959" box="[382,556,511,537]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suhmi">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB5FF8CFEE0839B4327FDA4" box="[382,556,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">Culeolus suhmi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are extremely variable and, in some cases, almost identical. Although the only robust feature to differentiate between
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB5FF8CFDD5804743F3FD80" authorityName=": Millar" authorityYear="1959" box="[587,760,547,573]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suhmi">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB5FF8CFDD5804743F3FD80" box="[587,760,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">Culeolus suhmi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB5FF8CFCB1804742C9FD81" box="[815,962,547,573]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anonymus">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB5FF8CFCB1804742C9FD81" box="[815,962,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">C. anonymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the configuration of the postero-ventral crest (Sanamyan K. &amp; Sanamyan N. 2002), the finding of two species in the Weddell Sea, one with internal characters more frequently found in the other, could be indicating that these species are, in fact, conspecific. However, until more material is available and completed with molecular studies, we propose to maintain
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB5FF8CFBEB80EB440DFD15" box="[1141,1286,655,681]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anonymus">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB5FF8CFBEB80EB440DFD15" box="[1141,1286,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">C. anonymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB5FF8CFAA480EB4497FD14" authorityName=": Millar" authorityYear="1959" box="[1338,1436,655,681]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suhmi">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB5FF8CFAA480EB4497FD14" box="[1338,1436,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">C. suhmi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as separate species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8863368AFFB5FF8CFF5980B3456CFCE0" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">
In the most recent revision of the genus,
<bibRefCitation id="EC4D4B7BFFB5FF8CFD3D80B342BBFD4C" author="Sanamyan, K. &amp; Sanamyan, N. &amp; Kuhnz, L." box="[675,944,727,753]" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" pagination="270 - 278" refId="ref13456" refString="Sanamyan, K., Sanamyan, N. &amp; Kuhnz, L. (2018) A new Culeolus species (Ascidiacea) from the NE Pacific, California. Zootaxa, 4420 (2), 270 - 278. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4420.2.8" type="journal article" year="2018">
Sanamyan
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB5FF8CFCBF80B34257FD4C" box="[801,860,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
suggested that
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB5FF8CFBFB80B3444CFD4C" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1881" box="[1125,1351,727,753]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wivylle-thomsoni">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB5FF8CFBFB80B3444CFD4C" box="[1125,1351,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">C. wivylle-thomsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB5FF8CFA1D80B34002FCA9" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anonymus">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB5FF8CFA1D80B34002FCA9" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">C. anonymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be conspecific based on a commentary by Monniot C. &amp; Monniot F. (1982). According to the latter authors, the
<typeStatus id="57678828FFB5FF8CFEFC817B4099FC84" box="[354,402,799,825]" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">type</typeStatus>
specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB5FF8CFDB6817B4203FC84" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1881" box="[552,776,799,825]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wivylle-thomsoni">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB5FF8CFDB6817B4203FC84" box="[552,776,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">C. wivylle-thomsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be an abnormal specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB5FF8CFB06817B4420FC85" box="[1176,1323,799,825]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anonymus">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB5FF8CFB06817B4420FC85" box="[1176,1323,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">C. anonymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4FDC4D09FFB5FF8CFAA7817B405DFCE0" authorityName="Herdman" authorityYear="1881" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Culeolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wivylle-thomsoni">
<emphasis id="BAA8EA98FFB5FF8CFAA7817B405DFCE0" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="307">Culeolus wivylle-thomsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has not been collected since its original finding (see
<bibRefCitation id="EC4D4B7BFFB5FF8CFC3781274550FCE0" author="Herdman, W. A." box="[937,1115,835,861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="307" pagination="52 - 58" refId="ref10962" refString="Herdman, W. A. (1881) Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the &quot; Challenger &quot; expedition. Part III. Cynthidae. Proceedings of the Royal society of Edinburgh, 11 (3), 52 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0370164600046782" type="journal article" year="1881">Herdman, 1881</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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