treatments-xml/data/5D/13/C4/5D13C4B10131C43891F980A6A8C90153.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.361.6448" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4f6ecf86-d77f-4c6a-803c-1bbc5ec78679" ID-PMC="PMC3867118" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-361-27" ID-PubMed="24363595" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-361-27" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 361" ModsDocTitle="Reassessment of Paleotachina Townsend and Electrotachina Townsend and their removal from the Tachinidae (Diptera)" checkinTime="1451246575341" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="O'Hara, James E., Raper, Christopher M., Pont, Adrian C. &amp; Whitmore, Daniel" docDate="2013" docId="5D13C4B10131C43891F980A6A8C90153" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 361: 27-36" docOrigin="ZooKeys 361" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.361.6448" docTitle="Aethiopomyia gigas Stein 1906" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="31" masterDocId="E345FFA7B630D07991610A24205FFFFC" masterDocTitle="Reassessment of Paleotachina Townsend and Electrotachina Townsend and their removal from the Tachinidae (Diptera)" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="27" pageNumber="29" updateTime="1668157156992" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Reassessment of Paleotachina Townsend and Electrotachina Townsend and their removal from the Tachinidae (Diptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>O'Hara, James E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Raper, Christopher M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Pont, Adrian C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Whitmore, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number>361</mods:number>
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<mods:start>27</mods:start>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152050074" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5D13C4B10131C43891F980A6A8C90153" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5D13C4B10131C43891F980A6A8C90153" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Aethiopomyia_gigas" authority="Stein, 1906" authorityName="Stein" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Aethiopomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aethiopomyia gigas" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">Aethiopomyia gigas (Stein, 1906)</taxonomicName>
Figs 1-6
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="29" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Spilogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spilogaster gigas" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">Spilogaster gigas</taxonomicName>
Stein, 1906: 37. Syntypes, 1 male and 2 females (Museum 
<normalizedToken originalValue="für">fuer</normalizedToken>
Naturkunde der 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Humboldt-Universität">Humboldt-Universitaet</normalizedToken>
zu Berlin, Berlin; seen by 
<bibRefCitation author="Pont, AC" journalOrPublisher="Zoosystematics and Evolution" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" pagination="31 - 166" title="The Fanniidae and Muscidae (Diptera) described by Paul Stein (1852 - 1921)." url="10.1002/zoos.201300004" volume="89" year="2013">Pont 2013</bibRefCitation>
: 77). Type locality: Cameroon, Barombi.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Paleotachina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paleotachina smithii" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smithii">Paleotachina smithii</taxonomicName>
Townsend, 1921: 134. Holotype male, in copal (NHM, No. 58513). Type locality: East Africa (
<bibRefCitation author="Grimaldi, DA" journalOrPublisher="Curator" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" pagination="251 - 274" title="Forgeries of fossils in &quot; amber &quot;: history, identification and case studies." url="10.1111/j.2151-6952.1994.tb01023.x" volume="37" year="1994">Grimaldi et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
). Syn. n.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="29">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, F" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly Journal of Science" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" pagination="183 - 184" title="Explanation of the plate of organic remains found in amber." volume="5" year="1868">Smith (1868</bibRefCitation>
: 183), in his explanation of a plate of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“amber”">&quot;amber&quot;</normalizedToken>
inclusions, wrote the following caption for the specimen that later became the holotype of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Paleotachina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paleotachina smithii" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smithii">Paleotachina smithii</taxonomicName>
: &quot;Fig. 2.-A Dipterous Insect belonging to the European genus 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Echinomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Echinomyia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Echinomyia</taxonomicName>
. Enlarged one-half&quot;. Based on this caption and the figure itself, 
<bibRefCitation author="Townsend, CHT" journalOrPublisher="Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" pagination="132 - 134" title="Some new muscoid genera ancient and recent." volume="9" year="1921">Townsend (1921</bibRefCitation>
: 134) wrote the following for his new genus and species: &quot; 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Paleotachina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paleotachina" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paleotachina</taxonomicName>
gen. nov. smithii sp. nov. (fossil).-Proposed for 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Echinomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Echinomyia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Echinomyia</taxonomicName>
sp. 
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, F" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly Journal of Science" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" pagination="183 - 184" title="Explanation of the plate of organic remains found in amber." volume="5" year="1868">Smith (1868)</bibRefCitation>
, Qu. Jn. Sc. V, 183, f. 2. From the Lower Oligocene of Baltic amber. The description indicates one of the 
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" rank="tribe" tribe="Larvaevorini">Larvaevorini</taxonomicName>
or allied tribes&quot;.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="29">
The &quot; 
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" rank="tribe" tribe="Larvaevorini">Larvaevorini</taxonomicName>
&quot; of 
<bibRefCitation author="Townsend, CHT" journalOrPublisher="Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" pagination="132 - 134" title="Some new muscoid genera ancient and recent." volume="9" year="1921">Townsend (1921)</bibRefCitation>
later became known as the 
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" rank="tribe" tribe="Tachinini">Tachinini</taxonomicName>
when 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Larvaevora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Larvaevora" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Larvaevora</taxonomicName>
Meigen, 1800 was suppressed by 
<bibRefCitation author="Evenhuis, NL" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 68" title="Publication and dating of the journals forming the Annals and Magazine of Natural History and the Journal of Natural History." volume="385" year="2003">ICZN (1963)</bibRefCitation>
. Although the species 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Paleotachina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paleotachina smithii" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smithii">Paleotachina smithii</taxonomicName>
was not described by Townsend (or by Smith, despite 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Townsend’s">Townsend's</normalizedToken>
statement to the contrary), the species-group name was made available by bibliographic reference to fig. 2 in 
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, F" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly Journal of Science" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" pagination="183 - 184" title="Explanation of the plate of organic remains found in amber." volume="5" year="1868">Smith (1868)</bibRefCitation>
(Article 12.2.1 of 
<bibRefCitation author="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature," journalOrPublisher="International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London" pageId="7" pageNumber="34" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences." year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation author="Townsend, CHT" journalOrPublisher="Itaquaquecetuba, Sao Paulo" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" title="Manual of myiology in twelve parts. Part XII. General consideration of the Oestromuscaria. Geologic history &amp; geographic distribution-environment &amp; response-relations to man-hosts &amp; flowers-bibliography &amp; plates." year="1942">Townsend (1942</bibRefCitation>
: 17) later provided a brief description of the genus, presumably from fig. 2 in 
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, F" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly Journal of Science" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" pagination="183 - 184" title="Explanation of the plate of organic remains found in amber." volume="5" year="1868">Smith (1868)</bibRefCitation>
, and referred to the genus as &quot;evidently tachinid&quot;.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="30">
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="30" start="start">A</pageBreakToken>
considerable amount of artistic liberty was taken in the depiction of NHM specimen #58513 (holotype of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Paleotachina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paleotachina smithii" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smithii">Paleotachina smithii</taxonomicName>
) in fig. 2 in 
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, F" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly Journal of Science" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" pagination="183 - 184" title="Explanation of the plate of organic remains found in amber." volume="5" year="1868">Smith (1868)</bibRefCitation>
, which was also shown as a mirror image of the original specimen; cf. Figs 1, 4.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="31" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
holotype of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Paleotachina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paleotachina smithii" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smithii">Paleotachina smithii</taxonomicName>
is a large fly in the family 
<taxonomicName family="Muscidae" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" rank="family">Muscidae</taxonomicName>
, with a body length of about 14 mm and a wing length of about 14 mm. It is well preserved, but large parts of it are obscured by masses of small air bubbles (see Figs 2-5). The conformation of the abdominal tip suggests that it is a male, but nothing can be seen of the head and associated features. Because of its size, coloration and habitus, the presence of very long stout setae on abdominal tergites 4 and 5, and a vein M that is weakly curved forward towards vein R4+5 in its apical part (Fig. 6), leaving a wide open cell r4+5, the species can be readily assigned to either 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Aethiopomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aethiopomyia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aethiopomyia</taxonomicName>
Malloch or 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Alluaudinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alluaudinella" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Alluaudinella</taxonomicName>
Giglio-Tos, two genera confined to the Afrotropical Region. It is possible to see several small setulae on the node at the base of vein R4+5, and such setulae are present in 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Aethiopomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aethiopomyia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aethiopomyia</taxonomicName>
but not in 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Alluaudinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alluaudinella" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Alluaudinella</taxonomicName>
. Other characters used to differentiate these genera (proepisternal depression setulose or bare, katatergite with fine setulae or bare) cannot be seen in the holotype.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="31">
The scutum, scutellum and at least abdominal tergites 4 and 5 are black; the remainder of the body (the head excepted) is yellow. The femora and tibiae are yellow, and the tarsi black. This coloration is most similar to that of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Aethiopomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aethiopomyia gigas" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">Aethiopomyia gigas</taxonomicName>
(Stein), described from Cameroon and widespread though never common across western, eastern and southern Africa. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Paleotachina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paleotachina smithii" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smithii">Paleotachina smithii</taxonomicName>
Townsend, 1921 is accordingly synonymized with 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" genus="Aethiopomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aethiopomyia gigas" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">Aethiopomyia gigas</taxonomicName>
(Stein, 1906), syn. n.
</paragraph>
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