293 lines
37 KiB
XML
293 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="613E257BD050D66B763BA7B5A30DFA9B" ID-CLB-Dataset="25481" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4668.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2090f066-c5ef-4aca-90c2-6b267c3ef848" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3449452" ID-ZooBank="804E2985-0444-4C04-B5F9-02D7B196E990" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1568897644243" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wheeler, Terry A. & Sinclair, Bradley J." docDate="2019" docId="FD3487D1A55FC741FF47F965FAECF854" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4668.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4668 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Paraleucopidae Wheeler" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="303" masterDocId="010DFFA9A55EC743FFD0FF93FF83FFEF" masterDocTitle="Systematics of Paraleucopis Malloch with proposal of Paraleucopidae, a new family of acalyptrate Diptera" masterLastPageNumber="328" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="302" updateTime="1698755581875" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="0AD940D5B4BEBAAEA64A4FE98AC6356E" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="048BF0F7470A18ECA1D9E26409AF662D">
|
||
<mods:title id="E7B1DD9AB1E9046FF698E548872253A0">Systematics of Paraleucopis Malloch with proposal of Paraleucopidae, a new family of acalyptrate Diptera</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="373397628F426267198F0B5E1D1942B7" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="2B8D4DBCAE91EAD3C545055D343E3D9A">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="541F25BEB697FF0C01ABEECB57D3466D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="5A159049773839814DC407ED3AF2B168">Wheeler, Terry A.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="A278B611B3AFAC9DA83D6A7CCFF3D867" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="E6539055488FE0E0E17FAB05E206D813">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="18FA8D5BD424C4A4B6E4E52DD8450D40">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="1DCFAFFB733CEA1FB413855428D1972F">Sinclair, Bradley J.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="E023F1DAB760A28DBCBA3E3489B239CA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="5907501AB70CBFA26E1FFD851C9D9905" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="F02C5291FB6D06A43D485EC5A9D4ECF6">
|
||
<mods:title id="6E2E0DE21AA5AAD453A90FA17DB5FC66">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="67DA990900BC76FEB19AD5B0A3C161D0">
|
||
<mods:date id="A34FAF1A449FA85E0B13696E0925DD23">2019</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="7921BE6669DFDF37285A26A9880ABAB0" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="9CB6F6319B1AF3BB51ACA6DBFC3B2625">2019-09-11</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="08A2FCB23C34F026720CB61148EC967D" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="04B5D70DAEC8EB392AC9B76AA6A95E2E">4668</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="5CF33574C687006606537A43A7B7D124" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="E9BAC5A8B6622D5A567FB59E206F6036">3</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="7AC26688B2AA6ECA0F52DB6488688028" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="0FBD17641F9D10961CE8B97278683074">301</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="0ACA463BE6F9C7B7481C6ABBA0787C5D">328</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="B1F9B02D7A8BD689BAFE6ECEF0975F0B">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="E6995FAD1CDE2E5E9B3B5A8DB5DE09C0" type="CLB-Dataset">25481</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="7205745A44743B7AFE0C79001D20A952" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4668.3.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="A9324874513BCAD6AE4ADF72E3456E7D" type="GBIF-Dataset">2090f066-c5ef-4aca-90c2-6b267c3ef848</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="71353857571C4351DAB4EC44FAFBCACB" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="E078C88473D63E29C7A0E44096768A0E" type="Zenodo-Dep">3449452</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="D15B270A018B64EB0C81663E5357AEB6" type="ZooBank">804E2985-0444-4C04-B5F9-02D7B196E990</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="FD3487D1A55FC741FF47F965FAECF854" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159406901" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FD3487D1A55FC741FF47F965FAECF854" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FD3487D1A55FC741FF47F965FAECF854" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="303" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<subSubSection id="3D87654CA55FC742FF47F965FC50F8DB" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="752236C7A55FC742FF47F965FDC0F8FE" blockId="1.[151,979,1782,1844]" box="[151,579,1782,1809]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<heading id="2E6A81ABA55FC742FF47F965FDC0F8FE" bold="true" box="[151,579,1782,1809]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55FC742FF47F965FDC0F8FE" bold="true" box="[151,579,1782,1809]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B29D4D44A55FC742FF47F965FE4AF8FE" ID-CoL="8GNQG" ID-ENA="2662744" authority="Wheeler" authorityName="Wheeler" box="[151,457,1782,1809]" class="Insecta" family="Paraleucopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Paraleucopidae Wheeler</taxonomicName>
|
||
fam. nov.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="752236C7A55FC742FF47F88AFC50F8DB" blockId="1.[151,979,1782,1844]" box="[151,979,1817,1844]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<uri id="010C3AC5A55FC742FF47F88AFC50F8DB" box="[151,979,1817,1844]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">
|
||
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
|
||
<uuid id="013B0C12A55FC742FE7AF88AFC50F8DB" box="[426,979,1817,1844]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">6C5CDF47-77C9-4B5F-AF2B-FC3545D64B7C</uuid>
|
||
</uri>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3D87654CA55FC742FF47F8CDFB2CF85B" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="752236C7A55FC742FF47F8CDFB2CF85B" blockId="1.[151,1437,1886,2034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="558D11E9A55FC742FF47F8CDFB2CF85B" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B29D4D44A55FC742FF47F8CDFEB5F898" ID-CoL="8GNQG" box="[151,310,1886,1911]" class="Insecta" family="Paraleucopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Paraleucopidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F43C10D6A55FC742FE91F8CCFDA8F898" author="Brown, B. V. & Marshall, S. A. & Wood, D. M." box="[321,555,1886,1911]" page="52" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" year="2009">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="110C4B36A55FC742FE91F8CCFDA8F898" author="Brown, B. V. & Marshall, S. A. & Wood, D. M." box="[321,555,1886,1911]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" pagination="51 - 63" refId="ref15379" refString="Brown, B. V. Marshall, S. A. & Wood, D. M. (2009) Natural History. In: Brown, B. V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J. M., Wood, D. M., Woodley, N. E. & Zumbado, M. A. (Eds.), Manual of Central American Diptera, Volume 1, NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 51 - 63." type="book chapter" year="2009">
|
||
Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55FC742FE5EF8CCFE3FF899" box="[398,444,1886,1910]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2009: 52
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55FC742FDECF8CCFD4FF899" box="[572,716,1886,1910]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">nomen nudum</emphasis>
|
||
);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F43C10D6A55FC742FD34F8CDFC48F898" author="Buck, M. & Woodley, N. E. & Borkent, A. & Wood, D. M. & Pape, T. & Vockeroth, J. R. & Michelsen, V. & Marshall, S. A." box="[740,971,1886,1911]" page="131" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" year="2009">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="110C4B36A55FC742FD34F8CDFC48F898" author="Buck, M. & Woodley, N. E. & Borkent, A. & Wood, D. M. & Pape, T. & Vockeroth, J. R. & Michelsen, V. & Marshall, S. A." box="[740,971,1886,1911]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" pagination="95 - 156" refId="ref15473" refString="Buck, M., Woodley, N. E., Borkent, A., Wood, D. M., Pape, T., Vockeroth, J. R., Michelsen, V. & Marshall, S. A. (2009) Key to Diptera families-adults. In: Brown, B. V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J. M., Wood, D. M., Woodley, N. E. & Zumbado, M. A. (Eds.), Manual of Central American Diptera, Volume 1, NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 95 - 156." type="book chapter" year="2009">
|
||
Buck
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55FC742FCF1F8CCFCCCF899" box="[801,847,1886,1910]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2009: 131
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55FC742FC0CF8CCFBEFF899" box="[988,1132,1886,1910]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">nomen nudum</emphasis>
|
||
);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F43C10D6A55FC742FB54F8CDFF6EF87A" author="Borkent, A. & Rotheray, G." page="157" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" year="2009">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="110C4B36A55FC742FB54F8CDFF6EF87A" author="Borkent, A. & Rotheray, G." pageId="1" pageNumber="302" pagination="157 - 191" refId="ref15201" refString="Borkent, A. & Rotheray, G. (2009) Key to Diptera families-larvae. In: Brown, B. V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J. M., Wood, D. M., Woodley, N. E. & Zumbado, M. A. (Eds.), Manual of Central American Diptera, Volume 1, NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 157 - 191." type="book chapter" year="2009">Borkent & Rotheray, 2009: 157</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55FC742FF2BF8EDFE09F87A" box="[251,394,1917,1941]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">nomen nudum</emphasis>
|
||
);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F43C10D6A55FC742FE4EF8EFFDF2F87A" author="Wheeler, T. A." box="[414,625,1916,1941]" page="1009" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" year="2010">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="110C4B36A55FC742FE4EF8EFFDF2F87A" author="Wheeler, T. A." box="[414,625,1916,1941]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" pagination="1009 - 1011" refId="ref16976" refString="Wheeler, T. A. (2010). Paraleucopidae. In: Brown, B. V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J. M., Wood, D. M., Woodley, N. E. & Zumbado, M. A. (Eds.), Manual of Central American Diptera. Volume 1. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, pp. 1009 - 1011." type="book chapter" year="2010">Wheeler, 2010: 1009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55FC742FDAFF8EDFC8EF87A" box="[639,781,1917,1941]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">nomen nudum</emphasis>
|
||
);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F43C10D6A55FC742FCF2F8EFFC6DF87A" author="Marshall, S. A." box="[802,1006,1916,1941]" page="359" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" year="2012">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="110C4B36A55FC742FCF2F8EFFC6DF87A" author="Marshall, S. A." box="[802,1006,1916,1941]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" refId="ref16366" refString="Marshall, S. A. (2012) Flies: The natural history and diversity of Diptera. Firefly Press, Richmond Hill, 616 pp." type="book" year="2012">Marshall, 2012: 359</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55FC742FC2CF8EDFB09F87A" box="[1020,1162,1917,1941]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">nomen nudum</emphasis>
|
||
);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F43C10D6A55FC742FB4FF8EEFA1EF87A" author="Maca, J. & Otranto, D." box="[1183,1437,1917,1941]" page="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" year="2014">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="110C4B36A55FC742FB4FF8EEFA1EF87A" author="Maca, J. & Otranto, D." box="[1183,1437,1917,1941]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref16131" refString="Maca, J. & Otranto, D. (2014) Drosophilidae feeding on animals and the inherent mystery of their parasitism. Parasites & Vectors, 7 (516), 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 014 - 0516 - 4" type="journal article" year="2014">Máca & Otranto, 2014: 3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55FC742FF00F80EFEDDF85B" box="[208,350,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">nomen nudum</emphasis>
|
||
);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F43C10D6A55FC742FEA4F808FDDFF85B" author="Brooks, S. E. & Sinclair, B. J. & Cumming, J. M. & O'Hara, J. E. & Skevington, J. H. & Lonsdale, O. & Cooper, B. E." box="[372,604,1947,1972]" page="51" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" year="2015">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="110C4B36A55FC742FEA4F808FDDFF85B" author="Brooks, S. E. & Sinclair, B. J. & Cumming, J. M. & O'Hara, J. E. & Skevington, J. H. & Lonsdale, O. & Cooper, B. E." box="[372,604,1947,1972]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" refId="ref15287" refString="Brooks, S. E., Sinclair, B. J., Cumming, J. M., O'Hara, J. E., Skevington, J. H., Lonsdale, O. & Cooper, B. E. (2015) Diptera types in the Canadian National Collection of Insects. Supplement. Edition 4.0. Electronic publication. Available from: http: // www. nadsdiptera. org / Catalogs / CNCtypes / Suppl. htm (accessed 20 June 2019)" type="url" year="2015">
|
||
Brooks
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55FC742FE14F80EFE73F85B" box="[452,496,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2015: 51
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55FC742FDBBF80EFD79F85B" box="[619,762,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">nomen nudum</emphasis>
|
||
);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F43C10D6A55FC742FCDEF808FB80F85B" author="Amorim, D. S. & Silva, V. C. & Brown, B. V." box="[782,1027,1947,1972]" page="24" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" year="2018">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="110C4B36A55FC742FCDEF808FB80F85B" author="Amorim, D. S. & Silva, V. C. & Brown, B. V." box="[782,1027,1947,1972]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" pagination="1 - 27" refId="ref15130" refString="Amorim, D. S., Silva, V. C. & Brown, B. V. (2018) Puyehuemyia chandleri, gen. nov., sp. nov. (Diptera: Opetiidae): remnant of a Cretaceous biota in Chile. American Museum Novitates, 3892, 1 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 3892. 1" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Amorim
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55FC742FCBBF80EFC14F85B" box="[875,919,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2018: 24
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55FC742FBC2F80EFB22F85B" box="[1042,1185,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">nomen nudum</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3D87654CA55FC742FF47F828FC3FF81E" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" type="type_taxon">
|
||
<paragraph id="752236C7A55FC742FF47F828FD7EF83C" blockId="1.[151,1437,1886,2034]" box="[151,765,1978,2003]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">
|
||
<typeStatus id="AA268865A55FC742FF47F828FF4AF83C" box="[151,201,1979,2003]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
genus:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B29D4D44A55FC742FEC8F829FE79F83C" authority="Malloch" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1913" box="[280,506,1978,2003]" class="Insecta" family="Chamaemyiidae" genus="Paraleucopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55FC742FEC8F829FE1CF83D" box="[280,415,1978,2002]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Paraleucopis</emphasis>
|
||
Malloch
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(by present designation).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="752236C7A55FC742FF47F84BFC3FF81E" blockId="1.[151,1437,1886,2034]" box="[151,956,2008,2034]" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">
|
||
Other included genera:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B29D4D44A55FC742FE56F84AFD3CF81E" authority="Santos-Neto" authorityName="Santos-Neto" box="[390,703,2009,2033]" class="Insecta" family="Chamaemyiidae" genus="Mallochianamyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55FC742FE56F84AFDBAF81E" box="[390,569,2009,2033]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Mallochianamyia</emphasis>
|
||
Santos-Neto
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B29D4D44A55FC742FD19F84AFC3FF81E" authority="Malloch." authorityName="Malloch." box="[713,956,2008,2033]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Schizostomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55FC742FD19F84AFCD9F81E" box="[713,858,2009,2033]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="302">Schizostomyia</emphasis>
|
||
Malloch.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3D87654CA55CC741FF47FF0BFCCAFEF0" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="752236C7A55CC741FF47FF0BFCCAFEF0" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1979]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55CC741FF47FF0BFE91FF5C" bold="true" box="[151,274,152,179]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Clypeus prominent and protuberant; face with vertical median sulcus; postocellar bristles absent; vibrissa absent or weakly developed; subcostal vein complete or incomplete; costa extending to M
|
||
<subScript id="E9193482A55CC741FB1EFF5DFB55FF33" attach="left" box="[1230,1238,206,220]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">1</subScript>
|
||
; cells dm and bm separate; cell cua present; male postabdomen asymmetrical; male spiracle 7 absent; female postabdomen very narrow, mostly membranous and rugose with long, slender cerci.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3D87654CA55CC741FF17FEBBFB9EFCD4" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="752236C7A55CC741FF17FEBBFC93FE18" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1979]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55CC741FF17FEBBFEDAFEAC" bold="true" box="[199,345,296,323]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B29D4D44A55CC741FE8FFEBAFD1DFEAC" authority=", Schizophora. Small" authorityName="Schizophora. Small" box="[351,670,297,323]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" rank="order">Diptera, Schizophora. Small</taxonomicName>
|
||
, compact, dark, shiny metallic flies. Head with inner and outer vertical bristles strong, other cephalic setae often reduced or absent; postocellar bristles absent; proclinate interfrontal setulae evenly distributed over frons; frons broad, striate, ocelli present; lunule broad, bare; face broad, sclerotized with vertical median sulcus; vibrissa absent or weakly developed; antenna porrect with dorsal arista, scape and pedicel short, postpedicel round; eye bare or short haired; clypeus prominent and protuberant, palpus present, short, prementum narrow, usually short, labellum short, fleshy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="752236C7A55CC741FF17FD92FA0AFD1C" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1979]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
Prosternum trapezoidal, precoxal bridge absent; scutal bristles few, variable; scutal setulae dense, not differentiated into acrostichal, dorsocentral, or intra-alar rows; scutellum with 2 pairs of marginal bristles; subscutellum convex; thoracic pleurites mostly bare, katepisternal bristle present. Legs without outstanding setae except for posterior and posteroventral setae on fore femur and apicoventral bristle on mid tibia; hind femur occasionally with preapical anteroventral setae. Wing well-developed, clear; costa extending to apex of M
|
||
<subScript id="E9193482A55CC741FC2EFD31FB85FD5F" attach="left" box="[1022,1030,674,688]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">1</subScript>
|
||
, subcostal break present as weakening, distinct only at high magnification; Sc complete or incomplete distally, not fused with R
|
||
<subScript id="E9193482A55CC741FB7DFD55FB36FD3B" attach="left" box="[1197,1205,710,724]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">1</subScript>
|
||
; R
|
||
<subScript id="E9193482A55CC741FB08FD55FB63FD3B" attach="left" box="[1240,1248,710,724]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">1</subScript>
|
||
short, R
|
||
<subScript id="E9193482A55CC741FA91FD55FAD9FD3B" attach="left" box="[1345,1370,710,724]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">2+3</subScript>
|
||
, R
|
||
<subScript id="E9193482A55CC741FAACFD55FA15FD3B" attach="left" box="[1404,1430,710,724]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">4+5</subScript>
|
||
, M
|
||
<subScript id="E9193482A55CC741FF60FD79FF3BFD17" attach="left" box="[176,184,746,760]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">1</subScript>
|
||
and M
|
||
<subScript id="E9193482A55CC741FED8FD79FE93FD17" attach="left" box="[264,272,746,760]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">4</subScript>
|
||
long; crossveins r-m, bm-m and dm-m present, cell cua complete, anal vein (CuA+CuP) usually long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="752236C7A55CC741FF17FD6EFB9EFCD4" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1979]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Abdomen oval, tergites 1–5 broad, sternites 1–5 narrow, sternite 1 large, sternite 2 transversely divided into narrow anterior and broad posterior regions. Spiracles 1–6 present in both sexes.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3D87654CA55CC741FF17FCD6FAFEFBB4" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="752236C7A55CC741FF17FCD6FAFEFBB4" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1979]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
Male postabdomen asymmetrical; tergite 6 present, variable; sternite 6 ventral or lateral, asymmetrical (symmetrical in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B29D4D44A55CC741FEC6FCFAFE35FC6C" box="[278,438,873,899]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Schizostomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55CC741FEC6FCFAFE35FC6C" box="[278,438,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Schizostomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); spiracles of segment 6 variable in location; tergite 7 present, small (absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B29D4D44A55CC741FAF9FCFAFF4EFC48" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Schizostomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55CC741FAF9FCFAFF4EFC48" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Schizostomyia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); sternite 7 asymmetrical, shifted to left side; spiracles of segment 7 absent; tergite 8 absent; sternite 8 dorsal; epandrium simple, small, offset to right side of midline at rest; hypandrium U-shaped; surstylus freely articulated or fused with epandrium; subepandrial sclerite (bacilliform sclerite) well-developed, connecting surstyli to hypandrial arms anteriorly, and to each other across midline; phallapodeme short, phallic guide present; pregonite and postgonite present, variable; basiphallus short, round; distiphallus tubular, membranous; ejaculatory apodeme long, curved (reduced in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B29D4D44A55CC741FECDFBD2FE31FBB4" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1913" box="[285,434,1089,1115]" class="Insecta" family="Chamaemyiidae" genus="Paraleucopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55CC741FECDFBD2FE31FBB4" box="[285,434,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Paraleucopis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); cerci distinct, weakly sclerotized, setulose, located in ventral part of anal membrane.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3D87654CA55CC741FF17FBF6FE4CFADC" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="752236C7A55CC741FF17FBF6FE4CFADC" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1979]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
Female postabdomen telescopic posterior to segment 5, narrow, mostly membranous and rugose (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EDA62A42A55CC741FADDFBF6FAE2FB90" box="[1293,1377,1125,1151]" captionStart="FIGURES 8–10" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1966,1991]" captionTargetBox="[165,1422,166,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[165,1422,166,1946]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 8–10. Female Paraleucopis. 8, Paraleucopis saguaro sp. nov., habitus; 9, P. saguaro sp. nov., wing; 10, P. corvina, postabdomen, dorsal view. Abbreviation: tg—tergite. Scale bars = 0.5 mm, except Fig. 10 where scale bar = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3449458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3449458/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
); tergite 6 well sclerotized, variable in shape; sternite 6 usually distinct sclerite (reduced in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B29D4D44A55CC741FBB6FB1AFB78FB4C" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1913" box="[1126,1275,1161,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Chamaemyiidae" genus="Paraleucopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55CC741FBB6FB1AFB78FB4C" box="[1126,1275,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Paraleucopis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); spiracle
|
||
<quantity id="B2659B22A55CC741FAA1FB1AFA1FFB4C" box="[1393,1436,1161,1187]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" unit="in" value="6.0">6 in</quantity>
|
||
lateral region of segment 6, spiracle 7 absent; tergite 7 reduced to indistinct median sclerite and group of posterior setae; sternite 7, tergite 8 and sternite 8 reduced to posterior setae; tergite 10 triangular, setose; sternite 10 rounded, setose; cerci long, narrow, setose; spermathecae 2 or 3, variable in shape and degree of sclerotization; ventral receptacle present, unsclerotized.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3D87654CA55CC741FF17FAAEFC48F9C0" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="752236C7A55CC741FF17FAAEFC48F9C0" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1979]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55CC741FF17FAAEFEBAFAB8" bold="true" box="[199,313,1341,1367]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B29D4D44A55CC741FEA7FAAEFD9DFAB8" box="[375,542,1341,1367]" class="Insecta" family="Paraleucopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Paraleucopidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are defined and recognized by the following suite of characters (possible synapomorphies marked with “*”): antennae widely separated; clypeus prominent and protuberant* (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EDA62A42A55CC741FB1EFAF2FAA3FA94" box="[1230,1312,1377,1403]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–18" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1600,1625]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 15–18. Heads of Paraleucopis spp. 15, P. bispinosa sp. nov., lateral view; 16, P. saguaro sp. nov., lateral view; 17, P. paraboydensis sp. nov., anterior view; 18, P. saguaro sp. nov., anterior view. Scale bars = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3449466" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3449466/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
); face with vertical median sulcus* (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EDA62A42A55CC741FE7DFA16FE7CFA70" box="[429,511,1413,1439]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–14" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1979,2004]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,601,1959]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1435,561,1960]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 11–14. Heads of Paraleucopis spp. 11, P. auripes sp. nov., lateral view; 12, P. boharti sp. nov., lateral view; 13, P. boydensis, anterior view; 14, P. nigra sp. nov., anterior view. Scale bars = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3449462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3449462/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
); frons broad, parallel-sided with proclinate interfrontal setulae; postocellar bristles absent; vibrissa absent or weakly developed; subcostal vein complete or incomplete; basal cells separate and complete; cell cua present; subcostal break present as weakening; vibrissa absent or weakly developed; tergites 1 and 2 separate, male postabdomen asymmetrical; male spiracle 7 absent; female postabdomen very narrow, mostly membranous and rugose* (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EDA62A42A55CC741FF2DF986FECDF9C0" box="[253,334,1557,1583]" captionStart="FIGURES 8–10" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1966,1991]" captionTargetBox="[165,1422,166,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[165,1422,166,1946]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 8–10. Female Paraleucopis. 8, Paraleucopis saguaro sp. nov., habitus; 9, P. saguaro sp. nov., wing; 10, P. corvina, postabdomen, dorsal view. Abbreviation: tg—tergite. Scale bars = 0.5 mm, except Fig. 10 where scale bar = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3449458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3449458/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
); female cerci long, slender* (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EDA62A42A55CC741FD49F986FD69F9C0" box="[665,746,1557,1583]" captionStart="FIGURES 8–10" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1966,1991]" captionTargetBox="[165,1422,166,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[165,1422,166,1946]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 8–10. Female Paraleucopis. 8, Paraleucopis saguaro sp. nov., habitus; 9, P. saguaro sp. nov., wing; 10, P. corvina, postabdomen, dorsal view. Abbreviation: tg—tergite. Scale bars = 0.5 mm, except Fig. 10 where scale bar = 0.25 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3449458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3449458/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
); 2–3 spermathecae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3D87654CA55CC741FF17F9ABFAECF854" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="752236C7A55CC741FF17F9ABFAECF854" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,1979]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55CC741FF17F9ABFEA4F9BC" bold="true" box="[199,295,1592,1619]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
Details on biology are only available for adults of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B29D4D44A55CC741FC05F9AAFBE9F9BC" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1913" box="[981,1130,1593,1619]" class="Insecta" family="Chamaemyiidae" genus="Paraleucopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55CC741FC05F9AAFBE9F9BC" box="[981,1130,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Paraleucopis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which have been recorded as swarming persistently around humans, seabirds and other vertebrates, often in great numbers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="110C4B36A55CC741FB13F9CEFACAF998" author="Smith, R. L." box="[1219,1353,1629,1655]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="406 - 412" refId="ref16670" refString="Smith, R. L. (1981) The trouble with " bobos ", Paraleucopis mexicana Steyskal, at Kino Bay, Sonora, Mexico (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 83, 406 - 412." type="journal article" year="1981">Smith 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B29D4D44A55CC741FA8BF9CDFE49F974" authority="Steyskal" authorityName="Steyskal" authorityYear="1981" class="Insecta" family="Chamaemyiidae" genus="Paraleucopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mexicana">
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55CC741FA8BF9CDFEE6F974" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Paraleucopis mexicana</emphasis>
|
||
Steyskal
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is locally referred to as “bobos” and can be extremely annoying, crawling over skin, hair and face. At the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AA268865A55CC741FE82F936FE01F950" box="[338,386,1701,1727]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of Kino Bay,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0D8A7657A55CC741FDAFF936FD56F950" box="[639,725,1701,1727]" name="Mexico" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
the extreme numbers and annoying behaviour during the flies’ peak periods has a significant impact on tourism in this region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="110C4B36A55CC741FCB0F95AFC6BF90C" author="Smith, R. L." box="[864,1000,1737,1763]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="406 - 412" refId="ref16670" refString="Smith, R. L. (1981) The trouble with " bobos ", Paraleucopis mexicana Steyskal, at Kino Bay, Sonora, Mexico (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 83, 406 - 412." type="journal article" year="1981">Smith 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The flies appear to be attracted to the eyes and superficial wounds, but do not bite (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EDA62A42A55CC741FD71F97EFC8AF8E8" box="[673,777,1773,1799]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–2" captionStartId="3.[151,264,884,909]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,174,864]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,174,865]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–2. Paraleucopis saguaro sp. nov. near Tucson, Arizona, attracted to blood; photographs by S.A. Marshall." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3449454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3449454/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Figs 1, 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="110C4B36A55CC741FCF1F97EFC29F8E8" author="Smith, R. L." box="[801,938,1773,1799]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="406 - 412" refId="ref16670" refString="Smith, R. L. (1981) The trouble with " bobos ", Paraleucopis mexicana Steyskal, at Kino Bay, Sonora, Mexico (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 83, 406 - 412." type="journal article" year="1981">Smith 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="110C4B36A55CC741FC67F97EFBE2F8E8" author="Marshall, S. A." box="[951,1121,1773,1799]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" refId="ref16366" refString="Marshall, S. A. (2012) Flies: The natural history and diversity of Diptera. Firefly Press, Richmond Hill, 616 pp." type="book" year="2012">Marshall 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In this habit
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B29D4D44A55CC741FAD7F97EFA1FF8E8" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1913" box="[1287,1436,1773,1799]" class="Insecta" family="Chamaemyiidae" genus="Paraleucopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55CC741FAD7F97EFA1FF8E8" box="[1287,1436,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Paraleucopis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
closely resembles some genera of oscinelline
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B29D4D44A55CC741FD4BF882FCAAF8C4" box="[667,809,1809,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Chloropidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chloropidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is not known whether any species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B29D4D44A55CC741FB21F882FA1FF8C4" box="[1265,1436,1809,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Paraleucopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Paraleucopidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
act as disease vectors. Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B29D4D44A55CC741FDD7F8A6FD1FF8A0" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1913" box="[519,668,1845,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Chamaemyiidae" genus="Paraleucopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55CC741FDD7F8A6FD1FF8A0" box="[519,668,1845,1871]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Paraleucopis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species have also been collected hovering at cactus flowers (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B29D4D44A55CC741FA81F8A6FF49F89C" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cactaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (K.N. Barber, pers. comm.). Specimens of two Nearctic species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B29D4D44A55CC741FC11F8CAFBD5F89C" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1913" box="[961,1110,1881,1907]" class="Insecta" family="Chamaemyiidae" genus="Paraleucopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="47E9EAD5A55CC741FC11F8CAFBD5F89C" box="[961,1110,1881,1907]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="303">Paraleucopis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been reared from birds’ nests (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="110C4B36A55CC741FF0DF8EEFEFDF878" author="Malloch, J. R." box="[221,382,1917,1943]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="127 - 154" refId="ref16185" refString="Malloch, J. R. (1913) A synopsis of the genera of Agromyzidae, with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 46, 127 - 154., pls. 4 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.46 - 2018.12 7" type="journal article" year="1913">Malloch 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="110C4B36A55CC741FE59F8EEFDA9F878" author="Wheeler, M. R." box="[393,554,1916,1943]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="154" refId="ref16817" refString="Wheeler, M. R. (1959) Notes on some flies reared from bird's nests. The Southwestern Naturalist, 4, 154. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 366902 7" type="journal article" year="1959">Wheeler 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="110C4B36A55CC741FDE5F8EEFD3BF878" author="Smith, R. L." box="[565,696,1917,1943]" pageId="2" pageNumber="303" pagination="406 - 412" refId="ref16670" refString="Smith, R. L. (1981) The trouble with " bobos ", Paraleucopis mexicana Steyskal, at Kino Bay, Sonora, Mexico (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 83, 406 - 412." type="journal article" year="1981">Smith 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) indicating that it may be a preferred habitat for the larvae. Immature stages of the family have not been described, although rearing records suggest that they are saprophagous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |