482 lines
56 KiB
XML
482 lines
56 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264" ID-GBIF-Dataset="48bd4e9c-4763-413e-8389-359c4c55bc8c" ID-PMC="PMC4768370" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-560-1" ID-PubMed="27006611" ID-ZBK="F4C1691C13584FA9A031E305DEE2B6A2" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-560-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 560" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States" checkinTime="1454620567459" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hamilton, Chris A., Hendrixson, Brent E. & Bond, Jason E." docDate="2016" docId="87B8528AC8E276C632606BB00D1B78B0" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 560: 1-340" docOrigin="ZooKeys 560" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264" docTitle="Aphonopelma mareki Hamilton, Hendrixson & Bond, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="22CB089B-6B44-47AC-BAE4-46894A10C02A" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="163" masterDocId="FFAAA03F4F6CFFFEFF94FFF0FFBDFFE9" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States" masterLastPageNumber="340" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="157" updateTime="1668162572149" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Hamilton, Chris A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Hendrixson, Brent E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Bond, Jason E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>560</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>340</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-560-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">F4C1691C13584FA9A031E305DEE2B6A2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F4C1691C13584FA9A031E305DEE2B6A2</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127884990" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:22CB089B-6B44-47AC-BAE4-46894A10C02A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/87B8528AC8E276C632606BB00D1B78B0" lastPageId="162" lastPageNumber="163" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">
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<subSubSection pageId="156" pageNumber="157" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="156" pageNumber="157">Taxon classification Animalia Araneae Theraphosidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="156" pageNumber="157" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="156" pageNumber="157">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/22CB089B-6B44-47AC-BAE4-46894A10C02A" authority="Hamilton, Hendrixson & Bond" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki Hamilton, Hendrixson & Bond</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="156" pageNumber="157">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figures 83, 84, 85, 86, 87; Suppl. material 4
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="156" pageNumber="157" type="types">
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<paragraph pageId="156" pageNumber="157">Types.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="156" pageNumber="157">Male holotype (APH_1615) collected 0.4 miles E Hwy-89 on Stanton Rd, Yavapai Co., Arizona, 34.18203 -112.818862 1, elev. 2852ft., 12.xi.2012, coll. Brent E. Hendrixson; deposited in AUMNH. Paratype female (APH_1590) from Bartlett Dam Rd, Maricopa Co., Arizona, 33.847258 -111.793291 1, elev. 2793ft., 7.xi.2012, coll. Brent E. Hendrixson; deposited in AUMNH. Paratype male (APH_1569) from just outside N boundary of Montezuma Well National Monument, along Beaver Creek Rd, Yavapai Co., Arizona, 34.653811 -111.757497 1, elev. 3596ft., 27.x.2012, coll. Brent E. Hendrixson; deposited in AMNH. Paratype female (APH_0297) from Mazatzal Mtns, Four Peaks, Pigeon Spring Rd. junction, Gila Co., Arizona, 33.72156 -111.33753 1, elev. 5780ft., 6.x.2007, coll. Zach Valois, deposited in AMNH.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="156" pageNumber="157" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="156" pageNumber="157">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="156" pageNumber="157">The specific epithet is a patronym in recognition of our friend, colleague, and myriapod biologist Paul Marek, who collected several important specimens examined as part of this revision.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="157" lastPageNumber="158" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="156" pageNumber="157">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="157" lastPageNumber="158" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 83) is a member of the
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<taxonomicName genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae paloma" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" rank="species" species="paloma">paloma</taxonomicName>
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species group and can be distinguished by a combination of morphological, molecular, and geographic characteristics. Nuclear DNA identifies
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
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as a strongly supported, phylogenetically-distinct monophyletic lineage (Fig. 8) that is a sister lineage to
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.,
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., and
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma superstitionense" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superstitionense">Aphonopelma superstitionense</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
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can easily be differentiated from syntopic populations of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma marxi" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marxi">Aphonopelma marxi</taxonomicName>
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by their smaller size, and can be differentiated from other members of the
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<taxonomicName genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae paloma" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" rank="species" species="paloma">paloma</taxonomicName>
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species group (
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma prenticei" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prenticei">Aphonopelma prenticei</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. and
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
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) by locality.
