414 lines
52 KiB
XML
414 lines
52 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="627108974330E67C9663877EEADEF8AD">Micropezidae (Insecta, Diptera, Acalyptratae) of Madagascar and a revision of the genus Paramimegralla Hennig</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="C5801119C88C32BA27A9BF93542A572D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="0399A674FFFCA027FF0AF8DDA82B8F6E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6033411" ID-GBIF-Taxon="132549240" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6033411" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0399A674FFFCA027FF0AF8DDA82B8F6E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0399A674FFFCA027FF0AF8DDA82B8F6E" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="250" pageId="4" pageNumber="248">
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<subSubSection id="C32A44E9FFFCA025FF0AF8DDAB1C8C7D" box="[151,593,1875,1902]" pageId="4" pageNumber="248" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8F1762FFFCA025FF0AF8DDAB1C8C7D" blockId="4.[151,593,1875,1902]" box="[151,593,1875,1902]" pageId="4" pageNumber="248">
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<heading id="D0C7A00EFFFCA025FF0AF8DDAB1C8C7D" bold="true" box="[151,593,1875,1902]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="248" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFCA025FF0AF8DDAB1C8C7D" bold="true" box="[151,593,1875,1902]" pageId="4" pageNumber="248">
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Revision of
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<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFCA025FEB4F8DAAB1C8C7D" ID-CoL="6FKP" authority="Hennig" authorityName="Hennig" box="[297,593,1875,1902]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFCA025FEB4F8DAA8A38C7E" bold="true" box="[297,494,1875,1901]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="248">Paramimegralla</emphasis>
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Hennig
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32A44E9FFFCA024FF0AF813ABC48BBD" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="249" pageId="4" pageNumber="248" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B8F1762FFFCA025FF0AF813A8858CA3" blockId="4.[151,1328,1946,2030]" box="[151,456,1946,1968]" pageId="4" pageNumber="248">
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<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFCA025FF0AF813A8858CA3" ID-CoL="6FKP" authority="Hennig 1937" authorityName="Hennig" authorityYear="1937" box="[151,456,1946,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFCA025FF0AF813A8738CA3" box="[151,318,1946,1968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="248">Paramimegralla</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA16A93FFFCA025FED9F813A8858CA3" author="Hennig" box="[324,456,1946,1968]" pageId="4" pageNumber="248" refString="Hennig, W. (1937) Nachtrage zur " Revision der Tyliden. " Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 98, 46 ‾ 50." type="journal article" year="1937">Hennig 1937</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8F1762FFFCA025FF0AF830AB2E8CFD" blockId="4.[151,1328,1946,2030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="248">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB20304CFFFCA025FF0AF830AB2E8CFD" pageId="4" pageNumber="248">
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<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFCA025FF0AF830A8BC8CDC" ID-CoL="6FKP" authority="Hennig 1937: 46" authorityName="Hennig" authorityPageNumber="46" authorityYear="1937" box="[151,497,1977,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFCA025FF0AF830A8738CDC" box="[151,318,1977,1999]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="248">Paramimegralla</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A913173FFFCA025FED9F830A8BC8CDC" author="Hennig" box="[324,497,1977,1999]" page="46" pageId="4" pageNumber="248" year="1937">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA16A93FFFCA025FED9F830A8868CDC" author="Hennig" box="[324,459,1977,1999]" pageId="4" pageNumber="248" refString="Hennig, W. (1937) Nachtrage zur " Revision der Tyliden. " Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 98, 46 ‾ 50." type="journal article" year="1937">Hennig 1937</bibRefCitation>
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: 46
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Type species
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<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFCA025FD1EF830AD748CDC" ID-CoL="75Q2G" authority="Hennig" authorityName="Hennig" box="[643,1081,1977,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
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<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFCA025FD1EF830AAA58CDC" box="[643,1000,1977,1999]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="248">Paramimegralla madagascariensis</emphasis>
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Hennig
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</taxonomicName>
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by original designation.
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<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFCA025FF0AF85EA8F38CFE" ID-CoL="922FQ" authority="Barraclough 1991" authorityName="Barraclough" authorityYear="1991" box="[151,446,2007,2029]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Stiltissima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="248" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFCA025FF0AF85EA84D8CFE" box="[151,256,2007,2029]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="248">Stiltissima</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA16A93FFFCA025FE9BF85EA8F38CFE" author="Barraclough" box="[262,446,2007,2029]" pageId="4" pageNumber="248" refString="Barraclough, D. A. (1991) Review of the Madagascan Taeniapterinae (Diptera: Micropezidae), with the description of a remarkably elongate - legged new genus and first record of Rainieria Rondani from the subregion. Annals of the Natal Museum, 32, 1 ‾ 11." type="journal article" year="1991">Barraclough 1991</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFCA025FE55F851AB2E8CFD" bold="true" box="[456,611,2007,2030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="248">New Synonym</emphasis>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8F1762FFFDA024FF0AFF10ABC48BBD" blockId="5.[151,649,152,174]" box="[151,649,152,174]" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">
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<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FF0AFF10A9BA8BBD" ID-CoL="642HB" box="[151,247,153,174]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Rainieria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FF0AFF10A9BA8BBD" box="[151,247,153,174]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">Rainieria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in part,
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<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FED6FF10A8CE8BBD" box="[331,387,153,174]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">sensu</emphasis>
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Barraclough not Rondani
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32A44E9FFFDA024FF0AFF5CAD0E8F66" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B8F1762FFFDA024FF0AFF5CAD0E8F66" blockId="5.[151,1437,213,2005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">
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<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FF0AFF5CA8268BFD" bold="true" box="[151,363,213,238]" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">Generic diagnosis</emphasis>
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. Size 10̄
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<quantity id="4CC8BA87FFFDA024FE47FF5FAB608BFE" box="[474,557,214,238]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
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, variable within species. Colour ranging from pale brown to shining black, leg colour variable between species and between sexes. Head chaetotaxy including inner and outer vertical, postocellar and 1̄3 pairs of fronto-orbital setae (usually 3 but one or both frontal setae sometimes absent). Frontal vitta broad and weakly differentiated, usually extending from postocellar setae to anterior margin of frons but often strongly tapered anteriorly or posteriorly (posterior part obsolete in
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<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FCDEFEECAA988A6E" box="[835,981,357,381]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicephala">
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<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FCDEFEECAA988A6E" box="[835,981,357,381]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">longicephala</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). Ocelli usually inserted near midpoint between postocellar setae and anterior margin of frons, rarely closer to anterior margin; frons length anterior to ocelli never more than 2.5X the length of the frons posterior to ocelli. Palpus broad, parallel-sided. Pedicel strongly notched dorsally, with 2̄3 long marginal ventral setae; arista bare, arising dorsobasally. Clypeus variably developed, angled forward. Upper parafacial expanded, sometimes strongly. Notum tapered and moderately to strongly elevated anteriorly, usually densely microsetulose. One dorsocentral, 2 notopleural, 1 supralar, 1 postalar, and one scutellar seta. Proepisternum with minute to very long setae on ventral margin, proepimeron enlarged, ventrally indistinguishable from mesosternum but dorsally separated from anterior anepisternum by a distinct suture. Katepisternum with a double vertical row of posterior setae. Wing variously pigmented, anal cell long, posterior margin longer than A1+CuA2, distal angle usually acute but less extended than most Taeniapterini, most species with a distal angle of around 45% (about 70
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<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FD73FD59ABB489FA" bold="true" box="[750,761,720,745]" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">°</emphasis>
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in
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<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FC85FD59AAF189FB" box="[792,956,720,744]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrifasciata">
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<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FC85FD59AAF189FB" box="[792,956,720,744]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">quadrifasciata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). Base of wing without costagial or other outstanding setae; axillary cord with axillary fascicle made up of relatively long, loosely packed setae. Abdomen with T1̄2 about twice as long as T3, posterior margin of T1 usually elevated. Pleural membrane variously pigmented, usually with extensive black areas, males of some species with a prominent pleural sac on segment three. Male genital fork (sternite 5) variously developed, arms very short in
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<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FB99FCE9AD83886B" box="[1028,1230,864,888]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
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<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FB99FCE9AD83886B" box="[1028,1230,864,888]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">madagascariensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FA94FCE9AC15886B" box="[1289,1368,864,888]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zinzala">
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<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FA94FCE9AC15886B" box="[1289,1368,864,888]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">zinzala</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, each arm basally forked in
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<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FE0EFC0DAB4E888F" box="[403,515,900,924]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anchivitta">
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<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FE0EFC0DAB4E888F" box="[403,515,900,924]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">anchivitta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FD8FFC0DABC2888F" box="[530,655,900,924]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="campanula">
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<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FD8FFC0DABC2888F" box="[530,655,900,924]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">campanula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FD55FC0DAA17888F" box="[712,858,900,924]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicephala">
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<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FD55FC0DAA17888F" box="[712,858,900,924]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">longicephala</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Distiphallus diagnostic for species but variable at the generic level, with the distal distiphallus long and thin, short with a modified tip, or entirely absent. Ejaculatory apodeme usually similar in size to epandrium, but sometimes with a greatly enlarged blade (as in
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<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FB6FFC44AC1188F7" box="[1266,1372,972,996]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
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<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FB6FFC44AC1188F7" box="[1266,1372,972,996]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">P. sulcata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<figureCitation id="130B0BE7FFFDA024FAEDFC45A9F98F1B" captionStart="FIGURES 69 – 75" captionStartId="25.[151,264,1953,1976]" captionTargetBox="[174,1436,263,1932]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,255,1932]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURES 69 – 75. Paramimegralla sulCata sp. nov., 69. Holotype female, dorsolateral; 70. Spermathecae and associated structures, 71. Male terminalia, left lateral; 72. Male S 5 with genital fork; 73. Living female, left lateral, Ranomafana; 74. Basal part of phallus; 75. Basal half of abdomen to show pleural membrane." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829033/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">Fig. 71</figureCitation>
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) and sometimes greatly reduced (as in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FD07FC78AA478F1B" box="[666,778,1009,1032]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steineri">
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<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FD07FC78AA478F1B" box="[666,778,1009,1032]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">P. steineri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FCDEFC78AAF18F1B" box="[835,956,1008,1032]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stiltodes">
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<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FCDEFC78AAF18F1B" box="[835,956,1008,1032]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">P. stiltodes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<figureCitation id="130B0BE7FFFDA024FC56FC79AD658F1A" box="[971,1064,1008,1033]" captionStart="FIGURES 53 – 60" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1831,1854]" captionTargetBox="[151,1424,301,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,301,1810]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 53 – 60. Paramimegralla steineri (Barraclough). 53. Spermathecae and associated structures, dorsolateral; 54. Spermathecae and associated structures, lateral to show ventral receptacle; 55. Male S 5 with genital fork; 56. Male terminalia, ventral; 57. Male terminalia, left lateral; 58. Male with pleural sac everted, left lateral; 59. Male with pleural sac retracted, left anterolateral; 60. Female." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829029/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">Figs. 57</figureCitation>
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,
|
||
<figureCitation id="130B0BE7FFFDA024FBA8FC79AD198F1A" box="[1077,1108,1008,1033]" captionStart="FIGURES 61 – 68" captionStartId="23.[151,264,1737,1760]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,551,1716]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,551,1716]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 61 – 68. Paramimegralla stiltOides sp. nov., 61. Male, left lateral; 62. Male abdomen, right lateral; 31. Male S 5 with genital fork; 64. Male, dorsolateral; 65. Male terminalia, left lateral; 66. Head, dorsolateral; 67. Paired spermathecae; 68. Spermathecae and associated structures." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829031/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">65</figureCitation>
|
||
). Females with oviscape less than half as long as remainder of abdomen, spermathecae including a single slightly to greatly reduced spermatheca on a separate duct and paired spermathecae on a thick duct that branches into variably shaped and swollen stems basal to the spermathecae. Ventral receptacle strongly developed to greatly reduced.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32A44E9FFFDA027FF5AFB09A8A18AC3" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="250" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8F1762FFFDA024FF5AFB09AD238E87" blockId="5.[151,1437,213,2005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FF5AFB09A8058F8A" bold="true" box="[199,328,1152,1177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">Comments</emphasis>
|
||
. The generic diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FD16FB09AA098F8B" box="[651,836,1152,1176]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FD16FB09AA098F8B" box="[651,836,1152,1176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">Paramimegralla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
above differs in several respects from the generic redescription provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA16A93FFFDA024FE5AFB2DABE78FAF" author="Barraclough" box="[455,682,1188,1213]" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" refString="Barraclough, D. A. (1992) The Madagascan genus Paramimegralla Hennig, 1937 (Diptera: Micropezidae: Taeniapterinae). Annals of the Natal Museum, 33 (1), 1 ‾ 11." type="journal article" year="1992">Barraclough (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Species with relatively long legs and without frontal setae were excluded by Barraclough (and treated as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FDFAFB41AB968FF3" box="[615,731,1224,1248]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Stiltissima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FDFAFB41AB968FF3" box="[615,731,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">Stiltissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), as were species with long propleural setae (which he treated as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FF28FB64A8528E17" box="[181,287,1261,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Rainieria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FF28FB64A8528E17" box="[181,287,1261,1284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">Rainieria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Furthermore, Barraclough suggested that flattened tarsomeres one and two of the foreleg were likely to be a strong apomorphy for the genus, even though he only had intact males of one species on which to base this suggestion. As it turns out, the flattened and expanded tarsomere one of the male foreleg of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FA8DFABCAC3D8E5F" box="[1296,1392,1333,1356]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FA8DFABCAC3D8E5F" box="[1296,1392,1333,1356]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">P. nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FA1AFABCA8688E63" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stuckenbergi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FA1AFABCA8688E63" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">P. stuckenbergi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of Barraclough) appears to be autapomorphic for that species, although the male fore tarsus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FA1AFAD0A9B28E87" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verticalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FA1AFAD0A9B28E87" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">P. verticalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(probably "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FE18FAF4A8A28E87" box="[389,495,1405,1428]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Rainieria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FE18FAF4A8A28E87" box="[389,495,1405,1428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">Rainieria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nsp" of Barraclough) is also strongly modified (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130B0BE7FFFDA024FB90FAF5AD2C8E87" box="[1037,1121,1404,1429]" captionStart="FIGURES 88 – 96" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1879,1902]" captionTargetBox="[179,1415,265,1863]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[179,1415,265,1864]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 88 – 96. Paramimegralla vertiCalis sp. nov., 88. Head dorsal; 89. Head and anterior thorax anterolateral (arrow points to proepisternal setae); 90. Male, Andasibe; 91. Male fore tarsus and tibia; 92. Terminalia, ventral, dry specimen; 93. Male sternite 5 showing genital fork; 94, Male terminalia, left lateral, detail; 95. Spermatheca and associated structures, lateral; 96. Male terminalia, left lateral. Abbreviations: aa, phallapodeme; b, basiphallus; bd, basal distiphallus; e, epandrium; ea, ejaculatory apodeme; h, hypandrium; pb, phallic bulb; pg, postgonite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829039/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">Fig. 91</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8F1762FFFDA024FF5AFA29ACD18C7A" blockId="5.[151,1437,213,2005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FF5AFA29AB058EAA" bold="true" box="[199,584,1440,1465]" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">Relationships and distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
A concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FC99FA29AAF08EAB" box="[772,957,1440,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FC99FA29AAF08EAB" box="[772,957,1440,1464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">Paramimegralla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FBD8FA29ADF48EAB" box="[1093,1209,1440,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Stiltissima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FBD8FA29ADF48EAB" box="[1093,1209,1440,1464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">Stiltissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Malagasy specimens treated as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FE11FA4CA8BB8ECF" box="[396,502,1477,1500]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Rainieria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FE11FA4CA8BB8ECF" box="[396,502,1477,1500]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">Rainieria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA16A93FFFDA024FDBBFA4DAA498ECF" author="Barraclough" box="[550,772,1476,1501]" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" refString="Barraclough, D. A. (1991) Review of the Madagascan Taeniapterinae (Diptera: Micropezidae), with the description of a remarkably elongate - legged new genus and first record of Rainieria Rondani from the subregion. Annals of the Natal Museum, 32, 1 ‾ 11." type="journal article" year="1991">Barraclough (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is supported by synapomorphies placing those species in well–defined species groups within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FDB1FA61ABA88D13" box="[556,741,1512,1536]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FDB1FA61ABA88D13" box="[556,741,1512,1536]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">Paramimegralla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FCAFFA61AAEB8D13" box="[818,934,1512,1536]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Stiltissima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FCAFFA61AAEB8D13" box="[818,934,1512,1536]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">Stiltissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
" species form a monophyletic group with
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FA1AFA60A8D78D37" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FA1AFA60A9AE8D37" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vadoni">P. vadoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FE87F984A8D78D37" box="[282,410,1548,1572]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stiltoides">P. stiltoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. This clade is characterized by a truncated distiphallus ending in the distal bulb, without the normal distal section, and by a greatly reduced ejaculatory apodeme (similar character states occur in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FAACF9B8ACC68D5B" box="[1329,1419,1585,1608]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FAACF9B8ACC68D5B" box="[1329,1419,1585,1608]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">P. nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Furthermore, males of
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FE3BF9DDABFD8D7F" box="[422,688,1620,1644]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">
|
||
"
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FE32F9DDAB678D7F" box="[431,554,1620,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Stiltissima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stiltissima</taxonomicName>
|
||
",
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FDD9F9DCABFD8D7F" box="[580,688,1620,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vadoni">P. vadoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FD6CF9DCAACE8D7F" box="[753,899,1620,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stiltissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FD6CF9DCAACE8D7F" box="[753,899,1620,1644]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">P. stiltissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a prominent pleural sack on abdominal segment three (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130B0BE7FFFDA024FED9F9F1A8D68D82" box="[324,411,1656,1681]" captionStart="FIGURES 53 – 60" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1831,1854]" captionTargetBox="[151,1424,301,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[151,1436,301,1810]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 53 – 60. Paramimegralla steineri (Barraclough). 53. Spermathecae and associated structures, dorsolateral; 54. Spermathecae and associated structures, lateral to show ventral receptacle; 55. Male S 5 with genital fork; 56. Male terminalia, ventral; 57. Male terminalia, left lateral; 58. Male with pleural sac everted, left lateral; 59. Male with pleural sac retracted, left anterolateral; 60. Female." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829029/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">Figs 58</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="130B0BE7FFFDA024FE35F9F1A8858D82" box="[424,456,1656,1681]" captionStart="FIGURES 83 – 87" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1586,1609]" captionTargetBox="[165,1435,519,1564]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,519,1565]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURES 83 – 87. Paramimegralla vadOni Verbeke. 83. Male feeding on dung bait, Ranomafana; 84. Male terminalia, left lateral; 85. Abdomen segments 4 ‾ 7, lateral; 86. Male, left lateral, to show everted pleural sac; 87. Spermathecae and associated structures (bursa copulatrix detached and in lateral view)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829037/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">86</figureCitation>
|
||
). Many male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FDF9F9F1AA448D82" box="[612,777,1656,1681]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Taeniapterinae">Taeniapterinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a pleural sac on segment two and some Afrotropical species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FF67F915A8A18DA6" authority="Verbeke" authorityName="Verbeke" box="[250,492,1692,1717]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Aristobatina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FF67F915A8CB8DA7" box="[250,390,1692,1716]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">Aristobatina</emphasis>
|
||
Verbeke
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) have a pleural sac on segment four, but a pleural sac on segment three is unusual and a probable synapomorphy for the
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FDD5F949AA988DCB" box="[584,981,1728,1752]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FDD5F949AA158DCB" box="[584,856,1728,1752]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vadoni">Paramimegralla vadoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FCFAF949AA988DCB" box="[871,981,1728,1752]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stiltissima">stiltissima</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
clade. The pleural sac (an outpocketing of the male pleuron) is difficult to assess on dried specimens, and could also occur on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FBCCF96CAD9C8DEF" box="[1105,1233,1764,1788]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stiltoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FBCCF96CAD9C8DEF" box="[1105,1233,1764,1788]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">P. stiltoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Other species for which photographs of live males are available lack a homologous structure, although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FB0BF880ADB98C33" box="[1174,1268,1801,1824]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FB0BF880ADB98C33" box="[1174,1268,1801,1824]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">P. nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males have a ventrally swollen abdominal segment four, unlike other species. These characters provide strong evidence that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FA1AF8A4A9AE8C7B" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vadoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FA1AF8A4A9AE8C7B" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">P. vadoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FF6DF8D8A8258C7B" box="[240,360,1872,1896]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stiltodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FF6DF8D8A8258C7B" box="[240,360,1872,1896]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">P. stiltodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the former
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FD84F8D9ABC08C7B" box="[537,653,1872,1896]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Stiltissima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FD84F8D9ABC08C7B" box="[537,653,1872,1896]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">Stiltissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form a clade, and suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FC79F8D8AD718C7B" box="[996,1084,1873,1896]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FC79F8D8AD718C7B" box="[996,1084,1873,1896]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">P. nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the sister group to that clade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8F1762FFFDA027FF5AF8FDAA6F8A2C" blockId="5.[151,1437,213,2005]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,1149]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="250" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">
|
||
Malagasy micropezids with long proepisternal setae were considered to belong to an undescribed species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FF0AF810A84C8CA3" box="[151,257,1945,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Rainieria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FF0AF810A84C8CA3" box="[151,257,1945,1968]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">Rainieria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA16A93FFFDA024FEB0F811AB408CA3" author="Barraclough" box="[301,525,1944,1969]" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" refString="Barraclough, D. A. (1991) Review of the Madagascan Taeniapterinae (Diptera: Micropezidae), with the description of a remarkably elongate - legged new genus and first record of Rainieria Rondani from the subregion. Annals of the Natal Museum, 32, 1 ‾ 11." type="journal article" year="1991">Barraclough (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but species with that character (
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FC1EF811AD278CA3" box="[899,1130,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FC1EF811AABB8CA3" box="[899,1014,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anchivitta">anchivitta</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FB9FF811AD278CA3" box="[1026,1130,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verticalis">verticalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FB3EF811ADB98CA3" box="[1187,1268,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FB3EF811ADB98CA3" box="[1187,1268,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">sulcata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) appear to fall into two species groups, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FE75F835AB1D8CC7" box="[488,592,1980,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verticalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FE75F835AB1D8CC7" box="[488,592,1980,2004]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">verticalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
more closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FCFCF834AAF58CC7" box="[865,952,1981,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zarpa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FCFCF834AAF58CC7" box="[865,952,1981,2004]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">P. zarpa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFDA024FC69F834AD3B8CC7" box="[1012,1142,1981,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="249" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="campana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFDA024FC69F834AD3B8CC7" box="[1012,1142,1981,2004]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="249">P. campana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which in turn seem to be closely related and are characterized by a distal swelling ("glans") on the distal distiphallus.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFEA027FB2CFF11AC568BBC" box="[1201,1307,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Rainieria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFEA027FB2CFF11AC568BBC" box="[1201,1307,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">Rainieria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a poorly defined genus in need of revision, but the type clade (the type species and its close relatives) differs widely from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFEA027FF0AFF69A81D8BEB" box="[151,336,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFEA027FF0AFF69A81D8BEB" box="[151,336,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">Paramimegralla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in significant characters such as a strong inclinate costagial seta, sulcate hind tibia, anteriorly tapered frontal vitta and a very short anal cell. Thus, morphological characters do not seem to suggest a close relationship between any Malagasy species and
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFEA027FD2CFEA1AA6F8A2C" box="[689,802,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFEA027FD2CFEA1AA538A2C" box="[689,798,296,319]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Rainieria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rainieria</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8F1762FFFEA027FF5AFEC5A8A18AC3" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFEA027FF5AFEC5AB198A77" box="[199,596,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFEA027FF5AFEC5AB198A77" box="[199,596,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">Paramimegralla madagascariensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFEA027FD0FFEC4AA4D8A77" box="[658,768,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zinzala">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFEA027FD0FFEC4AA4D8A77" box="[658,768,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">P. zinzala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are clearly sister species, with many close similarities in wing pigmentation and male terminalia, such as the extremely short arms of the genital fork. External characters suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFEA027FEB8FE1CA88B8ABF" box="[293,454,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteoscapus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFEA027FEB8FE1CA88B8ABF" box="[293,454,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">P. luteoscapus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs in the same clade as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFEA027FC86FE1CAD4F8ABF" box="[795,1026,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFEA027FC86FE1CAA648ABF" box="[795,809,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFEA027FCA5FE1DAD4F8ABF" box="[824,1026,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">madagascariensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFEA027FBA1FE1CADE98ABF" box="[1084,1188,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zinzala">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFEA027FBA1FE1CADE98ABF" box="[1084,1188,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">P. zinzala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
although this species remains unknown from males.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32A44E9FFFEA027FF5AFE55A82B8F6E" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8F1762FFFEA027FF5AFE55AB858F26" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B581D3FFFFEA027FF5AFE55AB858F26" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1572325763" collectingDate="2015-10" country="Madagascar" county="Ranomafana" location="Most" municipality="For" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFEA027FF5AFE55A8CD8AE7" box="[199,384,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFEA027FF5AFE55A8CD8AE7" box="[199,384,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">Paramimegralla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known only from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32757F2FFFEA027FDF4FE55ABBF8AE6" box="[617,754,476,501]" name="Madagascar" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and for the most part known only from a few well–collected humid forest localities.
|
||
<location id="8EEF41B9FFFEA027FE38FD89A8928904" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0399A674FFFCA027FF0AF8DDA82B8F6E:8EEF41B9FFFEA027FE38FD89A8928904" box="[421,479,512,535]" country="Madagascar" county="Ranomafana" municipality="For" name="Most" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">Most</location>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFEA027FE75FD89ABEF890B" box="[488,674,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFEA027FE75FD89ABEF890B" box="[488,674,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">Paramimegralla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are known from either or both
|
||
<location id="8EEF41B9FFFEA027FBF5FE76ACD1890B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0399A674FFFCA027FF0AF8DDA82B8F6E:8EEF41B9FFFEA027FBF5FE76ACD1890B" box="[1128,1436,511,536]" country="Madagascar" county="Ranomafana" municipality="For" name="Ranomafana National Park" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">Ranomafana National Park</location>
|
||
and the area around
|
||
<location id="8EEF41B9FFFEA027FE1EFDADA8A0892E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0399A674FFFCA027FF0AF8DDA82B8F6E:8EEF41B9FFFEA027FE1EFDADA8A0892E" box="[387,493,548,573]" country="Madagascar" county="Ranomafana" municipality="For" name="Andasibe" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">Andasibe</location>
|
||
(Perinet), and the majority are known only from the
|
||
<location id="8EEF41B9FFFEA027FBCBFDADADBD892E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0399A674FFFCA027FF0AF8DDA82B8F6E:8EEF41B9FFFEA027FBCBFDADADBD892E" box="[1110,1264,548,573]" country="Madagascar" county="Ranomafana" municipality="For" name="Torotorofotsy" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">Torotorofotsy</location>
|
||
reserve
|
||
<quantity id="4CC8BA87FFFEA027FACEFDADACD1892E" box="[1363,1436,548,573]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" unit="km" value="22.0">22 km</quantity>
|
||
from
|
||
<location id="8EEF41B9FFFEA027FF4BFDCEA80E8973" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0399A674FFFCA027FF0AF8DDA82B8F6E:8EEF41B9FFFEA027FF4BFDCEA80E8973" box="[214,323,583,608]" country="Madagascar" county="Ranomafana" municipality="For" name="Andasibe" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">Andasibe</location>
|
||
, and/or the
|
||
<location id="8EEF41B9FFFEA027FE54FDCEABE78973" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0399A674FFFCA027FF0AF8DDA82B8F6E:8EEF41B9FFFEA027FE54FDCEABE78973" box="[457,682,583,608]" country="Madagascar" county="Ranomafana" municipality="For" name="Sahamalaotra forest" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">Sahamalaotra forest</location>
|
||
at Ranomafana. This apparent concentration of diversity becomes all the more remarkable when examined in detail.
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BEB8D18FFFEA027FD71FDE4AA5E8997" box="[748,787,621,644]" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">For</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
example, it was very dry for most of my brief stay at
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62EE6FEEFFFEA027FF0AFD06A86589BB" box="[151,296,655,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">Ranomafana</collectingCounty>
|
||
, and almost no
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFEA027FE41FD06AB3B89BB" box="[476,630,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Micropezidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected until rain during the night of
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFCAC84AFFFEA027FBE4FD19AD8189BB" box="[1145,1228,655,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" value="2015-10">
|
||
<date id="FF8E31A2FFFEA027FBE4FD19AD8189BB" box="[1145,1228,655,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" value="2015-10">Oct. 15</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
led to about three hours of very productive collecting in Sahamalaotra the next morning. Ten of the 18 known
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFEA027FB7EFD3DACD189DF" box="[1251,1436,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFEA027FB7EFD3DACD189DF" box="[1251,1436,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">Paramimegralla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species were collected during that period, including six new species (of which three remain known only from that collection). Collections made at Andasibe (Torotorofotsy) a few days later yielded eight species (of which two remain known only from those collections). Without further material from a wider range of localities it is hard to make sense of this apparent concentration of species in a couple of forest reserves, but it seems very likely that many more species remain to be discovered elsewhere in the country or even at these two relatively well–collected reserves. Four species described from those two reserves remain known only from single specimens, and several species remain known only from a single sex, posing an intriguing challenge for future students of Malagasy
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFEA027FF0AFC5DA87888FE" box="[151,309,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Micropezidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Three species are known only from the northern/northwestern tip of the island, and two of these (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFEA027FA1AFC5CA8498F03" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="volcanica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFEA027FA1AFC5CA8498F03" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">P. volcanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFEA027FEA7FC70AB658F03" box="[314,552,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFEA027FEA7FC70AB6D8F03" box="[314,544,1016,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">P. madagascariensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are clearly sister taxa to species from the eastern forests at Ranomofana and/or Andasibe (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFEA027FE8CFB94A8CD8F27" box="[273,384,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steineri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFEA027FE8CFB94A8CD8F27" box="[273,384,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">P. steineri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFEA027FE2AFB94AB658F27" box="[439,552,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFEA027FE2AFB94AB698F27" box="[439,548,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zinzala">P. zinzala</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
respectively).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8F1762FFFEA027FF5AFBB6A82B8F6E" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">
|
||
Descriptions of all known
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C306CE1FFFEA027FD9DFBC9ABF48F4B" box="[512,697,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Micropezidae" genus="Paramimegralla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="250" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B944CB70FFFEA027FD9DFBC9ABF48F4B" box="[512,697,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">Paramimegralla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species follow, starting with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548BA9C0FFFEA027FBDEFBC9AD3E8F4B" box="[1091,1139,1088,1112]" pageId="6" pageNumber="250">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species and following in alphabetical order.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |