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<mods:title id="67BCBBBB69DD2F028E13A66690F0095F">Morphological And Geographic Definitions Of The Sulawesian Shrew Rats Echiothrix Leucura And E. Centrosa (Muridae, Murinae), And Description Of A New Species Of Sucking Louse (Phthiraptera: Anoplura)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA5A30409ACFF2F51C2A39B" ID-CoL="38LQ7" authority="Miller and Hollister, 1921" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[667,1193,212,235]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="34" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA5A30409ACFF2F5612A39B" box="[667,889,212,235]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">Echiothrix centrosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="324E4B7BFFA5A3040848FF2E51C2A39B" author="Miller, G. S., Jr. &amp; N. Hollister" box="[895,1193,213,235]" pageId="34" pageNumber="34" pagination="67 - 76" refId="ref56152" refString="Miller, G. S., Jr., and N. Hollister. 1921. Descriptions of sixteen new murine rodents from Celebes. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 34: 67 - 76." type="journal article" year="1921">Miller and Hollister, 1921</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA5A30409ACFEFA5602A264" box="[667,873,257,277]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">Echiothrix brevicula</emphasis>
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.
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: 
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218706, the skin and skull of an adult male (original number 3077) collected 
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, by H.C. Raven. The skin was prepared as a conventional stuffed museum preparation; the skull and mandible are complete; all teeth are present. External, cranial, and dental measurements along with other data are listed in table 2.
</paragraph>
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: Winatu (
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01 
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34 
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S
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, 
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119 
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59 
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E
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; locality 
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gazetteer and on the map in 
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), 
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, in the core of the island, 
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, 
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.
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EMENDED DIAGNOSIS: 
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<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA5A30408FCFD7651C2A1D2" box="[971,1193,653,676]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">Echiothrix centrosa</emphasis>
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is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA5A3040818FD5756CEA1B0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[815,933,682,705]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="34" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA5A3040818FD5756CEA1B0" box="[815,933,682,705]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">E. leucura</emphasis>
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in aspects of physical size as well as coloration and texture of fur but differs in other traits: (1) a shorter body and hind foot, but a longer tail in relation to length of head and body; (2) a smaller skull (as indexed by the lesser mean values for occipitonasal and rostral lengths; interorbital breadth; height and breadth of braincase; and lengths of diastema, bony palate, and postpalatal region), but longer incisive foramina, narrower rostrum, and wider bony palate and mesopterygoid fossa; (3) smaller molars with less complex cusp patterns: (4) cusp t3 occurs at a lower frequency on the first upper molar, a posterior cingulum is rarely present on the first and second upper molars: (5) an anterolabial cusp is absent from the second and third lower molars, posterior labial cusplets occur at low frequencies on the first and second lower molars but are absent from the third lower molar, and neither the first or second lower molar bears a posterior cingulum.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5660368AFFA5A304098FFAB156B8A60E" blockId="34.[667,1194,300,1759]" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">SPECIMENS EXAMINED: Total 39 (see Gazetteer and Specimens).</paragraph>
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ETYMOLOGY: Miller and Hollister used 
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<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA5A30409ACFA5E5791A6CB" box="[667,762,1445,1466]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">centrosa</emphasis>
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to reference the provenances of their samples (Gimpu, Winatu, Besoa, and Tuare) from the central region of 
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.
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GEOGRAPHIC AND ELEVATIONAL DISTRIBUTIONS: Voucher specimens are from two localities on the northern peninsula and several places in the core of the island (see gazetteer and the map in 
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). Although collection sites are spotty, and expansive landscapes of 
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are without records, the specimens at hand indicate that 
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<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA5A3050FB8F93155B4A39B" italics="true" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">E. centrosa</emphasis>
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ranges throughout the northern peninsula west of the 
<collectingRegion id="941BF868FFA4A3050AB1FF09573FA279" box="[390,596,242,264]" country="Indonesia" name="Gorontalo" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Gorontalo region</collectingRegion>
(
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00 
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31 
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N
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, 
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123 
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E
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) and into the core of the island. All specimens come from the mainland between coastal lowlands and approximately 
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(see gazetteer), an interval that would be covered by tropical lowland evergreen rain forest.
</paragraph>
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The actual distribution of 
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<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A3050936FE3B57E5A2A4" box="[513,654,448,469]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
south of the northern peninsula is unknown. There are no records from the eastern, southeastern, or southwestern peninsulas. However, there are no reasons to think the species does not occur in tropical lowland evergreen rain forest on at least the eastern and southeastern peninsulas. Whether it also occurred on the southwestern peninsula before most of the lowland forest was removed and the landscape converted to agriculture (see 
<bibRefCitation id="324E4B7BFFA4A3050A7FFCF957E1A066" author="Fraser, B. J. &amp; S. M. Henson" box="[328,650,769,791]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" refId="ref54782" refString="Fraser, B. J., and S. M. Henson. 1996. Survai jenisjenis burung endemik di Gunung Lompobattang, Sulawesi Selatan [Survey of endemic bird species on Gunung Lompobattang, south Sulawesi]. Bogor: PHPA / BirdLife International-Indonesia Programme, Technical Memorandum No. 12." type="book" year="1996">Fraser and Henson, 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="324E4B7BFFA4A3050BB7FCE5540CA044" author="Whitten, A. J. &amp; M. Mustafa &amp; G. S. Henderson" box="[128,359,798,821]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" refId="ref58389" refString="Whitten, A. J., M. Mustafa, and G. S. Henderson. 1987. The ecology of Sulawesi. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press." type="book" year="1987">Whitten et al., 1987</bibRefCitation>
) or is present in remnant tracts of lowland forest (as described by 
<bibRefCitation id="324E4B7BFFA4A3050BB7FCA2548AA01E" author="Froehlich, J. W. &amp; J. Supriatna" box="[128,481,857,879]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" pagination="43 - 70" refId="ref54836" refString="Froehlich, J. W., and J. Supriatna. 1996. Secondary intergradation between Macaca maurus and M. tonkeanus in south Sulawesi, and the species status of M. togeanus. In J. E. Fa and D. G. Lindburg (editors), Evolution and ecology of macaque societies: 43 - 70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press." type="book chapter" year="1996">Froehlich and Supriatna, 1996</bibRefCitation>
) is not known. Samples of subfossil murines excavated from caves in the southern part of the southwestern peninsula include species of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A3050929FC4A57EDA0B7" authorityName="Musser &amp; Durden" authorityYear="2014" box="[542,646,945,966]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Bunomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A3050929FC4A57EDA0B7" box="[542,646,945,966]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Bunomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A3050BB7FC345599A095" authorityName="Musser &amp; Durden" authorityYear="2014" box="[128,242,975,996]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Maxomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A3050BB7FC345599A095" box="[128,242,975,996]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Maxomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A3050A30FC3454EFA095" authorityName="Ellerman" authorityYear="1954" box="[263,388,975,996]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Paruromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A3050A30FC3454EFA095" box="[263,388,975,996]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Paruromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A3050AADFC345760A095" authorityName="Musser &amp; Durden" authorityYear="2014" box="[410,523,975,996]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Taeromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A3050AADFC345760A095" box="[410,523,975,996]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Taeromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A3050917FC3457ECA095" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1898" box="[544,647,975,996]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Lenomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A3050917FC3457ECA095" box="[544,647,975,996]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Lenomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A3050B84FC175595A770" baseAuthorityName="Musser" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[179,254,1004,1025]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A3050B84FC175595A770" box="[179,254,1004,1025]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Rattus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but no 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A3050A55FC1154B1A770" box="[354,474,1002,1025]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A3050A55FC1154B1A770" box="[354,474,1002,1025]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Echiothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="324E4B7BFFA4A3050ADDFC1057E1A771" author="Musser, G. G." box="[490,650,1003,1024]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" pagination="61 - 94" refId="ref56370" refString="Musser, G. G. 1984. Identities of subfossil rats from caves in southwestern Sulawesi. Modern Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia 8: 61 - 94." type="journal article" year="1984">Musser, 1984</bibRefCitation>
, also unpublished MSS.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1EC56501FFA4A3090BABFBDE566EA01F" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" type="description">
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA4A3050BABFBDE548AA6A7" blockId="35.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">
DESCRIPTION: Physical size and external features (color and texture of fur; lengths of head and body, hind foot, and ear; length of tail and its pigmentation pattern; and number of teats) of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A3050A31FB6754EDA7C0" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[262,390,1180,1201]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A3050A31FB6754EDA7C0" box="[262,390,1180,1201]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
closely resemble those attributes shown by 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A3050A4EFB42549AA7BE" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[377,497,1208,1231]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A3050A4EFB42549AA7BE" box="[377,497,1208,1231]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see description of that species). Descriptions of the skull, mandible, incisors, and molars for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A3050943FB0F55B8A656" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A3050943FB0F55B8A656" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also describe the basic shapes in these structures for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A3050A0DFAD554AEA632" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[314,453,1326,1347]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A3050A0DFAD554AEA632" box="[314,453,1326,1347]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
except for the differences in cranial measurements and proportions along with size differences in molars and contrasts in their occlusal topographies, which are described below in the section covering comparisons.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA4A3050BAAFA24570CA53A" blockId="35.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">
Here we provide descriptions of a few characteristics of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A3050A60FA0754B7A560" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[343,476,1532,1553]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A3050A60FA0754B7A560" box="[343,476,1532,1553]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, primarily derived from material Musser collected, which are not currently available for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A3050ADCF9CD570BA53D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[491,608,1589,1612]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A3050ADCF9CD570BA53D" box="[491,608,1589,1612]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA4A3050BAAF9AF5696A279" blockId="35.[128,654,213,1759]" lastBlockId="35.[701,1228,213,799]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A3050BAAF9AF573EA518" bold="true" box="[157,597,1620,1641]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Testes and spermatozoal morphology:</emphasis>
The testes are large relative to body size (16 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A305095FF98957EBA5F6" box="[616,640,1650,1671]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">%</emphasis>
– 23 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A3050BACF97455D8A5D5" box="[155,179,1679,1700]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">%</emphasis>
of head and body length; table 14), the scrotal sac is densely haired, and the hairs behind the penis are stained by a brownishyellow exudate. There is no gross external sign of a midventral gland.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA4A30509ECFEEA563EA140" blockId="35.[701,1228,213,799]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">
Gross morphology of the spermatozoa of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A305098AFED556CEA235" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[701,933,302,325]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A305098AFED556CEA235" box="[701,933,302,325]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Echiothrix centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been described by 
<bibRefCitation id="324E4B7BFFA4A305098AFEB75690A210" author="Breed, W. G. &amp; G. G. Musser" box="[701,1019,332,354]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref53242" refString="Breed, W. G., and G. G. Musser. 1991. Sulawesi and Philippine rodents (Muridae): a survey of spermatozoal morphology and its significance for phylogenetic inference. American Museum Novitates 3003: 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1991">Breed and Musser (1991</bibRefCitation>
; reported as 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A3050F85FEB65664A2F1" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A3050F85FEB65664A2F1" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Basically, the asymmetrical sperm head is long and sickle shaped, the apical hook is short, ventral hooks are not present, and the tail is long (see the table of measurements and micrograph of the spermatozoa in 
<bibRefCitation id="324E4B7BFFA4A3050870FE055117A162" author="Breed, W. G. &amp; G. G. Musser" box="[839,1148,510,532]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref53242" refString="Breed, W. G., and G. G. Musser. 1991. Sulawesi and Philippine rodents (Muridae): a survey of spermatozoal morphology and its significance for phylogenetic inference. American Museum Novitates 3003: 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1991">Breed and Musser, 1991: 4</bibRefCitation>
and 8, respectively).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA4A30509ECFDC25692A06F" blockId="35.[701,1228,213,799]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A30509ECFDC256B1A13E" bold="true" box="[731,986,569,591]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Stomach morphology:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A30508D0FDC251A7A13E" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[999,1228,569,592]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A30508D0FDC251A7A13E" box="[999,1228,569,592]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Echiothrix centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a unilocular-pouched stomach, that is, it combines aspects of what 
<bibRefCitation id="324E4B7BFFA4A3050F3AFD8E51A7A1FA" author="Carleton, M. D." box="[1037,1228,629,651]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref53382" refString="Carleton, M. D. 1973. A survey of gross stomach morphology in New World Cricetinae (Rodentia, Muroidea), with comments on functional interpretations. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 146: 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="1973">Carleton (1973)</bibRefCitation>
regards as the two basic morphological designs within muroid rodents—unilocular-hemiglandular or bilocular-discoglandular. 
<bibRefCitation id="324E4B7BFFA4A305098AFD1056C2A070" author="Carleton, M. D." box="[701,937,747,769]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref53382" refString="Carleton, M. D. 1973. A survey of gross stomach morphology in New World Cricetinae (Rodentia, Muroidea), with comments on functional interpretations. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 146: 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="1973">Carleton (1973: 10)</bibRefCitation>
described a unilocularhemiglandular stomach as:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA4A30509ECFCCF56F0A71E" blockId="35.[731,1228,820,1135]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">single-chambered with a shallow incisura angularis that scarcely extends beyond the esophageal opening … the corpus is spacious, with a broad fornix ventricularis. Distribution of cornified and glandular linings coincides closely with the basic stomach divisions: cornified epithelium is found in the corpus while glandular epithelium is limited mainly to the antrum. The bordering fold crosses the lesser curvature at the apex of the incisura angularis and the greater curvature at a locus opposite the incisura angularis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA4A30209ECFB6D5421A541" blockId="35.[701,1228,1174,1759]" lastBlockId="36.[93,620,1416,1758]" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">
This single-chambered hemiglandular morphology, in which the glandular zones are separated by a smooth bordering fold and the incisura angularis is shallow, forms the gastric conformation that 
<bibRefCitation id="324E4B7BFFA4A3050882FAF65119A653" author="Carleton, M. D." box="[949,1138,1293,1315]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref53382" refString="Carleton, M. D. 1973. A survey of gross stomach morphology in New World Cricetinae (Rodentia, Muroidea), with comments on functional interpretations. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 146: 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="1973">Carleton (1973</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="324E4B7BFFA4A3050FBAFAF651AFA652" author="Carleton, M. D." box="[1165,1220,1293,1315]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 146" refId="ref53427" refString="Carleton, M. D. 1980. Phylogenetic relationships in Neotomine-Peromyscine rodents (Muroidea) and a reappraisal of the dichotomy within New World Cricetinae. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 157: 1 - 146." type="journal article" year="1980">1980</bibRefCitation>
) suggested represents the primitive evolutionary state among muroid rodents. The general unilocular-hemiglandular design is common to Sulawesian species in which the diets are composed of insects and fruit (
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A3050F25FA5A51D0A6C7" authorityName="Musser" authorityYear="1981" box="[1042,1211,1441,1462]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Margaretamys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A3050F25FA5A51D0A6C7" box="[1042,1211,1441,1462]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Margaretamys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); fruit, small seeds (
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A30508BBFA44516AA6A5" authorityName="Musser &amp; Durden" authorityYear="2014" box="[908,1025,1471,1492]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Haeromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A30508BBFA44516AA6A5" box="[908,1025,1471,1492]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Haeromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); fruit, vegetative and flowering plant parts, insects (
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A3050F52FA2651A7A683" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1898" box="[1125,1228,1501,1522]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Lenomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A3050F52FA2651A7A683" box="[1125,1228,1501,1522]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Lenomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A30509CBFA025606A561" authorityName="Miller &amp; Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[764,877,1529,1552]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Eropeplus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A30509CBFA025606A561" box="[764,877,1529,1552]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Eropeplus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); small vertebrates, arthropods, snails, earthworms (oligochaetes), fruit, fungi (
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A305083EF9CD561AA53A" authorityName="Musser &amp; Durden" authorityYear="2014" box="[777,881,1590,1611]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Bunomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A305083EF9CD561AA53A" box="[777,881,1590,1611]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Bunomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); primarily fruit, some insects (
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A30509F1F9A8565CA519" authorityName="Musser &amp; Durden" authorityYear="2014" box="[710,823,1619,1640]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Taeromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A30509F1F9A8565CA519" box="[710,823,1619,1640]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Taeromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); and mostly fruit (
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A3050F73F9A851E4A519" baseAuthorityName="Musser" baseAuthorityYear="1982" box="[1092,1167,1619,1640]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A3050F73F9A851E4A519" box="[1092,1167,1619,1640]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Rattus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). In these species, the extent of glandular epithelium lining the antrum relative to the area of cornified epithelium of the corpus resembles the pattern exemplified by 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA4A3050F34F93151A7A5AE" baseAuthorityName="Hoffmann" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1027,1228,1736,1759]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA4A3050F34F93151A7A5AE" box="[1027,1228,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Rattus hoffmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as illustrated in 
<figureCitation id="CEE42A0FFFA3A3020A1DFA7354FEA6EC" box="[298,405,1416,1438]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[116,155,1180,1199]" captionTargetBox="[129,1156,211,1150]" captionTargetId="figure-161@36.[129,1156,211,1150]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 11. Ventral views of the unilocular-hemiglandular stomach (in midfrontal section) of Rattus hoffmanni (AMNH 226041) and the bilocular-discoglandular stomach of Maxomys hellwaldii (AMNH 224939) contrasted with the unilocular-pouched stomach of Echiothrix centrosa (AMNH 225043). Abbreviations: a, antrum; bf, bordering fold; c, corpus; ce, cornified squamous epithelium; d, anterior end of duodenum; e, posterior end of esophagus; fv, fornix ventricularis; ge, glandular epithelium; gp, glandular pouch; ia, incisura angularis; mc, muscular walls of the corpus; p, pylorus; ps, pyloric sphincter. Scale lines 5 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612019/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">figure 11</figureCitation>
, with a range of variation in which the glandular portion does not extend beyond the level of the esophageal orifice to a configuration where the glandular lining penetrates the corpus well past the esophageal opening.
</paragraph>
<caption id="02A06602FFA3A3020B43FB675455A63E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612019" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4612019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612019/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" startId="36.[116,155,1180,1199]" targetBox="[129,1156,211,1150]" targetPageId="36">
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA3A3020B43FB675455A63E" blockId="36.[93,1194,1180,1359]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">
Fig. 11. Ventral views of the unilocular-hemiglandular stomach (in midfrontal section) of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA3A3020F52FB6655AFA7BB" baseAuthorityName="Hoffmann" baseAuthorityYear="1887" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rattus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hoffmanni">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA3A3020F52FB6655AFA7BB" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">Rattus hoffmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(AMNH 226041) and the bilocular-discoglandular stomach of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA3A3020844FB4C5128A7BB" baseAuthorityName="Jentink" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[883,1091,1206,1226]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Maxomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hellwaldii">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA3A3020844FB4C5128A7BB" box="[883,1091,1206,1226]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">Maxomys hellwaldii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(AMNH 224939) contrasted with the unilocular-pouched stomach of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA3A302083EFB2B56B3A795" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[777,984,1232,1252]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA3A302083EFB2B56B3A795" box="[777,984,1232,1252]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">Echiothrix centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(AMNH 225043). Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA3A3020BC9FB175461A78E" bold="true" box="[254,266,1260,1279]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">a</emphasis>
, antrum; 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA3A3020A46FB1754EEA78E" bold="true" box="[369,389,1260,1279]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">bf</emphasis>
, bordering fold; 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA3A3020901FB17572AA78E" bold="true" box="[566,577,1260,1279]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">c</emphasis>
, corpus; 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA3A3020996FB1757DDA78E" bold="true" box="[673,694,1260,1279]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">ce</emphasis>
, cornified squamous epithelium; 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA3A3020F27FB175177A78E" bold="true" box="[1040,1052,1260,1279]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">d</emphasis>
, anterior end of duodenum; 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA3A3020A33FAFD5464A668" bold="true" box="[260,271,1286,1305]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">e</emphasis>
, posterior end of esophagus; 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA3A3020953FAFD571CA668" bold="true" box="[612,631,1286,1305]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">fv</emphasis>
, fornix ventricularis; 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA3A302085BFAFD56E8A668" bold="true" box="[876,899,1286,1305]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">ge</emphasis>
, glandular epithelium; 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA3A3020FBDFAFD51C9A668" bold="true" box="[1162,1186,1286,1305]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">gp</emphasis>
, glandular pouch; 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA3A3020A22FADA5443A645" bold="true" box="[277,296,1313,1332]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">ia</emphasis>
, incisura angularis; 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA3A3020ACDFADA577CA645" bold="true" box="[506,535,1313,1332]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">mc</emphasis>
, muscular walls of the corpus; 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA3A302086AFADA5602A645" bold="true" box="[861,873,1313,1332]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">p</emphasis>
, pylorus; 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA3A30208E6FADA568DA645" bold="true" box="[977,998,1313,1332]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">ps</emphasis>
, pyloric sphincter. Scale lines 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA3A3020BE6FAC1558EA63E" bold="true" box="[209,229,1338,1359]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">5</emphasis>
10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA3A3020B4DF9C254C0A51D" blockId="36.[93,620,1416,1758]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">In Carleton’s view (1973: 10), a biloculardiscoglandular stomach has:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA3A3020B4DF98756DAA5AF" blockId="36.[93,620,1416,1758]" lastBlockId="36.[696,1194,1415,1758]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">a deep incisura angularis that projects well past the esophageal opening, thereby imparting a more strongly defined bipartite condition …. The fornix ventricularis arches further beyond the esophageal orifice than in a unilocular stomach, and recurves slightly toward the esophagus. The size of the corpus, especially the fornix ventricularis section, varies greatly between individuals, the degree of distension corresponding to the amount of food contained. The walls of the antrum are conspicuously muscular, particularly near the pyloric orifice. The zone of glandular epithelium, surrounded by a distinct bordering fold, is restricted to a small disc-shaped area on the greater curvature. Cornified epithelium covers the remainder of the antrum and corpus.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA2A3030BAAFF2E5755A1D0" blockId="37.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
A bilocular-discoglandular pattern is the stomach morphology common to 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA2A303092CFF085587A257" baseAuthorityName="Jentink" baseAuthorityYear="1878" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Maxomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hellwaldii">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA2A303092CFF085587A257" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Maxomys hellwaldii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="CEE42A0FFFA2A3030A3DFEF4543DA254" box="[266,342,271,293]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[116,155,1180,1199]" captionTargetBox="[129,1156,211,1150]" captionTargetId="figure-161@36.[129,1156,211,1150]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 11. Ventral views of the unilocular-hemiglandular stomach (in midfrontal section) of Rattus hoffmanni (AMNH 226041) and the bilocular-discoglandular stomach of Maxomys hellwaldii (AMNH 224939) contrasted with the unilocular-pouched stomach of Echiothrix centrosa (AMNH 225043). Abbreviations: a, antrum; bf, bordering fold; c, corpus; ce, cornified squamous epithelium; d, anterior end of duodenum; e, posterior end of esophagus; fv, fornix ventricularis; ge, glandular epithelium; gp, glandular pouch; ia, incisura angularis; mc, muscular walls of the corpus; p, pylorus; ps, pyloric sphincter. Scale lines 5 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612019/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">fig. 11</figureCitation>
) and other Sulawesian species in that genus. A spacious fornix ventricularis inclines toward the esophagus and projects craniad beyond the esophageal opening, the incisura angularis is deep, and the walls of the antrum are muscular. The corpus and most of the antrum is lined with muscular cornified squamous epithelium. Glandular epithelium is restricted to a small patch in the antrum on the ascending portion of the greater curvature; the glandular zone is bounded by a bordering fold. Fruit, arthropods, snails, earthworms, and small vertebrates are consumed by 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA2A3030A97FD77575CA1D3" baseAuthorityName="Jentink" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[416,567,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Maxomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hellwaldii">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA2A3030A97FD77575CA1D3" box="[416,567,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">M. hellwaldii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA2A3030BAAFD515757A678" blockId="37.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
The stomach of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA2A3030AADFD5257E5A1CE" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[410,654,681,704]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA2A3030AADFD5257E5A1CE" box="[410,654,681,704]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Echiothrix centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="CEE42A0FFFA2A3030BBFFD3C55B8A1AC" box="[136,211,711,733]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[116,155,1180,1199]" captionTargetBox="[129,1156,211,1150]" captionTargetId="figure-161@36.[129,1156,211,1150]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 11. Ventral views of the unilocular-hemiglandular stomach (in midfrontal section) of Rattus hoffmanni (AMNH 226041) and the bilocular-discoglandular stomach of Maxomys hellwaldii (AMNH 224939) contrasted with the unilocular-pouched stomach of Echiothrix centrosa (AMNH 225043). Abbreviations: a, antrum; bf, bordering fold; c, corpus; ce, cornified squamous epithelium; d, anterior end of duodenum; e, posterior end of esophagus; fv, fornix ventricularis; ge, glandular epithelium; gp, glandular pouch; ia, incisura angularis; mc, muscular walls of the corpus; p, pylorus; ps, pyloric sphincter. Scale lines 5 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612019/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">fig. 11</figureCitation>
) is unilocular and pouched. ‘‘Unilocular’’ because the corpus and antrum are not separated by a bordering fold, which transforms the bulk of the stomach into a single chamber, and the incisura angularis is shallow (either even with the esophageal orifice or barely extending beyond it). ‘‘Pouched’’ because the entire corpus and antrum is lined with cornified squamous epithelium, and glandular epithelium occurs only in a pouch situated on the greater curvature within the lumen of the stomach opposite the esophageal orifice. This pouch is lined with thick glandular epithelium and connects with the main chamber of the stomach through a small aperture at the end of a funnel-shaped or tubular neck. (We are indebted to Michael Carleton [in litt., 2013] for identifying 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA2A3030AA6FB2E5762A79D" box="[401,521,1237,1260]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA2A3030AA6FB2E5762A79D" box="[401,521,1237,1260]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Echiothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’s stomach conformation as unilocular-pouched.)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA2A3030BAAFAEA55ABA60F" blockId="37.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
The possible correlation of stomach design and diet will be explored below in the section covering natural history aspects of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA2A303090FFAB755D2A60E" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA2A303090FFAB755D2A60E" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA2A3030BAAFA7C564BA276" blockId="37.[128,654,213,1759]" lastBlockId="37.[701,1228,213,1549]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA2A3030BAAFA7C5477A6ED" bold="true" box="[157,284,1415,1436]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Karyotype:</emphasis>
The chromosomal composition has been recorded for a male 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA2A3030931FA5E57E5A6CB" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[518,654,1445,1466]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA2A3030931FA5E57E5A6CB" box="[518,654,1445,1466]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(AMNH 225682) collected at Kuala Navusu: 2N 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA2A3030B84FA2555A1A684" bold="true" box="[179,202,1502,1525]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">5</emphasis>
40, FNa 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA2A3030A78FA25540DA684" bold="true" box="[335,358,1502,1525]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">5</emphasis>
72 (total of autosomal arms) and FNt 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA2A3030A0CFA005439A563" bold="true" box="[315,338,1531,1554]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">5</emphasis>
75 (total number of arms, including XY). Autosomes comprise 14 pairs of submetacentrics with the first pair the largest and the others ranging in size from moderately large to small, two pairs of small acrocentrics, and three pairs of small metacentrics; the presumed X chromosome is a small submetacentric, the Y a small acrocentric (
<bibRefCitation id="324E4B7BFFA2A30309C3FF2E56FEA39B" author="Musser, G. G." box="[756,917,213,234]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref56400" refString="Musser, G. G. 1990. Sulawesi rodents: species traits and chromosomes of Haeromys minahassae and Echiothrix leucura (Muridae: Murinae). American Museum Novitates 2989: 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1990">Musser, 1990</bibRefCitation>
: 
<figureCitation id="CEE42A0FFFA2A3030896FF2E5686A39B" box="[929,1005,213,235]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[150,188,1518,1537]" captionTargetBox="[155,1200,212,1488]" captionTargetId="figure-1@33.[155,1200,211,1488]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 10. Occlusal views of left maxillary (top row) and mandibular (bottom row) molar rows in four specimens of Echiothrix (lingual margin of each row is on the left, labial on the right). A, young adult E. leucura (USNM 217807, Temboan; CLM1–3 and clm1–3 5 7.5 mm). The next three drawings portray wear stages in E. centrosa: B, juvenile (USNM 219719, Tuare; CLM1–3 5 6.4 mm, clm1–3 5 6.6 mm); C, young adult (AMNH 225680, Kuala Navusu; CLM1–3 and clm1–3 5 6.5 mm); D, adult (AMNH 225683, Kuala Navusu; CLM1–3 5 6.5 mm, clm1–3 5 6.4 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612015/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">fig. 10</figureCitation>
; documented as 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA2A3030F85FF2E5664A279" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA2A3030F85FF2E5664A279" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA2A30309ECFEEB51A1A678" blockId="37.[701,1228,213,1549]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA2A30309ECFEEB5621A257" bold="true" box="[731,842,272,294]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Juveniles:</emphasis>
All the information provided in the preceding descriptions of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA2A3030F21FED551F3A232" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[1046,1176,302,323]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA2A3030F21FED551F3A232" box="[1046,1176,302,323]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA2A303098AFEB0565DA210" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[701,822,330,353]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA2A303098AFEB0565DA210" box="[701,822,330,353]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is derived from adults. We have seen only two juveniles, both 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA2A3030F1FFE9251C1A20F" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[1064,1194,361,382]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA2A3030F1FFE9251C1A20F" box="[1064,1194,361,382]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: a skin and skull from Pinedapa (USNM 219737) and skull only from Tuare (USNM 219714). All molars are erupted and exhibit a degree of wear similar to the juvenile molars of USNM 219714 illustrated in 
<figureCitation id="CEE42A0FFFA2A3030F6BFE0151A3A161" box="[1116,1224,506,528]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[150,188,1518,1537]" captionTargetBox="[155,1200,212,1488]" captionTargetId="figure-1@33.[155,1200,211,1488]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 10. Occlusal views of left maxillary (top row) and mandibular (bottom row) molar rows in four specimens of Echiothrix (lingual margin of each row is on the left, labial on the right). A, young adult E. leucura (USNM 217807, Temboan; CLM1–3 and clm1–3 5 7.5 mm). The next three drawings portray wear stages in E. centrosa: B, juvenile (USNM 219719, Tuare; CLM1–3 5 6.4 mm, clm1–3 5 6.6 mm); C, young adult (AMNH 225680, Kuala Navusu; CLM1–3 and clm1–3 5 6.5 mm); D, adult (AMNH 225683, Kuala Navusu; CLM1–3 5 6.5 mm, clm1–3 5 6.4 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612015/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">figure 10</figureCitation>
. The dorsal pelage is brown and the ventral coat off-white in the juvenile from Pinedapa; although we have not seen live or freshly caught juveniles, we suspect the skin is discolored and colors in the live rat were likely grayish brown and pure white. The feet and most of the tail are white (with slight greasy discoloration). Fur covering upperparts from shoulders to rump is spinous but softer, without the rigid texture of the adult coat. The spines are long, and about half the width of adult spines (but still flat, flexible, and grooved), so the curly and soft underfur layer forms more of the coat than it does in adults, which is why the fur feels less bristly to the touch. Legs and sides of the body are covered with softer fur, composed mainly of soft and curly underhairs through which are scattered flattened, long spines. Mask on the face (around each eye) and pigmentation pattern of the tail is like that of adults. Ears are dry and brown, but were probably rubbery and dark gray in life. The ventral fur is soft to the touch and composed of both thin hairs and thicker flat hairs; the latter are much narrower than those in the adult coat.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA2A30309EDFAEB5119A635" blockId="37.[701,1228,213,1549]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
COMPARISONS: 
<bibRefCitation id="324E4B7BFFA2A30308A4FAE95789A634" author="Miller, G. S., Jr. &amp; N. Hollister" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" pagination="67 - 76" refId="ref56152" refString="Miller, G. S., Jr., and N. Hollister. 1921. Descriptions of sixteen new murine rodents from Celebes. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 34: 67 - 76." type="journal article" year="1921">Miller and Hollister (1921: 67)</bibRefCitation>
diagnosed 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA2A303085EFAD55122A634" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[873,1097,1326,1349]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA2A303085EFAD55122A634" box="[873,1097,1326,1349]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Echiothrix centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA2A30309ECFAA156F0A57C" blockId="37.[701,1228,213,1549]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
Like 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA2A3030821FAA25176A61C" authority="Gray" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[790,1053,1369,1389]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA2A3030821FAA256B3A61C" box="[790,984,1369,1389]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Echiothrix leucura</emphasis>
Gray
</taxonomicName>
, of North Celebes; but more grayish, less buffy, in color; with more cream-buff, less yellowish, under-parts and inner surfaces of limbs. Ears smaller; teeth smaller, the length of entire upper tooth row about equal to that of first and second molars of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA2A303087DFA0256FFA57C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[842,916,1529,1549]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA2A303087DFA0256FFA57C" box="[842,916,1529,1549]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA2A30309ECF9C851AEA517" blockId="37.[701,1228,1587,1758]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Farther along in the description, Miller and Hollister remarked that the new species</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA2A30309ECF98051A0A5AF" blockId="37.[701,1228,1587,1758]" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">
is like 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA2A3030811F981568DA5FF" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[806,998,1658,1678]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA2A3030811F981568DA5FF" box="[806,998,1658,1678]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Echiothrix leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of North 
<collectingRegion id="941BF868FFA2A3030F6AF98051C7A5FF" box="[1117,1196,1659,1678]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="37" pageNumber="37">Celebes</collectingRegion>
in size and proportions of the skin and skull; except that it has smaller ears and smaller teeth. In color it is conspicuously different from a
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA1A300081CFE2A56FEA294" blockId="38.[92,1626,465,1505]" box="[811,917,465,485]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">TABLE 6</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA1A3000B93FE125377A28C" blockId="38.[92,1626,465,1505]" box="[164,1564,489,509]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA1A3000B93FE125377A28C" bold="true" box="[164,1564,489,509]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
Descriptive Statistics for Cranial and Dental Measurements (mm) Derived from Population Samples for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA1A3000F88FE125377A28C" authority="leucura and E. centrosa" box="[1215,1564,489,509]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA1A3000F88FE125013A28C" bold="true" box="[1215,1400,489,509]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Echiothrix leucura</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA1A3000E9CFE125377A28C" bold="true" box="[1451,1564,489,509]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA1A300091BFDFA51FEA164" blockId="38.[92,1626,465,1505]" box="[556,1173,513,533]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">Mean ± 1 SD and observed range in parentheses are listed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA1A300088FFDCC5175A138" blockId="38.[92,1626,465,1505]" box="[952,1054,567,585]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA1A300088FFDCC5175A138" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[952,1054,567,585]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA1A300088FFDCC5175A138" box="[952,1054,567,585]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA1A3000AB5FDA6507CA11E" blockId="38.[92,1626,465,1505]" box="[386,1303,605,623]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">All samples Northcentral Core</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA1A3000BD0FD7F5331A1C1" blockId="38.[92,1626,465,1505]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA1A3000BD0FD7F5081A1E7" authority="Molinggapoto Bumbulan Kuala Navusu-Pinedapa Sadaunta-Besoa P" box="[231,1514,644,662]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA1A3000BD0FD7F542FA1E7" box="[231,324,644,662]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">E. leucura</emphasis>
Molinggapoto Bumbulan Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa Sadaunta–Besoa P
</taxonomicName>
value Variable 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA1A3000BC4FD65546FA1C1" box="[243,260,670,688]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">N</emphasis>
<geoCoordinate id="33EB504DFFA1A3000A3CFD6554C9A1C1" box="[267,418,670,688]" degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="16" orientation="latitude" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" precision="925" value="5.266667">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA1A3000A3CFD655476A1C1" bold="true" box="[267,285,670,688]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">5</emphasis>
16 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA1A3000AA6FD6554C9A1C1" box="[401,418,670,688]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">N</emphasis>
</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="33EB504DFFA1A3000A9EFD65570FA1C1" box="[425,612,670,688]" degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="30" orientation="latitude" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" precision="925" value="5.5">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA1A3000A9EFD6554D0A1C1" bold="true" box="[425,443,670,688]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">5</emphasis>
30 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA1A3000964FD65570FA1C1" box="[595,612,670,688]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">N</emphasis>
</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="33EB504DFFA1A300095CFD655646A1C1" box="[619,813,670,688]" degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="3" orientation="latitude" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" precision="925" value="5.05">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA1A300095CFD655716A1C1" bold="true" box="[619,637,670,688]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">5</emphasis>
3 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA1A300082BFD655646A1C1" box="[796,813,670,688]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">N</emphasis>
</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="33EB504DFFA1A3000804FD65568DA1C1" box="[819,998,670,688]" degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="1" orientation="latitude" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" precision="925" value="5.016667">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA1A3000804FD65562EA1C1" bold="true" box="[819,837,670,688]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">5</emphasis>
1 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA1A30008E2FD65568DA1C1" box="[981,998,670,688]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">N</emphasis>
</geoCoordinate>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA1A30008DAFD655694A1C1" bold="true" box="[1005,1023,670,688]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">5</emphasis>
19‘‘ 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA1A3000F17FD65511BA1C1" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[1056,1136,670,688]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA1A3000F17FD65511BA1C1" box="[1056,1136,670,688]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’’ 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA1A3000FEEFD655181A1C1" box="[1241,1258,670,688]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">N</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA1A3000FC7FD655069A1C1" bold="true" box="[1264,1282,670,688]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">5</emphasis>
7‘‘ 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA1A3000E17FD655000A1C1" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[1312,1387,670,688]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="38" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA1A3000E17FD655000A1C1" box="[1312,1387,670,688]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’’ (KN–P versus S–B)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA1A3000B6BFD365360A1AE" blockId="38.[92,1626,465,1505]" box="[92,1547,716,735]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">ONL 55.0 ± 1.56 52.3 ± 1.36 52.3 ± 1.27 53.0 51.8 ± 1.26 53.4 ± 1.16 **</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA1A3000BD5FD1C5360A065" blockId="38.[92,1626,465,1505]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">(51.7–57.8) (50.1–54.8) (51.4–53.7) (50.1–54.2) (51.5–54.8) ZB 23.5 ± 1.14 23.2 ± 0.80 22.6 ± 0.31 23.8 23.2 ± 0.78 23.5 ± 0.95 —</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA1A3000BD4FCE75360A038" blockId="38.[92,1626,465,1505]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">(21.5–25.2) (21.4–25.1) (22.3–22.9) (21.8–25.1) (21.4–24.3) IB 7.3 ± 0.26 6.8 ± 0.38 7.4 ± 0.17 7.3 6.6 ± 0.22 7.1 ± 0.33 **</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA1A3000BDAFCA95360A00F" blockId="38.[92,1626,465,1505]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">(6.9–7.9) (6.2–7.7) (7.3–7.6) (6.2–7.0) (6.7–7.7) LR 22.4 ± 1.10 20.6 ± 0.87 20.9 ± 0.81 20.7 20.4 ± 0.76 21.2 ± 1.04 —</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA1A3000BD5FC7C5360A0C2" blockId="38.[92,1626,465,1505]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">(20.0–24.0) (19.2–22.3) (20.3–21.8) (19.2–22.3) (19.9–22.3) BR 7.3 ± 0.46 7.5 ± 0.33 7.0 ± 0.00 7.1 7.5 ± 0.31 7.6 ± 0.28 —</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA1A3000BD9FC475360A099" blockId="38.[92,1626,465,1505]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">(6.7–8.3) (6.8–8.1) (6.8–8.1) (7.2–8.0) BBC 19.4 ± 0.40 18.8 ± 0.37 18.4 ± 0.50 18.8 18.7 ± 0.31 19.1 ± 0.28 **</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA1A3000BD5FC0A536EA76C" blockId="38.[92,1626,465,1505]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">(18.5–20.0) (17.9–19.6) (17.9–18.9) (18.0–19.2) (18.8–19.6) HBC 14.8 ± 0.53 14.2 ± 0.36 13.9 ± 0.31 14.6 14.1 ± 0.30 14.5 ± 0.34 *</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA1A3000BD5FBDD5360A722" blockId="38.[92,1626,465,1505]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">(13.5–15.5) (13.6–15.0) (13.2–14.2) (13.6–14.7) (14.1–15.0) BZP 3.5 ± 0.24 3.5 ± 0.27 3.6 ± 0.10 3.8 3.4 ± 0.22 3.6 ± 0.35 —</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA1A3000BD9FBA0536EA7F9" blockId="38.[92,1626,465,1505]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">(3.1–4.0) (3.1–4.0) (3.5–3.7) (3.1–3.8) (3.1–4.0) LD 19.0 ± 0.99 18.5 ± 0.78 18.2 ± 0.85 18.5 18.2 ± 0.74 19.2 ± 0.73 *</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA1A3000BD5FB6B5360A7CC" blockId="38.[92,1626,465,1505]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">(16.7–20.5) (17.3–20.1) (17.3–19.0) (17.3–19.9) (18.0–20.1) PPL 18.4 ± 0.95 18.1 ± 0.46 17.7 ± 0.25 18.3 18.1 ± 0.43 18.3 ± 0.59 —</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA1A3000BD5FB3E5360A783" blockId="38.[92,1626,465,1505]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">(16.9–20.3) (17.0–19.2) (17.5–18.0) (17.0–19.0) (17.5–19.2) LBP 12.1 ± 0.69 10.1 ± 0.55 11.1 ± 0.15 10.4 9.9 ± 0.41 10.5 ± 0.36 **</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA1A3000BD5FB005360A656" blockId="38.[92,1626,465,1505]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">(10.9–13.1) (9.0–11.2) (10.9–11.2) (9.0–10.8) (10.0–11.1) BBPM1 4.6 ± 0.53 4.9 ± 0.32 4.6 ± 0.58 5.0 4.9 ± 0.24 4.9 ± 0.43 —</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA1A3000BD9FACB5360A62D" blockId="38.[92,1626,465,1505]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">(3.0–5.2) (4.2–5.3) (4.3–5.3) (4.4–5.3) (4.3–5.3) BMF 2.3 ± 0.18 2.5 ± 0.19 2.1 ± 0.12 2.5 2.6 ± 0.10 2.4 ± 0.12 **</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA1A3000BD9FA9E5360A6E0" blockId="38.[92,1626,465,1505]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">(2.0–2.6) (2.0–2.8) (2.0–2.2) (2.4–2.8) (2.2–2.6) LIF 9.3 ± 0.65 9.7 ± 0.54 9.1 ± 0.71 9.4 9.7 ± 0.49 10.0 ± 0.51 —</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA1A3000BD9FA615360A6B7" blockId="38.[92,1626,465,1505]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">(8.2–10.3) (8.5–10.7) (8.5–9.9) (8.8–10.7) (9.1–10.7) BIF 3.3 ± 0.33 3.3 ± 0.23 3.3 ± 0.15 3.4 3.2 ± 0.21 3.6 ± 0.17 **</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA1A3000BD9FA345025A690" blockId="38.[92,1626,465,1505]" box="[238,1358,1487,1505]" pageId="38" pageNumber="38">(2.7–3.9) (2.8–3.7) (3.1–3.4) (2.8–3.5) (3.3–3.7)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A74FF20543EA390" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[323,341,219,225]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A74FF1A543EA276" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[323,341,225,263]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">S–B</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A1FFEEF548DA230" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[296,486,270,327]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">value versus — — —</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A1FFEB7543EA2FB" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[296,341,332,394]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">P KN–P</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A74FE70543EA2E0" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[323,341,395,401]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">(</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A35FDE55451A12B" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[258,314,450,602]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">Core Sadaunta–Besoa</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A74FE44576BA146" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[323,512,447,605]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
’’ 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010A74FDB7543EA12C" box="[323,341,588,605]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">N</emphasis>
7 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A3010A74FE30543EA167" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[323,341,459,534]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010A74FE30543EA167" box="[323,341,459,534]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010A74FDC8543EA134" bold="true" box="[323,341,563,581]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">5</emphasis>
‘‘ 0.11 ± 6.1 (–) 5.9 6.2 ± 0.17 6.4 (6.1 6.6 –) ± 0.12 2.1 2.3 – () 1.9
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010BECFCE35586A012" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[219,237,792,867]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A3010BECFCE35586A012" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[219,237,792,867]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010BECFCE35586A012" box="[219,237,792,867]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A1FFD62543EA064" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[296,341,665,841]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
Navusu–Pinedapa 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010A74FCCC543EA038" bold="true" box="[323,341,823,841]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">5</emphasis>
’’ 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A3010A74FD3E543EA064" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[323,341,709,789]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010A74FD3E543EA064" box="[323,341,709,789]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A74FCAB543EA010" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[323,341,848,865]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010A74FCAB543EA010" box="[323,341,848,865]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">N</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A74FCEE576BA068" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[323,512,732,830]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">‘‘ 19 6.1 ± 0.15) – 6.3 (5.8 ± 6.4 0.22 () 5.9 – 6.7 ± 0.06 2.1 1.9 2.1 () –</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010BECFC965586A00F" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[219,237,877,894]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010BECFC965586A00F" box="[219,237,877,894]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">E</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010BECFC925586A01D" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[219,237,873,876]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010BECFC925586A01D" box="[219,237,873,876]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A1FFCB35451A0F0" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[296,314,840,897]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">Kuala</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010B91FC6C548DA775" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010B91FC6C55D1A0EE" box="[166,186,919,927]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">)</emphasis>
TABLE 6 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010B91FC6455D1A765" box="[166,186,927,1044]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">Continued (</emphasis>
Bumbulan 1 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010A74FBF1543EA76A" box="[323,341,1034,1051]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">N</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010A74FC0B543EA773" bold="true" box="[323,341,1008,1026]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">5</emphasis>
5.9 6.2 2.1
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A35FBD6547FA7D4" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[258,276,1069,1189]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">Northcentral</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A1FFB785410A7A2" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[296,379,1155,1287]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
Molinggapoto 
<geoCoordinate id="33EB504DFFA0A3010A74FB42543EA792" box="[323,341,1191,1251]" degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="3" orientation="latitude" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" precision="925" value="5.05">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010A74FB42543EA7BA" bold="true" box="[323,341,1209,1227]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">5</emphasis>
3 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010A74FB29543EA792" box="[323,341,1234,1251]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">N</emphasis>
</geoCoordinate>
5.8 ±
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A5EFB6F5747A795" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[361,556,1172,1269]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">0.15 5.7 (6.0 –) ± 6.4 0.25 6.6) 6.3 – (± 0.00 2.1.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A301092DFB1F5747A637" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[538,556,1252,1350]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">significant</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A35FAB25747A61D" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[258,556,1352,1425]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
samples 30 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010A74FA81543EA6FD" bold="true" box="[323,341,1402,1420]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">5</emphasis>
0.15 ± 6.3 –) ± 0.20 6.7) – ± 0.08 –) 2.3 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A301092DFA885747A6F4" bold="true" box="[538,556,1395,1413]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">5</emphasis>
not
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A35FA63547FA6C5" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[258,276,1432,1460]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">All</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A74FA6F5747A6DD" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[323,556,1413,1452]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010A74FA6F543EA6D4" box="[323,341,1428,1445]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">N</emphasis>
6.0 (5.7 6.4 (5.9 2.1 (1.9 —;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A301092DFA575747A6A4" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[538,556,1452,1493]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">0.05</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A301092DFA275747A69F" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[538,556,1500,1518]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A301092DFA275747A69F" bold="true" box="[538,556,1500,1518]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">#</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A1FFA095410A558" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[296,379,1522,1587]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A3010A1FFA095451A542" box="[296,314,1522,1587]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010A1FFA095451A542" box="[296,314,1522,1587]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
16 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010A74F9E3543EA55B" bold="true" box="[323,341,1560,1578]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">5</emphasis>
±
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A5EFA115747A573" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[361,556,1514,1577]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">0.18 6.5) – ± 0.39 – 8.0) ± 0.10 2.5) – P</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A301092DF9D85747A55F" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[538,556,1571,1582]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">*</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A301092DF9F25747A56A" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[538,556,1545,1563]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A301092DF9F25747A56A" bold="true" box="[538,556,1545,1563]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">5</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A1FF9C65451A53F" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[296,314,1597,1614]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010A1FF9C65451A53F" box="[296,314,1597,1614]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">E</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A1FF9C1543EA532" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[296,341,1586,1603]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010A1FF9C1543EA532" box="[296,341,1586,1603]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">. N</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A5EF9CB54FDA538" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[361,406,1584,1611]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">6.1 (</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010AB3F9DC5747A511" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[388,556,1575,1632]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">5.8 7.3 (6.6 2.3 (2.2; 0.01</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A301092DF99C5747A508" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[538,556,1639,1657]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A301092DF99C5747A508" bold="true" box="[538,556,1639,1657]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">#</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010AA9F97E5747A5FF" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[414,556,1665,1679]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">3 P</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010A74F97054DBA5D3" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" box="[323,432,1675,1753]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">Variable LB ALM 1</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A3010AA9F9745147A223" blockId="39.[142,556,219,1753]" lastBlockId="39.[731,1228,211,338]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
– BM 1 ** 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A301092DF96E5747A5D6" bold="true" box="[538,556,1685,1703]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">5</emphasis>
series of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A3010802FF285614A396" box="[821,895,211,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010802FF285614A396" box="[821,895,211,231]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Temboan, North 
<collectingRegion id="941BF868FFA0A3010F41FF2F51A3A396" box="[1142,1224,212,231]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">Celebes</collectingRegion>
; the yellowish-buff tints of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A30108CFFF155129A273" box="[1016,1090,238,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A30108CFFF155129A273" box="[1016,1090,238,258]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are replaced by vinaceous-gray, especially noticeable on the flanks; and the belly is a whitish cream-buff rather than deep yellowish-buff.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A30109ECFE825644A12C" blockId="39.[701,1228,377,1759]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
In the following contrast between 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A3010F85FE81567BA2DC" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010F85FE81567BA2DC" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A3010867FE6C56B8A2DD" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[848,979,407,428]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010867FE6C56B8A2DD" box="[848,979,407,428]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the taxon 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A3010F69FE6D51AFA2DC" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[1118,1220,406,429]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010F69FE6D51AFA2DC" box="[1118,1220,406,429]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, also described by Miller and Hollister and also from the central part of 
<collectingRegion id="941BF868FFA0A3010F09FE2A51CEA296" box="[1086,1189,465,487]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
, is included as a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A3010F01FE0B51A8A174" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[1078,1219,496,517]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010F01FE0B51A8A174" box="[1078,1219,496,517]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Reasons for doing so are set forth below in the section explaining allocation of the synonym.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A30109ECFD9D51A7A703" blockId="39.[701,1228,377,1759]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
In the samples at hand of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A3010F22FD9C51FCA10D" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[1045,1175,615,636]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010F22FD9C51FCA10D" box="[1045,1175,615,636]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A301098AFD7F562AA1EB" box="[701,833,643,666]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A301098AFD7F562AA1EB" box="[701,833,643,666]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which includes the material examined by Miller and Hollister, and contrary to their observations, we see differences in size and proportions of external measurements. Mean values for length of head and body (206.0 mm for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A3010F08FCE351A8A05C" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[1087,1219,792,813]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010F08FCE351A8A05C" box="[1087,1219,792,813]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<quantity id="91279B6FFFA0A301098AFCCF565CA03B" box="[701,823,820,842]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.158" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="215.8">215.8 mm</quantity>
for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A3010841FCCE569BA03A" box="[886,1008,820,843]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010841FCCE569BA03A" box="[886,1008,820,843]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; P 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010F12FCC85157A03B" bold="true" box="[1061,1084,819,842]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">5</emphasis>
0.013) and length of hind foot (
<quantity id="91279B6FFFA0A3010886FCA95172A019" box="[945,1049,850,872]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.15" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="51.5">51.5 mm</quantity>
and 53.5; P 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010F83FCAA51A0A019" bold="true" box="[1204,1227,849,872]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">5</emphasis>
0.003) are significantly different— 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A3010F7CFC8B51A7A0F4" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[1099,1228,880,901]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010F7CFC8B51A7A0F4" box="[1099,1228,880,901]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
averages smaller. Means for length of tail (
<quantity id="91279B6FFFA0A30109F2FC505650A0B1" box="[709,827,939,960]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.409" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="240.9">240.9 mm</quantity>
for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A3010845FC50569EA0B1" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[882,1013,939,960]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010845FC50569EA0B1" box="[882,1013,939,960]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<quantity id="91279B6FFFA0A3010F31FC505110A0B1" box="[1030,1147,939,960]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.402" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="240.2">240.2 mm</quantity>
for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A3010F85FC505664A0AF" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010F85FC505664A0AF" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; P 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A301080FFC3C5624A0AF" bold="true" box="[824,847,967,990]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">5</emphasis>
0.877), however, are statistically identical—therefore, 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A30108F3FC1D513EA08A" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[964,1109,998,1019]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A30108F3FC1D513EA08A" box="[964,1109,998,1019]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has on average a shorter body and hind foot but a longer tail relative to length of head and body (sample sizes are 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A30108BEFBC456F5A725" box="[905,926,1087,1108]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">N</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010890FBC656D5A725" bold="true" box="[935,958,1085,1108]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">5</emphasis>
30 for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A3010F21FBC451FCA725" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[1046,1175,1087,1108]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010F21FBC451FCA725" box="[1046,1175,1087,1108]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A301098AFBA757B9A700" box="[701,722,1116,1137]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">N</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A30109EDFBA1579AA700" bold="true" box="[730,753,1114,1137]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">5</emphasis>
13 for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A3010870FBA756D0A703" box="[839,955,1115,1138]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010870FBA756D0A703" box="[839,955,1115,1138]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for all three variables).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A30109ECFB8151A7A53B" blockId="39.[701,1228,377,1759]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
Other external differences between 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A3010F85FB805677A7DC" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010F85FB805677A7DC" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A3010868FB6356BCA7DF" box="[863,983,1175,1198]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010868FB6356BCA7DF" box="[863,983,1175,1198]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that were described by Miller and Hollister are not apparent to us. Both species have dark gray to bluishgray dorsal coats; both have underparts that are either all white (in live animals) or white with patches or streaks of buff, orange, or pale rust (the rust may be a stain because the hairs in these colored places have pigmented debris adhering to them while hairs in the white region are clean); both show a similar color pattern on the tail, including length of the dorsal white portion (means of dorsal white length/tail length are 59.1 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010F63FA015107A57E" box="[1108,1132,1530,1551]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">%</emphasis>
for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A3010F85FA015677A55C" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010F85FA015677A55C" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 58.5 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A30108B8F9EC56CCA55D" box="[911,935,1559,1580]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">%</emphasis>
for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A30108D6F9E35133A55F" box="[993,1112,1559,1582]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A30108D6F9E35133A55F" box="[993,1112,1559,1582]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; table 5); and both possess two pairs of inguinal teats.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA0A30109ECF9A851A7A5AE" blockId="39.[701,1228,377,1759]" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">
To Miller and Hollister, the smaller ears of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A301098AF98A5677A5F7" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[701,796,1649,1670]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A301098AF98A5677A5F7" box="[701,796,1649,1670]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—as well as 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A30108E3F98B5151A5F6" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[980,1082,1648,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A30108E3F98B5151A5F6" box="[980,1082,1648,1671]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the other taxon they described from central Sula-wesi—were diagnostic in relation to 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA0A3010F85F9575664A5AE" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="39" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA0A3010F85F9575664A5AE" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="39">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. But their descriptions of the new
</paragraph>
<caption id="02A06602FFAFA30E0B43FA145490A5A6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612022" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4612022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612022/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" startId="40.[116,155,1519,1538]" targetBox="[247,1039,198,1489]" targetPageId="40">
<paragraph id="5660368AFFAFA30E0B43FA145490A5A6" blockId="40.[93,1193,1518,1751]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">
Fig. 12. Scatterplots of specimen scores representing the sample of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAFA30E0801FA15569AA573" box="[822,1009,1518,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAFA30E0801FA15569AA573" box="[822,1009,1518,1538]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Echiothrix leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(filled circle; 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAFA30E0F4CFA0B51E5A573" box="[1147,1166,1520,1538]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">N</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAFA30E0FA3FA1551C3A572" bold="true" box="[1172,1192,1518,1539]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">5</emphasis>
16) and the four population samples of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAFA30E0AC1F9F15703A56D" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[502,616,1546,1564]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAFA30E0AC1F9F15703A56D" box="[502,616,1546,1564]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAFA30E0941F9F157E2A56D" box="[630,649,1546,1564]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">N</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAFA30E09B8F9F357C8A56C" bold="true" box="[655,675,1544,1565]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">5</emphasis>
30; Molinggapoto 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAFA30E085DF9F35615A56C" bold="true" box="[874,894,1544,1565]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">5</emphasis>
asterisk, Bumbulan 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAFA30E0F64F9F3510CA56C" bold="true" box="[1107,1127,1544,1565]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">5</emphasis>
cross, Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAFA30E0A5AF9D854EAA549" bold="true" box="[365,385,1571,1592]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">5</emphasis>
square, Sadaunta-Besoa 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAFA30E09A7F9D857CFA549" bold="true" box="[656,676,1571,1592]" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">5</emphasis>
triangle) projected on first and second principal components extracted from principal-components analysis (upper), and on first and second canonical variates extracted from discriminant-function analysis (lower) of 16 cranial and two dental logtransformed variables. Scores for holotypes: 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAFA30E091DF988579BA5F6" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[554,752,1651,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAFA30E091DF988579BA5F6" box="[554,752,1651,1671]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Echiothrix centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(filled triangle, Winatu in Sadaunta-Besoa sample) and 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAFA30E0BD5F97554DBA5D3" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[226,432,1678,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="40" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAFA30E0BD5F97554DBA5D3" box="[226,432,1678,1698]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="40">Echiothrix brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(filled square, Pinedapa in Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa sample). See table 7 for correlations (loadings) of variables with extracted components or canonical variates and for percent variance explained in both ordinations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFAEA30F0946FF2D5640A238" blockId="41.[128,1228,214,329]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
TABLE 7 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0BADFF1557C8A268" bold="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
Results of Principal-Components and Discriminant-Function Analyses Comparing Samples of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAEA30F0F7FFF16571CA268" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0F7FFF16571CA268" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">Echiothrix leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAEA30F099CFEFD5594A240" authority="Correlations" authorityName="Correlations" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F099CFEFD5677A268" bold="true" box="[683,796,262,281]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">E. centrosa</emphasis>
Correlations
</taxonomicName>
(loadings) of 16 cranial and 2 dental log-transformed variables are based on 16 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAEA30F0F29FEE551E9A240" box="[1054,1154,285,305]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0F29FEE551E9A240" box="[1054,1154,285,305]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 30 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAEA30F0916FECD57FAA239" box="[545,657,310,328]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0916FECD57FAA239" box="[545,657,310,328]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. See 
<figureCitation id="CEE42A0FFFAEA30F09FEFECE564CA238" box="[713,807,309,329]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="40.[116,155,1519,1538]" captionTargetBox="[247,1039,198,1489]" captionTargetId="figure-1@40.[247,1039,198,1489]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Fig. 12. Scatterplots of specimen scores representing the sample of Echiothrix leucura (filled circle; N 5 16) and the four population samples of E. centrosa (N 5 30; Molinggapoto 5 asterisk, Bumbulan 5 cross, Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa 5 square, Sadaunta-Besoa 5 triangle) projected on first and second principal components extracted from principal-components analysis (upper), and on first and second canonical variates extracted from discriminant-function analysis (lower) of 16 cranial and two dental logtransformed variables. Scores for holotypes: Echiothrix centrosa (filled triangle, Winatu in Sadaunta-Besoa sample) and Echiothrix brevicula (filled square, Pinedapa in Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa sample). See table 7 for correlations (loadings) of variables with extracted components or canonical variates and for percent variance explained in both ordinations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612022/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">figure 12</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFAEA30F099EFE905134A767" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<table id="24DFC42AFFAE5CD90BB7FE9151E1A767" box="[128,1162,362,1046]" gridcols="5" gridrows="24" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FE9151E1A20D" box="[128,1162,362,380]" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FE9151E1A20D" box="[128,1162,362,380]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">Correlations (loadings)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FE6951E1A2D2" box="[128,1162,402,419]" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90AAAFE6957B9A2D2" box="[413,722,402,419]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">Principal components</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FE6951E1A2D2" box="[853,1162,402,419]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">Discriminant function</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FE4351E1A2B8" box="[128,1162,440,457]" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FE435422A2B8" box="[128,329,440,457]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">Variable</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90AAAFE43549DA2B8" box="[413,502,440,457]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">PC1</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD9094EFE4357B9A2B8" box="[633,722,440,457]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">PC2</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FE4356C5A2B8" box="[853,942,440,457]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">CV1</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90F06FE4351E1A2B8" box="[1073,1162,440,457]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">CV2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FE1D51E1A289" box="[128,1162,486,504]" gridrow="3" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FE1D5422A289" box="[128,329,486,504]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">ONL</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90AAAFE1D549DA289" box="[413,502,486,504]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.73***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD9094EFE1D57B9A289" box="[633,722,486,504]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.56***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FE1D56C5A289" box="[853,942,486,504]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0862FE1D560CA289" bold="true" box="[853,871,486,504]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.66***
</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90F06FE1D51E1A289" box="[1073,1162,486,504]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.12</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FDFB51E1A163" box="[128,1162,512,530]" gridrow="4" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FDFB5422A163" box="[128,329,512,530]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">ZB</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90AAAFDFB549DA163" box="[413,502,512,530]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.15</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD9094EFDFB57B9A163" box="[633,722,512,530]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.65***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FDFB56C5A163" box="[853,942,512,530]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0862FDFB560CA163" bold="true" box="[853,871,512,530]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.07
</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90F06FDFB51E1A163" box="[1073,1162,512,530]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0F06FDFB5128A163" bold="true" box="[1073,1091,512,530]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.08
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FDE051E1A15C" box="[128,1162,539,557]" gridrow="5" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FDE05422A15C" box="[128,329,539,557]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">IB</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90AAAFDE0549DA15C" box="[413,502,539,557]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.75***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD9094EFDE057B9A15C" box="[633,722,539,557]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.10</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FDE056C5A15C" box="[853,942,539,557]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0862FDE0560CA15C" bold="true" box="[853,871,539,557]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.71**
</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90F06FDE051E1A15C" box="[1073,1162,539,557]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0F06FDE05128A15C" bold="true" box="[1073,1091,539,557]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.36**
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FDCE51E1A139" box="[128,1162,565,584]" gridrow="6" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FDCE5422A139" box="[128,329,565,584]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">LR</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90AAAFDCE549DA139" box="[413,502,565,584]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.72***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD9094EFDCE57B9A139" box="[633,722,565,584]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.54***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FDCE56C5A139" box="[853,942,565,584]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0862FDCE560CA136" bold="true" box="[853,871,565,583]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.64***
</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90F06FDCE51E1A139" box="[1073,1162,565,584]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.09</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FDAB51E1A113" box="[128,1162,592,610]" gridrow="7" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FDAB5422A113" box="[128,329,592,610]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">BR</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90AAAFDAB549DA113" box="[413,502,592,610]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0AAAFDAB54C4A113" bold="true" box="[413,431,592,610]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.19
</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD9094EFDAB57B9A113" box="[633,722,592,610]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.58***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FDAB56C5A113" box="[853,942,592,610]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.28</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90F06FDAB51E1A113" box="[1073,1162,592,610]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.28</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FD9151E1A10C" box="[128,1162,618,637]" gridrow="8" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FD915422A10C" box="[128,329,618,637]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">BBC</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90AAAFD91549DA10C" box="[413,502,618,637]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.58***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD9094EFD9157B9A10C" box="[633,722,618,637]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.39**</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FD9156C5A10C" box="[853,942,618,637]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0862FD91560CA10D" bold="true" box="[853,871,618,636]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.55***
</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90F06FD9151E1A10C" box="[1073,1162,618,637]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0F06FD915128A10D" bold="true" box="[1073,1091,618,636]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.21
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FD7E51E1A1E6" box="[128,1162,645,663]" gridrow="9" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FD7E5422A1E6" box="[128,329,645,663]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">HBC</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90AAAFD7E549DA1E6" box="[413,502,645,663]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.57***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD9094EFD7E57B9A1E6" box="[633,722,645,663]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.50***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FD7E56C5A1E6" box="[853,942,645,663]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0862FD7E560CA1E6" bold="true" box="[853,871,645,663]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.51***
</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90F06FD7E51E1A1E6" box="[1073,1162,645,663]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.03</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FD5B51E1A1C3" box="[128,1162,672,690]" gridrow="10" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FD5B5422A1C3" box="[128,329,672,690]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">BZP</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90AAAFD5B549DA1C3" box="[413,502,672,690]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.29*</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD9094EFD5B57B9A1C3" box="[633,722,672,690]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.49***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FD5B56C5A1C3" box="[853,942,672,690]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0862FD5B560CA1C3" bold="true" box="[853,871,672,690]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.18
</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90F06FD5B51E1A1C3" box="[1073,1162,672,690]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0F06FD5B5128A1C3" bold="true" box="[1073,1091,672,690]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.35*
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FD4151E1A1BD" box="[128,1162,698,716]" gridrow="11" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FD415422A1BD" box="[128,329,698,716]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">LD</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90AAAFD41549DA1BD" box="[413,502,698,716]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.33*</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD9094EFD4157B9A1BD" box="[633,722,698,716]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.77***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FD4156C5A1BD" box="[853,942,698,716]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0862FD41560CA1BD" bold="true" box="[853,871,698,716]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.18
</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90F06FD4151E1A1BD" box="[1073,1162,698,716]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.04</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FD2E51E1A196" box="[128,1162,725,743]" gridrow="12" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FD2E5422A196" box="[128,329,725,743]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">PPL</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90AAAFD2E549DA196" box="[413,502,725,743]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.13</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD9094EFD2E57B9A196" box="[633,722,725,743]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.66***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FD2E56C5A196" box="[853,942,725,743]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0862FD2E560CA196" bold="true" box="[853,871,725,743]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.06
</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90F06FD2E51E1A196" box="[1073,1162,725,743]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.03</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FD1451E1A070" box="[128,1162,751,769]" gridrow="13" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FD145422A070" box="[128,329,751,769]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">LBP</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90AAAFD14549DA070" box="[413,502,751,769]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.94***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD9094EFD1457B9A070" box="[633,722,751,769]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.13</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FD1456C5A070" box="[853,942,751,769]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0862FD14560CA070" bold="true" box="[853,871,751,769]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.91***
</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90F06FD1451E1A070" box="[1073,1162,751,769]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0F06FD145128A070" bold="true" box="[1073,1091,751,769]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.06
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FCF151E1A06D" box="[128,1162,778,796]" gridrow="14" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FCF15422A06D" box="[128,329,778,796]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">BBPM1</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90AAAFCF1549DA06D" box="[413,502,778,796]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0AAAFCF154C4A06D" bold="true" box="[413,431,778,796]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.32*
</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD9094EFCF157B9A06D" box="[633,722,778,796]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.80***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FCF156C5A06D" box="[853,942,778,796]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.35*</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90F06FCF151E1A06D" box="[1073,1162,778,796]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0F06FCF15128A06D" bold="true" box="[1073,1091,778,796]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.06
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FCDF51E1A046" box="[128,1162,804,823]" gridrow="15" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FCDF5422A046" box="[128,329,804,823]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">BMF</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90AAAFCDF549DA046" box="[413,502,804,823]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0AAAFCDF54C4A047" bold="true" box="[413,431,804,822]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.72***
</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD9094EFCDF57B9A046" box="[633,722,804,823]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.25</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FCDF56C5A046" box="[853,942,804,823]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.62***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90F06FCDF51E1A046" box="[1073,1162,804,823]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.48***</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FCC451E1A020" box="[128,1162,831,849]" gridrow="16" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FCC45422A020" box="[128,329,831,849]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">LIF</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90AAAFCC4549DA020" box="[413,502,831,849]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0AAAFCC454C4A020" bold="true" box="[413,431,831,849]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.29*
</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD9094EFCC457B9A020" box="[633,722,831,849]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.72***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FCC456C5A020" box="[853,942,831,849]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.37**</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90F06FCC451E1A020" box="[1073,1162,831,849]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.08</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FCA151E1A01D" box="[128,1162,858,876]" gridrow="17" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FCA15422A01D" box="[128,329,858,876]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">BIF</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90AAAFCA1549DA01D" box="[413,502,858,876]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0AAAFCA154C4A01D" bold="true" box="[413,431,858,876]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.01
</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD9094EFCA157B9A01D" box="[633,722,858,876]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.81***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FCA156C5A01D" box="[853,942,858,876]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.06</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90F06FCA151E1A01D" box="[1073,1162,858,876]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0F06FCA15128A01D" bold="true" box="[1073,1091,858,876]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.22
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FC8F51E1A0F7" box="[128,1162,884,902]" gridrow="18" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FC8F5422A0F7" box="[128,329,884,902]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">LB</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90AAAFC8F549DA0F7" box="[413,502,884,902]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.03</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD9094EFC8F57B9A0F7" box="[633,722,884,902]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.02</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FC8F56C5A0F7" box="[853,942,884,902]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0862FC8F560CA0F7" bold="true" box="[853,871,884,902]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.13
</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90F06FC8F51E1A0F7" box="[1073,1162,884,902]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.40**</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FC7451E1A0D0" box="[128,1162,911,929]" gridrow="19" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FC745422A0D0" box="[128,329,911,929]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">ALM1–3</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90AAAFC74549DA0D0" box="[413,502,911,929]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.82***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD9094EFC7457B9A0D0" box="[633,722,911,929]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F094EFC7457E0A0D0" bold="true" box="[633,651,911,929]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.10
</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FC7456C5A0D0" box="[853,942,911,929]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0862FC74560CA0D0" bold="true" box="[853,871,911,929]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.88***
</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90F06FC7451E1A0D0" box="[1073,1162,911,929]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.29</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FC5251E1A0CA" box="[128,1162,937,955]" gridrow="20" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FC525422A0CA" box="[128,329,937,955]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">BM1</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90AAAFC52549DA0CA" box="[413,502,937,955]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.84***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD9094EFC5257B9A0CA" box="[633,722,937,955]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.03</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FC5256C5A0CA" box="[853,942,937,955]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0862FC52560CA0CA" bold="true" box="[853,871,937,955]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">‾</emphasis>
0.86***
</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90F06FC5251E1A0CA" box="[1073,1162,937,955]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.16</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FC2B51E1A090" box="[128,1162,976,993]" gridrow="21" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FC2B5422A090" box="[128,329,976,993]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">Canonical correlation</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FC2B56C5A090" box="[853,942,976,993]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.981</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90F06FC2B51E1A090" box="[1073,1162,976,993]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.931</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FC1151E1A08A" box="[128,1162,1002,1019]" gridrow="22" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FC115422A08A" box="[128,329,1002,1019]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">Eigenvalue</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90AAAFC11549DA08A" box="[413,502,1002,1019]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.028</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD9094EFC1157B9A08A" box="[633,722,1002,1019]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">0.020</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FC1156C5A08A" box="[853,942,1002,1019]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">25.832</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90F06FC1151E1A08A" box="[1073,1162,1002,1019]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">6.457</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAE5CD90BB7FBFE51E1A767" box="[128,1162,1029,1046]" gridrow="23" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90BB7FBFE5422A767" box="[128,329,1029,1046]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0BB7FBFE55F8A767" box="[128,147,1029,1046]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">%</emphasis>
Variance
</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90AAAFBFE549DA767" box="[413,502,1029,1046]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">38.1</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD9094EFBFE57B9A767" box="[633,722,1029,1046]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">26.8</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90862FBFE56C5A767" box="[853,942,1029,1046]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">67.2</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAE5CD90F06FBFE51E1A767" box="[1073,1162,1029,1046]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">16.8</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFAEA30F0BA2FBCA5736A730" blockId="41.[149,605,1071,1090]" box="[149,605,1071,1090]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
<tableNote id="AB393704FFAEA30F0BA2FBCA5736A730" box="[149,605,1071,1090]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" targetBox="[128,1162,362,1046]" targetPageId="41">
*** 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0B8AFBD455A4A730" bold="true" box="[189,207,1071,1089]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">5</emphasis>
P 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0BDDFBD45597A730" bold="true" box="[234,252,1071,1089]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">#</emphasis>
0.001; ** 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0A69FBD4541BA730" bold="true" box="[350,368,1071,1089]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">5</emphasis>
P 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0ABCFBD454F6A730" bold="true" box="[395,413,1071,1089]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">#</emphasis>
0.01; * 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0ADDFBD45497A730" bold="true" box="[490,508,1071,1089]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">5</emphasis>
P 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0920FBD45742A730" bold="true" box="[535,553,1071,1089]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">#</emphasis>
0.05.
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFAEA30F0BB7FB8C5430A5D2" blockId="41.[128,654,1142,1759]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
taxa and comparisons were based on material obtained by H.C. Raven, who did not measure length of ear on freshly caught rats. Miller and Hollister simply measured ears (from the notch) on the dry museum skins; because such ears are shriveled and their lengths contracted, they recorded smaller values than would be obtained from freshly caught animals. They reported, for example, 
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAEA30F0BB7FA795580A6E6" box="[128,235,1410,1431]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.94" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="29.4">29.4 mm</quantity>
for the 
<typeStatus id="89648828FFAEA30F0A6CFA7954AAA6E9" box="[347,449,1410,1432]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAEA30F0AC2FA79573FA6E6" box="[501,596,1410,1431]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0AC2FA79573FA6E6" box="[501,596,1410,1431]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAEA30F0BB7FA5B5599A6C4" box="[128,242,1440,1461]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.81" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="28.1">28.1 mm</quantity>
for the 
<typeStatus id="89648828FFAEA30F0A4FFA6454B5A6C4" box="[376,478,1439,1461]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAEA30F0916FA6457ECA6C7" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[545,647,1439,1462]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0916FA6457ECA6C7" box="[545,647,1439,1462]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Musser also measured the ear (from notch to crown of pinna) on specimens he collected within the geographic ranges of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAEA30F0ACCFA025731A57F" box="[507,602,1529,1550]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0ACCFA025731A57F" box="[507,602,1529,1550]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAEA30F0BB7F9ED558DA55C" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[128,230,1558,1581]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0BB7F9ED558DA55C" box="[128,230,1558,1581]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and did not encounter any ear length less than 
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAEA30F0A7EF9CF54CBA538" box="[329,416,1588,1609]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="32.0">32 mm</quantity>
, a value within the range of measurements obtained by G. Heinrich for a sample of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAEA30F0AFDF98B572DA5F7" box="[458,582,1647,1670]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0AFDF98B572DA5F7" box="[458,582,1647,1670]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Rurukan (table 4).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFAEA30F0BAAF9575120A55D" blockId="41.[128,654,1142,1759]" lastBlockId="41.[701,1228,1142,1759]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
Except for its smaller ears and teeth, 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAEA30F0943F95755B4A5AE" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0943F95755B4A5AE" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was considered by Miller and Hollister to be similar to 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAEA30F08D4FB8C513CA7FC" box="[995,1111,1142,1165]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F08D4FB8C513CA7FC" box="[995,1111,1142,1165]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in cranial size and proportions. In addition to the contrast in molar size, (see below), there are—contrary to the perceptions of Miller and Hollister—impressive distinctions between the two species in certain cranial dimensions and proportions. Univariate mean differences in cranial variables show that, compared with 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAEA30F0888FA9E515CA60B" box="[959,1079,1379,1402]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0888FA9E515CA60B" box="[959,1079,1379,1402]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the central Sulawesian 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAEA30F087AFA7956BFA6E6" box="[845,980,1410,1431]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F087AFA7956BFA6E6" box="[845,980,1410,1431]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a shorter skull and narrower interorbit, a shorter but wider rostrum, smaller braincase, shorter diastema and postpalatal region, shorter but wider bony palate, wider mesopterygoid fossa, and longer incisive foramina (table 6).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFAEA30F09ECF9CE51A7A5AE" blockId="41.[701,1228,1142,1759]" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">
The univariate mensural cranial and dental differences are also summarized by results from multivariate analyses (
<figureCitation id="CEE42A0FFFAEA30F0F59F98B51D5A5F7" box="[1134,1214,1648,1670]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="40.[116,155,1519,1538]" captionTargetBox="[247,1039,198,1489]" captionTargetId="figure-1@40.[247,1039,198,1489]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Fig. 12. Scatterplots of specimen scores representing the sample of Echiothrix leucura (filled circle; N 5 16) and the four population samples of E. centrosa (N 5 30; Molinggapoto 5 asterisk, Bumbulan 5 cross, Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa 5 square, Sadaunta-Besoa 5 triangle) projected on first and second principal components extracted from principal-components analysis (upper), and on first and second canonical variates extracted from discriminant-function analysis (lower) of 16 cranial and two dental logtransformed variables. Scores for holotypes: Echiothrix centrosa (filled triangle, Winatu in Sadaunta-Besoa sample) and Echiothrix brevicula (filled square, Pinedapa in Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa sample). See table 7 for correlations (loadings) of variables with extracted components or canonical variates and for percent variance explained in both ordinations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612022/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">fig. 12</figureCitation>
). There the top scatterplot contains the distribution of specimen scores for all population samples of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAEA30F08D5F9315102A5AE" box="[994,1129,1738,1759]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="41" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F08D5F9315102A5AE" box="[994,1129,1738,1759]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAEA30F0F85F93151A7A5AE" box="[1202,1228,1738,1759]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="41">E.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFADA30C0979FF2D57D3A398" blockId="42.[93,1193,214,305]" box="[590,696,214,233]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">TABLE 8</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFADA30C0B6AFF1656E2A268" blockId="42.[93,1193,214,305]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C0B6AFF1656E2A268" bold="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
Descriptive Statistics for Measurements (mm) of Maxillary and Mandibular Molar and Alveolar Rows Derived from Samples of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFADA30C091CFEFE56E2A268" authority="leucura and E. centrosa" box="[555,905,261,281]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C091CFEFE578FA268" bold="true" box="[555,740,261,281]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Echiothrix leucura</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C0820FEFD56E2A268" bold="true" box="[791,905,262,281]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFADA30C0BCBFEE55161A240" blockId="42.[93,1193,214,305]" box="[252,1034,285,305]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Mean ± 1 SD, observed range in parentheses, and size of sample are listed.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFADA30C0A88FEA851F0A178" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
<table id="24DFC42AFFAD5CD90B6AFEA851F0A178" box="[93,1179,339,521]" gridcols="7" gridrows="6" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAD5CD90B6AFEA851F0A215" box="[93,1179,339,356]" gridrow="0" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD90A88FEA8575FA215" box="[447,564,339,356]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Maxillary</th>
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD908BCFEA85169A215" box="[907,1026,339,356]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Mandibular</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAD5CD90B6AFE8151F0A2FA" box="[93,1179,378,395]" gridrow="1" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD90B6AFE8155A8A2FA" box="[93,195,378,395]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Species</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD90A1EFE8154F1A2FA" box="[297,410,378,395]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">ALM1–3</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD90A88FE81575FA2FA" box="[447,564,378,395]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">CLM1–3</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD9096AFE8157A5A2FA" box="[605,718,378,395]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">BM1</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD909C0FE815603A2FA" box="[759,872,378,395]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">alm1–3</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD908BCFE815169A2FA" box="[907,1026,378,395]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">clm1–3</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD90F1CFE8151F0A2FA" box="[1067,1179,378,395]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">bm1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAD5CD90B6AFE5C51F0A2C8" box="[93,1179,423,441]" gridrow="2" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD90B6AFE5C55A8A2C8" box="[93,195,423,441]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFADA30C0B6AFE5255D2A2C8" box="[93,185,424,441]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C0B6AFE5255D2A2C8" box="[93,185,424,441]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD90A1EFE5C54F1A2C8" box="[297,410,423,441]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">7.2 ± 0.38</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD90A88FE5C575FA2C8" box="[447,564,423,441]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">7.0 ± 0.29</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD9096AFE5C57A5A2C8" box="[605,718,423,441]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">2.3 ± 0.10</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD909C0FE5C5603A2C8" box="[759,872,423,441]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">6.9 ± 0.32</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD908BCFE5C5169A2C8" box="[907,1026,423,441]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">7.1 ± 0.29</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD90F1CFE5C51F0A2C8" box="[1067,1179,423,441]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">1.8 ± 0.11</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAD5CD90B6AFE3951F0A2A5" box="[93,1179,450,468]" gridrow="3" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD90A1EFE3954F1A2A5" box="[297,410,450,468]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">(6.6–8.0) 19</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD90A88FE39575FA2A5" box="[447,564,450,468]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">(6.6–7.5) 19</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD9096AFE3957A5A2A5" box="[605,718,450,468]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">(2.2–2.5) 20</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD909C0FE395603A2A5" box="[759,872,450,468]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">(6.3–7.5) 19</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD908BCFE395169A2A5" box="[907,1026,450,468]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">(6.5–7.5) 17</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD90F1CFE3951F0A2A5" box="[1067,1179,450,468]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">(1.7–2.0) 16</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAD5CD90B6AFE2751F0A29E" box="[93,1179,476,495]" gridrow="4" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD90B6AFE2755A8A29E" box="[93,195,476,495]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFADA30C0B6AFE2555A8A29F" box="[93,195,478,494]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C0B6AFE2555A8A29F" box="[93,195,478,494]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD90A1EFE2754F1A29E" box="[297,410,476,495]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">6.4 ± 0.20</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD90A88FE27575FA29E" box="[447,564,476,495]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">6.3 ± 0.17</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD9096AFE2757A5A29E" box="[605,718,476,495]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">2.1 ± 0.08</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD909C0FE275603A29E" box="[759,872,476,495]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">6.3 ± 0.22</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD908BCFE275169A29E" box="[907,1026,476,495]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">6.4 ± 0.15</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD90F1CFE2751F0A29E" box="[1067,1179,476,495]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">1.6 ± 0.10</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAD5CD90B6AFE0C51F0A178" box="[93,1179,503,521]" gridrow="5" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD90A1EFE0C54F1A178" box="[297,410,503,521]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">(5.9–6.7) 33</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD90A88FE0C575FA178" box="[447,564,503,521]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">(6.0–6.5) 26</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD9096AFE0C57A5A178" box="[605,718,503,521]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">(1.9–2.3) 33</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD909C0FE0C5603A178" box="[759,872,503,521]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">(5.9–6.7) 33</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD908BCFE0C5169A178" box="[907,1026,503,521]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">(6.1–6.7) 33</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAD5CD90F1CFE0C51F0A178" box="[1067,1179,503,521]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">(1.5–1.7) 33</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFADA30C0B6AFDBE54E9A6C7" blockId="42.[93,620,581,1759]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFADA30C0B6AFDBE55DBA12D" box="[93,176,581,604]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C0B6AFDBE55DBA12D" box="[93,176,581,604]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
projected on the first and second principal components. Scores for specimens in population samples from regions west of 
<collectingRegion id="941BF868FFADA30C0B6AFD6455B3A1C4" box="[93,216,671,693]" country="Indonesia" name="Gorontalo" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Gorontalo</collectingRegion>
in the northern peninsula (Molinggapoto, Bumbulan) and from the core of the island (Sadaunta-Besoa, and Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa) with small skulls and molars are scattered in the left half of the plot: these are samples of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFADA30C0AE2FCC85708A039" box="[469,611,819,840]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C0AE2FCC85708A039" box="[469,611,819,840]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Specimen scores for samples from the northeastern portion of the northern peninsula east of the 
<collectingRegion id="941BF868FFADA30C0BDBFC7054ABA0D0" box="[236,448,907,929]" country="Indonesia" name="Gorontalo" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Gorontalo region</collectingRegion>
, animals with larger skulls and molars, fall in the right half of the ordination: these scores identify 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFADA30C0966FC3C55C4A08A" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C0966FC3C55C4A08A" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Covariation among most variables indicates size to be the primary influence for dispersion of the scores along the first component, as indicated by the many positive and high correlations on that axis (
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C0908FBA05721A701" box="[575,586,1115,1136]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">r</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C0963FBA15700A700" bold="true" box="[596,619,1114,1137]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">5</emphasis>
0.57–0.94). Four variables yielded moderate to high negative correlations (
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C0AFFFB6C54B8A7DD" box="[456,467,1175,1196]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">r</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C0AE9FB6E5773A7DD" bold="true" box="[478,536,1173,1196]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">5 ‾</emphasis>
0.19 to 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C0B6AFB49551FA7B8" bold="true" box="[93,116,1202,1225]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">‾</emphasis>
0.72; table 7), which point to the broader rostrum, bony palatal bridge, and mesopterygoid fossa along with a longer incisive foramina relative to skull size (indexed by occipitonasal length) in 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFADA30C0A45FAD0549AA631" box="[370,497,1323,1344]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C0A45FAD0549AA631" box="[370,497,1323,1344]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
compared with 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFADA30C0BAAFAB3547EA62F" box="[157,277,1351,1374]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C0BAAFAB3547EA62F" box="[157,277,1351,1374]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The patterns of significant loadings of cranial and dental measurements are generally mirrored by the univariate mean contrasts (table 6).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFADA30C0B4DFA44579FA701" blockId="42.[93,620,581,1759]" lastBlockId="42.[667,1194,581,1759]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
Results of discriminant-function analysis (which identifies the variables most strongly separating the centroids of predefined population samples) provide a sharper resolution of morphometric affinity among samples, but the pattern is generally similar to that illuminated by results of the principal-components analysis. Individual specimen scores projected on first and second canonical variates form two nonoverlapping constellations (
<figureCitation id="CEE42A0FFFADA30C09D2FDBD5658A12A" box="[741,819,582,604]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="40.[116,155,1519,1538]" captionTargetBox="[247,1039,198,1489]" captionTargetId="figure-1@40.[247,1039,198,1489]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Fig. 12. Scatterplots of specimen scores representing the sample of Echiothrix leucura (filled circle; N 5 16) and the four population samples of E. centrosa (N 5 30; Molinggapoto 5 asterisk, Bumbulan 5 cross, Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa 5 square, Sadaunta-Besoa 5 triangle) projected on first and second principal components extracted from principal-components analysis (upper), and on first and second canonical variates extracted from discriminant-function analysis (lower) of 16 cranial and two dental logtransformed variables. Scores for holotypes: Echiothrix centrosa (filled triangle, Winatu in Sadaunta-Besoa sample) and Echiothrix brevicula (filled square, Pinedapa in Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa sample). See table 7 for correlations (loadings) of variables with extracted components or canonical variates and for percent variance explained in both ordinations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612022/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">fig. 12</figureCitation>
, bottom): scores for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFADA30C0F1BFDBC51CAA12D" box="[1068,1185,581,604]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C0F1BFDBC51CAA12D" box="[1068,1185,581,604]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with the larger skulls and molars, fall in the left half; points representing 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFADA30C08DFFD79510CA1E6" box="[1000,1127,642,663]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C08DFFD79510CA1E6" box="[1000,1127,642,663]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with smaller skulls and molars, are contained in the right half. Size is the force separating scores along the first variate as indicated by covariation among most of the same variables that proved significant in the principalcomponents analysis (table 7). Here, the analysis again shows that 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFADA30C08EEFCAA5136A017" box="[985,1117,849,870]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C08EEFCAA5136A017" box="[985,1117,849,870]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a shorter skull and rostrum, narrower interorbit, smaller braincase, shorter bony palate, and smaller molars (as measured by alveolar length of maxillary molar row and breadth of first upper molar) (
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C0849FC1E56E2A08B" box="[894,905,997,1018]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">r</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C08A6FC1856A3A08B" bold="true" box="[913,968,995,1018]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">5 ‾</emphasis>
0.51 to 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C0F15FC185152A08B" bold="true" box="[1058,1081,995,1018]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">‾</emphasis>
0.91), but a wider rostrum, bony palate, and mesopterygoid fossa, coupled with a longer incisive foramina (
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C082DFBC6564EA723" box="[794,805,1085,1106]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">r</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C0818FBC7562DA722" bold="true" box="[815,838,1084,1107]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">5</emphasis>
0.28–0.62) compared with 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFADA30C0FB8FBC65786A700" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C0FB8FBC65786A700" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFADA30C098FFB82510EA519" blockId="42.[667,1194,581,1759]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
Miller and Hollister noted the contrast in molar size between 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFADA30C089DFB6C5153A7DD" box="[938,1080,1175,1196]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C089DFB6C5153A7DD" box="[938,1080,1175,1196]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFADA30C0FB8FB6C5786A7BB" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C0FB8FB6C5786A7BB" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the difference is striking as shown by the univariate means for lengths of maxillary molar rows: 
<quantity id="91279B6FFFADA30C08DEFB145121A674" box="[1001,1098,1263,1285]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="6.4">6.4 mm</quantity>
for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFADA30C0FB8FB0B5791A653" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C0FB8FB0B5791A653" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 7.0 mm for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFADA30C08F5FAF65153A652" box="[962,1080,1292,1315]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C08F5FAF65153A652" box="[962,1080,1292,1315]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(table 8). Furthermore, there is no overlap in the observed range of values. Mean differences in lengths of the mandibular molar rows is comparable (
<quantity id="91279B6FFFADA30C080BFA7856F5A6E9" box="[828,926,1411,1433]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="6.4">6.4 mm</quantity>
for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFADA30C08D4FA7F5107A6E8" box="[995,1132,1412,1433]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C08D4FA7F5107A6E8" box="[995,1132,1412,1433]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<quantity id="91279B6FFFADA30C09ACFA5A5791A6C7" box="[667,762,1441,1462]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="7.1">7.1 mm</quantity>
for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFADA30C080CFA5A56DDA6C6" box="[827,950,1440,1463]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C080CFA5A56DDA6C6" box="[827,950,1440,1463]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), although there is slight overlap in the observed range of measurements. The shorter maxillary and mandibular molar rows in 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFADA30C08D8FA01511CA57E" box="[1007,1143,1530,1551]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C08D8FA01511CA57E" box="[1007,1143,1530,1551]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are related to its smaller molars compared with those of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFADA30C09C9F9CE561BA53A" box="[766,880,1588,1611]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C09C9F9CE561BA53A" box="[766,880,1588,1611]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as estimated by means for breadth of first upper molars (table 8).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFADA30C098FF98B51C2A5AE" blockId="42.[667,1194,581,1759]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
Contrast in molar size is not the only dental distinction between the two species. The molars of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFADA30C0856F9575680A5B0" box="[865,1003,1708,1729]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFADA30C0856F9575680A5B0" box="[865,1003,1708,1729]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also have less complex occlusal surfaces, as indicated by the
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFACA30D0A65FF2D57E9A254" blockId="43.[139,642,214,305]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
TABLE 9 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0B93FF1557E9A254" bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
Presence or Absence of Particular Cusps and Cusplets on Maxillary and Mandibular Molars in Samples from 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFACA30D0A2BFEE65711A240" authority="leucura and E. centrosa" box="[284,634,285,305]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="43" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0A2BFEE654BEA240" bold="true" box="[284,469,285,305]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">Echiothrix leucura</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D093EFEE55711A240" bold="true" box="[521,634,286,305]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<superScript id="A1AA9BC2FFACA30D094EFEE357E9A254" attach="left" box="[633,642,280,293]" fontSize="6" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">a</superScript>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFACA30D08B8FF2A5692A395" blockId="43.[701,1228,209,501]" box="[911,1017,209,228]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">TABLE 9</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFACA30D08B1FF135168A38D" blockId="43.[701,1228,209,501]" box="[902,1027,232,252]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D08B1FF135168A38D" box="[902,1027,232,252]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">(Continued)</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFACA30D09E4FED0517DA227" blockId="43.[701,1228,209,501]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFACA30D09E4FED05644A24A" box="[723,815,298,315]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D09E4FED05644A24A" box="[723,815,298,315]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: northeastern arm of the northern peninsula (Rurukan, Tondano, and Temboan).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFACA30D0AA8FEAF571AA6B5" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<table id="24DFC42AFFAC5CD90BB7FEA85714A6B5" box="[128,639,339,1476]" gridcols="3" gridrows="41" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FEA85714A215" box="[128,639,339,356]" gridrow="0" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FEA85497A215" box="[415,508,339,356]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFACA30D0AA8FEAF5497A215" box="[415,508,339,356]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0AA8FEAF5497A215" box="[415,508,339,356]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFEA85714A215" box="[537,639,339,356]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFACA30D092EFEAF5714A215" box="[537,639,340,356]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D092EFEAF5714A215" box="[537,639,340,356]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FE795714A2E2" box="[128,639,386,403]" gridrow="1" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FE795714A2E2" box="[128,639,386,403]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">MAXILLARY MOLARS</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FE5A5714A2C2" box="[128,639,417,435]" gridrow="2" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FE5A54EBA2C2" box="[128,384,417,435]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0BA2FE5A55B7A2C2" bold="true" box="[149,220,417,435]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">Cusp t3</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FE475714A2BC" box="[128,639,444,461]" gridrow="3" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FE4754EBA2BC" box="[128,384,444,461]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">M2</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FE2D5714A299" box="[128,639,470,488]" gridrow="4" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FE2D54EBA299" box="[128,384,470,488]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">+</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FE2D5497A299" box="[415,508,470,488]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">42 (5)</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFE2D5714A299" box="[537,639,470,488]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">25 (5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FE0B5714A173" box="[128,639,496,514]" gridrow="5" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FE0B54EBA173" box="[128,384,496,514]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0BF6FE0B55B8A173" bold="true" box="[193,211,496,514]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">‾</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FE0B5497A173" box="[415,508,496,514]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">58 (7)</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFE0B5714A173" box="[537,639,496,514]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">75 (15)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FDF75714A16C" box="[128,639,524,541]" gridrow="6" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FDF754EBA16C" box="[128,384,524,541]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">M3</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FDDE5714A149" box="[128,639,549,568]" gridrow="7" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FDDE54EBA149" box="[128,384,549,568]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">+</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FDDE5497A149" box="[415,508,549,568]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">14 (1)</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFDDE5714A149" box="[537,639,549,568]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">15 (3)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FDBB5714A123" box="[128,639,576,594]" gridrow="8" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FDBB54EBA123" box="[128,384,576,594]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0BF6FDBB55B8A123" bold="true" box="[193,211,576,594]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">‾</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FDBB5497A123" box="[415,508,576,594]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">86 (6)</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFDBB5714A123" box="[537,639,576,594]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">85 (17)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FD9A5714A103" box="[128,639,609,626]" gridrow="9" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FD9A54EBA103" box="[128,384,609,626]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0BA2FD9A542BA103" bold="true" box="[149,320,609,626]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">Posterior cingulum</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FD805714A1FC" box="[128,639,635,653]" gridrow="10" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FD8054EBA1FC" box="[128,384,635,653]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">M1</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FD805497A1FC" box="[415,508,635,653]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">90 (9)</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFD805714A1FC" box="[537,639,635,653]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">4 (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FD6E5714A1D6" box="[128,639,661,679]" gridrow="11" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FD6E54EBA1D6" box="[128,384,661,679]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">+</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FD6E5497A1D6" box="[415,508,661,679]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">10 (1)</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFD6E5714A1D6" box="[537,639,661,679]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">96 (22)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FD545714A1B0" box="[128,639,687,705]" gridrow="12" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FD5454EBA1B0" box="[128,384,687,705]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0BF6FD5455B8A1B0" bold="true" box="[193,211,687,705]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">‾</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FD305714A1AD" box="[128,639,715,732]" gridrow="13" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FD3054EBA1AD" box="[128,384,715,732]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">M2</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FD1E5714A186" box="[128,639,741,759]" gridrow="14" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FD1E54EBA186" box="[128,384,741,759]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">+</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FD1E5497A186" box="[415,508,741,759]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">90 (9)</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFD1E5714A186" box="[537,639,741,759]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">5 (1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FD045714A060" box="[128,639,767,785]" gridrow="15" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FD0454EBA060" box="[128,384,767,785]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0BF6FD0455B8A060" bold="true" box="[193,211,767,785]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">‾</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FD045497A060" box="[415,508,767,785]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">10 (1)</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFD045714A060" box="[537,639,767,785]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">95 (20)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FCDD5714A046" box="[128,639,806,823]" gridrow="16" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FCDD5714A046" box="[128,639,806,823]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">MANDIBULAR MOLARS</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FCBE5714A027" box="[128,639,837,854]" gridrow="17" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FCBE54EBA027" box="[128,384,837,854]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0BA2FCBE55DAA027" bold="true" box="[149,177,837,854]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">m1</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FC9B5714A000" box="[128,639,864,881]" gridrow="18" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FC9B54EBA000" box="[128,384,864,881]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">Posterior labial cusplet</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FC815714A0FD" box="[128,639,890,908]" gridrow="19" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FC8154EBA0FD" box="[128,384,890,908]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">+</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FC815497A0FD" box="[415,508,890,908]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">83 (10)</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFC815714A0FD" box="[537,639,890,908]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">46 (12)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FC6F5714A0D7" box="[128,639,916,934]" gridrow="20" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FC6F54EBA0D7" box="[128,384,916,934]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0BF6FC6F55B8A0D7" bold="true" box="[193,211,916,934]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">‾</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FC6F5497A0D7" box="[415,508,916,934]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">17 (2)</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFC6F5714A0D7" box="[537,639,916,934]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">54 (14)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FC4B5714A0B0" box="[128,639,944,961]" gridrow="21" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FC4B54EBA0B0" box="[128,384,944,961]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">Posterior cingulum</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FC325714A0AA" box="[128,639,969,987]" gridrow="22" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FC3254EBA0AA" box="[128,384,969,987]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">+</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FC325497A0AA" box="[415,508,969,987]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">92 (11)</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFC325714A0AA" box="[537,639,969,987]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FC1F5714A087" box="[128,639,996,1014]" gridrow="23" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FC1F54EBA087" box="[128,384,996,1014]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0BF6FC1F55B8A087" bold="true" box="[193,211,996,1014]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">‾</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FC1F5497A087" box="[415,508,996,1014]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">8 (1)</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFC1F5714A087" box="[537,639,996,1014]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">100 (26)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FBFE5714A767" box="[128,639,1029,1046]" gridrow="24" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FBFE54EBA767" box="[128,384,1029,1046]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0BA2FBFE55DAA767" bold="true" box="[149,177,1029,1046]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">m2</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FBE55714A741" box="[128,639,1054,1072]" gridrow="25" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FBE554EBA741" box="[128,384,1054,1072]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">Anterolabial cusp</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FBE55497A741" box="[415,508,1054,1072]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">30 (3)</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFBE55714A741" box="[537,639,1054,1072]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FBC25714A73A" box="[128,639,1081,1099]" gridrow="26" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FBC254EBA73A" box="[128,384,1081,1099]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">+</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FBC25497A73A" box="[415,508,1081,1099]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">70 (7)</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFBC25714A73A" box="[537,639,1081,1099]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">100 (26)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FBA85714A714" box="[128,639,1107,1125]" gridrow="27" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FBA854EBA714" box="[128,384,1107,1125]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0BF6FBA855B8A714" bold="true" box="[193,211,1107,1125]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">‾</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FB945714A7F1" box="[128,639,1135,1152]" gridrow="28" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FB9454EBA7F1" box="[128,384,1135,1152]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">Posterior labial cusplet</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FB725714A7EA" box="[128,639,1161,1179]" gridrow="29" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FB7254EBA7EA" box="[128,384,1161,1179]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">+</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FB725497A7EA" box="[415,508,1161,1179]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">40 (4)</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFB725714A7EA" box="[537,639,1161,1179]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">19 (5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FB585714A7C4" box="[128,639,1187,1205]" gridrow="30" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FB5854EBA7C4" box="[128,384,1187,1205]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0BF6FB5855B8A7C4" bold="true" box="[193,211,1187,1205]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">‾</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FB585497A7C4" box="[415,508,1187,1205]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">60 (6)</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFB585714A7C4" box="[537,639,1187,1205]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">81 (21)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FB445714A7A1" box="[128,639,1215,1232]" gridrow="31" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FB4454EBA7A1" box="[128,384,1215,1232]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">Posterior cingulum</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FB235714A79B" box="[128,639,1240,1258]" gridrow="32" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FB2354EBA79B" box="[128,384,1240,1258]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">+</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FB235497A79B" box="[415,508,1240,1258]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">70 (7)</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFB235714A79B" box="[537,639,1240,1258]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FB085714A674" box="[128,639,1267,1285]" gridrow="33" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FB0854EBA674" box="[128,384,1267,1285]" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0BF6FB0855B8A674" bold="true" box="[193,211,1267,1285]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">‾</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FB085497A674" box="[415,508,1267,1285]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">30 (3)</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFB085714A674" box="[537,639,1267,1285]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">100 (26)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FAEF5714A654" box="[128,639,1300,1317]" gridrow="34" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FAEF54EBA654" box="[128,384,1300,1317]" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0BA2FAEF55DAA654" bold="true" box="[149,177,1300,1317]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">m3</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FAD55714A64E" box="[128,639,1326,1343]" gridrow="35" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FAD554EBA64E" box="[128,384,1326,1343]" gridcol="0" gridrow="35" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">Anterolabial cusp</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FAB35714A62B" box="[128,639,1352,1370]" gridrow="36" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FAB354EBA62B" box="[128,384,1352,1370]" gridcol="0" gridrow="36" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">+</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FAB35497A62B" box="[415,508,1352,1370]" gridcol="1" gridrow="36" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">30 (3)</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFAB35714A62B" box="[537,639,1352,1370]" gridcol="2" gridrow="36" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FA995714A605" box="[128,639,1378,1396]" gridrow="37" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FA9954EBA605" box="[128,384,1378,1396]" gridcol="0" gridrow="37" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0BF6FA9955B8A605" bold="true" box="[193,211,1378,1396]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">‾</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FA995497A605" box="[415,508,1378,1396]" gridcol="1" gridrow="37" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">70 (7)</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFA995714A605" box="[537,639,1378,1396]" gridcol="2" gridrow="37" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">100 (26)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FA855714A6FE" box="[128,639,1406,1423]" gridrow="38" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FA8554EBA6FE" box="[128,384,1406,1423]" gridcol="0" gridrow="38" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">Posterior labial cusplet</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FA635714A6DB" box="[128,639,1432,1450]" gridrow="39" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FA6354EBA6DB" box="[128,384,1432,1450]" gridcol="0" gridrow="39" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">+</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FA635497A6DB" box="[415,508,1432,1450]" gridcol="1" gridrow="39" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">20 (2)</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFA635714A6DB" box="[537,639,1432,1450]" gridcol="2" gridrow="39" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFAC5CD90BB7FA495714A6B5" box="[128,639,1458,1476]" gridrow="40" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90BB7FA4954EBA6B5" box="[128,384,1458,1476]" gridcol="0" gridrow="40" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0BF6FA4955B8A6B5" bold="true" box="[193,211,1458,1476]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">‾</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD90AA8FA495497A6B5" box="[415,508,1458,1476]" gridcol="1" gridrow="40" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">80 (8)</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFAC5CD9092EFA495714A6B5" box="[537,639,1458,1476]" gridcol="2" gridrow="40" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">100 (26)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFACA30D09E4FE9B5118A2D7" blockId="43.[701,1228,209,501]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFACA30D09E4FE9B5654A201" box="[723,831,352,368]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D09E4FE9B5654A201" box="[723,831,352,368]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: northern peninsula (Molinggapoto and Bumbulan) and Core (Kuala Navusu, Pinedapa, 
<collectingRegion id="941BF868FFACA30D0FBBFE8151A0A2FA" box="[1164,1227,378,395]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">Sungai</collectingRegion>
Sadaunta, Winatu, Gimpu, Besoa, and Tuare).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFACA30D09E4FE4B51D2A284" blockId="43.[701,1228,209,501]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">None of the specimens examined showed an anterocentral cusp as part of the anteroconid, or anterior labial cusplets on any of the three mandibular molars.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFACA30D098AFDDB5691A797" blockId="43.[701,1228,544,1759]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
difference between the two species in frequency of occurrence of particular cusps and cusplets (table 9, 
<figureCitation id="CEE42A0FFFACA30D08AFFDA7568EA103" box="[920,997,604,626]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[150,188,1518,1537]" captionTargetBox="[155,1200,212,1488]" captionTargetId="figure-1@33.[155,1200,211,1488]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 10. Occlusal views of left maxillary (top row) and mandibular (bottom row) molar rows in four specimens of Echiothrix (lingual margin of each row is on the left, labial on the right). A, young adult E. leucura (USNM 217807, Temboan; CLM1–3 and clm1–3 5 7.5 mm). The next three drawings portray wear stages in E. centrosa: B, juvenile (USNM 219719, Tuare; CLM1–3 5 6.4 mm, clm1–3 5 6.6 mm); C, young adult (AMNH 225680, Kuala Navusu; CLM1–3 and clm1–3 5 6.5 mm); D, adult (AMNH 225683, Kuala Navusu; CLM1–3 5 6.5 mm, clm1–3 5 6.4 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612015/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">fig. 10</figureCitation>
). In the maxillary molars, cusp t3 occurs at a lower frequency on the second molar in 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFACA30D08C6FD635113A1DC" box="[1009,1144,664,685]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D08C6FD635113A1DC" box="[1009,1144,664,685]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(25 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0F9DFD6351A9A1DC" box="[1194,1218,664,685]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">%</emphasis>
) compared with 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFACA30D08BCFD4D5160A1BD" box="[907,1035,693,716]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D08BCFD4D5160A1BD" box="[907,1035,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(45 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0F75FD4D5131A1BA" box="[1090,1114,694,715]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">%</emphasis>
), and a posterior cingulum is present on the first and second molars in only 1 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0F3CFD095148A076" box="[1035,1059,754,775]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">%</emphasis>
of the sample of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFACA30D09D2FCEB5606A054" box="[741,877,784,805]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D09D2FCEB5606A054" box="[741,877,784,805]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but present in 90 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0F6FFCEB511BA054" box="[1112,1136,784,805]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">%</emphasis>
of the sample of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFACA30D087CFCD556A3A035" box="[843,968,813,836]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D087CFCD556A3A035" box="[843,968,813,836]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In the mandibular molars, an anterolabial cusp is not present on either the second or third molars in 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFACA30D0F85FC915677A0EC" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0F85FC915677A0EC" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(occurs in 30 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D08F6FC7C56B2A0ED" box="[961,985,903,924]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">%</emphasis>
of the sample of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFACA30D0F85FC735664A0CA" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0F85FC735664A0CA" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); none of the specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFACA30D0F7BFC5D51A7A0CA" box="[1100,1228,934,955]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0F7BFC5D51A7A0CA" box="[1100,1228,934,955]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
surveyed showed a posterior cingulum on the first and second molars (frequency is 92 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0FBAFC1A51CEA087" box="[1165,1189,993,1014]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">%</emphasis>
on the first molar and 70 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D088BFC0456BFA765" box="[956,980,1023,1044]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">%</emphasis>
on the second molar in 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFACA30D09ECFBE65626A742" box="[731,845,1052,1075]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D09ECFBE65626A742" box="[731,845,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); and a posterior labial cusplet is present on the first molar in 46 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0F60FBC05104A721" box="[1111,1135,1083,1104]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">%</emphasis>
of the sample, on the second molar in 19 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0F7DFBA25109A71F" box="[1098,1122,1113,1134]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">%</emphasis>
, and not present on the third molar in the sample of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFACA30D0F85FB8C5677A7DB" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0F85FB8C5677A7DB" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(92 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D087FFB6E560BA7DB" box="[840,864,1173,1194]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">%</emphasis>
on the first molar, 40 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0F56FB6E5112A7DB" box="[1121,1145,1173,1194]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">%</emphasis>
on the second, and 20 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0858FB4856ECA7B9" box="[879,903,1203,1224]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">%</emphasis>
on the third molar are the frequencies for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFACA30D0843FB2A5682A796" box="[884,1001,1232,1255]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFACA30D0843FB2A5682A796" box="[884,1001,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFACA30A09EDFB16542AA279" blockId="43.[701,1228,544,1759]" lastBlockId="44.[93,620,213,1759]" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION: Except for the 
<specimenCount id="40D9FD03FFACA30D098AFAF7563DA653" box="[701,854,1292,1314]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" type="generic">19 specimens</specimenCount>
in the Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa sample, the other population samples are small. Three from Molinggapoto and one from Bumbulan are the only specimens we have examined from the northern peninsula west of the 
<collectingRegion id="941BF868FFACA30D0870FA5A56A9A6C6" box="[839,962,1441,1463]" country="Indonesia" name="Gorontalo" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">Gorontalo</collectingRegion>
area, and the seven in Sadaunta-Besoa are the only specimens from middle elevations in 
<collectingRegion id="941BF868FFACA30D0886FA275104A683" box="[945,1135,1500,1522]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Tengah" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">central Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
west of the lowlands in which Kuala Navusu and Pinedapa are located. Without larger samples from more places, especially from transects that would connect the current collection localities, we cannot provide a definitive pattern of geographic variation using external traits and measurements from cranial and dental variables. For now only a few comments covering the different population samples is possible.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFACA30D0BA2FA2154CCA5B5" blockId="43.[128,654,1498,1732]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
<tableNote id="AB393704FFACA30D0BA2FA2154CCA5B5" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" targetBox="[128,639,339,1476]" targetPageId="43">
<superScript id="A1AA9BC2FFACA30D0BA2FA2155F6A697" attach="right" box="[149,157,1498,1510]" fontSize="5" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">a</superScript>
Number of individuals with or without the cusp or cusplet is expressed as a percentage of the entire sample of each species; actual number of specimens with or without the trait is in parentheses. Data are derived from juveniles and young adults, age classes showing little or moderate wear; in older specimens, the occlusal surfaces consist of a series of enamel-ringed dentine basins in which the discrete cuspidation has been obliterated. Provenances of samples are identified below.
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFABA30A0B4DFEEB541EA13B" blockId="44.[93,620,213,1759]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">
The specimens from Molinggapoto and Bumbulan have white underparts without patches of pigmentation. Both all-white underparts and white ventral coats with patches or streaks of buff or rust occur in the samples from the core of 
<collectingRegion id="941BF868FFABA30A0A81FE595774A2C9" box="[438,543,418,440]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
. More specimens from the northern peninsula both east and west of 
<collectingRegion id="941BF868FFABA30A0A0EFE2654DFA282" box="[313,436,477,499]" country="Indonesia" name="Gorontalo" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Gorontalo</collectingRegion>
are needed to determine the frequency of occurrence of allwhite versus partially pigmented underparts in the population there.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFABA30A0B4DFDA855CBA0FC" blockId="44.[93,620,213,1759]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">
The pattern of covariation among cranial and dental variables as revealed by principalcomponents and discriminant-function analyses places the specimen from Bumbulan within or close to the cluster of specimen scores representing the Sadaunta-Besoa sample (
<figureCitation id="CEE42A0FFFABA30A0BB9FCF955B7A069" box="[142,220,770,792]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="40.[116,155,1519,1538]" captionTargetBox="[247,1039,198,1489]" captionTargetId="figure-1@40.[247,1039,198,1489]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Fig. 12. Scatterplots of specimen scores representing the sample of Echiothrix leucura (filled circle; N 5 16) and the four population samples of E. centrosa (N 5 30; Molinggapoto 5 asterisk, Bumbulan 5 cross, Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa 5 square, Sadaunta-Besoa 5 triangle) projected on first and second principal components extracted from principal-components analysis (upper), and on first and second canonical variates extracted from discriminant-function analysis (lower) of 16 cranial and two dental logtransformed variables. Scores for holotypes: Echiothrix centrosa (filled triangle, Winatu in Sadaunta-Besoa sample) and Echiothrix brevicula (filled square, Pinedapa in Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa sample). See table 7 for correlations (loadings) of variables with extracted components or canonical variates and for percent variance explained in both ordinations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612022/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">fig. 12</figureCitation>
). Its physical size and fur color are indistinguishable from specimens of comparable age in the Sadaunta-Besoa sample, at least those individuals with all-white underparts.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFABA30A0B4DFC6D55B5A560" blockId="44.[93,620,213,1759]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">
In the ordinations generated by multivariate analyses, scores for the Sadaunta-Besoa sample cluster close to those representing the Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa sample, both in principal components and canonical variate scatter plots (
<figureCitation id="CEE42A0FFFABA30A0A31FBD3543EA74F" box="[262,341,1064,1086]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="40.[116,155,1519,1538]" captionTargetBox="[247,1039,198,1489]" captionTargetId="figure-1@40.[247,1039,198,1489]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Fig. 12. Scatterplots of specimen scores representing the sample of Echiothrix leucura (filled circle; N 5 16) and the four population samples of E. centrosa (N 5 30; Molinggapoto 5 asterisk, Bumbulan 5 cross, Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa 5 square, Sadaunta-Besoa 5 triangle) projected on first and second principal components extracted from principal-components analysis (upper), and on first and second canonical variates extracted from discriminant-function analysis (lower) of 16 cranial and two dental logtransformed variables. Scores for holotypes: Echiothrix centrosa (filled triangle, Winatu in Sadaunta-Besoa sample) and Echiothrix brevicula (filled square, Pinedapa in Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa sample). See table 7 for correlations (loadings) of variables with extracted components or canonical variates and for percent variance explained in both ordinations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612022/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">fig. 12</figureCitation>
). There are some perceptible differences between the two samples. Animals from the lowlands at Kuala Navusu and Pinedapa have slightly shorter ventral coats and slightly smaller skulls than do those in the Sadaunta-Besoa sample, differences that will be elaborated upon in the section below where the reasons are given for treating 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFABA30A0BF8FAEA545EA659" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[207,309,1297,1320]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFABA30A0BF8FAEA545EA659" box="[207,309,1297,1320]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFABA30A0966FAE955D7A635" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFABA30A0966FAE955D7A635" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Again, the significance of these observations within the context of revealing geographic variation in external and cranial traits is elusive without samples from intervening regions between the two population samples and without samples from elsewhere in the core of the island and the various peninsulas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFABA30A0B4DF9E1561FA07A" blockId="44.[93,620,213,1759]" lastBlockId="44.[667,1194,213,1553]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">
The specimens from Molinggapoto are geographically closest to the range of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFABA30A0966F9C355C4A51A" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFABA30A0966F9C355C4A51A" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but their cranial and dental morphometric attributes, along with molar occlusal cusp patterns, link them with the specimen from Bumbulan and those collected in the core of 
<collectingRegion id="941BF868FFABA30A0B89F932544CA5AE" box="[190,295,1737,1759]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
. However, there are a few morphometric differences, which are graphically summarized in the canonical variate scatterplot in 
<figureCitation id="CEE42A0FFFABA30A080BFEEA56C3A257" box="[828,936,273,295]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="40.[116,155,1519,1538]" captionTargetBox="[247,1039,198,1489]" captionTargetId="figure-1@40.[247,1039,198,1489]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Fig. 12. Scatterplots of specimen scores representing the sample of Echiothrix leucura (filled circle; N 5 16) and the four population samples of E. centrosa (N 5 30; Molinggapoto 5 asterisk, Bumbulan 5 cross, Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa 5 square, Sadaunta-Besoa 5 triangle) projected on first and second principal components extracted from principal-components analysis (upper), and on first and second canonical variates extracted from discriminant-function analysis (lower) of 16 cranial and two dental logtransformed variables. Scores for holotypes: Echiothrix centrosa (filled triangle, Winatu in Sadaunta-Besoa sample) and Echiothrix brevicula (filled square, Pinedapa in Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa sample). See table 7 for correlations (loadings) of variables with extracted components or canonical variates and for percent variance explained in both ordinations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612022/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">figure 12</figureCitation>
. There, along the first axis, the specimen scores for Molinggapoto are aligned in the right half of the ordination along with scores for the samples from Bumbulan and 
<collectingRegion id="941BF868FFABA30A0865FE71517AA2D1" box="[850,1041,394,416]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Tengah" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">central Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
, all of which we identify as 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFABA30A0857FE525681A2CF" box="[864,1002,425,446]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFABA30A0857FE525681A2CF" box="[864,1002,425,446]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; scores for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFABA30A0FB8FE525786A2AC" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFABA30A0FB8FE525786A2AC" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with larger skulls and molars, fall into the left half of the graph. But along the second axis, the points for Molinggapoto are separated from those representing the other examples of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFABA30A081AFDBA56C6A127" box="[813,941,577,598]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFABA30A081AFDBA56C6A127" box="[813,941,577,598]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Compared with that material, the Molinggapoto sample has a relatively wider interorbital region and zygomatic plate, narrower mesopterygoid fossa, and smaller bullae, as indicated by the high positive and negative correlations for these variables (table 7).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFABA30A098FFCEE515CA0CE" blockId="44.[667,1194,213,1553]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">
Future attempts to recover any patterns of geographic variation within what is identified as 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFABA30A0989FCAB5629A014" box="[702,834,848,869]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFABA30A0989FCAB5629A014" box="[702,834,848,869]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
here will depend on study of additional material collected from a greater expanse of 
<collectingRegion id="941BF868FFABA30A0812FC7056E1A0D0" box="[805,906,907,929]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
and analyses of molecular as well as morphometric data.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFABA30A098FFC3E51C1A7BA" blockId="44.[667,1194,213,1553]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">
<materialsCitation id="E6B73CD7FFABA30A098FFC3E51CEA7BA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3059742304" collectingDate="1918-01-29" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="H. C. Raven. The &amp; Pinedapa" country="Indonesia" latitude="-1.4191667" location="Propinsi" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="120.58584" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" specimenCode="USNM 219744" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sulawesi Tengah" typeStatus="holotype">
ALLOCATION OF SYNONYM: 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFABA30A0F06FC3C5105A08A" authority="Miller and Hollister, 1921: 67" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityPageNumber="67" authorityYear="1921" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFABA30A0F06FC3C566AA08A" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Echiothrix brevicula</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="324E4B7BFFABA30A083DFC1E5105A08A" author="Miller, G. S., Jr. &amp; N. Hollister" box="[778,1134,997,1019]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" pagination="67 - 76" refId="ref56152" refString="Miller, G. S., Jr., and N. Hollister. 1921. Descriptions of sixteen new murine rodents from Celebes. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 34: 67 - 76." type="journal article" year="1921">Miller and Hollister, 1921: 67</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The 
<typeStatus id="89648828FFABA30A09ACFBF8566AA768" box="[667,769,1027,1049]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is 
<specimenCode id="06799EF1FFABA30A0817FBF856B8A769" box="[800,979,1027,1048]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" type="Museum">USNM 219744</specimenCode>
, the skin and skull (measurements are listed in table 3) of an adult male collected 
<date id="2261104AFFABA30A0896FBC45112A722" box="[929,1145,1086,1108]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" value="1918-01-29">
<collectingDate id="3225E9A2FFABA30A0896FBC45112A722" box="[929,1145,1086,1108]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" value="1918-01-29">January 29, 1918</collectingDate>
</date>
, by 
<collectorName id="FB2A535CFFABA30A09ACFBA7561EA703" box="[667,885,1116,1138]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">H.C. Raven. The</collectorName>
type locality is 
<collectingRegion id="941BF868FFABA30A0F65FBA75669A7E1" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Tengah" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Central Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectorName id="FB2A535CFFABA30A0823FB8156EBA7E1" box="[788,896,1146,1168]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Pinedapa</collectorName>
(
<geoCoordinate id="33EB504DFFABA30A08A2FB815160A7FE" box="[917,1035,1145,1168]" degrees="01" direction="south" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" precision="15" seconds="9" value="-1.4191667">
01 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFABA30A0886FB8156D7A7FE" bold="true" box="[945,956,1146,1167]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">°</emphasis>
25 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFABA30A08D3FB825686A7E1" bold="true" box="[996,1005,1145,1168]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">9</emphasis>
S
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="33EB504DFFABA30A0F2AFB8151CFA7FE" box="[1053,1188,1145,1168]" degrees="120" direction="east" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" precision="15" seconds="9" value="120.58584">
120 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFABA30A0F71FB81513AA7FE" bold="true" box="[1094,1105,1146,1167]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">°</emphasis>
35 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFABA30A0F4EFB8251E9A7E1" bold="true" box="[1145,1154,1145,1168]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">9</emphasis>
E
</geoCoordinate>
; locality 
<quantity id="91279B6FFFABA30A09C8FB635659A7DC" box="[767,818,1175,1197]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
gazetteer and on the map in 
<figureCitation id="CEE42A0FFFABA30A09ACFB4E57B2A7BA" box="[667,729,1205,1227]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[116,155,1554,1573]" captionTargetBox="[105,1182,211,1524]" captionTargetId="figure-1@12.[105,1182,211,1524]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 2. (above) The island of Sulawesi and environs, showing Sulawesi’s four peninsulas and its ‘‘core’’ or central portion. Boundaries separating regions of endemism discussed here are indicated by dashed lines: SM-D 5 lowland reaches of the Sungai Onggak Mongondaw and Sungai Onggak Dumoga; SB-DL 5 lowlands of the Sungai Bone and Danau Limboto; TD 5 Tempe Depression. (opposite page) Collection localities for samples of Echiothrix leucura and E. centrosa. Numbers key to localities described in the gazetteer. Note the range of E. leucura, which is east of SM-D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4611975" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4611975/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">fig. 2</figureCitation>
), 
<location id="53006051FFABA30A09C7FB4E563AA7BA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DE76879CFFA5A30909ACFF2F566EA01F:53006051FFABA30A09C7FB4E563AA7BA" box="[752,849,1205,1227]" country="Indonesia" latitude="-1.4191667" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="120.58584" name="Propinsi" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" stateProvince="Sulawesi Tengah">Propinsi</location>
<collectingRegion id="941BF868FFABA30A086DFB4E5149A7BA" box="[858,1058,1205,1227]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Tengah" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Sulawesi Tengah</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="2EC8761AFFABA30A0F18FB4E51CEA7BA" box="[1071,1189,1205,1227]" name="Indonesia" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFABA30A098FFB28579CA562" blockId="44.[667,1194,213,1553]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">
The Latin 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFABA30A0879FB2856FBA79B" box="[846,912,1235,1258]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">brevis</emphasis>
means ‘‘short’’ (also connotes ‘‘small’’ and ‘‘narrow’’), and Miller and Hollister used 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFABA30A08B2FAF55680A654" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[901,1003,1294,1317]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFABA30A08B2FAF55680A654" box="[901,1003,1294,1317]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to reflect what they perceived to be the smaller size of the specimens in the sample from Pinedapa as compared with their sample of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFABA30A0F1AFA9251C2A60E" box="[1069,1193,1384,1407]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFABA30A0F1AFA9251C2A60E" box="[1069,1193,1384,1407]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Temboan in the northeastern end of the northern peninsula and 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFABA30A088FFA5F5152A6C8" box="[952,1081,1444,1465]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFABA30A088FFA5F5152A6C8" box="[952,1081,1444,1465]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the west-central highlands. 
<bibRefCitation id="324E4B7BFFABA30A0880FA39567AA684" author="Miller, G. S., Jr. &amp; N. Hollister" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" pagination="67 - 76" refId="ref56152" refString="Miller, G. S., Jr., and N. Hollister. 1921. Descriptions of sixteen new murine rodents from Celebes. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 34: 67 - 76." type="journal article" year="1921">Miller and Hollister (1921: 68)</bibRefCitation>
diagnosed 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFABA30A08AAFA2451EDA687" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[925,1158,1503,1526]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFABA30A08AAFA2451EDA687" box="[925,1158,1503,1526]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Echiothrix brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as follows:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFABA30A098FF9D3567FA5AF" blockId="44.[696,1193,1576,1758]" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">
Differs from 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFABA30A0874F9DC51C2A54B" authority="leucura and E. centrosa" box="[835,1193,1575,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFABA30A0874F9DC516BA54A" box="[835,1024,1575,1595]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">Echiothrix leucura</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFABA30A0F01F9D351C2A54B" box="[1078,1193,1576,1594]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in smaller size; smaller hind feet; much more vinaceous, less buffy or yellowish, coloration; darker underparts, buff or reddish-buff rather than yellowish or whitish; and smaller, less narrowed skull. Ears and teeth small, as in 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFABA30A098FF9305666A5AC" box="[696,781,1739,1757]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="44" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFABA30A098FF9305666A5AC" box="[696,781,1739,1757]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="44">centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFAAA30B0BAAFF2E577EA22E" blockId="45.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">
The authors remarked that the new species ‘‘is easily separated from 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0A8FFF08575AA279" box="[440,561,241,264]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0A8FFF08575AA279" box="[440,561,241,264]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0943FF0855B4A254" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0943FF0855B4A254" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its small size, peculiar coloration, and the less narrowed skull. It has small ears and small teeth as in 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0A49FEB15494A22E" box="[382,511,330,351]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0A49FEB15494A22E" box="[382,511,330,351]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.’’
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFAAA30B0BAAFE9354E7A095" blockId="45.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">
Our sample of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0A63FE9C54D1A20F" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[340,442,359,382]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0A63FE9C54D1A20F" box="[340,442,359,382]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes the 
<typeStatus id="89648828FFAAA30B096BFE9357E5A20C" box="[604,654,360,381]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
series Raven obtained at Pinedapa and the sample Musser collected from Kuala Navusu; both localities are in the coastal lowland region east of the west-central highlands (see gazetteer and the map in 
<figureCitation id="CEE42A0FFFAAA30B0BB7FDEC55D5A15F" box="[128,190,535,558]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[116,155,1554,1573]" captionTargetBox="[105,1182,211,1524]" captionTargetId="figure-1@12.[105,1182,211,1524]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 2. (above) The island of Sulawesi and environs, showing Sulawesi’s four peninsulas and its ‘‘core’’ or central portion. Boundaries separating regions of endemism discussed here are indicated by dashed lines: SM-D 5 lowland reaches of the Sungai Onggak Mongondaw and Sungai Onggak Dumoga; SB-DL 5 lowlands of the Sungai Bone and Danau Limboto; TD 5 Tempe Depression. (opposite page) Collection localities for samples of Echiothrix leucura and E. centrosa. Numbers key to localities described in the gazetteer. Note the range of E. leucura, which is east of SM-D." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4611975" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4611975/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Specimens from each place are inseparable in physical size, color of fur, morphometric traits associated with the skull and molars, and molar occlusal patterns formed by cusps and cusplets. We subjected cranial and dental measurements from all the samples identified here as 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0AEEFD33570FA1AC" box="[473,612,712,733]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0AEEFD33570FA1AC" box="[473,612,712,733]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to principal-components analysis and on the resulting scatterplot (not illustrated here) the scores representing specimens from Pinedapa and Kuala Navusu intermingle to form a tight cluster. The two geographic samples were combined to form a single population sample (Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa) used to generate the multivariate analytical results illustrated in 
<figureCitation id="CEE42A0FFFAAA30B0A2AFC3554E3A095" box="[285,392,974,996]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="40.[116,155,1519,1538]" captionTargetBox="[247,1039,198,1489]" captionTargetId="figure-1@40.[247,1039,198,1489]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Fig. 12. Scatterplots of specimen scores representing the sample of Echiothrix leucura (filled circle; N 5 16) and the four population samples of E. centrosa (N 5 30; Molinggapoto 5 asterisk, Bumbulan 5 cross, Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa 5 square, Sadaunta-Besoa 5 triangle) projected on first and second principal components extracted from principal-components analysis (upper), and on first and second canonical variates extracted from discriminant-function analysis (lower) of 16 cranial and two dental logtransformed variables. Scores for holotypes: Echiothrix centrosa (filled triangle, Winatu in Sadaunta-Besoa sample) and Echiothrix brevicula (filled square, Pinedapa in Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa sample). See table 7 for correlations (loadings) of variables with extracted components or canonical variates and for percent variance explained in both ordinations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612022/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">figure 12</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFAAA30B0BAAFC165475A79C" blockId="45.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">
Specimens that can be assigned to what Miller and Hollister would have identified as 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0BB7FBD355B4A74C" box="[128,223,1064,1085]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0BB7FBD355B4A74C" box="[128,223,1064,1085]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consist of the 
<typeStatus id="89648828FFAAA30B0ABFFBDC5485A74C" box="[392,494,1063,1085]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
from Winatu and collections from Tuare, Besoa, Gimpu, Kulawi, and 
<collectingRegion id="941BF868FFAAA30B0A21FB99540DA709" box="[278,358,1122,1144]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">Sungai</collectingRegion>
Sadaunta, all localities in the west-central highlands west of the eastern coastal lowlands containing Kuala Navusu and Pinedapa (see the maps in 
<bibRefCitation id="324E4B7BFFAAA30B0AD9FB41558EA79C" author="Musser, G. G. &amp; L. A. Durden &amp; M. E. Holden &amp; J. E. Light" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 260" refId="ref56971" refString="Musser, G. G., L. A. Durden, M. E. Holden, and J. E. Light. 2010. Systematic review of endemic Sulawesi squirrels (Rodentia, Sciuridae), with descriptions of new species of associated sucking lice (Insecta, Anoplura), and phylogenetic and zoogeographic assessments of sciurid lice. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 339: 1 - 260." type="journal article" year="2010">Musser et al., 2010: 16</bibRefCitation>
, 81).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFAAA30B0BAAFB0E56BEA22E" blockId="45.[128,654,213,1759]" lastBlockId="45.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">
The type series of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0A44FB0F54B2A67A" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[371,473,1268,1291]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0A44FB0F54B2A67A" box="[371,473,1268,1291]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Pinedapa does differ in magnitude of two external measurements from the series collected by Raven at Temboan, which is the sample Miller and Hollister used as their representative of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0BE6FA7C5448A6EF" box="[209,291,1415,1438]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0BE6FA7C5448A6EF" box="[209,291,1415,1438]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Means for length of head and body (197.0 mm for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0A40FA5F54B6A6CA" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[375,477,1444,1467]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0A40FA5F54B6A6CA" box="[375,477,1444,1467]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAAA30B0ADAFA5F570AA6CB" box="[493,609,1444,1466]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.154" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="215.4">215.4 mm</quantity>
for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0BB7FA3A55B9A6A9" box="[128,210,1473,1496]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0BB7FA3A55B9A6A9" box="[128,210,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; P 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0BC8FA3A547DA6A9" bold="true" box="[255,278,1473,1496]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">5</emphasis>
0.003) and length of hind foot (
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAAA30B0BB0FA24559EA684" box="[135,245,1503,1525]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.029999999999999" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="50.3">50.3 mm</quantity>
and 
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAAA30B0A09FA2454C5A684" box="[318,430,1503,1525]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.47" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="54.7">54.7 mm</quantity>
; P 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0AD7FA25549CA684" bold="true" box="[480,503,1502,1525]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">5</emphasis>
0.0001) are significantly different, but means for length of tail are not (
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAAA30B0A19F9E254C9A55E" box="[302,418,1561,1583]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.396" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="239.6">239.6 mm</quantity>
and 250.0 mm; P 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0940F9E357E5A55E" bold="true" box="[631,654,1560,1583]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">5</emphasis>
0.082). (Sample sizes are 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0A96F9CC54DDA53D" box="[417,438,1591,1612]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">N</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0A89F9CD54BEA53C" bold="true" box="[446,469,1590,1613]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">5</emphasis>
12 for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B091FF9CD57E5A53C" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[552,654,1590,1613]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B091FF9CD57E5A53C" box="[552,654,1590,1613]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Pinedapa and 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0A4CF9AE54FBA51B" box="[379,400,1621,1642]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">N</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0AA8F9A854DDA51B" bold="true" box="[415,438,1619,1642]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">5</emphasis>
7 for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0927F9AE57E5A51B" box="[528,654,1619,1642]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0927F9AE57E5A51B" box="[528,654,1619,1642]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">N. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Temboan.) The Temboan sample has a larger body and longer hind foot than the series from Pinedapa, and the tail is shorter relative to length of head and body; this is the same pattern of differences seen between all samples of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0870FF0856D4A279" box="[839,959,241,264]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0870FF0856D4A279" box="[839,959,241,264]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and all samples of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0F85FF085677A254" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0F85FF085677A254" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0887FEF4517DA257" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[944,1046,271,294]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0887FEF4517DA257" box="[944,1046,271,294]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) that we presented previously (see comparisons in the account of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0874FEB156AFA22E" box="[835,964,330,351]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0874FEB156AFA22E" box="[835,964,330,351]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFAAA30B09ECFE935685A1AC" blockId="45.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">
In contrast, the distinction between 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0FBCFE9C5787A2ED" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0FBCFE9C5787A2ED" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0801FE7D56FEA2EA" box="[822,917,390,411]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0801FE7D56FEA2EA" box="[822,917,390,411]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as noted by Miller and Hollister cannot be corroborated by us. We compared external measurements from the 
<typeStatus id="89648828FFAAA30B098AFE265784A283" box="[701,751,477,498]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
series of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B085EFE2756A4A282" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[873,975,476,499]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B085EFE2756A4A282" box="[873,975,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Pinedapa; 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0F54FE255113A282" box="[1123,1144,478,499]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">N</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0FB3FE2751F0A282" bold="true" box="[1156,1179,476,499]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">5</emphasis>
12) with the specimens Miller and Hollister assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0863FDE356D8A15C" box="[852,947,536,557]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0863FDE356D8A15C" box="[852,947,536,557]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Gimpu, Winatu, and Besoa; 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0826FDCE564DA13B" box="[785,806,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">N</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0819FDCF562EA13A" bold="true" box="[814,837,564,587]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">5</emphasis>
3). Means for length of head and body (197.0 mm for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0882FDAA5170A119" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[949,1051,593,616]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0882FDAA5170A119" box="[949,1051,593,616]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAAA30B0F1CFDA951F4A116" box="[1067,1183,594,616]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0669999999999997" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="206.7">206.7 mm</quantity>
for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B098AFD8B5677A1F4" box="[701,796,624,645]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B098AFD8B5677A1F4" box="[701,796,624,645]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; P 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0871FD955636A1F4" bold="true" box="[838,861,622,645]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">5</emphasis>
0.37), length of tail (
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAAA30B0F61FD9451A0A1F4" box="[1110,1227,623,645]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.396" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="239.6">239.6 mm</quantity>
and 
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAAA30B09C5FD765602A1D3" box="[754,873,653,674]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.333" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="233.3">233.3 mm</quantity>
; P 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B08B8FD7056CDA1D3" bold="true" box="[911,934,651,674]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">5</emphasis>
0.80) and length of hind foot (
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAAA30B0837FD515601A1CE" box="[768,874,682,704]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.029999999999999" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="50.3">50.3 mm</quantity>
and 
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAAA30B089CFD51517CA1CE" box="[939,1047,682,704]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.17" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="51.7">51.7 mm</quantity>
; P 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0F76FD525133A1B1" bold="true" box="[1089,1112,681,704]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">5</emphasis>
0.25) are not significantly different.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFAAA30B09ECFD1E513FA79C" blockId="45.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">
Specimens (all adults) that Musser collected from Sadaunta (representing 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0F52FCF851A8A069" box="[1125,1219,771,792]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0F52FCF851A8A069" box="[1125,1219,771,792]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B098AFCDA57B9A047" box="[701,722,801,822]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">N</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B09E9FCE4579EA047" bold="true" box="[734,757,799,822]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">5</emphasis>
6) and those he obtained from Kuala Navusu (representing 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B08F0FCC75146A022" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[967,1069,828,851]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B08F0FCC75146A022" box="[967,1069,828,851]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0F77FCC5513EA022" box="[1088,1109,830,851]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">N</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0F56FCC75113A022" bold="true" box="[1121,1144,828,851]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">5</emphasis>
7) are closely similar in physical size as indexed by means for length of head and body (
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAAA30B0F6EFC8C51A0A0FC" box="[1113,1227,887,909]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.153" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="215.3">215.3 mm</quantity>
for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B09D9FC6F563FA0DA" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[750,852,916,939]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B09D9FC6F563FA0DA" box="[750,852,916,939]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAAA30B085EFC6E5689A0DB" box="[873,994,917,938]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.138" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="213.8">213.8 mm</quantity>
for 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0F15FC6D51EAA0DA" box="[1058,1153,918,939]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0F15FC6D51EAA0DA" box="[1058,1153,918,939]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; P 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0F83FC6F51A0A0DA" bold="true" box="[1204,1227,916,939]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">5</emphasis>
0.70), length of tail (
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAAA30B0891FC495172A0B9" box="[934,1049,946,968]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.499" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="249.9">249.9 mm</quantity>
and 
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAAA30B0F65FC4951ACA0B9" box="[1106,1223,946,968]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.412" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="241.2">241.2 mm</quantity>
; P 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B09E0FC355785A094" bold="true" box="[727,750,974,997]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">5</emphasis>
0.25), and length of hind foot (
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAAA30B0F53FC3451A0A094" box="[1124,1227,975,997]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2299999999999995" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="52.3">52.3 mm</quantity>
and 
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAAA30B09C2FC17560BA773" box="[757,864,1004,1026]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.32" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="53.2">53.2 mm</quantity>
; P 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B08BBFC1056C8A773" bold="true" box="[908,931,1003,1026]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">5</emphasis>
0.29), but the Sadaunta sample has slightly larger ears (
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAAA30B0F18FBF151FCA76E" box="[1071,1175,1034,1055]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3299999999999996" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="33.3">33.3 mm</quantity>
and 
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAAA30B098AFBDC565BA74C" box="[701,816,1063,1085]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4799999999999995" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="34.8">34.8 mm</quantity>
), although the difference is not statistically significant (P 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B08CDFBB8517AA72B" bold="true" box="[1018,1041,1091,1114]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">5</emphasis>
0.23); see also table 4. The sample from Kuala Navusu has a larger mean weight (
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAAA30B088AFB845179A7E5" box="[957,1042,1151,1173]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.673" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="g" value="267.3">267.3 g</quantity>
) than that from Sadaunta (
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAAA30B0871FB6756C3A7C3" box="[838,936,1180,1202]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.376" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="g" value="237.6">237.6 g</quantity>
), just the opposite of expectation if 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0856FB4256ACA7A1" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[865,967,1209,1232]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0856FB4256ACA7A1" box="[865,967,1209,1232]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were physically smaller as Miller and Hollister claimed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFAAA30B09ECFB0E566FA5AE" blockId="45.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">
Coloration and texture of the fur is similar in the samples of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B08B1FAE8568EA659" box="[902,997,1299,1320]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B08B1FAE8568EA659" box="[902,997,1299,1320]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B0F29FAE951EFA658" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[1054,1156,1298,1321]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B0F29FAE951EFA658" box="[1054,1156,1298,1321]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Both contain specimens with dark gray or dark bluish-gray dorsal coats and white ventral coats, with some individuals showing buffy or rusty streaks on the chest and abdomen. One difference is the shorter ventral fur on the specimens from Kuala Navusu and Pinedapa; all were taken between 31 and 
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAAA30B0F4CFA2451ACA684" box="[1147,1223,1503,1525]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.22" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="122.0">122 m</quantity>
, specimens representing 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFAAA30B08F8FA065145A563" box="[975,1070,1533,1554]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFAAA30B08F8FA065145A563" box="[975,1070,1533,1554]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="45">centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with slightly softer and longer fur, are from 
<quantity id="91279B6FFFAAA30B0F75F9E251A3A55E" box="[1090,1224,1561,1583]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.925" metricValueMax="9.85" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" unit="m" value="692.5" valueMax="985.0" valueMin="400.0">
400– 
<specimenCount id="40D9FD03FFAAA30B0F4DF9E251A3A55E" box="[1146,1224,1561,1583]" pageId="45" pageNumber="45" type="generic">985 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. Another difference is that the dorsal coat is somewhat softer in the specimens comprising the Sadaunta-Besoa sample compared with the slightly harsher and stiffer fur typical of animals in the Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa series.
</paragraph>
<caption id="02A06602FFA9A3080B43FBC2544CA7A0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612026" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4612026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612026/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" startId="46.[116,155,1081,1100]" targetBox="[219,1066,211,1051]" targetPageId="46">
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA9A3080B43FBC2544CA7A0" blockId="46.[93,1193,1080,1233]" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">
Fig. 13. Scatterplot of specimen scores representing the sample of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA9A308087DFBC356DEA73D" box="[842,949,1080,1100]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A308087DFBC356DEA73D" box="[842,949,1080,1100]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">Echiothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
‘‘ 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA9A30808FBFBC1514AA73D" box="[972,1057,1082,1100]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A30808FBFBC1514AA73D" box="[972,1057,1082,1100]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’’ (SadauntaBesoa; asterisk; 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A3080A33FBAF547CA717" box="[260,279,1108,1126]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">N</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A3080A2AFBA9545AA716" bold="true" box="[285,305,1106,1127]" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">5</emphasis>
7) and the two population samples of 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A30809F5FBAF57B1A717" box="[706,730,1108,1126]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">E.</emphasis>
‘‘ 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA9A30809DAFBA85623A716" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[749,840,1107,1127]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A30809DAFBA85623A716" box="[749,840,1107,1127]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’’ (Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa; filled circle 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A3080BA9FB9655D9A7F3" bold="true" box="[158,178,1133,1154]" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">5</emphasis>
Kuala Navusu, empty square 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A3080930FB965770A7F3" bold="true" box="[519,539,1133,1154]" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">5</emphasis>
Pinedapa; 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A30809AEFB9457C7A7F0" box="[665,684,1135,1153]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">N</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A3080980FB9657A0A7F3" bold="true" box="[695,715,1133,1154]" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">5</emphasis>
19) projected on first and second principal components extracted from principal-components analysis of 16 cranial and two dental log-transformed variables. See table 10 for correlations (loadings) of variables with extracted components and for percent variance explained.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA9A3080B4DFAEA5765A5D2" blockId="46.[93,620,1297,1759]" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">
It is unclear what Miller and Hollister saw when they described 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA9A3080A52FAD654A0A635" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[357,459,1325,1348]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A3080A52FAD654A0A635" box="[357,459,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as having a ‘‘less narrowed skull’’ than either 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA9A3080AC3FAB1572CA610" box="[500,583,1354,1377]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A3080AC3FAB1572CA610" box="[500,583,1354,1377]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA9A3080B6AFA9255D7A60F" box="[93,188,1385,1406]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A3080B6AFA9255D7A60F" box="[93,188,1385,1406]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—perhaps they meant a skull 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A3080974FA9355C6A6ED" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">less narrow</emphasis>
, with the implication that it was wider than those in the samples of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA9A3080AECFA595745A6C8" box="[475,558,1442,1465]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A3080AECFA595745A6C8" box="[475,558,1442,1465]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA9A3080B6AFA3A55D7A6A7" box="[93,188,1473,1494]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A3080B6AFA3A55D7A6A7" box="[93,188,1473,1494]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Specimens in the samples from Pinedapa and Kuala Navusu, as well as those from landscapes to the west at higher elevations (the Sadaunta-Besoa population sample), do have appreciably smaller skulls compared with the northeastern peninsular 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA9A3080A59F9AF5489A518" box="[366,482,1618,1641]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A3080A59F9AF5489A518" box="[366,482,1618,1641]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as does all the material at hand from places west of the 
<collectingRegion id="941BF868FFA9A3080B6AF9765441A5D2" box="[93,298,1677,1699]" country="Indonesia" name="Gorontalo" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">Gorontalo region</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="CEE42A0FFFA9A3080A0DF97654EFA5D2" box="[314,388,1677,1699]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[116,155,1675,1694]" captionTargetBox="[172,1114,212,1643]" captionTargetId="figure-0@24.[171,1115,211,1644]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 5. Cranium and left dentary of Echiothrix leucura (AMNH 101246; ONL 5 56.6 mm, CLM1–3 5" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4611995" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4611995/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">figs. 5</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="CEE42A0FFFA9A3080AA6F97654CAA5D2" box="[401,417,1677,1699]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="25.[150,188,1679,1698]" captionTargetBox="[193,1163,212,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-1@25.[192,1163,211,1648]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig. 6. Cranium and left dentary of Echiothrix centrosa (AMNH 225043; ONL 5 52.5 mm, CLM1–3" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4611997" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4611997/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">6</figureCitation>
; table 6).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA9A3090B4DF9575758A2E1" blockId="46.[93,620,1297,1759]" lastBlockId="47.[128,654,214,401]" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">
Restricting the focus to the core of 
<collectingRegion id="941BF868FFA9A3080B6AF93255AEA5AE" box="[93,197,1737,1759]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
, there are significant differences in univariate means between the Kuala Na-vusu–Pinedapa (
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA9A308085DFAD656BBA635" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[874,976,1325,1348]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A308085DFAD656BBA635" box="[874,976,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and SadauntaBesoa (
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA9A30809CDFAB75632A610" box="[762,857,1356,1377]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A30809CDFAB75632A610" box="[762,857,1356,1377]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) samples for eight cranial dimensions. Most means for the Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa sample average smaller, including interorbital breadth as well as breadth and height of braincase, three variables that could be used conceivably to index degree of cranial narrowness—in this case 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA9A30809E1F9E35657A55E" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[726,828,1560,1583]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A30809E1F9E35657A55E" box="[726,828,1560,1583]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
actually has a 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A30808CCF9E157BBA53C" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">more narrowed skull</emphasis>
, not a ‘‘less narrowed skull,’’ as contrasted with 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA9A3080854F9AF56A9A518" box="[867,962,1620,1641]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A3080854F9AF56A9A518" box="[867,962,1620,1641]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Significant differences between means for other variables highlight the average longer skull in 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA9A3080F74F97451C9A5D5" box="[1091,1186,1679,1700]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="46" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA9A3080F74F97451C9A5D5" box="[1091,1186,1679,1700]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="46">centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, its longer diastema and bony palate, wider incisive foramina, but narrower mesopteryTABLE 10 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A3090B84FF155488A238" bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
Results of Principal-Components Analyses Comparing Samples of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA8A3090AB9FEFE549CA268" box="[398,503,261,281]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="47" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A3090AB9FEFE549CA268" bold="true" box="[398,503,261,281]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">Echiothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
‘‘ 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA8A309093BFEFD5735A268" box="[524,606,262,281]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="47" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A309093BFEFD5735A268" bold="true" box="[524,606,262,281]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’’ (Sadaunta–Besoa) and 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A3090ABAFEE554C8A240" bold="true" box="[397,419,286,305]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">E.</emphasis>
‘‘ 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA8A3090A8FFEE6577AA240" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" box="[440,529,285,305]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="47" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A3090A8FFEE6577AA240" bold="true" box="[440,529,285,305]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’’ (Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa)
</emphasis>
Correlations (loadings) of 16 cranial and 2 dental log-transformed variables are based on 16 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA8A309091DFE9D57E5A208" box="[554,654,357,377]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="47" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucura">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A309091DFE9D57E5A208" box="[554,654,357,377]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">E. leucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 30 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA8A3090A1FFE8554F1A2E1" box="[296,410,382,400]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="47" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A3090A1FFE8554F1A2E1" box="[296,410,382,400]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. See 
<figureCitation id="CEE42A0FFFA8A3090AE5FE865744A2E1" box="[466,559,381,401]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="46.[116,155,1081,1100]" captionTargetBox="[219,1066,211,1051]" captionTargetId="figure-221@46.[219,1066,211,1051]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Fig. 13. Scatterplot of specimen scores representing the sample of Echiothrix ‘‘centrosa’’ (Sadaunta- Besoa; asterisk; N 5 7) and the two population samples of E. ‘‘brevicula’’ (Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa; filled circle 5 Kuala Navusu, empty square 5 Pinedapa; N 5 19) projected on first and second principal components extracted from principal-components analysis of 16 cranial and two dental log-transformed variables. See table 10 for correlations (loadings) of variables with extracted components and for percent variance explained." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612026/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">figure 13</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA8A3090A96FE48575EA76D" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<table id="24DFC42AFFA85CD90BB7FE48570AA76C" box="[128,609,435,1053]" gridcols="3" gridrows="22" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFA85CD90BB7FE48570AA2B5" box="[128,609,435,452]" gridrow="0" pageId="47" pageNumber="47" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90A62FE48570AA2B5" box="[341,609,435,452]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">Correlations</th>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFA85CD90BB7FE22570AA29A" box="[128,609,473,491]" gridrow="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90BB7FE225587A29A" box="[128,236,473,491]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">Variable</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90A62FE2254C5A29A" box="[341,430,473,491]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">PC1</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD9093FFE22570AA29A" box="[520,609,473,491]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">PC2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFA85CD90BB7FDF3570AA168" box="[128,609,520,537]" gridrow="2" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90BB7FDF35587A168" box="[128,236,520,537]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">ONL</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90A62FDF354C5A168" box="[341,430,520,537]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.80***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD9093FFDF3570AA168" box="[520,609,520,537]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.26</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFA85CD90BB7FDDA570AA145" box="[128,609,545,564]" gridrow="3" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90BB7FDDA5587A145" box="[128,236,545,564]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">ZB</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90A62FDDA54C5A145" box="[341,430,545,564]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.44*</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD9093FFDDA570AA145" box="[520,609,545,564]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A309093FFDDA5771A142" bold="true" box="[520,538,545,563]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">‾</emphasis>
0.18
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFA85CD90BB7FDC6570AA13F" box="[128,609,573,590]" gridrow="4" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90BB7FDC65587A13F" box="[128,236,573,590]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">IB</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90A62FDC654C5A13F" box="[341,430,573,590]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.60***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD9093FFDC6570AA13F" box="[520,609,573,590]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.00</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFA85CD90BB7FDA3570AA118" box="[128,609,600,617]" gridrow="5" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90BB7FDA35587A118" box="[128,236,600,617]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">LR</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90A62FDA354C5A118" box="[341,430,600,617]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.70***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD9093FFDA3570AA118" box="[520,609,600,617]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.33</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFA85CD90BB7FD89570AA1F2" box="[128,609,626,643]" gridrow="6" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90BB7FD895587A1F2" box="[128,236,626,643]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">BR</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90A62FD8954C5A1F2" box="[341,430,626,643]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.39*</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD9093FFD89570AA1F2" box="[520,609,626,643]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.21</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFA85CD90BB7FD76570AA1EF" box="[128,609,653,670]" gridrow="7" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90BB7FD765587A1EF" box="[128,236,653,670]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">BBC</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90A62FD7654C5A1EF" box="[341,430,653,670]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.68***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD9093FFD76570AA1EF" box="[520,609,653,670]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.11</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFA85CD90BB7FD5D570AA1C9" box="[128,609,678,696]" gridrow="8" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90BB7FD5D5587A1C9" box="[128,236,678,696]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">HBC</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90A62FD5D54C5A1C9" box="[341,430,678,696]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.72***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD9093FFD5D570AA1C9" box="[520,609,678,696]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A309093FFD5D5771A1C9" bold="true" box="[520,538,678,696]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">‾</emphasis>
0.16
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFA85CD90BB7FD3A570AA1A2" box="[128,609,705,723]" gridrow="9" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90BB7FD3A5587A1A2" box="[128,236,705,723]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">BZP</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90A62FD3A54C5A1A2" box="[341,430,705,723]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.56**</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD9093FFD3A570AA1A2" box="[520,609,705,723]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A309093FFD3A5771A1A2" bold="true" box="[520,538,705,723]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">‾</emphasis>
0.79***
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFA85CD90BB7FD27570AA19F" box="[128,609,732,750]" gridrow="10" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90BB7FD275587A19F" box="[128,236,732,750]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">LD</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90A62FD2754C5A19F" box="[341,430,732,750]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.83***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD9093FFD27570AA19F" box="[520,609,732,750]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.26</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFA85CD90BB7FD0C570AA079" box="[128,609,759,776]" gridrow="11" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90BB7FD0C5587A079" box="[128,236,759,776]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">PPL</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90A62FD0C54C5A079" box="[341,430,759,776]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.23</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD9093FFD0C570AA079" box="[520,609,759,776]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.03</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFA85CD90BB7FCEA570AA052" box="[128,609,785,803]" gridrow="12" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90BB7FCEA5587A052" box="[128,236,785,803]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">LBP</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90A62FCEA54C5A052" box="[341,430,785,803]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.74***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD9093FFCEA570AA052" box="[520,609,785,803]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A309093FFCEA5771A052" bold="true" box="[520,538,785,803]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">‾</emphasis>
0.11
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFA85CD90BB7FCD7570AA04C" box="[128,609,812,829]" gridrow="13" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90BB7FCD75587A04C" box="[128,236,812,829]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">BBPM1</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90A62FCD754C5A04C" box="[341,430,812,829]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.46*</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD9093FFCD7570AA04C" box="[520,609,812,829]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.18</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFA85CD90BB7FCBD570AA029" box="[128,609,838,856]" gridrow="14" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90BB7FCBD5587A029" box="[128,236,838,856]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">BMF</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90A62FCBD54C5A029" box="[341,430,838,856]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A3090A62FCBD540CA029" bold="true" box="[341,359,838,856]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">‾</emphasis>
0.30
</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD9093FFCBD570AA029" box="[520,609,838,856]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.34</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFA85CD90BB7FC9A570AA003" box="[128,609,865,882]" gridrow="15" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90BB7FC9A5587A003" box="[128,236,865,882]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">LIF</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90A62FC9A54C5A003" box="[341,430,865,882]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.59**</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD9093FFC9A570AA003" box="[520,609,865,882]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.21</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFA85CD90BB7FC87570AA0FC" box="[128,609,892,909]" gridrow="16" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90BB7FC875587A0FC" box="[128,236,892,909]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">BIF</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90A62FC8754C5A0FC" box="[341,430,892,909]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.80***</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD9093FFC87570AA0FC" box="[520,609,892,909]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.36</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFA85CD90BB7FC6E570AA0D6" box="[128,609,917,935]" gridrow="17" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90BB7FC6E5587A0D6" box="[128,236,917,935]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">LB</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90A62FC6E54C5A0D6" box="[341,430,917,935]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A3090A62FC6E540CA0D6" bold="true" box="[341,359,917,935]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">‾</emphasis>
0.28
</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD9093FFC6E570AA0D6" box="[520,609,917,935]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A309093FFC6E5771A0D6" bold="true" box="[520,538,917,935]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">‾</emphasis>
0.07
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFA85CD90BB7FC4B570AA0B3" box="[128,609,944,962]" gridrow="18" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90BB7FC4B5587A0B3" box="[128,236,944,962]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">CLM1–3</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90A62FC4B54C5A0B3" box="[341,430,944,962]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A3090A62FC4B540CA0B3" bold="true" box="[341,359,944,962]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">‾</emphasis>
0.11
</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD9093FFC4B570AA0B3" box="[520,609,944,962]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A309093FFC4B5771A0B3" bold="true" box="[520,538,944,962]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">‾</emphasis>
0.41*
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFA85CD90BB7FC31570AA0AC" box="[128,609,970,989]" gridrow="19" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90BB7FC315587A0AC" box="[128,236,970,989]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">BM1</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90A62FC3154C5A0AC" box="[341,430,970,989]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.02</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD9093FFC31570AA0AC" box="[520,609,970,989]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A309093FFC315771A0AD" bold="true" box="[520,538,970,988]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">‾</emphasis>
0.18
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFA85CD90BB7FC0A570AA773" box="[128,609,1009,1026]" gridrow="20" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90BB7FC0A5587A773" box="[128,236,1009,1026]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">Eigenvalue</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90A62FC0A54C5A773" box="[341,430,1009,1026]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.013</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD9093FFC0A570AA773" box="[520,609,1009,1026]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">0.006</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E8EF34C8FFA85CD90BB7FBF0570AA76C" box="[128,609,1035,1053]" gridrow="21" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<th id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90BB7FBF05587A76C" box="[128,236,1035,1053]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A3090BB7FBF755F8A76C" box="[128,147,1036,1053]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">%</emphasis>
Variance
</th>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD90A62FBF054C5A76C" box="[341,430,1035,1053]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">35.1</td>
<td id="AB3E5DB4FFA85CD9093FFBF0570AA76C" box="[520,609,1035,1053]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">16.0</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA8A3090BA2FBCC5779A739" blockId="47.[149,530,1078,1096]" box="[149,530,1078,1096]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
<tableNote id="AB393704FFA8A3090BA2FBCC5779A739" box="[149,530,1078,1096]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47" targetBox="[128,609,435,1053]" targetPageId="47">
*** P 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A3090BE6FBCD5588A739" bold="true" box="[209,227,1078,1096]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">#</emphasis>
0.001; ** P 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A3090A6EFBCD5400A739" bold="true" box="[345,363,1078,1096]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">#</emphasis>
0.01; * P 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A3090AFCFBCD54B6A739" bold="true" box="[459,477,1078,1096]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">#</emphasis>
0.05.
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA8A3090BB7FB8D548AA60B" blockId="47.[128,654,1142,1759]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
goid fossa (table 6). For the other cranial measurements, as well as the dental variables, there are no significant differences in mean values between the Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa and Sadaunta-Besoa samples. Keep in mind the dissimilar sample sizes involved (
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A3090904FAF75723A650" box="[563,584,1292,1313]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">N</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A3090965FAF15702A650" bold="true" box="[594,617,1290,1313]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">5</emphasis>
19 for Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa, 
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A3090ACCFAD2577BA64F" box="[507,528,1321,1342]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">N</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A3090914FADC5751A64F" bold="true" box="[547,570,1319,1342]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">5</emphasis>
7 for Sadaunta-Besoa), each containing a range in age from young-to-old adults.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5660368AFFA8A3090BAAFA79566EA01F" blockId="47.[128,654,1142,1759]" lastBlockId="47.[701,1228,213,879]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">
The mensural differences noted here are reflected in a principal-components ordination where most of the scores for SadauntaBesoa congregate to the right along the first axis of the scatter plot but overlap those signifying the Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa sample to the left (
<figureCitation id="CEE42A0FFFA8A3090A0FF9CE54EFA53A" box="[312,388,1589,1611]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="46.[116,155,1081,1100]" captionTargetBox="[219,1066,211,1051]" captionTargetId="figure-221@46.[219,1066,211,1051]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Fig. 13. Scatterplot of specimen scores representing the sample of Echiothrix ‘‘centrosa’’ (Sadaunta- Besoa; asterisk; N 5 7) and the two population samples of E. ‘‘brevicula’’ (Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa; filled circle 5 Kuala Navusu, empty square 5 Pinedapa; N 5 19) projected on first and second principal components extracted from principal-components analysis of 16 cranial and two dental log-transformed variables. See table 10 for correlations (loadings) of variables with extracted components and for percent variance explained." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612026/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">fig. 13</figureCitation>
), a pattern influenced by the moderate to large positive correlations for 13 of the 18 variables (
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A3090AEDF98A548EA5F7" box="[474,485,1649,1670]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">r</emphasis>
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A3090AC4F9945761A5F7" bold="true" box="[499,522,1647,1670]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">5</emphasis>
0.39–0.83; table 10) a measure of the average larger means for some measurements in the Sadaunta-Besoa series. Whether these univariate mean distinctions seen in samples at hand measure real geographic variation in the two populations will have to be determined by study of larger samples equal in number of specimens and equal in age classes. Nevertheless, present evidence from phenetic traits associated with skins, skulls, and teeth persuades us that the sample from Kuala Navusu and Pinedapa, corresponding to what Miller and Hollister described as 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA8A3090F85FE265648A161" authorityName="Miller and Hollister" authorityYear="1921" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="47" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicula">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A3090F85FE265648A161" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">E. brevicula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(originally based on the sample from Pinedapa), represents a coastal lowland population of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA8A30908B2FDCF517EA138" box="[901,1045,564,585]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="47" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centrosa">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A30908B2FDCF517EA138" box="[901,1045,564,585]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">E. centrosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with slightly shorter ventral fur, harsher dorsal coat, and some cranial dimensions that average smaller. This specific homogeneity is reinforced by sucking lice (
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA8A309086BFD5256B9A1CE" box="[860,978,681,703]" order="Anoplura" pageId="47" pageNumber="85" rank="order">Anoplura</taxonomicName>
): hosts in the Kuala Navusu–Pinedapa sample as well as those in the west-central highlands (Sadaunta-Besoa sample) are parasitized by the same species of louse, 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA8A309083AFCE65161A045" authority="Musser &amp; Durden, 2014" authorityName="Musser &amp; Durden" authorityYear="2014" box="[781,1034,797,820]" class="Insecta" family="Polyplacidae" genus="Polyplax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phthiraptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beaucournui" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A309083AFCE65161A045" box="[781,1034,797,820]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">Polyplax beaucournui</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7F9857E3FFA8A3090F29FCE55109A042" box="[1054,1122,798,819]" pageId="47" pageNumber="47" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(see the section describing ectoparasites of 
<taxonomicName id="91DF4D09FFA8A3090FB5FCC1579FA01E" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Echiothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="47" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64ABEA98FFA8A3090FB5FCC1579FA01E" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="47">Echiothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>