231 lines
26 KiB
XML
231 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="1A34ABE74C78A53D6B6F726A92F77F78" ID-CLB-Dataset="3339" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5720730" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1a09abc8-6f9e-4314-93e9-51d39a7518bf" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5720730" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1633651975037" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="5E3FD96DFFEA721D493EF4A8FE6070D9" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Rhinocerotidae_0144.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Rhinoceros sondaicus Desmarest 1822" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="180" masterDocId="A206A115FFEE72184C5FFF9BFF997D59" masterDocTitle="Rhinocerotidae" masterLastPageNumber="181" masterPageNumber="144" pageNumber="179" updateTime="1699458922425" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="A2536E5EA65B22E7B5013B62436E9F38" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="8703D171676B9EAC76C9020E3C6ED5D2">
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<mods:title id="99A89F5789B29FCAB6AA0E604A2FC6A3">Rhinocerotidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="0FED3EFBC98EAF6E20B7BBC952AD2D9D" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="192CB58F74D573C87D12DE99F293F06C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="625C8FDDA5E9A6361B834DD9F956D6B3">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="667243FAB9F192B1FF0331A5313D7D45" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="CB2DAD9024627E806B81DB57742DC70E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="585349DF696B3ACBB75E89A80B6A8752">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="C48AA4A45989A61ED66FF988A62AA121">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="7F9A39A6A3182D58E0C82173C32409A0" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="16DDD18C7991F38561FA5470782C4C1B">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="0B07C40786586689F74973644410510C">
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<mods:placeTerm id="0A7A96AF3EECD3FF3F59741403855F3D">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="02DF9F049B99583049DED76E44CDD14C">
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<mods:title id="D99832E835A9F9E6C4665A8C5A525250">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="81FA1F6FF0F6DF92C938FDF37B10AABE">
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<mods:start id="C13D51CDA912A7234876A2CDA25F56EE">144</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="64795DD16D45BFFDFA3B7BA79C53D8BA">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="0879FE29FF88D9DA9D25ABE668E17E29" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5720730</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A328C9A565299E78F8AC4B2AFFA208FB" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="5E3FD96DFFEA721D493EF4A8FE6070D9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5720748" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190577721" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5720748" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5E3FD96DFFEA721D493EF4A8FE6070D9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E3FD96DFFEA721D493EF4A8FE6070D9" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="180" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">
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<subSubSection id="9E8C3BF0FFEA721C493EF4A8FA187638" box="[1377,1409,2867,2913]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="D629687BFFEA721C493EF4A8FA187638" blockId="4.[1375,2238,2867,2991]" box="[1377,1409,2867,2913]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">
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<heading id="8D61DF17FFEA721C493EF4A8FA187638" box="[1377,1409,2867,2913]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">
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<figureCitation id="4EAD74FEFFEA721C493EF4A8FA187638" box="[1377,1409,2867,2913]" captionStartId="2.[106,138,3422,3443]" captionTargetBox="[12,2751,14,3632]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum), 2. Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), 3. Greater One-horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), 4. Javan Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus), 5. Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514203" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6514203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">4.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9E8C3BF0FFEA721C49D6F4A8F9627638" box="[1417,1787,2867,2913]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="D629687BFFEA721C49D6F4A8F9627638" blockId="4.[1375,2238,2867,2991]" box="[1417,1787,2867,2913]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">
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<heading id="8D61DF17FFEA721C49D6F4A8F9627638" box="[1417,1787,2867,2913]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">
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<vernacularName id="58951855FFEA721C49D6F4A8F9627638" box="[1417,1787,2867,2913]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">Javan Rhinoceros</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9E8C3BF0FFEA721C4B70F4A8F7257638" box="[1839,2236,2867,2913]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="D629687BFFEA721C4B70F4A8F7257638" blockId="4.[1375,2238,2867,2991]" box="[1839,2236,2867,2913]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">
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<heading id="8D61DF17FFEA721C4B70F4A8F7257638" box="[1839,2236,2867,2913]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">
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<taxonomicName id="119613F8FFEA721C4B70F4A8F7257638" ID-CoL="4S84X" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[1839,2236,2867,2913]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sondaicus">
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<emphasis id="E4E2B469FFEA721C4B70F4A8F7257638" box="[1839,2236,2867,2913]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">Rhinoceros sondaicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9E8C3BF0FFEA721C493EF4E8F80176F6" pageId="4" pageNumber="179" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="D629687BFFEA721C493EF4E8F72776D1" blockId="4.[1375,2238,2867,2991]" box="[1377,2238,2931,2952]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">
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<heading id="8D61DF17FFEA721C493EF4E8F72776D1" box="[1377,2238,2931,2952]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">
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<emphasis id="E4E2B469FFEA721C493EF4E8FA3476D1" bold="true" box="[1377,1453,2931,2952]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="58951855FFEA721C49E8F4E8F9E176D1" box="[1463,1656,2931,2952]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">
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Rhinocéros de
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<collectingRegion id="1452A699FFEA721C4A12F4E8F9E176D1" box="[1613,1656,2931,2952]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">Java</collectingRegion>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="E4E2B469FFEA721C4AD1F4E8F97076D1" bold="true" box="[1678,1769,2931,2952]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="58951855FFEA721C4AADF4E8F8E176D1" box="[1778,1912,2931,2952]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">Java-Nashorn</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="E4E2B469FFEA721C4BD2F4E8F87176D1" bold="true" box="[1933,2024,2931,2952]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="58951855FFEA721C4BACF4E8F7F376D1" box="[2035,2154,2931,2952]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">Rinoceronte</vernacularName>
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de
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<collectingRegion id="1452A699FFEA721C44CDF4E8F72776D1" box="[2194,2238,2931,2952]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">Java</collectingRegion>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D629687BFFEA721C493FF401F80176F6" blockId="4.[1375,2238,2867,2991]" box="[1376,1944,2970,2991]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">
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<heading id="8D61DF17FFEA721C493FF401F80176F6" box="[1376,1944,2970,2991]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">
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<emphasis id="E4E2B469FFEA721C493FF401F9CF76F6" bold="true" box="[1376,1622,2970,2991]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="58951855FFEA721C4A3FF401F80176F6" box="[1632,1944,2970,2991]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">Lesser One-horned Rhinoceros</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9E8C3BF0FFEA721C4900F47EF79F76A7" box="[1375,2054,3045,3070]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="D629687BFFEA721C4900F47EF79F76A7" blockId="4.[1374,2580,3043,3470]" box="[1375,2054,3045,3070]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">
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<emphasis id="E4E2B469FFEA721C4900F47EFA6376A7" bold="true" box="[1375,1530,3045,3070]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="119613F8FFEA721C4A59F47EF79B76A7" ID-CoL="4S84X" authority="Desmarest, 1822" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[1542,2050,3045,3070]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sondaicus">Rhinoceros sondaicus Desmarest, 1822</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9E8C3BF0FFEA721C4453F47EF77376A7" box="[2060,2282,3045,3070]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="D629687BFFEA721C4453F47EF77376A7" blockId="4.[1374,2580,3043,3470]" box="[2060,2282,3045,3070]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">
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<materialsCitation id="66FE6226FFEA721C4453F47EF77376A7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785193305" box="[2060,2282,3045,3070]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">
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<collectingRegion id="1452A699FFEA721C4453F47EF7D376A7" box="[2060,2122,3045,3070]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">Java</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="AE8128EBFFEA721C4405F47EF77F76A7" box="[2138,2278,3045,3070]" name="Indonesia" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9E8C3BF0FFEA721C493FF39FF6EA7115" pageId="4" pageNumber="179" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="D629687BFFEA721C493FF39FF6EA7115" blockId="4.[1374,2580,3043,3470]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">
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Three subspecies are recognized historically, but
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<taxonomicName id="119613F8FFEA721C4449F39FF614717C" authority="(Lesson, 1838)" baseAuthorityName="Lesson" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[2070,2445,3076,3109]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="179" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="inermis">race inermis (Lesson, 1838)</taxonomicName>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="AE8128EBFFEA721C45B3F39FFA137115" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">India</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="AE8128EBFFEA721C498DF3B0F9EB7115" box="[1490,1650,3115,3148]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
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is extinct. Two extant subspecies currently recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9E8C3BF0FFEA721C493FF3CDF76D719B" pageId="4" pageNumber="179" type="distribution">
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<caption id="82E938F3FFEA721C493FF3CDF76D719B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5720742" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5720742" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5720742/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="179" targetBox="[190,783,286,701]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph id="D629687BFFEA721C493FF3CDF977712A" blockId="4.[1374,2580,3043,3470]" box="[1376,1774,3158,3187]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">
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<emphasis id="E4E2B469FFEA721C493FF3CDF977712A" bold="true" box="[1376,1774,3158,3187]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D629687BFFEA721C493EF31AF80971C3" blockId="4.[1374,2580,3043,3470]" box="[1377,1936,3201,3226]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">
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<taxonomicName id="119613F8FFEA721C493EF31AF80971C3" authority="Desmarest, 1822" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[1377,1936,3201,3226]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sondaicus" subSpecies="sondaicus">R.s.sondaicusDesmarest,1822—WJava.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D629687BFFEA721C493EF33EF76D719B" blockId="4.[1374,2580,3043,3470]" box="[1377,2292,3237,3266]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">
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<taxonomicName id="119613F8FFEA721C493EF33EF973719B" authority="Heude, 1892" authorityName="Heude" authorityYear="1892" box="[1377,1770,3237,3266]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="sondaicus" subSpecies="anamiticus">R. s. anamiticus Heude, 1892</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry id="AE8128EBFFEA721C4B53F33EF81A719B" box="[1804,1923,3237,3266]" name="Vietnam" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
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(now close to extinction).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9E8C3BF0FFEA721D4900F353FC607F12" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="180" pageId="4" pageNumber="179" type="description">
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<paragraph id="D629687BFFEA721D4900F353FC607F12" blockId="4.[1374,2580,3043,3470]" lastBlockId="5.[807,1393,283,705]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="180" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">
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<emphasis id="E4E2B469FFEA721C4900F353F9C371B0" bold="true" box="[1375,1626,3272,3305]" pageId="4" pageNumber="179">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 305-344 cm, no reliable data available on tail length, shoulder height 150-170 cm; weight 1200-1500 kg. Few data exist on body mass of wild individuals. In many ways, the Javan Rhino is a smaller version of the Greater Onehorned
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<taxonomicName id="119613F8FFEA721C498CF2A5F9EA7006" box="[1491,1651,3390,3423]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhinoceros</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="119613F8FFEA721C4AD5F2A5F8AB7006" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1674,1842,3390,3423]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Rhinoceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="179" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicornis">R. unicornis</taxonomicName>
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). Single, nasal horn; length of horn averages
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<quantity id="116EC59EFFEA721C45E4F2A5F5967006" box="[2491,2575,3390,3423]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="179" unit="cm" value="25.0">25 cm</quantity>
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in males, but unlike in the Greater One-horned Rhino, female Javan Rhinos typically lack horns. Skin folds are noticeable, as in Greater One-horned Rhinos, but adult males lack the pronounced “bib” of the former species. Hair is limited to fringes of ears, eyelashes, and tail tip. Body color is gray and mosaic-like pattern on skin is quite noticeable on rump. Pedal scent glands present.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9E8C3BF0FFEB721D4F78FDCEFBEA7EF4" pageId="5" pageNumber="180" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="D629687BFFEB721D4F78FDCEFBEA7EF4" blockId="5.[807,1393,283,705]" lastBlockId="5.[189,1393,711,3456]" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">
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<emphasis id="E4E2B469FFEB721D4F78FDCEFC0F7F2B" bold="true" box="[807,918,597,626]" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Habitat.</emphasis>
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The Javan Rhino is found in lowland semi-evergreen forest in its last refuge on Java and in rattan-dominated scrub in its last outpost in
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<collectingCountry id="AE8128EBFFEB721D4E1DFD5CFD257FB1" box="[578,700,711,744]" name="Vietnam" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
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. Previous records showed that Javan Rhinos are good climbers and ascended into montane forests to feed. They also occupied similar alluvial flood plain habitats as Greater One-horned Rhinos. Of some concern in Ujung Kulon,Java, is that the forest has become too mature to provide enough forage for the remaining population. The eruption of the Krakatau Volcano in 1883, and the subsequent tsunami, likely had a profound effect on Javan Rhino habitat.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9E8C3BF0FFEB721D4CE0FC28FB4B78DD" pageId="5" pageNumber="180" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="D629687BFFEB721D4CE0FC28FB4B78DD" blockId="5.[189,1393,711,3456]" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">
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<emphasis id="E4E2B469FFEB721D4CE0FC28FE5F7E8D" bold="true" box="[191,454,947,980]" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Recent field studies of diet are lacking. Historical accounts, based on feeding signs, show thatJavan Rhinos eat mostly browse. However, their occupation of alluvial flood plains suggests that grasses were a much larger part of the diet in such habitats. Browse species in Ujung Kulon include more than 100 plants, but no quantitative data on rhino diets are available. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE8128EBFFEB721D4EA0FBCBFCE07928" box="[767,889,1104,1137]" name="Vietnam" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, some of the plants browsed include the climbing Acacia (A. pennata—also eaten by the Greater One-horned Rhino), two species of rattan (Calamus), two Bambusoid grasses (Bambusia), a tree fern (Cyathea), and Strychnos nux-vomica. Javan Rhinos, given their size and browsing behavior, might be expected to have a major impact on seedling and sapling recruitment of woody plants when at normal densities. The Javan Rhino’s congener, the Greater One-horned Rhino, exerts strong selective pressure on forest structure and canopy composition by inhibiting vertical growth of saplings, by frequent browsing and trampling.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9E8C3BF0FFEB721D4CE0FA14FC3A7B10" pageId="5" pageNumber="180" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="D629687BFFEB721D4CE0FA14FC3A7B10" blockId="5.[189,1393,711,3456]" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4E2B469FFEB721D4CE0FA14FEDC78F5" bold="true" box="[191,325,1423,1452]" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Virtually nothing is known about the breeding biology in this species. A few observations indicate that, as in Greater One-horned Rhinos, males engage in courtship chases with females that can last for several hundred meters and be accompanied by loud vocalizations. No data exist on gestation, season of parturition, age at first reproduction, or other critical reproductive features.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9E8C3BF0FFEB721D4CE2F9D4FAF77AF2" pageId="5" pageNumber="180" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="D629687BFFEB721D4CE2F9D4FAF77AF2" blockId="5.[189,1393,711,3456]" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4E2B469FFEB721D4CE2F9D4FE3E7B29" bold="true" box="[189,423,1615,1648]" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE8128EBFFEB721D4D88F9D4FDC87B29" box="[471,593,1615,1648]" name="Vietnam" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the remaining population was thought to be largely nocturnal. Perhaps this behavior is as much due to the threat of poachers as a preference for nocturnal feeding. Javan Rhinos may be too large to feed only at night, as they may need more food to meet their nutritional demands than they can eat during the night, even though daytime foraging might put them at risk. Their congener, the Greater One-horned Rhino, feeds both day and night. The heat and humidity of the Javan site suggests that rhinos must spend a considerable amount of time in wallows. Early accounts frequently mentioned the importance of wallows in the landscape. When wallows dry up, Javan Rhinos may use tidal forests and muddy banks to reduce heat stress.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9E8C3BF0FFEB721D4CE0F82AFE4675E7" pageId="5" pageNumber="180" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="D629687BFFEB721D4CE0F82AFE4675E7" blockId="5.[189,1393,711,3456]" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4E2B469FFEB721D4CE0F82AFC1F7A8B" bold="true" box="[191,902,1969,2002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Little is known about movements and spacing in this species except from historical records. Rhinos are so few in number today that they can be widely spaced. Accounts from the mid-1700s in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="1452A699FFEB721D48ECF79BFB767578" box="[1203,1263,2048,2081]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Java</collectingRegion>
|
||
describe bounties on Javan Rhinos to reduce crop depredation. The large numbers shot in small areas suggest that, even if this species was mostly solitary, it lived in high densities; home ranges were likely small, on average the size of those observed in Greater One-horned Rhinos.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9E8C3BF0FFEB721D4C9FF75EFB1C71E5" pageId="5" pageNumber="180" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="D629687BFFEB721D4C9FF75EFB1C71E5" blockId="5.[189,1393,711,3456]" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4E2B469FFEB721D4C9FF75EFDBB75BF" bold="true" box="[192,546,2245,2278]" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix I. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Formerly
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE8128EBFFEB721D4E0DF76FFD057454" box="[594,668,2292,2317]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE8128EBFFEB721D4EF1F76FFCCB7454" box="[686,850,2292,2317]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
, south-western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE8128EBFFEB721D4872F76FFB1B7454" box="[1069,1154,2292,2317]" name="China" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE8128EBFFEB721D48CBF76FFA8E7454" box="[1172,1303,2292,2317]" name="Myanmar" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE8128EBFFEB721D4977F76FFF66746C" name="Thailand" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE8128EBFFEB721D4D4FF687FECB746C" box="[272,338,2332,2357]" name="Laos" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Laos</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE8128EBFFEB721D4D3FF687FE43746C" box="[352,474,2332,2357]" name="Vietnam" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE8128EBFFEB721D4DB5F687FDE5746C" box="[490,636,2332,2357]" name="Cambodia" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE8128EBFFEB721D4F74F687FC3B746C" box="[811,930,2332,2357]" name="Malaysia" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Sumatra, and Java. Now restricted to two sites, and the last Javan Rhino in Cat Loc,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE8128EBFFEB721D4FCBF6A1FB977402" box="[916,1038,2362,2395]" name="Vietnam" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, may have been poached in 2010. This species is widely considered to be the most endangered mammal on earth. The tragic decline in the Javan Rhino is one of the most unfortunate conservation stories of our time. In the 1980s, when it became clear that the Ujung Kulon population had plateaued at around 50 individuals, several efforts were made to promote translocation to another site in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE8128EBFFEB721D4EDAF598FC887779" box="[645,785,2563,2592]" name="Indonesia" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Captive breeding specialists from western countries discouraged such efforts even though they have been highly successful in repopulating the range of other rhino species, including the Greater One-horned Rhino. Today, translocation plans are underway and it is hoped that a second population will be reestablished in a reserve on
|
||
<collectingRegion id="1452A699FFEB721D4F5AF53EFCDA77E7" box="[773,835,2725,2750]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Java</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Prior to the Vietham War, or certainly the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE8128EBFFEB721D4CA9F558FE6A77BD" box="[246,499,2755,2788]" name="Vietnam" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">French Indochina</collectingCountry>
|
||
war, there may have been more Javan Rhinos in Indochina than in Java. No western biologist had the opportunity to study this area at the time. The rhino population in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE8128EBFFEB721D4D84F489FDCB766A" box="[475,594,2834,2867]" name="Vietnam" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
survived the hostilities, but has dwindled rapidly over the past two decades. However, the opportunity to bolster this population is complicated because there are no animals in captivity, and the Ujung Kulon population is a differ ent subspecies. Such rescue efforts may be moot, given that a recent survey using scent dogs to find rhino droppings failed to turn up any samples, and a poached rhino was found with, a bullet lodged in its leg. Despite the nearby Cat Tien National Park, this small population remained in a scrub jungle (Cat Loc) lacking a corridor to connect with Cat Tien. The
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AE8128EBFFEB721D4D8AF3BEFDD2711F" box="[469,587,3109,3142]" name="Vietnam" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
population now appears doomed, but there is still hope for the Ujung Kulon population if translocation efforts go forward. The rapid increase in small founder populations of Greater One-horned Rhinos translocated to new reserves suggests that rapid growth is possible if poaching is controlled.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9E8C3BF0FFEB721D4C9EF351FE6070D9" pageId="5" pageNumber="180" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="D629687BFFEB721D4C9EF351FE6070D9" blockId="5.[189,1393,711,3456]" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">
|
||
<emphasis id="E4E2B469FFEB721D4C9EF351FEC371BA" bold="true" box="[193,346,3274,3299]" pageId="5" pageNumber="180">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Ammann (1985), Barbour & Allen (1932), Burton (1951), Corbet & Hill (1992), Cranbrook et al. (2007), Foose & van Strien (1997), Hariyadi et al. (2010), Hoogerwerf (1970), Khan (1989), Mackinnon & Santiapillai (1991), Polet & Ling (2004), Polet et al. (1999). Prothero & Schoch (1989), Ramano et al. (1993), Sadjudin (1987), Schenkel & Schenkel-Hulliger (1969a, 1969b), Schenkel et al. (1978), van Strien & Rookmaaker (2010), Talukdar et al. (2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |