211 lines
26 KiB
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211 lines
26 KiB
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<document id="FCD0A9036F5DCFCF277B95839519896F" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.3699337" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cc297f95-c774-4eb7-9cb2-eedeaa37c7fc" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3699337" ID-ZooBank="322DABD4-EDB4-43D1-9140-4238E3C6C22F" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1583499638779" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Stout, Todd L." docDate="2018" docId="7978DC7CFFADC765FF33C66A4CDCFEAC" docLanguage="en" docName="InsectaMundi.0615.1-38.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 615" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC.3:InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleId="6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Anthocharis sara Lucas 1852" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="3" masterDocId="8541A404FFAEC760FFF3C1454879FF9F" masterDocTitle="A review of three species-level taxa of the Anthocharis sara complex (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae: Anthocharidini)" masterLastPageNumber="38" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1698725544494" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
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<mods:title id="9C957596243498CE87AE7AB827B26061">A review of three species-level taxa of the Anthocharis sara complex (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae: Anthocharidini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4C89381BE22FCC04909E23A4524532FC">Stout, Todd L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="89073CC918911D5603C63DC02DC08DF8">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="AA96A4AA4EE6EDD697DCABDA3CF31E70">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="BE2A034CFA2AF19D6296E2DF93422083">
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<mods:date id="7FDA69FF58B577D3798615A5E730B7E0">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8338FE9AF8F716D3186914602FED1593">2018-03-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="403E65B2A7B215B9B42501348D68FDE6">615</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="AA1972D40C001ABD45D83F4E2A2C7BB0" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.3699337</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="7978DC7CFFADC765FF33C66A4CDCFEAC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3704756" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162462998" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3704756" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7978DC7CFFADC765FF33C66A4CDCFEAC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7978DC7CFFADC765FF33C66A4CDCFEAC" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<paragraph id="F16E6D6AFFADC764FF33C66A4D6BFB07" blockId="3.[192,1440,1839,1928]" lastBlockId="4.[192,1440,1086,1928]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFADC763FF33C66A4AEFF8D8" box="[192,662,1839,1864]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFADC763FF33C66A49C1F8D8" bold="true" box="[192,440,1839,1863]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
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<subSubSection id="B9CB3EE1FFADC763FF33C66A49CAF8D8" box="[192,435,1839,1863]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
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<heading id="AA26DA06FFADC763FF33C66A49CAF8D8" box="[192,435,1839,1863]" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFADC763FF33C66A49CAF8D8" ID-CoL="67C9V" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1852" box="[192,435,1839,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sara">Anthocharis sara</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</subSubSection>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="B9CB3EE1FFADC763FE32C6754AEFF8D8" box="[449,662,1840,1864]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="discussion">
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<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFADC763FE32C6754AEFF8D8" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1852" box="[449,662,1840,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sara">Anthocharis sara</taxonomicName>
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</subSubSection>
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</emphasis>
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is primarily a California endemic species with its distribution extending from the peninsular ranges of Baja California North including Cedros Island northward throughout cismontane Southern California through the Sierra Nevada northwest into extreme southwest Oregon (
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<bibRefCitation id="9540109BFFAAC764FEDBC57B4A2EFBC8" author="Emmel and Emmel" bookContentInfo="148 p." box="[296,599,1086,1111]" firstAuthor="Emmel" journalOrPublisher="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County; Los Angeles, CA" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" refId="ref15379" refString="Emmel, T. C., and J. F. Emmel. 1973. The Butterflies of Southern California. Science Series 26. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County; Los Angeles, CA. 148 p. + 10 color plates." title="The Butterflies of Southern California. Science" type="book" year="1973">Emmel and Emmel 1973</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="9540109BFFAAC764FD91C57A4B42FBC8" author="Brown" bookContentInfo="129 p." box="[610,827,1086,1111]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Brown" journalOrPublisher="The Lepidoptera Research Foundation, Inc; Beverly Hills, CA" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" refId="ref15250" refString="Brown, J. W., H. G. Real, and D. K. Faulkner. 1992. Butterflies of Baja California. The Lepidoptera Research Foundation, Inc; Beverly Hills, CA. 129 p. + 8 color plates." title="Butterflies of Baja California" type="book" year="1992">Brown et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
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). The common name pacific orangetip which previ- ously assigned subspecies
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<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FDF0C51A4A0EFBE8" box="[515,631,1119,1143]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">A. s. flora</emphasis>
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W. G. Wright, 1892, and
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<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FC42C51A4C15FBE8" box="[945,1132,1119,1143]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">A. s. alaskensis</emphasis>
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Gunder, 1932, to
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<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFAAC764FABBC51A4DD9FBE8" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1852" box="[1352,1440,1119,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sara">
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<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FABBC51A4DD9FBE8" box="[1352,1440,1119,1143]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">A. sara</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is obsolete, as larval and pupal characters assign these subspecies to
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<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFAAC764FBFCC5C54D77FB07" authority="(Opler 1999)" baseAuthorityName="Opler" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[1039,1294,1151,1176]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="julia">
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<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FBFCC5C54C13FB08" box="[1039,1130,1151,1175]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">A. julia</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="9540109BFFAAC764FB8AC5C54D7FFB07" author="Opler" box="[1145,1286,1152,1176]" firstAuthor="Opler" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" refId="ref15824" refString="Opler, P. A. 1999. A Field Guide to Western Butterflies. Houghton Mifflin Co.; Boston, MA. 540 p. + 44 color plates." type="book" year="1999">Opler 1999</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="A5AE3DE2FFAAC764FF33C5444CDBFB89" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699339" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3699339" box="[192,1186,1025,1048]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699339/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" startId="4.[192,275,1025,1047]" targetBox="[457,1266,213,991]" targetPageId="4">
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<paragraph id="F16E6D6AFFAAC764FF33C5444CDBFB89" blockId="4.[192,1186,1025,1048]" box="[192,1186,1025,1048]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FF33C5444951FB89" bold="true" box="[192,296,1025,1047]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Figure 1</emphasis>
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. North American distribution of all subspecies of
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<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FCB8C5474C75FB89" box="[843,1036,1025,1047]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFAAC764FCB8C5474BE5FB88" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1852" box="[843,924,1026,1047]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sara">A. sara</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFAAC764FC54C5474C75FB89" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1878" box="[935,1036,1025,1047]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thoosa">A. thoosa</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFAAC764FBBAC5474CE7FB89" baseAuthorityName="Opler" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[1097,1182,1025,1047]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="julia">A. julia</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="F16E6D6AFFAAC764FF1BC5E44B51FAA4" blockId="4.[192,1440,1086,1928]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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Adults of
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<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFAAC764FEAFC5E449CBFB27" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1852" box="[348,434,1185,1208]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sara">
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<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FEAFC5E449CBFB27" box="[348,434,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">A. sara</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Cedros Island, BCN, are well illustrated in the Butterflies of America website and appear to be more phenotypically similar to southern California
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<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFAAC764FBF4C5844CE2FB46" authority="sara" box="[1031,1179,1217,1241]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="sara" subSpecies="sara">
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<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FBF4C5844CE2FB46" box="[1031,1179,1217,1241]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">A. sara sara</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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than
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<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFAAC764FB10C5844914FB65" authority="Ingham, 1933" authorityName="Ingham" authorityYear="1933" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="sara" subSpecies="gunderi">
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<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FB10C5844DD9FB46" box="[1251,1440,1217,1241]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">A. sara gunderi</emphasis>
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Ingham, 1933
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</taxonomicName>
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, (
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<bibRefCitation id="9540109BFFAAC764FE71C5A74A17FB65" author="Warren" box="[386,622,1250,1274]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Warren" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" refId="ref16360" refString="Warren, A. D., K. J. Davis, E. M. Stangeland, J. P. Pelham, and N. V. Grishin. 2017. Butterflies of America Website, Anthocharis sara Lucas, 1852 (Isla de Cedros Segregate.) Available at http: // butterfliesofamerica. com / t / Anthocharis _ sara _ idc _ seg _ a. htm. (Last accessed October 2016.)" type="journal volume" year="2017">Warren et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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). San Diego County cismontane populations of
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<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFAAC764FB40C5A74D30FB66" authority="sara" box="[1203,1353,1250,1273]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="sara" subSpecies="sara">
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<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FB40C5A74D30FB66" box="[1203,1353,1250,1273]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">A. sara sara</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be found to the east in the western portion of the Colorado Desert through Anza Borrego Desert State Park into extreme western Imperial County, California.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F16E6D6AFFAAC764FF1BC4014985F9FE" blockId="4.[192,1440,1086,1928]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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Bivoltine populations of
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<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFAAC764FDE6C4014AD2FAC3" authority="sara" box="[533,683,1348,1372]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="sara" subSpecies="sara">
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<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FDE6C4014AD2FAC3" box="[533,683,1348,1372]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">A. sara sara</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in southern
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<collectingRegion id="3315A388FFAAC764FCBAC4014BBCFAC3" box="[841,965,1348,1372]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">California</collectingRegion>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFAAC764FBF0C4014CBBFAC3" authorityName="Ingham" authorityYear="1933" box="[1027,1218,1348,1372]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="sara" subSpecies="gunderi">
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<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FBF0C4014CBBFAC3" box="[1027,1218,1348,1372]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">A. sara gunderi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Santa Catalina and Santa Cruz Islands (Los Angeles County) have larger second brood adults with more faded ventral hindwing mottling than first brood examples (
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<bibRefCitation id="9540109BFFAAC764FCA8C4C34CE8FA01" author="Emmel and Emmel" bookContentInfo="148 p." box="[859,1169,1414,1438]" firstAuthor="Emmel" journalOrPublisher="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County; Los Angeles, CA" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" refId="ref15379" refString="Emmel, T. C., and J. F. Emmel. 1973. The Butterflies of Southern California. Science Series 26. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County; Los Angeles, CA. 148 p. + 10 color plates." title="The Butterflies of Southern California. Science" type="book" year="1973">Emmel and Emmel 1973</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="9540109BFFAAC764FB6DC4C34886FA21" author="Shapiro and Manolis" firstAuthor="Shapiro" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" refId="ref16026" refString="Shapiro, A. M., and T. D. Manolis. 2007. Field Guide to Butterflies of the San Francisco Bay and Sacramento Valley Regions. University of California Press; Berkeley, CA. 346 p." type="book" year="2007">Shapiro and Manolis 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). Note: These second brood wing characters are also consistent with occasional second-generation
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<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFAAC764FF33C48249D8FA40" baseAuthorityName="Emmel and Emmel" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[192,417,1479,1503]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="thoosa" subSpecies="inghami">
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<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FF33C48249D8FA40" box="[192,417,1479,1503]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">A. thoosa inghami</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Tom Kral pers. comm.) (Gunder, 1932), from Pima County,
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<collectingRegion id="3315A388FFAAC764FB61C4824C8CFA40" box="[1170,1269,1479,1503]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Arizona</collectingRegion>
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, (spring rains permitting) and more generally with other multivoltine pierids such as
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<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFAAC764FBE8C4AD4CD0FA60" authorityName="Boisduval and Le Conte" authorityYear="1836" box="[1051,1193,1511,1535]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Pontia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="protodice">
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<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FBE8C4AD4CD0FA60" box="[1051,1193,1511,1535]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">P. protodice</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFAAC764FB45C4AD4D1CFA60" authorityName="Reakirt" authorityYear="1866" box="[1206,1381,1511,1535]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Pontia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
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<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FB45C4AD4D1CFA60" box="[1206,1381,1511,1535]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">P. occidentalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FF33C74C4931F9BF" box="[192,328,1544,1568]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFAAC764FF33C74C493DF9BF" authorityName="W. H. Edwards" authorityYear="1871" box="[192,324,1544,1568]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Pontia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beckerii">P. beckerii</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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In all these species, adults emerging from non-diapausing pupae can be larger and have more faded ventral hind wing markings as compared to their respective early spring forms emerging from overwintered pupae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F16E6D6AFFAAC764FF1BC72E4BEEF95B" blockId="4.[192,1440,1086,1928]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFAAC764FF1BC72E4991F91D" box="[232,488,1643,1666]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="sara" subSpecies="sempervirens">
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<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FF1BC72E4991F91D" box="[232,488,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">A. sara sempervirens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is reviewed in detail by
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<bibRefCitation id="9540109BFFAAC764FCE4C72E4C73F91C" author="Emmel" box="[791,1034,1643,1667]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Emmel" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref15426" refString="Emmel, J. F., T. C. Emmel, and S. O. Mattoon. 2008. An extraordinary new subspecies of Anthocharis sara (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from Redwoods National Park, California. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum 155: 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="2008">Emmel et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
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in the original description based upon the unique habitat of Redwood National Park coupled with some examples similar to the
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<typeStatus id="2E6AD3C8FFAAC764FACDC7CE4DD9F93C" box="[1342,1440,1675,1699]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="allotype">allotype</typeStatus>
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female where the orange apical patch is replaced by yellow.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F16E6D6AFFAAC764FF1BC7884BF1F8D8" blockId="4.[192,1440,1086,1928]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFAAC764FF1BC7884AE6F97A" authority="(Austin, 1998)" baseAuthorityName="Austin" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[232,671,1740,1765]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="sara" subSpecies="pseudothoosa">
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<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FF1BC7884991F97B" box="[232,488,1740,1764]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">A. sara pseudothoosa</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="9540109BFFAAC764FE04C7884AEFF97A" author="Austin" bookContentInfo="878 p" box="[503,662,1741,1765]" editor="T. C. Emmel" firstAuthor="Austin" journalOrPublisher="Mariposa Press; Gainesville, FL. xxviii" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="534 - 535" refId="ref15148" refString="Austin, G. T. 1998. New Subspecies of Pieridae (Lepidoptera) From Nevada. p. 534 - 535. In: T. C. Emmel. Systematics of Western North American Butterflies. Mariposa Press; Gainesville, FL. xxviii + 878 p" title="New Subspecies of Pieridae (Lepidoptera) From Nevada" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Systematics of Western North American Butterflies" year="1998">Austin, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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, which has higher frequency of white females than nominotypical
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<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFAAC764FF1AC7AB4939F89A" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1852" box="[233,320,1774,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sara">
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<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FF1AC7AB4939F89A" box="[233,320,1774,1797]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">A. sara</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
, is univoltine and flies in the White and Inyo Mountains of
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|
<collectingRegion id="3315A388FFAAC764FBE3C7AB4CF5F899" box="[1040,1164,1774,1798]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">California</collectingRegion>
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to the east slope of the Sierra
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<collectingRegion id="3315A388FFAAC764FEE6C64B490AF8B9" box="[277,371,1806,1830]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Nevada</collectingRegion>
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|
east towards the Sweetwater Mountains of Douglas County,
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<collectingRegion id="3315A388FFAAC764FB98C64B4CB5F8B9" box="[1131,1228,1806,1830]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Nevada</collectingRegion>
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|
, north past Lake Tahoe Region into Washoe County,
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|
<collectingRegion id="3315A388FFAAC764FD86C66A4AAAF8D8" box="[629,723,1839,1863]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Nevada</collectingRegion>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="9540109BFFAAC764FD11C66A4B05F8D8" author="Austin" bookContentInfo="878 p" box="[738,892,1839,1863]" editor="T. C. Emmel" firstAuthor="Austin" journalOrPublisher="Mariposa Press; Gainesville, FL. xxviii" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="534 - 535" refId="ref15148" refString="Austin, G. T. 1998. New Subspecies of Pieridae (Lepidoptera) From Nevada. p. 534 - 535. In: T. C. Emmel. Systematics of Western North American Butterflies. Mariposa Press; Gainesville, FL. xxviii + 878 p" title="New Subspecies of Pieridae (Lepidoptera) From Nevada" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Systematics of Western North American Butterflies" year="1998">Austin 1998</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F16E6D6AFFAAC765FF1BC6154CDCFEAC" blockId="4.[192,1440,1086,1928]" lastBlockId="5.[192,1440,217,307]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
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|
Based upon field observations and examined museum records,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFAAC764FC27C6154C53F8F8" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1852" box="[980,1066,1872,1895]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sara">
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|
<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FC27C6154C53F8F8" box="[980,1066,1872,1895]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">A. sara</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has produced more strays than
|
|
<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFAAC764FF33C6354957F817" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1878" box="[192,302,1904,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thoosa">
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|
<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FF33C6354957F817" box="[192,302,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">A. thoosa</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
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|
or
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|
<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFAAC764FEA1C63549D2F817" baseAuthorityName="Opler" baseAuthorityYear="1999" box="[338,427,1904,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="julia">
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|
<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FEA1C63549D2F817" box="[338,427,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">A. julia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Mark Walker and Brian Banker collected a second brood of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFAAC764FB8CC6354D69F817" authority="sara" box="[1151,1296,1904,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="sara" subSpecies="sara">
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|
<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFAAC764FB8CC6354D69F817" box="[1151,1296,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">A. sara sara</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in the Dead Mountains of San Bernardino County, CA. (Walker pers. comm.). Paul Opler (pers. comm.) also provides a record of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFABC765FEB6C1BF49A1FE8E" authority="sara" box="[325,472,250,273]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="sara" subSpecies="sara">
|
|
<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFABC765FEB6C1BF49A1FE8E" box="[325,472,250,273]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">A. sara sara</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from Benton County, Oregon, in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="89C62DFAFFABC765FC99C1BF4B9EFE8D" box="[874,999,250,274]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
|
National Forest, approximately
|
|
<quantity id="3629C08FFFABC765FA87C1BF497BFEAD" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0921472" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" unit="mi" value="130.0">130 miles</quantity>
|
|
to the north of established populations of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="36D116E9FFABC765FCF5C05F4CDCFEAC" authority="sara in Josephine County." authorityName="in Josephine County." box="[774,1189,282,307]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Anthocharis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="sara" subSpecies="sara">
|
|
<emphasis id="C3A5B178FFABC765FCF5C05F4BE3FEAD" box="[774,922,282,306]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">A. sara sara</emphasis>
|
|
in Josephine County.
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</treatment>
|
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</document> |