614 lines
66 KiB
XML
614 lines
66 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1167.103463" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1167-109" ID-Pensoft-UUID="D429692623A754C08D662D12F227F9CC" ID-ZooBank="30B246906AA84998A79B5D6D4A0F4E31" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1167-109" checkinTime="1686777966054" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Monjaraz-Ruedas, Rodrigo, Mendez, Raymond Wyatt & Hedin, Marshal" docDate="2023" docId="BD232FB7B1475F0783BE720076519827" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1167: 109-157" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1167" docPubDate="2023-06-14" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1167.103463" docTitle="Hexurella apachea Gertsch & Platnick 1979" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="D429692623A754C08D662D12F227F9CC" lastPageNumber="109" masterDocId="D429692623A754C08D662D12F227F9CC" masterDocTitle="Species delimitation, biogeography, and natural history of dwarf funnel web spiders (Mygalomorphae, Hexurellidae, Hexurella) from the United States / Mexico borderlands" masterLastPageNumber="157" masterPageNumber="109" pageNumber="109" updateTime="1686777966054" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:titleInfo id="92A64F8390C28CA805B259D7BF1F1510">
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<mods:title id="0BB4C5D10A563702464432F668CE4EB6">Species delimitation, biogeography, and natural history of dwarf funnel web spiders (Mygalomorphae, Hexurellidae, Hexurella) from the United States / Mexico borderlands</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="2A8372DF20523F47910F171D83EA9C44" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F0A2F5426889CBC836C49AD0BA41EC19">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B579E2BC20E40D51D49E43024618D65E">Monjaraz-Ruedas, Rodrigo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="49E3634A96955E61BA39BCB3970C4822" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-3739</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="BC704D9D3B9E09E96E072B58758E33DE">Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182 - 4614, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="EDBA7372A1133377D3C9CE7EF4CB2E47" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="2CD0C7981EFB474BAA381EEC20560132">Mendez, Raymond Wyatt</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D397A106DB77DAF303007428162C1DA8">2002 W Pogo Hill, Portal AZ 85632</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="11E4769DE8F8CE520FCF60AA066596C1">Hedin, Marshal</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0737B4DFBB0789C21078B762263E4619">Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182 - 4614, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="724B6E5BF5CD386AC8202473C2D7132D" type="email">mhedin@sdsu.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="B81AD837D3AD9CD2BF8233BE3335EB52">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="FEDFB68E29EA58F3FFFDD61D1C44148A">
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<mods:date id="B2FA2092E5A5439F42BDCD6FC12A98A7">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="35988029455B42ACF96BB8493979D480">2023-06-14</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="CC4ACDF90B3E72F702AD20883E8E3285">1167</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="03A6569BE50A2A58A494E17168530808">109</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="9EAAE6B97E2DD7FA2FCA856514273727">157</mods:end>
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<mods:location id="6F3CB0C54B93867A363B1CB9337B98EE">
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<mods:url id="FB5BED638D7026548884C44379A8E241">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1167.103463</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="1D1BF941FCF2AE71FEDDBC9C976D9069">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="DB5A29809801505F1743900364967CD1" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1167.103463</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="BD232FB7B1475F0783BE720076519827" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD232FB7B1475F0783BE720076519827" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD232FB7B1475F0783BE720076519827" lastPageNumber="109" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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<subSubSection id="482841902E39746267B243A73E95B950" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="26E31902FBAC707C63D0E75941B74802" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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<taxonomicName id="7FBA0AFFBE26FF2D32F3A027125DD51D" ID-CoL="3LHPY" LSID="BD232FB7-B147-5F07-83BE-720076519827" authority="Gertsch & Platnick, 1979" authorityName="Gertsch & Platnick" authorityYear="1979" class="Arachnida" family="Hexurellidae" genus="Hexurella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hexurella apachea" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apachea">Hexurella apachea Gertsch & Platnick, 1979</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6188C0B539EE9179467900AE391C9B70" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="description">
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<paragraph id="1EBD7F4EDF7F0D9BFB963CA2C0BDCD4C" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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<figureCitation id="5DA8D92825AF64FFCB863C0B209A148D" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. H. apachea A ♂ leg I, prolateral view, Mule Mtns (SDSU _ TAC 000684) B ♂ leg I, prolateral view, Cave Creek Canyon (SDSU _ TAC 000685) C ♂ leg I, prolateral view, Mustang Mtns (SDSU _ TAC 000686) D ♂ leg I, prolateral view, Redington Pass (SDSU _ TAC 000687) E ♀ spermathecae (Mustang Mtns, SDSU _ TAC 000688) F live ♀, Johnny Lyon Hills (RWM 22 _ 009)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1167.103463.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/864130" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Figs 5</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="5DFE1151106E9AD8E083D4F182EA6170" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. H. apachea A ♂ palp, retrolateral view, Mule Mtns (SDSU _ TAC 000684) B ♂ palp, retrolateral view, Cave Creek Canyon (SDSU _ TAC 000685) C ♂ palp, retrolateral view, Mustang Mtns (SDSU _ TAC 000686) D ♂ palp, retrolateral view, Redington Pass (SDSU _ TAC 000687) E habitat, Whetstone Mtns (RWM 21 _ 029) F web, French Joe Canyon (RWM 21 _ 075)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1167.103463.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/864131" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">, 6</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5DC214DC13036F6FCFB47AC612BD100D" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="2DBE56249E21AF4CD95877193EA7E611" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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||
<taxonomicName id="B908A28D79B90A44FF0234F9C516D649" authorityName="Gertsch & Platnick" authorityYear="1979" class="Arachnida" family="Hexurellidae" genus="Hexurella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hexurella apachea" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apachea">Hexurella apachea</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF46C50B0F7066A2835AE49D0FE38C0A" author="Gertsch, WJ" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 32" publicationUrl="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/5425" refId="B20" refString="Gertsch, WJ, Platnick, NI, 1979. A revision of the spider family Mecicobothriidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). American Museum Novitates 2687: 1 - 32, http://hdl.handle.net/2246/5425" title="A revision of the spider family Mecicobothriidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae)." url="http://hdl.handle.net/2246/5425" volume="2687" year="1979">Gertsch and Platnick (1979)</bibRefCitation>
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: 29, figs 81, 83-85 (Dmf).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="F203CF15D91CFD9E2872878097BD86E7" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="B9338546C5FFD34CEF9C37DAA8ADBEA5" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Material examined.</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="577D1CD4094618805608675FDF5C5B5D" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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||
<emphasis id="FDDDE220E995E4A01B91C60B64CCD69F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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||
Near-type locality material:
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<materialsCitation id="3080357C4733B65A67235CF469EDB514" collectingDate="2021-03-15" collectingDateMax="2021-10-20" collectingDateMin="2021-03-15" collectorName="R. W. Mendez, Chiricahua Mtns., Snowshed Trailhead, R. A. Mendez" country="USA" county="Cochise Co." latitude="31.8811" location="Cochise Co." longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-109.1968" municipality="Cave Creek Canyon" specimenCount="8" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="7" stateProvince="Arizona">
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<collectingCountry id="4AFF78FBC93E6E7B4E92BD067682A72D" name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
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-
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<collectingRegion id="97B1D253F20175B54D12EF86BE99F51D" country="United States of America" name="Arizona">Arizona</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCounty id="A2CA56CD5CD793457670E76910C2BDA2">Cochise Co.</collectingCounty>
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||
•
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<specimenCount id="C8055B8D91CA8D9804B663B5E321088E" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
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||
, 1 imm; Chiricahua Mtns.,
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||
<collectingMunicipality id="6C99C84D2C915E04CD42B46FB8E9786C">Cave Creek Canyon</collectingMunicipality>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="6765DBCCFA80796A72C4D13C73C7D231" degrees="31.8815" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.8815">31.8815</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="41E1D44D6CBD8EBF922279693DD35E41" degrees="109.1978" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-109.1978">-109.1978</geoCoordinate>
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||
;
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||
<collectingDate id="DEEEB33D035F2F349D97BACC506E105A" value="2021-03-15">15 Mar. 2021</collectingDate>
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||
;
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||
<collectorName id="BA67A3489C95C09F9EFC23254488E483">R.W. Mendez</collectorName>
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||
leg. -
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||
<emphasis id="478FB2C369358724498004CEDD600A13" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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||
<location id="D06F32F3E8A5E548B7A7F803D53AE069" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD232FB7B1475F0783BE720076519827:D06F32F3E8A5E548B7A7F803D53AE069" country="USA" county="Cochise Co." latitude="31.8811" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-109.1968" municipality="Cave Creek Canyon" name="Cochise Co." stateProvince="Arizona">Cochise Co.</location>
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</emphasis>
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||
•
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<specimenCount id="C85DD06BE9FAFC104FB91962124D06D6" type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
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||
;
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||
<collectorName id="2C9124530EAA6CF0D13CF654A27279D5">Chiricahua Mtns.</collectorName>
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||
,
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||
<location id="D0DA4C0C7BF9FA5E2E9F57541D25C93C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD232FB7B1475F0783BE720076519827:D0DA4C0C7BF9FA5E2E9F57541D25C93C" country="USA" county="Cochise Co." latitude="31.8811" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-109.1968" municipality="Cave Creek Canyon" name="Cave Creek Canyon" stateProvince="Arizona">Cave Creek Canyon</location>
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||
,
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||
<locationDeviation id="6FCD1239B2A358FA733617671170CB1F" location="Southwest Research Station">
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<quantity id="62A3E05E13498A329DDE848C5B52CCDA" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.609344" unit="mi" value="1.0">1 mi.</quantity>
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E Southwest Research Station
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</locationDeviation>
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, FR 42,
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<geoCoordinate id="071F358C23F1A83DD76D31C06F47A86B" degrees="31.8809" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.8809">31.8809</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="3A5D2206CD65CE50F825D6DD604652AE" degrees="109.1890" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-109.189">-109.1890</geoCoordinate>
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||
;
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||
<collectingDate id="751DCD0BB43120DB2A92628B0093A874" value="2021-10-12">12 Oct. 2021</collectingDate>
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;
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||
<collectorName id="B9C59167FF00E07B642633D1CB419FD1">R.W. Mendez</collectorName>
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leg.; RWM 21_050. -
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<emphasis id="68C2040453C35288215D88E8557719C5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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||
<location id="255E7ED49C721986E4129896A93583AF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD232FB7B1475F0783BE720076519827:255E7ED49C721986E4129896A93583AF" country="USA" county="Cochise Co." latitude="31.8811" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-109.1968" municipality="Cave Creek Canyon" name="Cochise Co." stateProvince="Arizona">Cochise Co.</location>
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</emphasis>
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||
•
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<specimenCount id="6B4C385FBF666F4DC8CBF54333477D4A" type="male">5♂</specimenCount>
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,
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||
<specimenCount id="01B495252FCBDE8D01EB29AF1DB65CC6" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
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||
, 2 imm;
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||
<collectorName id="924C2306A6D1E1302A0ACF8B6F618E74">Chiricahua Mtns.</collectorName>
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||
,
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||
<location id="B8921E88CB7633E32388388429C6396C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD232FB7B1475F0783BE720076519827:B8921E88CB7633E32388388429C6396C" country="USA" county="Cochise Co." latitude="31.8811" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="-109.1968" municipality="Cave Creek Canyon" name="Cave Creek Canyon" stateProvince="Arizona">Cave Creek Canyon</location>
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||
, FR-42,
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||
<collectorName id="98E77B3A9692003C6349AA02BDD2F5E5">Snowshed Trailhead</collectorName>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="A2DD6D286658DA5B3BD834C17FDF48B5" degrees="31.8811" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.8811">31.8811</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E3277240DAE915502DF987442280E592" degrees="109.1968" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-109.1968">-109.1968</geoCoordinate>
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||
;
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||
<collectingDate id="0899BF45C06202673D6FD19808EDF50A" value="2021-10-20">20 Oct. 2021</collectingDate>
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||
;
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||
<collectorName id="DE0FE55C7F9A6E99A94F96C90548F955">R.W. Mendez</collectorName>
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||
,
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||
<collectorName id="618F5BBBE4C5D1F7B5C5C9F254590B27">R.A. Mendez</collectorName>
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||
leg; RWM 21_057
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||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F7C67073F1C1CE83591B3842BF1A8D83" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="type material">
|
||
<paragraph id="C501819E7C6A8374F38EC93F5F9E3AFB" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Non-type material.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A65C20CF8A6FA8F49382CCF50350C9A" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis id="CE52D27C567C64879EB64B51D7E93D0C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F1EE97D9E47864BC2FCB8ED9191C6D1A" lsidName="H. apachea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="apachea">
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||
<emphasis id="8A93B2A488DD757906936D756868FF64" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">H. apachea</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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Eastern Lineage - Arizona, Cochise Co.
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||
</emphasis>
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• 3♂, 4♀, 7 imm; Chiricahua Mtns., Price Canyon,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="B11D454E3E133D2C7EA2E547258B8CFC" degrees="31.7266" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.7266">31.7266</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="DD3D70351B710FE875E627BAF2EAE650" degrees="109.2387" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-109.2387">-109.2387</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 16 Mar. 2021; R.W. Mendez leg. -
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||
<emphasis id="B21C589E3C844C7061F6D4E5D94DA122" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Cochise Co.</emphasis>
|
||
• 3♂, 6♀; Dragoon Mtns, 1 mi E West Stronghold trailhead, Cochise Trail 279,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="F3CC761FF9D5F3BF7D7618F829D3B4C1" degrees="31.9223" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.9223">31.9223</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="26DC061843E9B5E22CB11C1BF4107D7F" degrees="109.9899" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-109.9899">-109.9899</geoCoordinate>
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||
; 30 Oct. 2021; R.W. Mendez, K. Silvestre-Bringas, E. Ciaccio leg.; RWM 21_061. -
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<emphasis id="E1694AEE0CB9724FC3317987C0136E50" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Cochise Co.</emphasis>
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||
• 5 imm; Dragoon Mtns, 2.8 mi up NF-345A, 0.4 mi down ravine,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="5C601D297269A1F2F3760721D977C9D3" degrees="31.9036" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.9036">31.9036</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="AFBB578681AF65DAF83F9E2EB569D851" degrees="109.9830" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-109.983">-109.9830</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 21 Aug. 2021; R.W. Mendez, M.A. Leimroth leg.; RWM 21_027. -
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||
<emphasis id="A830FF47BE7FAD0BD2AA827F265326D9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Cochise Co.</emphasis>
|
||
• 3♂, 3♀, 2 imm; Dragoon Mtns, 2.8 mi up NF-345A,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="727E578D72954EEBFE63F9334C87FDB3" degrees="31.8997" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.8997">31.8997</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="BC4F78AAD4EE6E44318620BBE2F8CB15" degrees="109.9835" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-109.9835">-109.9835</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 17 Nov. 2021; R.W. Mendez, C.A. Hamilton leg.; RWM 21_076. -
|
||
<emphasis id="E081AD3A3573288C44A5BB69F65AF576" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Cochise Co.</emphasis>
|
||
• 1♀, 4 imm; Dragoon Mtns., Middlemarch Canyon, E of Middlemarch Pass, W of Pearce,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E61CFB6220201BED838F59BB1DDC4C75" degrees="31.8729" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.8729">31.8729</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E1177716EC922140E2B8EB986CDE57D1" degrees="109.9399" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-109.9399">-109.9399</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 23-24 Jul. 2021; M. Hedin, R.W. Mendez leg.; MCH 21_084. -
|
||
<emphasis id="A3C3DD263405F739DA150C724C34B884" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Cochise Co.</emphasis>
|
||
• 1♂, 2♀, 4 imm; Pedregosa Mtns., Prune Canyon,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="362DA544F7018C70ED88A6C532F5F245" degrees="31.5668" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.5668">31.5668</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="9EE2894F34ECD04EF2BF15AAE7C345EA" degrees="109.3800" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-109.38">-109.3800</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 17 Apr. 2021; R.W. Mendez leg.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B5DC2047EF2848A0AAD33F45DE02CE00" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis id="231E44C62FF66C4F8A1FB6A215A13F92" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="189DD20C1DC8F01202A871085DA162A8" lsidName="H. apachea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="apachea">
|
||
<emphasis id="4DDA3204251ECE6BA18E0C6075BD1F1C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">H. apachea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Central Lineage - Cochise Co.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
• 1♂, 1♀, 1 imm; SW of Winchester Mtns, Johnny Lyon Hills, W of Keith Peak,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="94CD8F1C27AD5CA4FB990CBA7534807A" degrees="32.1154" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="32.1154">32.1154</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E9217A0C09F04CC856EE41DE272E37E0" degrees="110.2237" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-110.2237">-110.2237</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 17 Jan. 2022; R.W. Mendez, M.A. Leimroth leg.; RWM 22_009. -
|
||
<emphasis id="6EABFE10D2DB900B6E11C67ABF92A247" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Cochise Co.</emphasis>
|
||
• 3♀; Whetstone Mtns, French Joe Canyon,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="71F4E51A698E23329BFDAEAE9D8B9F3F" degrees="31.8092" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.8092">31.8092</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1F3BA42C3E1DCA3D6402C40D52B5EC21" degrees="110.3976" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-110.3976">-110.3976</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 23 Aug. 2021; R.W. Mendez leg. -
|
||
<emphasis id="255D250C782B8F7C2BA9AB177D37F7B5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Cochise Co.</emphasis>
|
||
• 6♂, 3♀, 4 imm; Whetstone Mtns, French Joe Canyon, E French Joe Spring,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="55A98DE292973B6109DEE125737EC8CC" degrees="31.8107" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.8107">31.8107</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="41E5145F67053F93976312DEF72395F1" degrees="110.3945" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-110.3945">-110.3945</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 14 Nov. 2021; R.W. Mendez, C.A. Hamilton, M.A. Leimroth leg.; RWM 21_075. -
|
||
<emphasis id="768181B1D1681DE260B675B0239F0E05" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Pima Co.</emphasis>
|
||
• 4♀, 3 imm; Whetstone Mtns, 0.5 mi SE Willow Spring, Apache Canyon,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F2C19AF08503B486A81CDC4720948B39" degrees="31.8193" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.8193">31.8193</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6D7AA57EA080A40A71A4AB93D46B7B60" degrees="110.4571" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-110.4571">-110.4571</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 22 Aug. 2021; R.W. Mendez leg; RWM 21_030. -
|
||
<emphasis id="85563DF3D84804E5F85CF86BDAE15562" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Pima Co.</emphasis>
|
||
• 3♀, 3 imm; Whetstone Mtns, 0.75 mi E Willow Spring, Apache Canyon,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="9B15D62D443343CA51D1AA9079251DDE" degrees="31.8252" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.8252">31.8252</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E2612CA1B778A50A3B53CCD169944559" degrees="110.4487" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-110.4487">-110.4487</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 22 Aug. 2021; R.W. Mendez leg; RWM 21_029. -
|
||
<emphasis id="112FE657F837F21CFD7159F3FEC83F76" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Santa Cruz Co.</emphasis>
|
||
• 4♂, 8♀, 2 imm; Mustang Mtns, NW Mustang Peak,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="7E4921BC41B47548199958E95B93574F" degrees="31.6852" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.6852">31.6852</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="246809E0ED62B1C8CCFDAD5C7F7CAEC6" degrees="110.4709" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-110.4709">-110.4709</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 14 Nov. 2021; R.W. Mendez, C.A. Hamilton, M.A. Leimroth leg.; RWM 21_074.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="32633DA3BE9603DC5099D5979AE35A2F" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis id="41B364BD9501C9617F55474DB2EFD1AD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54F247D7E087EE37B883991FC090753B" lsidName="H. apachea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="apachea">
|
||
<emphasis id="6938943C569D62D84C9806604879F0A3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">H. apachea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Western Lineage - Pima Co.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
• 2♂, 2♀, 8 imm; Santa Catalina Mtns, Redington Pass, 1 mi W Youtey Pasture Tank., Redington Road,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="5C109EF533679979B0A4AD4386E050E6" degrees="32.3107" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="32.3107">32.3107</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FA35B2CBC55879BEB38613BD33847FC5" degrees="110.5508" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-110.5508">-110.5508</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 2 Oct. 2021; R.W. Mendez, D. Roth leg.; RWM 21_044. -
|
||
<emphasis id="C1C872B36DA27298466617C974DA8752" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Pima Co.</emphasis>
|
||
• 1♀; Santa Catalina Mtns, Nugget Cyn., E Peppersauce Cave,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="92F6D19703CA2BF9EE8AE89889AB44E0" degrees="32.5249" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="32.5249">32.5249</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="55AA0B988BD73AF949B873E9431E01EE" degrees="110.7106" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-110.7106">-110.7106</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 11 Jul. 2021; R.W. Mendez leg. -
|
||
<emphasis id="E335E64AAE71581A06631AC05A6DA0ED" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Santa Cruz Co.</emphasis>
|
||
• 4♂, 7♀, 1 imm; Patagonia Mtns, 0.5 mi N Harshaw/Duquesne Road jnct,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B4AD3432AD6EB09B32DC596AAA927415" degrees="31.3917" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.3917">31.3917</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6E59A4038A217D3BA020F7D699445AB6" degrees="110.6885" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-110.6885">-110.6885</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 6 Nov. 2021; R.W. Mendez, M.A. Leimroth leg.; RWM 21_062. -
|
||
<emphasis id="D5C7D5EEAEF2037CB765AE944AA91970" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Santa Cruz Co.</emphasis>
|
||
• 1 imm; Patagonia Mtns, 1 mi E Harshaw Road,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="08DEF2C0128343D69983C3AFEAFA2041" degrees="31.4659" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.4659">31.4659</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="96F32CE2164316EC4C2718025EC878DF" degrees="110.7099" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-110.7099">-110.7099</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 5 Sep. 2021; R.W. Mendez, M.A. Leimroth leg.; RWM 21_035. -
|
||
<emphasis id="28E3CEB6F5E920ED6CE30FACEC502651" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Santa Cruz Co.</emphasis>
|
||
• 3♂, 3♀, 1 imm; Patagonia Mtns, 1.5 mi W Harshaw/Duquesne jct., Duquesne Wash,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A780C07021995B843ADDE3378532E7D8" degrees="31.3856" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.3856">31.3856</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="96C6BB6CF0BE98E77775A8F10E9781FC" degrees="110.7114" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-110.7114">-110.7114</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 18 Nov. 2021; R.W. Mendez, C.A. Hamilton leg.; RWM 21_078. -
|
||
<emphasis id="5F22935C8A7F888F0C857003EB2A8B46" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Santa Cruz Co.</emphasis>
|
||
• 1♀, 3 imm; Santa Rita Mtns, Adobe Canyon, 0.5 mi S Bathtub Tank,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="13AFFDADD87374F3F0A18D858704107F" degrees="31.6730" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.673">31.6730</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="9034AF37A0D77E15C89382A04ED1ED0E" degrees="110.7601" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-110.7601">-110.7601</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 16 Sep. 2021; R.W. Mendez leg.; RWM 21_040. -
|
||
<emphasis id="5742F8C6454DF0AC2E5033BC100B8719" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Santa Cruz Co.</emphasis>
|
||
• 1 imm; Santa Rita Mtns, Madera Canyon; date unknown; M. Hedin leg.; MCH 99_010. -
|
||
<emphasis id="A71DDB3F3E4F75D1623594D6ADC081E7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Santa Cruz Co.</emphasis>
|
||
• 2♂, 3 imm; Santa Rita Mtns., Aliso Springs,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="800FA351F610AD4F5883381469A68D0A" degrees="31.7355" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.7355">31.7355</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="BD334FE9C089BBDDFDD726E88FD1B72E" degrees="110.8040" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-110.804">-110.8040</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 6 Mar. 2021; R.W. Mendez leg.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="712ABD41A4285C44DD165D0F063F07B8" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis id="510B77ED5B883BE36A186F8E421C47D1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E795BE078E992E6DEB5469471A3E32C" lsidName="H. apachea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="apachea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B1479849A0554551C00D317B15FBFD77" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">H. apachea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mule Lineage - Cochise Co.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
• ♂, 1 imm; Mule Mtns, 0.5 mi S Mule Pass, Bisbee,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="25A7A8116CC881570DA1E81DC80DCC15" degrees="31.4528" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.4528">31.4528</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8AD1779A69189068538F0BD7B2135F54" degrees="109.9403" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-109.9403">-109.9403</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 13 Nov. 2021; R.W. Mendez, C.A. Hamilton, M.A. Leimroth leg., RWM 21_073. -
|
||
<emphasis id="477A7B82CE0FE5C28F80D77666C2DF11" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Cochise Co.</emphasis>
|
||
• 2♂, 3♀, 3 imm; Mule Mtns, drainage off Escabrosa Ridge,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="564AD51AE597317351AED0C694A89C31" degrees="31.4530" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.453">31.4530</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="DCBEDEED3150ABC00E706F0333FC9626" degrees="109.9634" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-109.9634">-109.9634</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 9 Mar. 2021; R.W. Mendez leg. -
|
||
<emphasis id="A971153AEEF8858632538C87001B5257" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Cochise Co.</emphasis>
|
||
• ♂; Mule Mtns, Fissure Peak,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="33823EE6E58987119EEB24CC6F7EB2A4" degrees="31.4473" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="31.4473">31.4473</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="81D3DFDD6E5E10B3C34CD6C3A88FCEE8" degrees="109.9631" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-109.9631">-109.9631</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; 9 Mar. 2021; R.W. Mendez leg.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3AC08D7D85891F33650356CDBCA8FCD2" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="71814618AD8755B5019936430E10833A" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AC93EFD2BF0DC371283819FF5E8ED302" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
This species differs from all other congeners in possessing a diagnostic comb of robust spines distally on the prolateral surface of the male I patella, with a dorsal-most spine that is long and distinctively curved (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="633E3F2C91AE37568E643616E499EF5F" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. H. apachea A ♂ leg I, prolateral view, Mule Mtns (SDSU _ TAC 000684) B ♂ leg I, prolateral view, Cave Creek Canyon (SDSU _ TAC 000685) C ♂ leg I, prolateral view, Mustang Mtns (SDSU _ TAC 000686) D ♂ leg I, prolateral view, Redington Pass (SDSU _ TAC 000687) E ♀ spermathecae (Mustang Mtns, SDSU _ TAC 000688) F live ♀, Johnny Lyon Hills (RWM 22 _ 009)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1167.103463.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/864130" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">5A-D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The patellar comb is combined with a conspicuous brush of robust prolateral spines on tibia I, again with a dorsal-most spine longer than the others (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="A9C9D1C4C6242AC31D5F92D4409A35F0" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. H. apachea A ♂ leg I, prolateral view, Mule Mtns (SDSU _ TAC 000684) B ♂ leg I, prolateral view, Cave Creek Canyon (SDSU _ TAC 000685) C ♂ leg I, prolateral view, Mustang Mtns (SDSU _ TAC 000686) D ♂ leg I, prolateral view, Redington Pass (SDSU _ TAC 000687) E ♀ spermathecae (Mustang Mtns, SDSU _ TAC 000688) F live ♀, Johnny Lyon Hills (RWM 22 _ 009)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1167.103463.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/864130" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">5A-D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="56098E79BA3FB205B783DB2F132886C9" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1167.103463.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/864130" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph id="B16D04D162247EE76F2FFD3A2ECBC7BF" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis id="88102C8BCA8FCB2B1C2D94968A78F642" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77DBEF3A3BE81B86B2BE9276356A9F3F" lsidName="H. apachea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="apachea">
|
||
<emphasis id="FD5CC26DB536B441A0F17DB1E5711910" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">H. apachea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="307ED8BB57D95CDFFA62F92636F5F6B6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">A</emphasis>
|
||
♂ leg I, prolateral view, Mule Mtns (SDSU_TAC000684)
|
||
<emphasis id="03A47B20B0D1B04D5D3372C7C99B67FA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">B</emphasis>
|
||
♂ leg I, prolateral view, Cave Creek Canyon (SDSU_TAC000685)
|
||
<emphasis id="E5E7FB7823C277307CBFC7C484221883" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">C</emphasis>
|
||
♂ leg I, prolateral view, Mustang Mtns (SDSU_TAC000686)
|
||
<emphasis id="EFC92263417CDE9907FC0EE5E59B9CEA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">D</emphasis>
|
||
♂ leg I, prolateral view, Redington Pass (SDSU_TAC000687)
|
||
<emphasis id="AC659F2A3D35854ABFBCBF372646F300" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">E</emphasis>
|
||
♀ spermathecae (Mustang Mtns, SDSU_TAC000688)
|
||
<emphasis id="F6F55B15B9E3C6425DC83CF2B85E86FC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">F</emphasis>
|
||
live ♀, Johnny Lyon Hills (RWM 22_009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BBF5AC890B330CE643483E9A8A1AC25C" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="variation">
|
||
<paragraph id="4F55638F25EEF053050AD279FECBE1C8" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Variation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0565907871C02CC26C79E7D5AF3B7C5B" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
Representative variation in male leg I patella/tibia spine counts (including some spines tending towards the ventral surface on the patella) is as follows:
|
||
<emphasis id="007F74B62CA5D30DCC55829C23AF3C1B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Mule Lineage</emphasis>
|
||
- Mule Pass (7, 10), Fissure Peak (6, 10);
|
||
<emphasis id="B187453216832FB998882B63E42BC495" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Western Lineage</emphasis>
|
||
- Redington Pass (5, 8), Duquesne Wash (6, 11), Aliso Springs (5, 7);
|
||
<emphasis id="5DCB44A1A9B6FC100897C0EA6DDAA9D7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Central Lineage</emphasis>
|
||
- Johnny Lyon Hills (3, 15), French Joe Canyon (6, 12), Mustang Mtns (7, 12);
|
||
<emphasis id="18E943AE3B7D65392C978B88D6C3A743" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Eastern Lineage</emphasis>
|
||
- Cave Creek Canyon (5, 10), Price Canyon (4, 12), Cochise Trail (5, 9).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="05ACC3F8FDA7565644A256342B1FFAF2" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="5D18D23500E83C0A5B355C01DA04E7A5" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AF132B0205A629061AF20C52D935E47F" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4DD0AB6EEC01AC1952B915DD8D7EC8D6" authorityName="Gertsch & Platnick" authorityYear="1979" class="Arachnida" family="Hexurellidae" genus="Hexurella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hexurella apachea" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apachea">
|
||
<emphasis id="0C5E652B1F3FDC6898AA031B8249EEF9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Hexurella apachea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is represented by a series of four phylogeographic lineages distributed north-south through the Cordilleran Gap of southeastern Arizona. COI suggests divergence times between the four clades spanning from the late Miocene to the early Pliocene (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="AD2AFCB0AEEEF9ECE2EE4443A815DB3F" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Mitochondrial COI time tree, based on 2.5 % substitution rate analysis. Bootstrap values from whole mitogenome phylogenetic analysis (see Suppl. Material 5). Upper left inset: Density plot of tree root heights estimated using different COI substitution rate values." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1167.103463.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/864129" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">4</figureCitation>
|
||
); these time estimates are slightly younger (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2E5A319915D814067039F357C3791FD4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00714.x" author="Masta, SE" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" refId="B35" refString="Masta, SE, 2000. Phylogeography of the jumping spider Habronattus pugillis (Ara-neae: Salticidae): recent vicariance of sky island populations? Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 54(5): 1699-1711. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00714.x" title="Phylogeography of the jumping spider Habronattus pugillis (Ara-neae: Salticidae): recent vicariance of sky island populations? Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 54 (5): 1699 - 1711." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00714.x" year="2000">Masta 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="23FC1A89BA934C58FA3E8A472074C371" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13789" author="Derkarabetian, S" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" pagination="4611 - 4631" refId="B14" refString="Derkarabetian, S, Burns, M, Starrett, J, Hedin, M, 2016. Population genomic evidence for multiple Pliocene refugia in a montane-restricted harvestman (Arachnida, Opiliones, Sclerobunus robustus) from the southwestern United States. Molecular Ecology 25 (18): 4611 - 4631, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13789" title="Population genomic evidence for multiple Pliocene refugia in a montane-restricted harvestman (Arachnida, Opiliones, Sclerobunus robustus) from the southwestern United States." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13789" volume="25" year="2016">Derkarabetian et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or approximately coincident (Bryson et al. 2013b) with sky island divergence times for other co-distributed arachnid groups. These estimated times are much earlier than the last glacial maximum, when potentially suitable oak and pinyon-juniper forest connected the sky islands (summarized in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="05DD1F68F0A68C4A2B14C91150C2B9B6" author="Moore, W" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings RMRS" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" pagination="144 - 168" refId="B40" refString="Moore, W, Meyer, WM III, Eble, JA, Franklin, K, Wiens, JF, Brusca, RC, 2013. Introduction to the Arizona Sky Island Arthropod Project (ASAP): Systematics, Biogeography, Ecology, and Population Genetics of Arthropods of the Madrean Sky Islands. Proceedings RMRS 2013: 144 - 168" title="Introduction to the Arizona Sky Island Arthropod Project (ASAP): Systematics, Biogeography, Ecology, and Population Genetics of Arthropods of the Madrean Sky Islands." volume="2013" year="2013">Moore et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). With two exceptions (discussed below), populations from individual sky islands form monophyletic genetic groups (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="B19C8066A0C6125EF557DB4858AE0B11" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Ingroup-only UCE concatenated ML tree. Specimen numbers correspond to those in Suppl. material 1. Nodal values correspond to bootstrap / gCF / sCF (gCF and sCF values rounded to nearest integer). Inset upper left - Rooted ML tree with bootstrap values shown for primary lineages (see also Suppl. material 4). Inset upper right - adult male Hexurella rupicola (San Diego County, CA)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1167.103463.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/864126" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B806AB2CF5DD6DD912A4B8EA133BD6A9" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Ingroup-only UCE ASTRAL species tree. Specimen numbers correspond to those in Suppl. material 1. Included are local posterior probability values. Branch lengths in coalescent units for internal branches only, terminal branch lengths arbitrary." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1167.103463.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/864127" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="4269B0308C64B18FDC475C2EA8B25C13" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Mitochondrial COI time tree, based on 2.5 % substitution rate analysis. Bootstrap values from whole mitogenome phylogenetic analysis (see Suppl. Material 5). Upper left inset: Density plot of tree root heights estimated using different COI substitution rate values." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1167.103463.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/864129" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">4</figureCitation>
|
||
), suggesting little movement between ranges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="666592A68CBAC46609B865720A7682FF" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E512525949D22AB34AB74B511D128DBE" authorityName="Stahnke" authorityYear="1940" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" genus="Vaejovis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vaejovis vorhiesi" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="5ADE34EAAF992F7100A601B6213C245F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Vaejovis vorhiesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C86C4B196208F37374B9689F61102121" baseAuthorityName="Gertsch & Soleglad" baseAuthorityYear="1972" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" genus="Pseudouroctonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudouroctonus apacheanus" order="Opiliones" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apacheanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7E85A58C415ED04FC7951FE46EB28C7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Pseudouroctonus apacheanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group scorpions, often collected with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DE7947B59E6841479CA24313DAB9F7E" lsidName="H. apachea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="apachea">
|
||
<emphasis id="C970A652E6FFEB47985C98265B4AAF52" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">H. apachea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, were diverging in this area throughout the Miocene (with occasional Pleistocene divergences between geographically adjacent ranges) and were dispersing from south to north and east to west, respectively (Bryson et al. 2013a, b).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B6A66E7B9663C02223C9F92E7634619" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1836" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" genus="Vaejovis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vaejovis" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C6DE8B0F7C7A55CA1DDF3F72A9B28328" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Vaejovis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Koch, 1836 exhibits a similar pattern to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C43DCB5E484BFF9FC3A4DD0AFDA4274E" lsidName="H. apachea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="apachea">
|
||
<emphasis id="388FEE2CECF1F526EF00B9E097440655" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">H. apachea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; a series of lineages oriented north south, but most extending much further north in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="792EDBB9BB129470F17357AC422ABF62" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1836" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" genus="Vaejovis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vaejovis" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E567BF627F75A79AC4486BF34D1A02A0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Vaejovis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The biogeographic origin for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="488A2772C57863148741BB2E5718E469" lsidName="H. apachea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="apachea">
|
||
<emphasis id="39A28F9393176239332CC206A7361E8D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">H. apachea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains unclear, and material from northern Sonora and the gap between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7806AABFD1D1B80BBE1382A56AE3A38D" lsidName="H. apachea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="apachea">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD9D55975DCE9EC20D6C5EBF1F5A0A94" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">H. apachea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95BE7C377612ABDE1AE32699BFE0BA47" lsidName="H. zas" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="zas">
|
||
<emphasis id="1F434225D6A5AA47890A46AA9F3C7C42" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">H. zas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="BCE0BA5924A987674C50D809FF61232B" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Map of all collection localities. Phylogeographic lineage names for H. apachea as in text. The unsampled type locality of H. pinea is designated with a special symbol; all other type (or near type) localities were sampled, see text." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1167.103463.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/864128" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">3</figureCitation>
|
||
) will be needed to clarify this directionality.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F620E31A15905CAF1BA94CE3D059ECA8" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
A comparison can be made with
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4C4DC1C575DF383D247D042DCD196675" originalValue="Yarrow’s">Yarrow's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Spiny Lizard,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F1E4ACAA2129D66EDCABADF0A9F7E146" authority="jarrovii" class="Reptilia" family="Phrynosomatidae" genus="Sceloporus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sceloporus jarrovii subsp. jarrovii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="jarrovii" subSpecies="jarrovii">
|
||
<emphasis id="47871EBC55D3BD7CC4C34337787A705F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Sceloporus jarrovii jarrovii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Cope, 1875 regarding the Central and Eastern Clades in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="29B30EA262C7DCB51DB6D5FF96253BD8" lsidName="H. apachea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="apachea">
|
||
<emphasis id="452E4AEDD13AC33855DD80BE68B7585D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">H. apachea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="205958149C9648AF28E2E769150FEB54" authorityName="Gertsch & Platnick" authorityYear="1979" class="Arachnida" family="Hexurellidae" genus="Hexurella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hexurella apachea" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apachea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B441FB357CBACB2D97D86E17BF8CFE88" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Hexurella apachea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
often live at lower elevations than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DBB9FF8F783960F4BED7144419442EA" lsidName="S. j. subsp. jarrovii" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="subSpecies" species="j." subSpecies="jarrovii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2A924E2E0DBD959C30F56954EDB3B85E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">S. j. jarrovii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but both utilize rock outcrops and canyons in Madrean Oak Woodlands.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5EAAB6CBBFC02EA060064A1B41C4B71B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15073" author="Wiens, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" pagination="2610 - 2624" refId="B53" refString="Wiens, JJ, Camacho, A, Goldberg, A, Jezkova, T, Kaplan, ME, Lambert, SM, Miller, EC, Streicher, JW, Walls, RL, 2019. Climate change, extinction, and Sky Island biogeography in a montane lizard. Molecular Ecology 28 (10): 2610 - 2624, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15073" title="Climate change, extinction, and Sky Island biogeography in a montane lizard." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15073" volume="28" year="2019">Wiens et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
find a similar east-west split around 4.5 million years ago in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="47F7A9BA379E439A24608710BA7AB506" lsidName="S. j. subsp. jarrovii" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="subSpecies" species="j." subSpecies="jarrovii">
|
||
<emphasis id="7A04F6DFD7C866C6CA2D993EF1894EF4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">S. j. jarrovii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, divided by the San Pedro River other than Mule Mountains specimens (which fell sister to their western clade). The San Pedro River can be an important barrier resulting in separate lineages inhabiting the sky islands to either side, again seen in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89585B71EAA9438110303F5009A8FD0D" authorityName="Stahnke" authorityYear="1940" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" genus="Vaejovis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Vaejovis vorhiesi" order="Scorpiones" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vorhiesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="A8413BA41DC8E9077B0A60E1A8A9D58D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Vaejovis vorhiesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. The rarely sampled Johnny Lyon Hills (RWM22_009), east of the river, should receive more attention to see where their biogeographic affinities typically lie.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5BDAE9AC54A62944601CBE23D34C4543" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
The Santa Rita and Patagonia Mountains are closely adjacent, divided by the headwaters of Sonoita Creek. Oak forest comes very low here, connecting the ranges with suitable or near-suitable
|
||
<taxonomicName id="041EEA6B917B907E2E2DD154B18B859D" authorityName="Gertsch & Platnick" authorityYear="1979" class="Arachnida" family="Hexurellidae" genus="Hexurella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hexurella" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="20F1363D256BC4930EBBB6E47E278955" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Hexurella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
habitat. As a result, it is not surprising that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4F91D4A2393130374E47314F06316330" lsidName="H. apachea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="apachea">
|
||
<emphasis id="4F1E091E3D812916729E2A2C3BD0B37B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">H. apachea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations may have had contact between these ranges, although the divergences in the Western Clade are not recent (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="2747ED6B45DF5B2922A5D486BE26A892" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Mitochondrial COI time tree, based on 2.5 % substitution rate analysis. Bootstrap values from whole mitogenome phylogenetic analysis (see Suppl. Material 5). Upper left inset: Density plot of tree root heights estimated using different COI substitution rate values." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1167.103463.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/864129" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Similarly, the Pedregosa Mountains are a subrange of the Chiricahuas. This emphasizes the need to include samples from multiple locations per sky island when studying regional species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="49D78623A7A8EBD169465A98DCAAE808" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph id="669BFCDEDD67C822E3BCB636FA15B3C3" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A7B8D13B7653BBCBD3580793E2B00C19" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5997A0423F302DD70678E393D4990B7F" authorityName="Gertsch & Platnick" authorityYear="1979" class="Arachnida" family="Hexurellidae" genus="Hexurella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hexurella apachea" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apachea">
|
||
<emphasis id="1761FF39B2C25733A367CE960E2A74A6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Hexurella apachea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is primarily found in low elevation Madrean oak communities between 1400-2075 meters. Nearly all collections have come from flipping small to medium-sized rocks in oak litter (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="163C206734EA46044E5066490DFF0352" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. H. apachea A ♂ palp, retrolateral view, Mule Mtns (SDSU _ TAC 000684) B ♂ palp, retrolateral view, Cave Creek Canyon (SDSU _ TAC 000685) C ♂ palp, retrolateral view, Mustang Mtns (SDSU _ TAC 000686) D ♂ palp, retrolateral view, Redington Pass (SDSU _ TAC 000687) E habitat, Whetstone Mtns (RWM 21 _ 029) F web, French Joe Canyon (RWM 21 _ 075)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1167.103463.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/864131" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">6E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Common oak species include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8D12418C5DCF976EFDA6631237D0E3DA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus arizonica" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arizonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="200C99C43563132DCC3EC7D259D1286B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Quercus arizonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Sarg.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7FC57404A55182AB1F14B83F0180EC22" lsidName="Q. emoryi" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="emoryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D90E9302AA92697F64EAD0876A91D6CC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Q. emoryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Torr.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="43818BC46B85D10EC0A29EDB1A51A598" lsidName="Q. rugosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="rugosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="1F3DCB2E164CAE9B1412D4740A2446CC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Q. rugosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3E192CE7D1F624AB69EC36ED9A09BE2C" originalValue="Née">Nee</normalizedToken>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A081157DCABF20D4900AEC566E99F894" lsidName="Q. toumeyi" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="toumeyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B139829D1CDAC4CA5CE334D1AC86A0B5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Q. toumeyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Sarg.. Other plants that can also provide suitable litter include the sumacs
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0DE6DA29039C23AD3D6F798753129B8C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhus trilobata" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trilobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B7D2CA164DC9DC2A397117391B03E9EA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Rhus trilobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Nutt. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED289A9452C1EE56BBE8CCD1B4B88255" lsidName="R. virens" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="virens">
|
||
<emphasis id="0D37BF144B621109630BDC9351DEEEE5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">R. virens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Lindh. ex A. Gray, and rarely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="668757E9CFA21D3733162151E1AF7258" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Cercocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cercocarpus montanus" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="montanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="052EB518DB353F402B8A54FBD6ECB22E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Cercocarpus montanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Raf. (Mountain Mahogany) or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="667BA939D43E4DF721B34B036B213BCC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Celtis" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Celtis reticulata" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reticulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="3641CBEE5F988A8A67A930AC093BE055" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Celtis reticulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Torr. (Netleaf Hackberry.) Additionally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C2B9E056DE66E1B3126F7F4A02517F3" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Piptochaetium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Piptochaetium fimbriatum" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fimbriatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="C3F272F93A251BDEEA4E2DEBE9B3C8F0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Piptochaetium fimbriatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Kunth) Hitchc. (Pinyon Ricegrass) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58DBADCA56FB5E9D3A16CE63219CAC52" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Juniperus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Juniperus deppeana" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deppeana">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9EE597C974293CF10E483F2DCB75C8D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Juniperus deppeana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Steud. (Alligator Juniper) are useful indicator species, although they are not used in web construction. Aggregations of spiders are usually found along gentle slopes above low riparian corridors or rock outcrops; at the upper end of their elevational range spiders also inhabit north-facing ridgelines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B060348AF9B36C88F9F8E7F10F1532EB" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1167.103463.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/864131" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
|
||
<paragraph id="883C4BE322A0B1DEE0AA0AD7E4C8AFB4" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<emphasis id="68DF26258F290E3442C480E7F204BBA8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="70727E1324BCB0D93505A07AD62882DF" lsidName="H. apachea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="apachea">
|
||
<emphasis id="1F7611CAB7772B2FB4F7FB4C56728F17" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">H. apachea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="0F9158755AEFFA52386501B3733B59A5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">A</emphasis>
|
||
♂ palp, retrolateral view, Mule Mtns (SDSU_TAC000684)
|
||
<emphasis id="33E4C2A98965D8337ED04A6A03774F6E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">B</emphasis>
|
||
♂ palp, retrolateral view, Cave Creek Canyon (SDSU_TAC000685)
|
||
<emphasis id="15B753D6D394D7AF24ECF9CA6200D9A2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">C</emphasis>
|
||
♂ palp, retrolateral view, Mustang Mtns (SDSU_TAC000686)
|
||
<emphasis id="DED5CBB8DF007CD688BF74A25E12BABE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">D</emphasis>
|
||
♂ palp, retrolateral view, Redington Pass (SDSU_TAC000687)
|
||
<emphasis id="AA7E78FCD79FD32F75B26F0273C87E71" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">E</emphasis>
|
||
habitat, Whetstone Mtns (RWM 21_029)
|
||
<emphasis id="B2DA2F514F39C25E94B394D3E35D59AB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">F</emphasis>
|
||
web, French Joe Canyon (RWM 21_075).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="CA0631D9E51ECEBA931FD0B371EBC441" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
The litter utilized by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBFB6EA241CA14F6AF7C8044E06F312C" lsidName="H. apachea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="apachea">
|
||
<emphasis id="D71B0699D0FBF66D8E01A4409874AC59" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">H. apachea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is generally compacted and dense, yet well-draining and without much active fungal activity. Webs are constructed at the transition between litter and soil, consisting of numerous short and interconnected branching tunnels that open into small, space-filling funnel webs wherever voids are present in the leaf matrix (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="238781D8C82AEBF42038B33AFC84B29C" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. H. apachea A ♂ palp, retrolateral view, Mule Mtns (SDSU _ TAC 000684) B ♂ palp, retrolateral view, Cave Creek Canyon (SDSU _ TAC 000685) C ♂ palp, retrolateral view, Mustang Mtns (SDSU _ TAC 000686) D ♂ palp, retrolateral view, Redington Pass (SDSU _ TAC 000687) E habitat, Whetstone Mtns (RWM 21 _ 029) F web, French Joe Canyon (RWM 21 _ 075)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1167.103463.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/864131" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">6F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9154FB5CD300810FD538C147FA61BDA1" authorityName="Gertsch & Platnick" authorityYear="1979" class="Arachnida" family="Hexurellidae" genus="Hexurella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hexurella" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="34B9A27A0150DD7B14A29704378C00EB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Hexurella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in general are capable of excavating burrows in the top few centimeters of substrate, and often construct a shallow retreat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D5C9C3C7CE2085F6DE7A2CD354A5437F" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
Despite their small size,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2E091D695DA88A3EAFA08EE438F7E2B" lsidName="H. apachea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="apachea">
|
||
<emphasis id="904B1F74F5F1C551335663F3D3E4FBDE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">H. apachea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are typically found in fairly dry microhabitats, especially when compared to the commonly syntopic funnel-web spider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3966022081B038D7BABA251B7DB790FB" authorityName="Gertsch" authorityYear="1939" class="Arachnida" family="Dipluridae" genus="Euagrus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euagrus chisoseus" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chisoseus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC1B9365E48CB0E75D32AE91AC08380B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Euagrus chisoseus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gertsch, 1939. In captivity,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B6D43865D6D7A9629FDF29BB9310ED75" lsidName="H. apachea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="apachea">
|
||
<emphasis id="4F589D13AD63369B7C4539DC6AB44109" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">H. apachea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has proven to be remarkably desiccation tolerant, requiring no substrate moisture as long as the temperatures remain stable between 20-25 °C and the room has some ambient humidity (10-20%). Like western taxa,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C352E91227EC418A284EBD1E09F2AC2" lsidName="H. apachea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="apachea">
|
||
<emphasis id="E3EDE73ECB6019DBD92845F76037EAB9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">H. apachea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
must survive high temperatures and low humidity in the dry season. Egg sacs (laid in late March) have invariably molded when enclosures are kept moist, and the sacs observed in the field are usually placed above the webs, away from the soil in cracks under rocks. In captivity and in the wild, egg sacs are coated with debris, behavior like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FE58BA28D387E3FBECF0B64AADBB4C1" lsidName="E. chisoseus" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="chisoseus">
|
||
<emphasis id="206D90AA9C4F5B3A52112ED2CCCC0901" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">E. chisoseus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(RWM, personal observation). Adults likely take two years to mature based on the two overlapping size classes of juveniles usually seen in the wild and captive growth rates, with mature females living for at least two years after maturing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C30C6127F2295D8E82E3A7D904078C85" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
While patchily distributed throughout their range,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2CAF9013E115D5C3706101933C802336" lsidName="H. apachea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="apachea">
|
||
<emphasis id="24C0AFEA9276C6EF3D3F3A648B4F060B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">H. apachea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be dense in appropriate habitats, with 8 males and>75 immatures and females observed (not all collected) in 2 m2 in one collection (RWM 21_057) from the type locality in Cave Creek Canyon, Chiricahua Mountains. Small rocks will often have at least one adult female and three or four subadults under them. Despite their proximity in the wild,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85E57BFAD98EC1CA09A3A352D887A0A1" lsidName="H. apachea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="apachea">
|
||
<emphasis id="F259AE62A10CAA699BFD409A573D66E3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">H. apachea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBA18B7B5385C4316177EC3304715604" authorityName="Gertsch & Platnick" authorityYear="1979" class="Arachnida" family="Hexurellidae" genus="Hexurella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hexurella" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4E25B2ED24B72A7189333C8BFF3CB139" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Hexurella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in general) do not tolerate cohabitation and readily cannibalize. Mature males have been collected in the field from early October through April; it is unknown if these are overwintering or a different set of males. Males are found running through litter, in 4-5 cm temporary retreats that may function as sperm webs, and the webs of females. Males and juveniles will descend via draglines, permitted by their small size.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="61A338DAF9AFDF8B3E44A72B7222F343" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="C5B355A478984BAB6E59A16AE7DF999D" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="345C1E76285B7A0C619C3954E6070C07" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
Because of an overall shared male palpal (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="AE123D75901CC303E4A37D07DF7DCC91" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. H. apachea A ♂ palp, retrolateral view, Mule Mtns (SDSU _ TAC 000684) B ♂ palp, retrolateral view, Cave Creek Canyon (SDSU _ TAC 000685) C ♂ palp, retrolateral view, Mustang Mtns (SDSU _ TAC 000686) D ♂ palp, retrolateral view, Redington Pass (SDSU _ TAC 000687) E habitat, Whetstone Mtns (RWM 21 _ 029) F web, French Joe Canyon (RWM 21 _ 075)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1167.103463.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/864131" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">6A-D</figureCitation>
|
||
) and leg I patella/tibia morphology (see above), we did not explicitly test a multiple species hypothesis for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9DB5B2242BBD7EF0C8A71FA3B53FD3D" lsidName="H. apachea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="apachea">
|
||
<emphasis id="FA0EC1427E1619A96992B8C1E87CB667" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">H. apachea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using genomic algorithmic analyses. However, given the depth of nuclear and mitochondrial divergence and consistently recovered phylogeographic clades (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="D6DE8E0341A79542D5D511F01995CC8E" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Ingroup-only UCE concatenated ML tree. Specimen numbers correspond to those in Suppl. material 1. Nodal values correspond to bootstrap / gCF / sCF (gCF and sCF values rounded to nearest integer). Inset upper left - Rooted ML tree with bootstrap values shown for primary lineages (see also Suppl. material 4). Inset upper right - adult male Hexurella rupicola (San Diego County, CA)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1167.103463.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/864126" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="7AF261CCB89755A9A9D5387CB403B4DE" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Ingroup-only UCE ASTRAL species tree. Specimen numbers correspond to those in Suppl. material 1. Included are local posterior probability values. Branch lengths in coalescent units for internal branches only, terminal branch lengths arbitrary." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1167.103463.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/864127" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="5F6405F530D2E67F4942EE2455D17C2E" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Mitochondrial COI time tree, based on 2.5 % substitution rate analysis. Bootstrap values from whole mitogenome phylogenetic analysis (see Suppl. Material 5). Upper left inset: Density plot of tree root heights estimated using different COI substitution rate values." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1167.103463.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/864129" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">4</figureCitation>
|
||
), we suspect that such analyses (DELINEATE in particular) would indicate multiple species in this complex. We here favor the more conservative single-species hypothesis, pending additional collecting efforts to the south, north, and east.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8846A08B72523E08BC906D2F03BEC4B3" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph id="41CF8F13B1BAA5D6927BAFEC2BF94615" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A5F8FC1C4C8FB4304F8E3B9C603A6CD5" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Widely distributed and sometimes common in mostly mid-elevation habitats, viewed as secure.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |