treatments-xml/data/03/A9/87/03A987FE256BD434FF7DFF58FC4BFBB4.xml

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<mods:title id="01599DAC58A890E22604AABCC5DAB14B">A new genus and species of cardinalfish (Percomorpha, Apogonidae, Sphaeramiini) from the coastal waters of Vietnam: luminescent or not?</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0923D52D6F1F67A939D4F414F482277C">Fraser, Thomas H.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="C31A6563256BD435FF7DFF58FE33FF7B" box="[151,405,151,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBF36E8256BD435FF7DFF58FE33FF7B" blockId="4.[151,405,151,178]" box="[151,405,151,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">
<heading id="D0F78184256BD435FF7DFF58FE33FF7B" bold="true" box="[151,405,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FF7DFF58FE33FF7B" bold="true" box="[151,405,151,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256BD435FF7DFF58FEAAFF78" box="[151,268,151,177]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Xeniamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FF7DFF58FEAAFF78" bold="true" box="[151,268,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Xeniamia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2475781256BD435FEF9FF57FE33FF7B" box="[275,405,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" rank="genus">new genus</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31A6563256BD435FF7DFF11FD22FF3D" box="[151,644,222,245]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BBF36E8256BD435FF7DFF11FD22FF3D" blockId="4.[151,644,222,245]" box="[151,644,222,245]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FF7DFF11FD22FF3D" bold="true" box="[151,644,222,245]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">
Type species: 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256BD435FEC1FF10FDA7FF3C" box="[299,513,222,245]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Xeniamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrithorax" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FEC1FF10FDA7FF3C" bold="true" box="[299,513,222,245]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Xeniamia atrithorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2475781256BD435FDEDFF11FD22FF3D" box="[519,644,222,244]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31A6563256BD435FF7DFEEEFD12FDFC" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BBF36E8256BD435FF7DFEEEFD12FDFC" blockId="4.[151,1437,289,2006]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FF7DFEEEFEB7FEF3" bold="true" box="[151,273,289,314]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
A genus of 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256BD435FE70FEEEFD89FEF3" box="[410,559,289,314]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Sphaeramiini">Sphaeramiini</taxonomicName>
with the following unique morphological character combination: two epurals, fused hypurals 1+2, no terminal bony sheath over third and fourth hypurals, lacking uroneurals, one supraneural, two supernumerary dorsal spines, visible eighth dorsal spine (may appear hidden when damaged), fourth dorsal spine longest, smooth vertical edge and smooth unossified ventral edge of preopercle, third infraorbital without suborbital shelf, basisphenoid absent, scattered melanophores on silvery peritoneum, anterior intestine speckled with black spots to past first bend of intestine, two pale pyloric caeca at the anterior end of intestine, stomach black, intestine black from second bend to anus, black lining of the ventral and posterior oral cavity, and black spots on outer isthmus lining from external thoracic area.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31A6563256BD435FF2DFD8EFD06FDB7" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBF36E8256BD435FF2DFD8EFDCCFD93" blockId="4.[151,1437,289,2006]" box="[199,618,577,602]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FF2DFD8EFEFFFD93" bold="true" box="[199,345,577,602]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Description.</emphasis>
See species description.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBF36E8256BD435FF2DFDAAFD06FDB7" blockId="4.[151,1437,289,2006]" box="[199,672,613,638]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FF2DFDAAFE2BFDB7" bold="true" box="[199,397,613,638]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Color in alcohol.</emphasis>
See species description.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31A6563256BD435FF2DFD46FC09FD6B" box="[199,943,649,674]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BBF36E8256BD435FF2DFD46FC09FD6B" blockId="4.[151,1437,289,2006]" box="[199,943,649,674]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FF2DFD46FEC6FD6B" bold="true" box="[199,352,649,674]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="49C4F80A256BD435FE8DFD46FE0EFD6B" box="[359,424,649,674]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">South</collectingRegion>
<collectingCountry id="F3177678256BD435FE45FD46FE54FD6B" box="[431,498,649,674]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">China</collectingCountry>
Sea off 
<collectingRegion id="49C4F80A256BD435FDBAFD46FC98FD6B" box="[592,830,649,674]" country="Vietnam" name="Khanh Hoa" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Khanh Hoa Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F3177678256BD435FCA3FD46FC0AFD6B" box="[841,940,649,674]" name="Vietnam" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31A6563256BD435FF2DFD62FD35FD20" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BBF36E8256BD435FF2DFD62FD35FD20" blockId="4.[151,1437,289,2006]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FF2DFD62FEE8FD0F" bold="true" box="[199,334,685,710]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Etymology.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256BD435FEB3FD61FE53FD0F" authority="Greek" authorityName="Greek" box="[345,501,685,710]" class="Insecta" family="Xeninae" genus="Xenos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FEB3FD61FE3BFD0C" box="[345,413,686,709]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Xenos</emphasis>
, Greek
</taxonomicName>
meaning stranger and 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256BD435FCECFD61FC3FFD0F" authority="Greek" authorityName="Greek" box="[774,921,685,710]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Amiidae" genus="Amia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amiiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FCECFD61FCE7FD0C" box="[774,833,686,709]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Amia</emphasis>
, Greek
</taxonomicName>
referring to a 
<typeStatus id="54BB884A256BD435FBA1FD61FBDDFD0F" box="[1099,1147,686,710]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">type</typeStatus>
of fish, often used with cardinalfish names, treated as feminine noun.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31A6563256BD435FF2DFD3AFEFDF847" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBF36E8256BD435FF2DFD3AFEDDFC57" blockId="4.[151,1437,289,2006]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FF2DFD3AFE9DFCC7" bold="true" box="[199,315,757,782]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B19256BD435FEA9FD3AFD9DFCC7" box="[323,571,757,782]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" refString="Mabuchi, K., Fraser, T. H., Song, H., Azuma, Y. &amp; Nishida, M. (2014) Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha, Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa, 3846 (2), 151 - 203. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3846.2.1" type="journal article">
Mabuchi 
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FE45FD39FE4FFCC7" box="[431,489,757,782]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">et al.</emphasis>
(2014)
</bibRefCitation>
proposed new subfamilies and tribal classification for the 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256BD435FB32FD3AFAC3FCC7" box="[1240,1381,757,782]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Apogonidae</taxonomicName>
. The subfamily key places 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256BD435FE7DFCD5FDA5FCF8" box="[407,515,794,817]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Xeniamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FE7DFCD5FDA5FCF8" box="[407,515,794,817]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Xeniamia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256BD435FDB6FCD6FD4EFCFB" box="[604,744,793,818]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apogoninae">Apogoninae</taxonomicName>
. Using their generic key, 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256BD435FBF0FCD5FB23FCF8" box="[1050,1157,794,817]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Xeniamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FBF0FCD5FB23FCF8" box="[1050,1157,794,817]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Xeniamia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
falls out in the couplet segment with 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256BD435FED3FCF2FE22FC9F" box="[313,388,829,854]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Jaydia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FED3FCF2FE22FC9F" box="[313,388,829,854]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Jaydia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256BD435FE54FCF2FCADFC9F" authority="Lacepede 1802" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1802" box="[446,779,829,854]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Ostorhinchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FE54FCF2FDF2FC9F" box="[446,596,829,854]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Ostorhinchus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B19256BD435FDB4FCF2FCADFC9F" author="Lacepede" box="[606,779,829,854]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" refString="Lacepede, B. G. E. (1802) Histoire naturelle des poissons. 4, i - xliv + 1 - 728." type="journal article" year="1802">Lacepède 1802</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
excepting the reported eight first dorsal spines in 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256BD435FABBFCF2FDCEFCB3" authority="Gon, Liao &amp; Shao 2015" authorityName="Gon, Liao &amp; Shao" authorityYear="2015" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Jaydia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythrophthalma">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FABBFCF2FEF4FCB3" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Jaydia erythrophthalma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B19256BD435FEB3FCADFDCEFCB3" author="Gon" box="[345,616,865,890]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" refString="Gon, O., Liao, Y. - C. &amp; Shao, K-T, (2015) A new species of the cardinalfish genus Jaydia (Teleostei: Apogonidae) from the Philippines. Zootaxa, 3980 (2), 286 - 292. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3980.2.9" type="journal article" year="2015">Gon, Liao &amp; Shao 2015</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. No specimens were preserved for DNA analyses to help provide support for tribal placement.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBF36E8256BD435FF2DFC66FE0AFA5F" blockId="4.[151,1437,289,2006]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">
Tribes we excluded for placement using morphologic characters are: Apogonichthyini (thin supramaxilla, third dorsal spine longest, stomach and intestine pale); 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256BD435FD32FC02FCF6FC2F" box="[728,848,973,998]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Apogonini">Apogonini</taxonomicName>
(large unossified preopercular flap, six first dorsal spines, second dorsal-fin spine longest, pale stomach and intestine except one species); Cheilodipterini (large canine or caninoid teeth, small supramaxilla, six first dorsal spines, second dorsal-fin spine longest, pale stomach and intestine); Glossamiini (large supramaxilla, six first dorsal spines, second dorsal-fin spine longest, pale stomach and intestine); Gymnapogonini (six first dorsal-fin spines, second dorsal-fin spine longest, narrow band of teeth with some caninoid teeth, terminal centrum fused with hypurals 3+4, parhypural fused with hypurals 1+2); Lepidamiini (small body scales, third dorsal-fin spine longest, pale stomach and intestine), Pristiapogonini (preopercular edges and ridge serrate, pale stomach and intestine, third dorsal-fin spine longest); Rhabdamiini (6–7 first dorsal-fin spines, second or third spine longest, anal fin with 11–13 soft rays, 24–31 gill rakers, terminal centrum fused with hypurals 1+2+3+4, pale stomach and intestine); Veruluxini (six first dorsal-fin spines, second spine longest, terminal centrum fused with hypurals 1+2+3+4, modified pyloric caeca) and Zoramiini (six first dorsal-fin spines, second spine longest, five free hypurals, three epurals). Characters of three other tribes are discussed in more detail.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBF36E8256BD435FF2DFA6EFEFDF847" blockId="4.[151,1437,289,2006]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">
The Ostorhinchini is known to have more than 91 species in at least four unresolved molecular lineages that lack distinctive independent morphologic support (
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B19256BD435FD3CFA0AFC64FA17" author="Mabuchi" box="[726,962,1477,1502]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" refString="Mabuchi, K., Fraser, T. H., Song, H., Azuma, Y. &amp; Nishida, M. (2014) Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha, Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa, 3846 (2), 151 - 203. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3846.2.1" type="journal article" year="2014">
Mabuchi 
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FCAEFA09FCDBFA17" box="[836,893,1477,1502]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
). Almost all known species have blackish stomachs and intestines. Many species have single stripe to multiple arrangements on the head and or body. All have a serrate edges of the preopercle, a very few species have six first dorsal-fin spines, most have seven first dorsal-fin spines, most have the third first dorsal-fin spine longest, a few have second first dorsal-fin spine longest, preopercle ridge smooth, edges serrate, 2–3 supraneurals, supramaxilla absent, basisphenoid present, shelf present on third infraorbital, one pair of reduced uroneurals or absent, three epurals, five free hypurals or 1+2 fused. 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256BD435FF7DF952FD1AF97F" authority="Valenciennes 1832" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1832" box="[151,700,1693,1718]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Ostorhinchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moluccensis">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FF7DF952FE65F97F" box="[151,451,1693,1718]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Ostorhinchus moluccensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B19256BD435FE3CF952FD13F97F" author="Valenciennes" box="[470,693,1693,1718]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" refString="Valenciennes, A. (1832) Descriptions de p 1 usieurse speces nouvelles de poisson du genre Apogon. Nouvelles Annales Museum Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 1, 51 - 60." type="journal article" year="1832">Valenciennes 1832</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256BD435FD27F951FB53F97F" authority="Fraser, Randall &amp; Allen 2002" authorityName="Fraser, Randall &amp; Allen" authorityYear="2002" box="[717,1269,1693,1718]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Ostorhinchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monospilus">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FD27F951FCD2F97F" box="[717,884,1693,1718]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">O. monospilus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B19256BD435FC63F951FB4BF97F" author="Fraser" box="[905,1261,1693,1718]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" refString="Fraser, T. H., Randall, J. E. &amp; Allen, G. R. (2002) Clarification of the cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) previously confused with Apogon moluccensis Valenciennes, with a description of a related new species. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 50, (1), 175 - 184." type="journal article" year="2002">Fraser, Randall &amp; Allen 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256BD435FADCF951FE93F913" authority="Fraser 1999" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1999" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Ostorhinchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oxina">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FADCF951FA3DF97C" box="[1334,1435,1694,1717]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">O. oxina</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B19256BD435FF74F90DFE8BF913" author="Fraser" box="[158,301,1730,1754]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" refString="Fraser, T. H. (1999) A new species of cardinalfish from the Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 112, (1), 40 - 44." type="journal article" year="1999">Fraser 1999</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
variably have the fourth dorsal spine longer, equal or shorter. 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256BD435FBD3F90EFEE6F937" authority="Bleeker 1854" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1854" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Ostorhinchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margaritophorus">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FBD3F90EFA3DF913" box="[1081,1435,1729,1754]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Ostorhinchus margaritophorus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B19256BD435FF74F92AFE9EF937" author="Bleeker" box="[158,312,1765,1790]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" refString="Bleeker, P. (1854) Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Batjan. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie, 7, 359 - 378." type="journal article" year="1854">Bleeker 1854</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
is the only known species in the genus with fused hypurals 1+2. The only know species suspected of having luminous activity is 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256BD435FE1BF8C6FBA5F8EB" authority="Fraser &amp; Lachner 1984" authorityName="Fraser &amp; Lachner" authorityYear="1984" box="[497,1027,1801,1826]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Ostorhinchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gularis">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FE1BF8C6FD78F8EB" box="[497,734,1801,1826]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Ostorhinchus gularis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B19256BD435FD04F8C5FC5DF8EB" author="Fraser" box="[750,1019,1801,1826]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" refString="Fraser, T. H. &amp; Lachner, E. A. (1984) An unusual Indo-west Pacific cardinalfish of the genus Apogon (Teleostei: Apogonidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 97 (3) 632 - 636." type="journal article" year="1984">Fraser &amp; Lachner 1984</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256BD435FBE5F8C5FBDCF8E8" box="[1039,1146,1802,1825]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Xeniamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FBE5F8C5FBDCF8E8" box="[1039,1146,1802,1825]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Xeniamia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from all members of Ostorhinchini by the presence of eight first dorsal-fin spines, smooth ridge and edges of preopercle, absence of basisphenoid and suborbital shelf, single supraneural, melanistic patterns and absence of spotted, striped or banded pattern on flanks.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31A6563256BD434FF2DF855FC4BFBB4" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="232" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BBF36E8256BD434FF2DF855FD6FFEAD" blockId="4.[151,1437,289,2006]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,1149]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="232" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256BD435FF2DF855FE94F878" box="[199,306,1946,1969]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Xeniamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FF2DF855FE94F878" box="[199,306,1946,1969]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Xeniamia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears similar to species in the monogeneric Siphamiini but lacks the luminous apparatus along the ventral side of the body present in all 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256BD435FDA2F872FC03F81F" ID-CoL="7HLX" authority="Gon &amp; Allen 2012" authorityName="Gon &amp; Allen" authorityYear="2012" box="[584,933,1981,2006]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Siphamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FDA2F872FD14F81F" box="[584,690,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Siphamia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B19256BD435FD28F871FC38F81F" author="Gon" box="[706,926,1981,2006]" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" refString="Gon, O. &amp; Allen, G. R. (2012) Revision of the Indo-Pacific cardinalfish genus Siphamia (Perciformes: Apogonidae). Zootaxa, 3294, 1 - 84." type="journal article" year="2012">Gon &amp; Allen 2012</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256BD435FBC5F872FB3FF81F" ID-CoL="7HLX" box="[1071,1177,1981,2006]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Siphamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256BD435FBC5F872FB3FF81F" box="[1071,1177,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="231">Siphamia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have six or seven first dorsal-fin spines; third dorsal spine longest; terminal centrum fused with upper hypural plate (3+4 hypurals fused) and free but fused 1+2 hypurals, or terminal centrum fused with hypurals 1+2+3+4 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B19256AD434FBACFF73FB77FF1D" author="Fraser" box="[1094,1233,188,212]" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" refString="Fraser, T. H. (1972) Comparative osteology of the shallow water cardinal fishes (Perciformes, Apogonidae) with references to the systematics and evolution of the family. Ichthyological Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology 34, 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1972">Fraser 1972</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256AD434FB0EFF72FAE9FF1D" box="[1252,1359,189,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Xeniamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256AD434FB0EFF72FAE9FF1D" box="[1252,1359,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="232">Xeniamia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shares with some species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256AD434FE70FF10FDA5FF31" ID-CoL="7HLX" box="[410,515,223,248]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Siphamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256AD434FE70FF10FDA5FF31" box="[410,515,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="232">Siphamia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a single supraneural, lacking an ossified basisphenoid, two epurals, no paired uroneurals, no terminal bony sheath over third and fourth hypurals and small size but differs from that genus by the presence of eight first dorsal-fin spines, fourth spine longest; presence of uroneurals, free upper hypurals 3 and 4, lacking a suborbital shelf, and melanistic patterns.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBF36E8256AD434FF2DFEA0FB2BFC49" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="5" pageNumber="232">
The 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256AD434FF17FEA0FE34FE41" box="[253,402,367,392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Sphaeramiini">Sphaeramiini</taxonomicName>
are represented by seven genera and 55 species lacking molecular resolution for several genera (
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B19256AD434FF1BFE5BFE7AFE65" author="Mabuchi" box="[241,476,404,429]" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" refString="Mabuchi, K., Fraser, T. H., Song, H., Azuma, Y. &amp; Nishida, M. (2014) Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha, Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters. Zootaxa, 3846 (2), 151 - 203. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3846.2.1" type="journal article" year="2014">
Mabuchi 
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256AD434FEB4FE5AFE3EFE64" box="[350,408,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="232">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
). This tribe has genera with the following characters: no supramaxilla, three epurals, two or three supraneurals, two supernumerary dorsal spines, seven or eight first dorsal spines, some species with luminous organs, paired uroneurals, stomach and intestine pale, speckled or black, peritoneum pale or with speckled melanophores. All species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256AD434FDBDFDCEFCF1FDD1" ID-CoL="5Y72" authority="Jordan 1917" authorityName="Jordan" authorityYear="1917" box="[599,855,511,536]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Nectamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256AD434FDBDFDCEFD64FDD1" box="[599,706,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="232">Nectamia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B19256AD434FD26FE30FCF1FDD1" author="Jordan" box="[716,855,511,536]" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" refString="Jordan, D. S. (1917) Notes on Glossamia and related genera of cardinal fishes. Copeia, 44, 46 - 47. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1436776" type="journal article" year="1917">
<collectingCountry id="F3177678256AD434FD26FE30FCB1FDD1" box="[716,791,511,536]" name="Jordan" pageId="5" pageNumber="232">Jordan</collectingCountry>
1917
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
have high gill raker counts (22-30), bars on body, seven first dorsal-fin spines, third dorsal spine longest, and both stomachs and intestine blackish. 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256AD434FAFEFDEBFE21FDA9" ID-CoL="7KDG" authority="Fowler &amp; Bean 1930" authorityName="Fowler &amp; Bean" authorityYear="1930" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Sphaeramia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256AD434FAFEFDEBFA3DFDF4" box="[1300,1435,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="232">Sphaeramia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B19256AD434FF7DFD88FE21FDA9" author="Fowler" box="[151,391,583,608]" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" refString="Fowler, H. W. &amp; Bean, B. A. (1930) Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions. The fishes of the families Amiidae ... and Serranidae, obtained by the United States Bureau of Fisheries steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; in 1907 to 1910 ... adjacent seas. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 100, 10, i - ix + 1 - 334." type="journal article" year="1930">Fowler &amp; Bean 1930</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256AD434FE2AFD86FD5FFDA9" ID-CoL="74KD" authority="Koumans 1933" authorityName="Koumans" authorityYear="1933" box="[448,761,584,608]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Pterapogon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256AD434FE2AFD86FDE2FDA9" box="[448,580,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="232">Pterapogon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B19256AD434FDA7FD87FD5FFDA9" author="Koumans" box="[589,761,584,608]" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" refString="Koumans, F. P. (1933) On a new genus and species of Apogonidae. Zoologische Mededelingen, 16, (1 - 2), 78." type="journal article" year="1933">Koumans 1933</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
are deep bodied, with at least one bar on body, have seven first dorsal-fin spines, third dorsal spine longest and spinous procurrent rays. 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256AD434FC1CFDA2FB6DFD4C" authority="Mees 1966" authorityName="Mees" authorityYear="1966" box="[1014,1227,620,645]" family="Apogonidae" genus="Quinca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256AD434FC1CFDA2FBEFFD4D" box="[1014,1097,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="232">Quinca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B19256AD434FBA5FDA2FB6DFD4C" author="Mees" box="[1103,1227,620,645]" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" refString="Mees, G. F. (1966) A new fish of the family Apogonidae from tropical Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 49, 3, 83 - 84." type="journal article" year="1966">Mees 1966</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is black and deepbodied (
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B19256AD434FF1FFD40FE2AFD61" author="Vagelli" box="[245,396,655,680]" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" refString="Vagelli, A. A. (2014) Ephemeral sexual dichromatism in Quinca mirifica (Teleostei, Apogonidae), a black apogonid with solitary behavior. aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology, 20 (1), 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2014">Vagelli 2014</bibRefCitation>
), possibly belonging in 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256AD434FD49FD40FCDCFD61" ID-CoL="YXP" box="[675,890,655,680]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Apogonichthyoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256AD434FD49FD40FCDCFD61" box="[675,890,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="232">Apogonichthyoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see Fraser &amp; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B19256AD434FBC0FD40FB16FD61" author="Allen" box="[1066,1200,655,680]" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" refString="Fraser. T. H. &amp; Allen, G. R. (2010) Cardinalfish of the genus Apogonichthyoides Smith, 1949 (Apogonidae) with a description of a new species from the West-Pacific region. Zootaxa, 2348, 40 - 56." type="journal article" year="2010">Allen 2010</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256AD434FB2FFD40FEBAFD04" ID-CoL="YXP" authority="Smith 1961" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1961" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Apogonichthyoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256AD434FB2FFD40FA3AFD61" box="[1221,1436,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="232">Apogonichthyoides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B19256AD434FF7DFD7BFEBAFD04" author="Smith" box="[151,284,692,717]" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" refString="Smith, J. L. B. (1961) Fishes of the family Apogonidae of the western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University, 22, 373 - 418." type="journal article" year="1961">Smith 1961</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
has serrated hind edge of preopercle, seven to eight first dorsal-fin spines, with third spine always longest, mostly dark body color with spotted or barred pattern and/or ocellus-like mark in some species, and cheek bars, peritoneum, stomach and intestine pale or spotted. All species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256AD434FC34FD33FB8FFCDC" ID-CoL="56G8" box="[990,1065,764,789]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Jaydia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256AD434FC34FD33FB8FFCDC" box="[990,1065,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="232">Jaydia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are characterized by the fourth dorsal-fin spine longest, truncated or rounded caudal fin, ventral surface of head and/or isthmus bearing some melanophore pigmentation, light organs associated with the intestine present in some species. These characters suggest a likely relationship with our new genus than any other genus in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256AD434FC1AFCA8FB2FFC49" box="[1008,1161,871,896]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Sphaeramiini">Sphaeramiini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBF36E8256AD434FF2DFC42FAB5FB91" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="5" pageNumber="232">
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256AD434FF2DFC42FE94FC6D" box="[199,306,909,932]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Xeniamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256AD434FF2DFC42FE94FC6D" box="[199,306,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="232">Xeniamia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from known species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256AD434FD22FC43FCB5FC6C" ID-CoL="56G8" box="[712,787,908,933]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Jaydia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256AD434FD22FC43FCB5FC6C" box="[712,787,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="232">Jaydia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having a single supraneural, lacking an ossified basisphenoid, infraorbital without a shelf, two epurals instead of three, fused hypurals 1+2 instead of being free, lacking a bony sheath as part of the terminal centrum that covers the third and fourth hypurals, except present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256AD434FF7DFC38FDF8FBD9" ID-CoL="3QNT8" authority="Gon &amp; Allen 1998" authorityName="Gon &amp; Allen" authorityYear="1998" box="[151,606,1015,1040]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Jaydia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="photogaster">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256AD434FF7DFC38FEC9FBD9" box="[151,367,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="232">Jaydia photogaster</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B19256AD434FE95FC37FDF0FBD9" author="Gon" box="[383,598,1015,1040]" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" refString="Gon, O. &amp; Allen, G. R. (1998) A new luminous cardinalfish of the genus Apogon (Perciformes, Apogonidae) from the western Pacific Ocean. The J. L. B Smith Institute of Ichthyology Special Publication, 62, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1998">Gon &amp; Allen 1998</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256AD434FD7CFC36FC41FBD9" ID-CoL="3QNSW" authority="Weber 1909" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1909" box="[662,999,1015,1040]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Jaydia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argyrogaster">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256AD434FD7CFC36FCE7FBD9" box="[662,833,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="232">J. argyrogaster</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B19256AD434FCBAFC38FC79FBD9" author="Weber" box="[848,991,1015,1040]" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" refString="Weber, M. (1909) Diagnosen neuer Fische der Siboga-Expedition. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 31, (4), 143 - 169." type="journal article" year="1909">Weber 1909</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and a short visible eighth first dorsalfin spine (except present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256AD434FE26FBD3FC4BFBFC" ID-CoL="3QNT2" authority="Gon, Liao &amp; Shao 2015" authorityName="Gon, Liao &amp; Shao" authorityYear="2015" box="[460,1005,1052,1077]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Jaydia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythrophthalma">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256AD434FE26FBD3FD7EFBFC" box="[460,728,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="232">Jaydia erythrophthalma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B19256AD434FD35FBD3FC4BFBFC" author="Gon" box="[735,1005,1052,1077]" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" refString="Gon, O., Liao, Y. - C. &amp; Shao, K-T, (2015) A new species of the cardinalfish genus Jaydia (Teleostei: Apogonidae) from the Philippines. Zootaxa, 3980 (2), 286 - 292. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3980.2.9" type="journal article" year="2015">Gon, Liao &amp; Shao 2015</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) instead of a tiny nubbin hidden under the skin or absent. Like all 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256AD434FE2DFBF0FDB4FB91" ID-CoL="56G8" box="[455,530,1087,1112]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Jaydia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256AD434FE2DFBF0FDB4FB91" box="[455,530,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="232">Jaydia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. the fourth first dorsal-fin spine in 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256AD434FC71FB8EFBA1FB91" box="[923,1031,1089,1112]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Xeniamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256AD434FC71FB8EFBA1FB91" box="[923,1031,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="232">Xeniamia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is longer than the third.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBF36E8256AD434FF2DFBAAFC4BFBB4" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1149]" box="[199,1005,1124,1149]" pageId="5" pageNumber="232">
We place 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256AD434FEDEFBAAFE06FBB5" box="[308,416,1125,1148]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" genus="Xeniamia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="231" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B974EAFA256AD434FEDEFBAAFE06FBB5" box="[308,416,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="232">Xeniamia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C004D6B256AD434FE07FBABFD24FBB4" box="[493,642,1124,1149]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="232" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Sphaeramiini">Sphaeramiini</taxonomicName>
pending molecular information.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>