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
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males can possess either a normal or slightly swollen femur III (different from than the swollen femur III in
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
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). The most significant measurements that distinguish male
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
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from its closely related phylogenetic and syntopic species are F1 and the extent of scopulation on metatarsus III. Male
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished by possessing a larger F1/M1 (≥1.41; 1.41-1.58) than
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
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(≤1.36; 1.11-1.36) and
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma prenticei" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prenticei">Aphonopelma prenticei</taxonomicName>
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(≤1.34; 1.25-1.34), and smaller than
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma marxi" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marxi">Aphonopelma marxi</taxonomicName>
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(≥1.69; 1.69-1.94); a larger L3 scopulation extent (50%-56%) than
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
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(21%-41%), and smaller than
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="157" pageNumber="158" start="start">Aphonopelma</pageBreakToken>
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chalcodes
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</taxonomicName>
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(65%-86%),
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
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(60%-65%),
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma prenticei" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prenticei">Aphonopelma prenticei</taxonomicName>
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(60%-73%), and
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma superstitionense" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superstitionense">Aphonopelma superstitionense</taxonomicName>
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(40%-48%). There are no significant measurements that separate
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
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. The most significant measurements that distinguish female
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
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from its closely related phylogenetic and syntopic species are F1L/W and the extent of scopulation on metatarsus IV. Female
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished by possessing a larger F1L/W (≥2.94; 2.94-3.17) than
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
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(2.58
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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(only 1 specimen)); a smaller L4 scopulation extent (21%-27%) than
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
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(56%-81%),
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma marxi" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marxi">Aphonopelma marxi</taxonomicName>
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(33%-51%),
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
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(33%-42%), and
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma prenticei" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prenticei">Aphonopelma prenticei</taxonomicName>
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(27%-38%). There are no significant measurements that separate female
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma superstitionense" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superstitionense">Aphonopelma superstitionense</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="157" pageNumber="158">
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<paragraph pageId="157" pageNumber="158">
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Figure 83.
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. live photographs. Female (L) - APH_1617; Male holotype (R) - APH_1615.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="158" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" type="description of male holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Description of male holotype</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="157" pageNumber="158">
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(APH_1615; Fig. 84). Specimen preparation and condition: Specimen collected wandering and preserved in 80% ethanol; original coloration faded due to preservation. Left legs I, III, IV, and left pedipalp removed for measurements and photographs; stored in vial with specimen. Right legs III & IV removed for DNA and stored at -80°C in the AUMNH (Auburn, AL). General coloration: Faded black/brown. Cephalothorax: Carapace 6.394 mm long, 5.504 mm wide; densely clothed with faded pubescence, appressed to surface; fringe covered in longer setae not closely appressed to surface; foveal groove medium deep and straight; pars cephalica region rises very gradually from foveal groove on a straight plane towards the ocular area; AER very slightly procurved - mostly straight, PER very slightly recurved - mostly straight; normal sized chelicerae; clypeus extends forward on a slight curve; LBl 0.777, LBw 1.16; sternum hirsute, clothed with faded, densely packed, short setae. Abdomen: Densely clothed in short black/brown pubescence with numerous longer, lighter setae interspersed (generally red or orange in situ); dense dorsal patch of black Type I urticating bristles (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Cooke et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
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) - smaller and distinct from large species. Legs: Hirsute; densely clothed in faded pubescence. Metatarsus I curved. F1 6.534; F1w 1.306; P1 2.406; T1 5.473; M1 4.137; A1 3.196; F3 5.046; F3w 1.451; P3 1.869; T3 4.008; M3 4.271; A3 3.358; F4 6.121; F4w 1.268; P4 1.928; T4 5.333; M4 5.494; A4 3.808; femur III is normal - not noticeably swollen or wider than other legs. All tarsi fully scopulate. Extent of metatarsal scopulation: leg III (SC3) = 54.1%; leg IV (SC4) = 42.1%. Three ventral spinose setae on metatarsus III; four ventral and four retrolateral spinose setae on metatarsus IV; two prolateral spinose setae and two ventral spinose setae on tibia I; one megaspine present on the retrolateral tibia, at the apex of the mating clasper; two megaspines on the apex on the retrolateral branch of the tibial apophyses, one megaspine on the apex of the prolateral branch, and one megaspine on the prolateral base of the prolateral branch of the tibial apophyses. Coxa I: Prolateral surface covered by fine, hair-like setae. Pedipalps: Hirsute; densely clothed in the same setal color as the other legs, with numerous longer ventral setae; one spinose seta at the apical, prolateral femur and two prolateral spinose setae on the palpal tibia; PTl 3.915, PTw 1.416. Palpal bulb is very short and stout. When extended, embolus tapers with a curve to the retrolateral side; embolus slender, no keels; distinct dorsal and ventral transition from bulb to embolus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="157" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="157" pageNumber="158">
|
||
Figure 84.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–I">A-I</normalizedToken>
|
||
male holotype, APH_1615 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 2.5mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 2mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 2mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 3mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 0.5mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 2.5mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="158" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">
|
||
Variation (5).Cl 5.41-6.411 (5.981
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.19), Cw 4.751-5.844 (5.348
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.18), LBl 0.711-0.858 (0.78
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.02), LBw 0.857-1.16 (0.981
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.06), F1 6.017-6.875
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="158" pageNumber="159" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
|
||
6.501
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.14), F1w 1.306-1.622 (1.449
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.05), P1 1.995-2.609 (2.382
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.1), T1 5.392-5.782 (5.62
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.08), M1 4.137-4.531 (4.352
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.07), A1 2.729-3.457 (3.183
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.13), L1 length 20.39-22.933 (22.039
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.47), F3 4.776-5.561 (5.248
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.15), F3w 1.451-1.875 (1.655
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.07), P3 1.726-1.975 (1.86
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.04), T3 3.732-4.434 (4.098
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.12), M3 4.271-5.129 (4.66
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.16), A3 3.092-3.607 (3.39
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.09), L3 length 17.686-20.706 (19.256
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.53), F4 5.849-6.639 (6.296
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.14), F4w 1.268-1.589 (1.399
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.06), P4 1.757-2.207 (2.022
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.08), T4 4.729-5.931 (5.475
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.21), M4 5.494-6.687 (6.158
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.24), A4 3.463-4.148 (3.858
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.12), L4 length 21.575-25.57 (23.808
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.74), PTl 3.542-4.044 (3.793
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.09), PTw 1.285-1.499 (1.392
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.03), SC3 ratio 0.502-0.563 (0.533
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.01), SC4 ratio 0.186-0.421 (0.286
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.04), Coxa I setae = very thin tapered, F3 condition = normal & slightly swollen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="159" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" type="description of female paratype">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Description of female paratype</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
|
||
(APH_1590; Figs 85-86). Specimen preparation and condition: Specimen collected live from burrow, preserved in 80% ethanol; original coloration faded due to preservation. Left legs I, III, IV, and pedipalp removed for photographs and measurements; stored in vial with specimen. Right legs III & IV removed for DNA and stored at -80°C in the AUMNH (Auburn, AL). Genital plate with spermathecae removed and cleared, stored in vial with specimen. General coloration: Faded black/brown. Cephalothorax: Carapace 7.744 mm long, 6.839 mm wide; Hirsute, densely clothed with short faded black/brown pubescence closely appressed to surface; fringe densely covered in slightly longer setae; foveal groove medium deep and straight; pars cephalica region gently rises from thoracic furrow, arching anteriorly toward ocular area; AER very slightly procurved, PER very slightly recurved; chelicerae robust, clypeus extends on a slight curve; LBl 1.153, LBw 1.364; sternum hirsute, clothed with short faded setae. Abdomen: Densely clothed dorsally in short faded black setae with longer, lighter setae (generally red or orange in situ) focused near the urticating patch; dense dorsal patch of black Type I urticating bristles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Cooke et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) - smaller and distinct from large species. Spermathecae: Paired and separate, with capitate bulbs, narrow necks widening towards the bases; not fused. Legs: Hirsute; densely clothed in short faded black/brown pubescence; F1 6.467; F1w 2.193; P1 3.075; T1 5.425; M1 4.04; A1 3.742; F3 5.576; F3w 1.855; P3 2.736; T3 3.906; M3 3.986; A3 3.504; F4 6.708; F4w 1.959; P4 2.786; T4 5.56; M4 5.788; A4 4.188. All tarsi fully scopulate. Extent of metatarsal scopulation: leg III (SC3) = 56.9%; leg IV (SC4) = 25.1%. Four ventral spinose setae and one prolateral spinose seta on metatarsus III; sixteen ventral spinose setae on metatarsus IV (though five are clustered near the row of spinose setae that line the margin with the tarsus). Coxa I: Prolateral surface covered by a mix of thin tapered/very thin tapered and fine, hair-like setae. Pedipalps: Densely clothed in the same setal color as the other legs; one spinose seta on the apical, prolateral femur, six prolateral (two at the apical, prolateral border with the tarsus) spinose setae and one ventral spinose seta on the tibia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
|
||
Figure 85.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
female paratype, APH_1590 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 3mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 1.5mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 2mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
|
||
Figure 86.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
cleared spermathecae A APH_1590 B APH_0297 C APH_0941 D APH_1589 E APH_1617.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="159" lastPageNumber="160" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
|
||
Variation (6).Cl 7.315-8.778 (7.717
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.22), Cw 6.021-7.405 (6.649
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.19), LBl 1.012-1.195 (1.116
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.03), LBw 1.171-1.364 (1.281
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.03), F1 5.83-7.175 (6.362
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.18), F1w 1.839-2.276 (2.067
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.07), P1 2.412-3.416 (2.8
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.16), T1 4.712-5.646 (5.159
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.14), M1 3.348-4.089 (3.684
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.13), A1 2.981-3.742 (3.318
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.11),
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="159" pageNumber="160" start="start">L</pageBreakToken>
|
||
1 length 19.528-23.553 (21.323
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.62), F3 4.494-5.928 (5.185
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.21), F3w 1.669-2.058 (1.794
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.06), P3 1.856-2.736 (2.341
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.13), T3 3.194-4.041 (3.647
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.12), M3 3.336-4.525 (3.859
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.16), A3 3.127-3.606 (3.455
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.07), L3 length 16.007-20.751 (18.487
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.66), F4 5.886-7.124 (6.504
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.17), F4w 1.679-2.053 (1.842
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.06), P4 2.285-3.222 (2.617
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.14), T4 4.687-5.565 (5.247
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.14), M4 4.705-5.878 (5.463
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.18), A4 3.636-4.188 (3.958
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.09), L4 length 21.384-25.866 (23.789
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.64), SC3 ratio 0.429-0.617 (0.554
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.03), SC4 ratio 0.218-0.273 (0.241
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.01), Coxa I setae = thin tapered. Spermathecae variation can be seen in Figure 86.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="160" lastPageNumber="161" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="160" lastPageNumber="161" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">
|
||
United States: Arizona: Coconino: Schnebly Hill Road, Sedona, 34.86533 -111.753003 5, 4328ft., [AUMS_2272, 15/5/1992, 1♂, unknown, AUMNH]; Gila: 1.1 miles NW AZ-87 on Barnhardt Trail Rd (FR 419), 34.09815 -111.36165 1, 3200ft., [APH_0345, 10/5/2008, 1 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Zach Valois, Josh Richards, AUMNH]; 1.4 miles E US-87 on Control Rd, 34.35949 -111.40302 1, 5430ft., [APH_0347, 10/5/2008, 1 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Zach Valois, Josh Richards, AUMNH]; Mazatzal Mtns, Four Peaks, Pigeon Spring Rd. junction, 33.72156 -111.33753 1, 5780ft., [APH_0297, 6/10/2007, 1♀, Zach Valois, AMNH]; Payson, Payson rodeo grounds at southern edge of town, 34.2189 -111.33695 1, 5000ft., [APH_0299, 6/10/2007, 1♀, Zach Valois, AUMNH]; S side of Payson, 34.194017 -111.330517 5, 6000ft., [APH_0941, 2007, 1♀, Josh Richards, AUMNH]; Maricopa: 2.5 miles E North Cave Creek Rd on Bartlett Dam Rd, 33.84746 -111.79369 1, 2700ft., [APH_0343, 9/5/2008, 1 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, Zach Valois, Josh Richards, AUMNH]; [APH_0433-0440, 16/11/2008, 6♀, 2 juv, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; Bar
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="160" pageNumber="161" start="start">tlett</pageBreakToken>
|
||
Dam Rd, 33.847258 -111.793291 1, 2793ft., [APH_1570, 27/10/2012, 1♀, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; [APH_1588-1593, 7/11/2012, 6♀, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; Bartlett Dam Rd, past Cave Creek ranger station, N of Carefree, Tonto National Forest, 33.84689 -111.79397 1, 2703ft., [APH_3161-3165, 11/11/2013, 4♀, 1♂, Chris A. Hamilton, Brent E. Hendrixson, Molly Taylor, AUMNH]; Bartlett Dam, Bartlett Dam road, 33.809017 -111.65097 5, 1637ft., [APH_0884, 2007, 1♀, Josh Richards, AUMNH]; Constellation Road near Rodeo Grounds northeast of Wickenburg, 33.980107 -112.71139 5, 2221ft., [APH_2554, 14/2/1982, 1♂, John Rowley, AMNH]; Four Peaks Area, 33.72099 -111.33759 1, 5769ft., [APH_0138, 15/6/2007, 1 juv, Mike Dame, Zach Valois, AUMNH]; Mazatzal Mtns, Tonto National Forest, Mount Ord, 33.91131 -111.40861 1, 6735ft., [APH_0190, 6/9/2007, 1♂, Lorenzo Prendini, Jeremy Huff, AUMNH]; Yavapai: 0.4 miles E Hwy-89 on Stanton Rd, 34.18203 -112.818862 1, 2852ft., [APH_1615-1617, 12/11/2012, 1♂, 2♀, Brent E. Hendrixson, AUMNH]; 5.4 miles NE Hwy 93, 0.6 miles S of cattle guard in Hieroglyphic Mtns., Constellation, 34.008657 -112.646455 4, 2900ft., [AUMS_2572, 1/4/1990, 1♂, T.R. Prentice, AUMNH]; 5.4 miles NE Hwy 93, Hieroglyphic Mtns., Constellation, 34.017615 -112.635409 4, 3060ft., [AUMS_2577, 1/4/1990, 1♂, T.R. Prentice, AUMNH]; 8 miles S of Sedona, 34.753621 -111.761997 5, 3895ft., [AUMS_2534, 29/10/1983, 1♂, B. and M.W. Sanderson, AUMNH]; Constellation, 34.065643 -112.581652 5, 3404ft., [AUMS_2573, 24/11/1991, 1♂, T.R. Prentice, AUMNH]; [AUMS_2574, 10/11/1990, 1♂, T.R. Prentice, AUMNH]; [AUMS_2575, 17/11/unknown, 1♂, T.R. Prentice, AUMNH]; [AUMS_2551, 18/3/1995, 1♀, T.R. Prentice, AUMNH]; Constellation Rd., 5.4 miles NE of Wickenburg, 34.0145 -112.645736 4, 2950ft., [AUMS_2570, 1/4/1990, 1♂, T.R. Prentice, AUMNH]; [AUMS_2578, 10/11/1990, 1♂, T.R. Prentice, AUMNH]; Joshua Forest Parkway, ~31 miles N of Wickenburg, 34.199956 -113.094405 5, 2700ft., [AUMS_2565, 19/1/1992, 1♂, T.R. Prentice, AUMNH]; just outside N boundary of Montezuma Well National Monument, along Beaver Creek Rd, 34.653811 -111.757497 1, 3596ft., [APH_1569, 27/10/2012, 1♂, Brent E. Hendrixson, AMNH]; Prescott, 34.540024 -112.468502 5, 5394ft., [AUMS_2525, 1999, 1♀, Lee Trout, AUMNH]; Prescott Valley, 34.610024 -112.315721 5, 5005ft., [AUMS_2248, 11/1998, 2♂, Denis Watson, AUMNH]; Prescott, Antelope Villa Circle, 34.647138 -112.434386 2, 5042ft., [APH_1568, 12/10/2012, 1♂, Timothy Tilney, AUMNH]; Prescott, on rock next to Hazy Library at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, 34.615964 -112.448841 2, 5170ft., [APH_1618, 9/11/2012, 1♂, Greg Rice, AUMNH]; West Clear Creek Wilderness, 34.53555 -111.67659 1, 3600ft., [APH_1441, 27/10/2011, 1♂, Paul E. Marek, Charity Hall, AUMNH].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="160" pageNumber="161" type="distribution and natural history">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="160" pageNumber="161">Distribution and natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="160" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be found inhabiting the Arizona/New Mexico Mountains and Sonoran Basin and Range Level III Ecoregions of central Arizona (Fig. 87). This species is syntopic with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma marxi" order="Araneae" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marxi">Aphonopelma marxi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and flanks the distributions of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma prenticei" order="Araneae" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prenticei">Aphonopelma prenticei</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma superstitionense" order="Araneae" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superstitionense">Aphonopelma superstitionense</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The breeding season, when mature males abandon their burrows in search of females, occurs during the fall (generally
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="September–November">September-November</normalizedToken>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="160" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="160" pageNumber="161">
|
||
Figure 87.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="161" pageNumber="162" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="161" pageNumber="162">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="161" pageNumber="162" start="start">Conservation</pageBreakToken>
|
||
status.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="161" pageNumber="162">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very common throughout its distribution but can be difficult to find due to the cryptic nature of its burrows and small window of activity during the year. The species is secure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="162" lastPageNumber="163" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="161" pageNumber="162">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="162" lastPageNumber="163" pageId="161" pageNumber="162">
|
||
Other important ratios that distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
|
||
males:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess a larger T1/M1 (≥1.26; 1.26-1.33) than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≤1.13; 0.99-1.13) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma prenticei" order="Araneae" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prenticei">Aphonopelma prenticei</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≤1.16; 1.07-1.16), and smaller than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma marxi" order="Araneae" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marxi">Aphonopelma marxi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≥1.39; 1.39-1.52); a larger PTl/M1 (≥0.83; 0.83-0.95) than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≤0.79; 0.67-0.79),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma prenticei" order="Araneae" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prenticei">Aphonopelma prenticei</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≤0.82; 0.72-0.82), and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma superstitionense" order="Araneae" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superstitionense">Aphonopelma superstitionense</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≤0.82; 0.79-0.82); a larger T3/M3 (≥0.85; 0.85-0.94) than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≤0.85; 0.79-0.85) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma prenticei" order="Araneae" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prenticei">Aphonopelma prenticei</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≤0.85; 0.80-0.85); a
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="162" pageNumber="163" start="start">smaller</pageBreakToken>
|
||
PTl/F1 (≤0.61; 0.53-0.61) than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≥0.61; 0.61-0.64). Other important ratios that distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
|
||
females:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess a larger F3L/W (≥2.66; 2.66-3.00) than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2.41
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
(only 1 specimen)); a larger M3/M4 (≥0.66; 0.66-0.77) than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma superstitionense" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superstitionense">Aphonopelma superstitionense</taxonomicName>
|
||
(0.62
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
(only 1 specimen)); a smaller M4/A4 (≤1.48; 1.23-1.48) than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≥1.61; 1.61-1.98); a smaller F1/M3 (≤1.75; 1.58-1.75) than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma marxi" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marxi">Aphonopelma marxi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≥1.76; 1.76-1.91). Certain morphometrics have potential to be useful, though due to the amounts of variation, small number of specimens, and the small differences between species, no other are claimed to be significant at this time (see Suppl. material 2). During evaluation of traditional two-dimensional PCA morphospace and three-dimensional PCA morphospace (PC1~PC2~PC3), males of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
|
||
separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma marxi" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marxi">Aphonopelma marxi</taxonomicName>
|
||
along PC1~2, but do not separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma prenticei" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prenticei">Aphonopelma prenticei</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma superstitionense" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superstitionense">Aphonopelma superstitionense</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Male
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
|
||
separate from all compared species except
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
|
||
in three-dimensional morphospace. Female
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
|
||
separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma marxi" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marxi">Aphonopelma marxi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but do not separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma prenticei" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prenticei">Aphonopelma prenticei</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma superstitionense" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superstitionense">Aphonopelma superstitionense</taxonomicName>
|
||
in two-dimensional morphological space, yet when three-dimensional morphospace is plotted,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
|
||
separates from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma marxi" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marxi">Aphonopelma marxi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma parvum" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvum">Aphonopelma parvum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but not
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma paloma" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paloma">Aphonopelma paloma</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma prenticei" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prenticei">Aphonopelma prenticei</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma saguaro" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saguaro">Aphonopelma saguaro</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma superstitionense" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superstitionense">Aphonopelma superstitionense</taxonomicName>
|
||
. PC1, PC2, and PC3 explain ≥98% of the variation in all analyses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="162" pageNumber="163">
|
||
Mitochondrial DNA (CO1) identifies
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a polyphyletic group with some members grouping with the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma superstitionense" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="superstitionense">Aphonopelma superstitionense</taxonomicName>
|
||
lineage (Fig. 7). Both species were previously identified as putative novel species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hamilton, CA" pageId="260" pageNumber="261" url="10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.007" year="2014">Hamilton et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nuclear DNA identifies what we feel is a more accurate evolutionary history of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma mareki" order="Araneae" pageId="162" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mareki">Aphonopelma mareki</taxonomicName>
|
||
lineage and highlights how CO1 is not effective at accurately delimiting species boundaries within this group possibly due to mitochondrial introgression.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |