168 lines
22 KiB
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168 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document id="7391A25ACD095D9F76D6108039CD265C" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3904.1.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d5fb22ca-57ee-4e70-86a7-8cd52b912b92" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="287633" ID-ZooBank="03505E63-0FDB-48F6-BABA-93213E4D2AFE" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460884586436" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ruhnke, Timothy R., Caira, Janine N. & Cox, Allison" docDate="2015" docId="03D787C62675743ABBC2FC63FB2BFF18" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03904p081.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3904 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Anthocephaliidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="76" masterDocId="FFEEFFBE266C7420BB55FFE9FFDFFFCD" masterDocTitle="The cestode order Rhinebothriidea no longer family-less: A molecular phylogenetic investigation with erection of two new families and description of eight new species of Anthocephalum" masterLastPageNumber="81" masterPageNumber="51" pageNumber="76" updateTime="1698358809355" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="096E2EF4D36489D8F81ED2106D17DF05">
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<mods:title id="0A669477F9BE63D188DF705F5A3CB0F0">The cestode order Rhinebothriidea no longer family-less: A molecular phylogenetic investigation with erection of two new families and description of eight new species of Anthocephalum</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="94D03EDA11602C4327A2008BD11E0078">Ruhnke, Timothy R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A9FB0FC933798975DA3EDD3214A00538">Caira, Janine N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4D59BBBE227D9994B2228227EC2DCCAF">Cox, Allison</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="6AE1342BF221D90206FB17B9F2BD61A7">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="CA1B4C570CD85BBE242396F3800BE8F5">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B024F92A72952816965C69FD5C84BE84">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D3AE9049A2F40E46769D2BE486113120">3904</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="C5AAB701AFBFA2F77DE4746B4B7F712E" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3904.1.3</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D787C62675743ABBC2FC63FB2BFF18" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6113009" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127671177" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6113009" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D787C62675743ABBC2FC63FB2BFF18" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D787C62675743ABBC2FC63FB2BFF18" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">
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<subSubSection id="C364655B26757439BBC2FC63FE0EFC69" box="[151,465,906,932]" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC136D026757439BBC2FC63FE0EFC69" blockId="25.[151,465,906,932]" box="[151,465,906,932]" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">
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<heading id="D08981BC26757439BBC2FC63FE0EFC69" bold="true" box="[151,465,906,932]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC226757439BBC2FC63FE0EFC69" bold="true" box="[151,465,906,932]" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D5326757439BBC2FC63FEACFC69" ID-CoL="7NFXW" box="[151,371,906,932]" class="Cestoda" family="Anthocephaliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Anthocephaliidae</taxonomicName>
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n. fam.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C364655B26757439BBC2FC38FE86FB9B" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BC136D026757439BBC2FC38FE86FB9B" blockId="25.[151,1436,977,2010]" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC226757439BBC2FC38FECEFC27" bold="true" box="[151,273,977,1002]" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Scolex with 4 bothridia; bothridia with marginal and/or one or more rows of facial loculi; apical sucker and conspicuous anterior/posterior orientation of bothridia present; myzorhynchus lacking in adult stage. Postvaginal testes lacking. Vitelline follicles interrupted by ovary. Parasites of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D5326757439BF41FBF0FB0FFBFF" box="[1044,1232,1049,1074]" class="Elasmobranchii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Myliobatiformes</taxonomicName>
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and possibly also
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D5326757439BBC2FBD4FE8AFB9B" box="[151,341,1085,1110]" class="Elasmobranchii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Torpediniformes</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C364655B26757439BB92FB88FCCFFB0F" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC136D026757439BB92FB88FCCFFB0F" blockId="25.[151,1436,977,2010]" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC226757439BB92FB88FE8AFBB7" bold="true" box="[199,341,1121,1146]" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">
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<typeStatus id="54C5887226757439BB92FB88FEDDFBB7" box="[199,258,1121,1146]" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">Type</typeStatus>
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genus.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D5326757439BA08FB88FD75FBB7" authority="Linton, 1891" authorityName="Linton" authorityYear="1891" box="[349,682,1121,1146]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinobothriidae" genus="Anthocephalum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC226757439BA08FB88FDD2FBB7" box="[349,525,1121,1146]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">Anthocephalum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B2126757439B940FB88FD75FBB7" author="Linton" box="[533,682,1121,1146]" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" refString="Linton, E. (1891) Notes on Entozoa of marine fishes of New England, with descriptions of several new species. Part II. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Part XV. Report of the Commissioner for 1887. 718 - 899." type="journal article" year="1891">Linton, 1891</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Additional genera: New genus 1, New genus 2, and New genus 4 of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B2126757439BBEDFB6CFE4AFB53" box="[184,405,1157,1182]" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" refString="Healy, C., Caira, J. N., Jensen, K., Webster, B. & Littlewood, D. T. J. (2009) Proposal for a new tapeworm order, Rhinebothriidea. International Journal of Parasitology, 39, 497 - 511. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijpara. 2008.09.002" type="journal article">
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Healy
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC226757439BA50FB6FFEE5FB53" box="[261,314,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">et al</emphasis>
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. (2009)
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</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B2126757439BA87FB6CFD73FB53" box="[466,684,1157,1182]" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" refString="Caira, J. N., Jensen, K., Waeschenbach, A., Olson, P. D. & Littlewood, D. T. J. (2014) Orders out of chaos-molecular phylogenetics reveals the complexity of shark and stingray tapeworm relationships. International Journal for Parasitology, 44, 55 - 73. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijpara. 2013.10.004" type="journal article">
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Caira
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC226757439B94CFB6FFD92FB53" box="[537,589,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">et al</emphasis>
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. (2014)
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</bibRefCitation>
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; possibly also
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D5326757439B80CFB6CFAB6FB53" authority="Kornyushin & Polyakova, 2012" authorityName="Kornyushin & Polyakova" authorityYear="2012" box="[857,1385,1157,1182]" class="Cestoda" family="Anthocephaliidae" genus="Cairaeanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC226757439B80CFB6CFC2EFB53" box="[857,1009,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">Cairaeanthus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B2126757439B8A9FB6CFAB6FB53" author="Kornyushin" box="[1020,1385,1157,1182]" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" refString="Kornyushin, V. V. & Polyakova, T. A. (2012) Cairaeanthus gen. n. (Cestoda, Rhinebothriidea), with the description of two new species from Dasyatis pastinaca in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. Vestnik Zoologii, 46, 291 - 308. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2478 / v 10058 - 012 - 0025 - x" type="book chapter" year="2012">Kornyushin & Polyakova, 2012</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D5326757439BBC2FB40FCD3FB0F" authority="Zamparo, Brooks & Barriga, 1999" authorityName="Zamparo, Brooks & Barriga" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,780,1193,1218]" class="Cestoda" family="Phyllobothriidae" genus="Pararhinebothroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC226757439BBC2FB40FE5FFB0F" box="[151,384,1193,1218]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">Pararhinebothroides</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B2126757439BAD2FB43FCD3FB0F" author="Zamparo" box="[391,780,1193,1218]" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" refString="Zamparo, D., Brooks, D. R. & Barriga, R. (1999) Pararhinebothroides hobergi n. gen. n. sp. (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea) in Urobatis tumbesensis (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) from coastal Ecuador. The Journal of Parasitology, 85, 534 - 539. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3285791" type="journal article" year="1999">Zamparo, Brooks & Barriga, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C364655B26757439BB92FB24FB64FA2F" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BC136D026757439BB92FB24FB64FA2F" blockId="25.[151,1436,977,2010]" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC226757439BB92FB24FEE4FB2B" bold="true" box="[199,315,1229,1254]" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">Remarks.</emphasis>
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This family differs from the
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D5326757439B9D9FB24FC87FB2B" box="[652,856,1229,1254]" class="Cestoda" family="Echeneibothriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Echeneibothriidae</taxonomicName>
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in that the myzorhynchus does not persist into the adult stage. It differs from the
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D5326757439B95CFB18FD62FAC7" box="[521,701,1265,1290]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinebothriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Rhinebothriidae</taxonomicName>
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in that its bothridia exhibit, rather than lack, a clear anterior/ posterior orientation that typically is manifested as an apical sucker. Furthermore, rather than one or two columns of facial loculi extending essentially throughout the length of the bothridia, it bears marginal loculi or at least one row of multiple facial loculi. It further differs from most members of the above two families in that its vitelline follicles are interrupted by the ovary. While three of the five genera (New Genus 1, New Genus 2, and New Genus 4) assigned to this family have not yet been formally described, based on information currently available on their morphology (see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B2126757439BA0EFA20FE00FA2F" author="Healy" box="[347,479,1481,1506]" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" refString="Healy, C. J. (2006) A revision of selected Tetraphyllidea (Cestoda): Caulobothrium, Rhabdotobothrium, Rhinebothrium, Scalithrium, and Spongiobothrium. Ph. D. Dissertation, The University of Connecticut, 382 pp." type="book" year="2006">Healy 2006</bibRefCitation>
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) all three are fully consistent with the diagnosis presented above.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C364655B2675743ABB92FA04FB2BFF18" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BC136D026757439BB92FA04FC01F8EB" blockId="25.[151,1436,977,2010]" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D5326757439BB92FA04FEBFF9CB" ID-CoL="7NRH9" box="[199,352,1517,1542]" class="Cestoda" family="Anthocephaliidae" genus="Cairaeanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC226757439BB92FA04FEBFF9CB" box="[199,352,1517,1542]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">Cairaeanthus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is only provisionally assigned to this family because based on
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B2126757439BF7FFA04FA43F9CB" author="Kornyushin" box="[1066,1436,1517,1542]" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" refString="Kornyushin, V. V. & Polyakova, T. A. (2012) Cairaeanthus gen. n. (Cestoda, Rhinebothriidea), with the description of two new species from Dasyatis pastinaca in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. Vestnik Zoologii, 46, 291 - 308. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2478 / v 10058 - 012 - 0025 - x" type="book chapter" year="2012">Kornyushin & Polyakova (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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it does not fully conform to the diagnosis presented above. It exhibits large numbers of marginal loculi but is described as lacking an apical sucker. However, in working with
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D5326757439B83EF9DCFBC4F983" box="[875,1051,1589,1614]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinobothriidae" genus="Anthocephalum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC226757439B83EF9DCFBC4F983" box="[875,1051,1589,1614]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">Anthocephalum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species that exhibit large numbers of marginal loculi, it has been our experience that the apical sucker is often difficult to detect. We believe
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D5326757439BBC2F994FEEFF95B" ID-CoL="7NRH9" box="[151,304,1661,1686]" class="Cestoda" family="Anthocephaliidae" genus="Cairaeanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC226757439BBC2F994FEEFF95B" box="[151,304,1661,1686]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">Cairaeanthus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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may ultimately be found to possess this feature. The vitelline follicle condition of this taxon, which is described as interrupted by the ovary, is consistent with the family diagnosis, but that does not appear to be the case in the figures presented by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B2126757439BA9AF92CFC9AF913" author="Kornyushin" box="[463,837,1733,1758]" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" refString="Kornyushin, V. V. & Polyakova, T. A. (2012) Cairaeanthus gen. n. (Cestoda, Rhinebothriidea), with the description of two new species from Dasyatis pastinaca in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. Vestnik Zoologii, 46, 291 - 308. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2478 / v 10058 - 012 - 0025 - x" type="book chapter" year="2012">Kornyushin & Polyakova (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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(figs. 4, 8), which show vitelline follicles extending lateral to the ovary on both sides of the proglottid. Examination of additional material and inclusion of this taxon in molecular analyses will do much to illuminate the placement of this genus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC136D02675743ABB92F8DBFB2BFF18" blockId="25.[151,1436,977,2010]" lastBlockId="26.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">
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At this time we have provisionally also assigned
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D5326757439B9BDF8D8FA88F887" authority="Zamparo, Brooks & Barriga, 1999" authorityName="Zamparo, Brooks & Barriga" authorityYear="1999" box="[744,1367,1841,1866]" class="Cestoda" family="Phyllobothriidae" genus="Pararhinebothroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC226757439B9BDF8D8FC0EF887" box="[744,977,1841,1866]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">Pararhinebothroides</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B2126757439B882F8DBFA88F887" author="Zamparo" box="[983,1367,1841,1866]" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" refString="Zamparo, D., Brooks, D. R. & Barriga, R. (1999) Pararhinebothroides hobergi n. gen. n. sp. (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea) in Urobatis tumbesensis (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) from coastal Ecuador. The Journal of Parasitology, 85, 534 - 539. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3285791" type="journal article" year="1999">Zamparo, Brooks & Barriga, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D5326757439BBC2F8BCFE82F8A3" ID-CoL="7NFXW" box="[151,349,1877,1902]" class="Cestoda" family="Anthocephaliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Anthocephaliidae</taxonomicName>
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despite the fact that, as described by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B2126757439B853F8BFFBDFF8A3" box="[774,1024,1877,1902]" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" refString="Zamparo, D., Brooks, D. R. & Barriga, R. (1999) Pararhinebothroides hobergi n. gen. n. sp. (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea) in Urobatis tumbesensis (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) from coastal Ecuador. The Journal of Parasitology, 85, 534 - 539. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3285791" type="journal article">
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Zamparo
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC226757439B827F8BFFC7BF8A3" box="[882,932,1877,1902]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">et al</emphasis>
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. (1999)
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</bibRefCitation>
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, it appears to lack the clear anterior/ posterior orientation of the bothridia diagnostic of the family. The proglottid anatomy of its only known species,
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D5326757439BBC2F874FCAAF87B" authority="Zamparo, Brooks & Barriga, 1999" authorityName="Zamparo, Brooks & Barriga" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,885,1949,1974]" class="Cestoda" family="Anthocephaliidae" genus="Pararhinebothoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="hobergi">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC226757439BBC2F874FE08F87B" box="[151,471,1949,1974]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">Pararhinebothoides hobergi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4B2126757439BAB7F877FCAAF87B" author="Zamparo" box="[482,885,1949,1974]" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" refString="Zamparo, D., Brooks, D. R. & Barriga, R. (1999) Pararhinebothroides hobergi n. gen. n. sp. (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea) in Urobatis tumbesensis (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) from coastal Ecuador. The Journal of Parasitology, 85, 534 - 539. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3285791" type="journal article" year="1999">Zamparo, Brooks & Barriga, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, is fully consistent with that of the family, and specifically with
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D5326757439BA0FF828FDD5F817" box="[346,522,1985,2010]" class="Cestoda" family="Rhinobothriidae" genus="Anthocephalum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhinebothriidea" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC226757439BA0FF828FDD5F817" box="[346,522,1985,2010]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">Anthocephalum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Material of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E4D5326757439B9CAF828FC57F817" box="[671,904,1985,2010]" class="Cestoda" family="Phyllobothriidae" genus="Pararhinebothroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="25" pageNumber="76" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90AEAC226757439B9CAF828FC57F817" box="[671,904,1985,2010]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="76">Pararhinebothroides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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preserved for molecular work was unavailable for inclusion in our molecular analysis but it would be interesting to pursue its placement in a molecular context. It would also be useful to pursue the question of an apical sucker using scanning electron microscopy.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |