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<mods:title id="41B95795B863AE6E9F3CAA52AC538DAC">Larval taxonomy of Macrothemis Hagen, 1868 (Odonata: Libellulidae), with descriptions of four larvae and a key to the fourteen known species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1839D44F539A9F4185E8AD614879A646">Salgado, Luiz Gustavo Vargas</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="DF7A8C5E377CFFF7A1CFFF492C21F9F8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5658969" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119557979" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5658969" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF7A8C5E377CFFF7A1CFFF492C21F9F8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF7A8C5E377CFFF7A1CFFF492C21F9F8" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="233" pageId="2" pageNumber="231">
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<taxonomicName id="90D346CB377CFFF1A1CFFF492FA8FF03" ID-CoL="3XBXP" authority="Karsch, 1890" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,675,215,241]" class="Insecta" family="Libellulidae" genus="Macrothemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="2" pageNumber="231" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="imitans" subSpecies="imitans">
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<emphasis id="65A7E15A377CFFF1A1CFFF492CFCFF03" bold="true" box="[151,503,215,241]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="231">Macrothemis imitans imitans</emphasis>
Karsch, 1890
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<paragraph id="576C3D48377CFFF1A1CFFF642C6DFEE0" blockId="2.[151,675,215,274]" box="[151,358,250,274]" pageId="2" pageNumber="231">
(
<figureCitation id="CFE821CD377CFFF1A1C6FF642C3DFEE0" box="[158,310,250,274]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 10" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[208,1403,211,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[179,1413,195,1864]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 10. Macrothemis imitans imitans Karsch, 1890, ultimate stadium larva, 3: 1 head, dorsal view; 2. right mandible, inner view; 3. left mandible, inner view; 4. right labial palp, dorsal view; 5. distal border of right labial palp, ventral view; 6. prementum, dorsal view; 7. abdomen, dorsal view; 8. abdomen, lateral view; 9. caudal appendages, dorsal view; 10. caudal appendages, lateral view. “ a ” and “ b ”, measurements used to represent the projection of ligula." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216118/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="231">Figures 110</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="CFE821CD377CFFF1A019FF642C55FEE0" box="[321,350,250,274]" captionStart="FIGURES 39 42" captionStartId="13.[151,269,1364,1388]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,194,1343]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,194,1343]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 39 42. F- 0 larva, dorsal view, 3; 39. Macrothemis imitans imitans Karsch, 1890 (Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil); 40. Macrothemis declivata Calvert, 1909 (Mucuri, BA, Brazil); 41. Macrothemis tenuis Hagen, 1868 (Teresópolis, RJ, Brazil); 42. Overall view of the collecting site of the larvae of Macrothemis tenuis, Rio Preto, Itatiaia, RJ, Brazil." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216122/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="231">39</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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Material.
<collectingCountry id="2FC47DD8377CFFF1A05AFEA12C63FEA5" box="[258,360,319,343]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="231">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
, Minas Gerais State: Juiz de
<collectingCountry id="2FC47DD8377CFFF1A3F2FEDE2FD6FEA5" box="[682,733,320,343]" name="France" pageId="2" pageNumber="231">Fora</collectingCountry>
municipality, Barrio Floresta [
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,
<geoCoordinate id="32E75B8F377CFFF1A5BDFEA1289CFEA5" box="[1253,1431,316,343]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="231" precision="1" value="-43.282738">43o1657.85W</geoCoordinate>
;
<quantity id="902B90AD377CFFF1A1CFFEFF2DD6FE8B" box="[151,221,353,377]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.32" pageId="2" pageNumber="231" unit="m" value="632.0">632 m</quantity>
a.s.l.],
<date id="236D1B88377CFFF1A077FEFF2CAFFE8B" box="[303,420,353,377]" pageId="2" pageNumber="231" value="1987-02-06">06.II.1987</date>
, A. L. Carvalho leg., 2 ̩ F-0, adult emergences
<date id="236D1B88377CFFF1A29AFEFF293FFE8B" box="[962,1076,353,377]" pageId="2" pageNumber="231" value="1987-02-15">15.II.1987</date>
(87021-Bd),
<date id="236D1B88377CFFF1A593FEFF2835FE8B" box="[1227,1342,353,377]" pageId="2" pageNumber="231" value="1987-02-25">25.II.1987</date>
(87021- Bl) and 3 Ƥ F-0, adult emergences
<date id="236D1B88377CFFF1A374FE1A2F94FE6E" box="[556,671,388,412]" pageId="2" pageNumber="231" value="1987-02-09">09.II.1987</date>
(87021-Ba),
<date id="236D1B88377CFFF1A26FFE1A2EA1FE6E" box="[823,938,388,412]" pageId="2" pageNumber="231" value="1987-02-13">13.II.1987</date>
(87021-Bb),
<date id="236D1B88377CFFF1A51CFE1A29BCFE6E" box="[1092,1207,388,412]" pageId="2" pageNumber="231" value="1987-02-14">14.II.1987</date>
(87021-Bc); Rio de Janeiro State: [Comendador Levy Gasparian municipality], Mont serrat [village of
<collectingCountry id="2FC47DD8377CFFF1A53CFE3629E9FE4D" box="[1124,1250,424,447]" name="Montserrat" pageId="2" pageNumber="231">Montserrat</collectingCountry>
], Rio Paraibuna [
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,
<geoCoordinate id="32E75B8F377CFFF1A00BFE522F0EFE16" box="[339,517,457,484]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="231" precision="1" value="-43.31041">43o1837.48W</geoCoordinate>
;
<quantity id="902B90AD377CFFF1A348FE522F5FFE16" box="[528,596,460,484]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.65" pageId="2" pageNumber="231" unit="m" value="365.0">365 m</quantity>
a.s.l.],
<date id="236D1B88377CFFF1A3FCFE522E46FE16" box="[676,845,460,484]" pageId="2" pageNumber="231" value="2000-11-18" valueMax="2000-11-19" valueMin="2000-11-18">1819.XI.2000</date>
, N. Ferreira-Jr. leg., ̩ F-0, emergence date unknown. All in
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.
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<paragraph id="576C3D48377CFFF1A19FFD8F2DDEFD9D" blockId="2.[151,1437,316,2009]" pageId="2" pageNumber="231">Typical libellulid larva. General color ochre. Integument covered by short filiform setae equally distributed, longer and concentrated on sides of head, thorax and legs; posterior area of head and thorax without differentiated setae.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="576C3D48377CFFF1A19FFDE72819FA23" blockId="2.[151,1437,316,2009]" pageId="2" pageNumber="231">
Head (
<figureCitation id="CFE821CD377CFFF1A048FDE72C72FD63" box="[272,377,633,657]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 10" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[208,1403,211,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[179,1413,195,1864]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 10. Macrothemis imitans imitans Karsch, 1890, ultimate stadium larva, 3: 1 head, dorsal view; 2. right mandible, inner view; 3. left mandible, inner view; 4. right labial palp, dorsal view; 5. distal border of right labial palp, ventral view; 6. prementum, dorsal view; 7. abdomen, dorsal view; 8. abdomen, lateral view; 9. caudal appendages, dorsal view; 10. caudal appendages, lateral view. “ a ” and “ b ”, measurements used to represent the projection of ligula." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216118/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="231">Figs. 16</figureCitation>
). General shape trapezoidal (
<figureCitation id="CFE821CD377CFFF1A3E0FDE72FFCFD63" box="[696,759,633,657]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 10" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[208,1403,211,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[179,1413,195,1864]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 10. Macrothemis imitans imitans Karsch, 1890, ultimate stadium larva, 3: 1 head, dorsal view; 2. right mandible, inner view; 3. left mandible, inner view; 4. right labial palp, dorsal view; 5. distal border of right labial palp, ventral view; 6. prementum, dorsal view; 7. abdomen, dorsal view; 8. abdomen, lateral view; 9. caudal appendages, dorsal view; 10. caudal appendages, lateral view. “ a ” and “ b ”, measurements used to represent the projection of ligula." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216118/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="231">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), about twice as wide as long in dorsal view; occipital margin moderately concave, with occipital lobes little pronounced, covered with short and long filiform setae. Labrum with setae turned forward in its distal fourth. Clypeus glabrous. Frons with a group of filiform and spiniform setae turned forward between antennae. Vertex covered with short spiniform and long filiform pale setae, concentrated in a pair of prominent lateral regions. Occiput as wide as maximum width of head (including compound eyes) in dorsal view, bearing long filiform setae; posterior angles rounded; dorsal region with defined glabrous areas: a central and one anterior pair, rounded, and four lateral pairs, elongated, corresponding to muscular impressions. Lateral portion of eyes moderately pronounced upward and forward. Antenna 7-jointed; relative length of antennomeres: 74, 74, 100, 56, 67, 74, 81. Mandibular formula L 1234 0 ab / R 1234 y abd (
<figureCitation id="CFE821CD377CFFF1A231FC112EDEFC55" box="[873,981,911,935]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 10" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[208,1403,211,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[179,1413,195,1864]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 10. Macrothemis imitans imitans Karsch, 1890, ultimate stadium larva, 3: 1 head, dorsal view; 2. right mandible, inner view; 3. left mandible, inner view; 4. right labial palp, dorsal view; 5. distal border of right labial palp, ventral view; 6. prementum, dorsal view; 7. abdomen, dorsal view; 8. abdomen, lateral view; 9. caudal appendages, dorsal view; 10. caudal appendages, lateral view. “ a ” and “ b ”, measurements used to represent the projection of ligula." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216118/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="231">Figs. 23</figureCitation>
); left mandible: molars and incisors with acute apex, size b&gt;a, size 4&gt;3&gt;1&gt;2, prominence 4&gt;1&gt;3&gt;2; right mandible: molars and incisors with acute apex (incisor 2 less acute), size d&gt;b&gt;a, size 1=4&gt;2=3, prominence 4&gt;3&gt;2&gt;1, y with acute apex, size similar to other teeth. Labium when folded reaching median level of mesocoxae. Prementum concave (
<figureCitation id="CFE821CD377CFFF1A57FFC692966FBFD" box="[1063,1133,1015,1039]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 10" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[208,1403,211,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[179,1413,195,1864]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 10. Macrothemis imitans imitans Karsch, 1890, ultimate stadium larva, 3: 1 head, dorsal view; 2. right mandible, inner view; 3. left mandible, inner view; 4. right labial palp, dorsal view; 5. distal border of right labial palp, ventral view; 6. prementum, dorsal view; 7. abdomen, dorsal view; 8. abdomen, lateral view; 9. caudal appendages, dorsal view; 10. caudal appendages, lateral view. “ a ” and “ b ”, measurements used to represent the projection of ligula." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216118/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="231">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
), approximately as long as wide, enlarging from base to apex in ventral view; ventral surface with small round dark spots usually coincident with setal insertions; ligula projected 0.3, forming an angle of about 115º; anterior margin of ligula weakly serrate, bearing a submarginal row of about 50 robust setae with acute apex on dorsal surface, a dozen distinctly longer; premental setae 810, disposed in arch, unequal in length, the most internal smaller, growing up to the third or fourth of row, and other (laterals) distinctly longer; external margins of prementum bearing a row of approximately 20 short filiform setae. Labial palps triangular (
<figureCitation id="CFE821CD377CFFF1A316FB592F98FB2D" box="[590,659,1223,1247]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 10" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[208,1403,211,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[179,1413,195,1864]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 10. Macrothemis imitans imitans Karsch, 1890, ultimate stadium larva, 3: 1 head, dorsal view; 2. right mandible, inner view; 3. left mandible, inner view; 4. right labial palp, dorsal view; 5. distal border of right labial palp, ventral view; 6. prementum, dorsal view; 7. abdomen, dorsal view; 8. abdomen, lateral view; 9. caudal appendages, dorsal view; 10. caudal appendages, lateral view. “ a ” and “ b ”, measurements used to represent the projection of ligula." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216118/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="231">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
), with 67 palpal setae slightly longer than movable hook; movable hook slender, its midlength thickness
<date id="236D1B88377CFFF1A30CFB772F7BFAF3" box="[596,624,1257,1281]" pageId="2" pageNumber="231">2x</date>
as thick as the precedent palpal seta; proximal portion of palp near articulation with setella and group of 57 short spiniform setae; proximal half of outer margin with a row of about 10 short and robust setae; distal margin with 89 crenations with serrated tip, semicircular (
<figureCitation id="CFE821CD377CFFF1A5DCFAB129C0FAB5" box="[1156,1227,1327,1351]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 10" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[208,1403,211,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[179,1413,195,1864]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 10. Macrothemis imitans imitans Karsch, 1890, ultimate stadium larva, 3: 1 head, dorsal view; 2. right mandible, inner view; 3. left mandible, inner view; 4. right labial palp, dorsal view; 5. distal border of right labial palp, ventral view; 6. prementum, dorsal view; 7. abdomen, dorsal view; 8. abdomen, lateral view; 9. caudal appendages, dorsal view; 10. caudal appendages, lateral view. “ a ” and “ b ”, measurements used to represent the projection of ligula." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216118/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="231">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
); notches between crenations decrease in depth from limits with outer (dorsal) to inner (ventral) margins; central crenations with 45 setae,
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those closest to outer margin; setae of crenations acute, positioned submarginally on dorsal surface, organized in relation to length in each crenation, the bigger inserted more ventrally; inner margin with a row of about 20 setae; ventral surface with small dark spots, rounded, coincident with base of setae, as in prementum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="576C3D48377CFFF1A19FFA422DC0F82B" blockId="2.[151,1437,316,2009]" pageId="2" pageNumber="231">Thorax. Pronotum with spiniform setae and a pair of robust and long setae, turned upward located medially; central area without nipple-like processes; posterolateral margins rounded, with spiniform setae directed up- and backwards, especially concentrated laterally; inverted “V” spot not distinct in exuviae and poorly evident in larvae. Prothoracic pleural processes obtuse with a concentration of long and thin setae. Fore- and hindwing sheaths reaching mid length of S5 and S6, respectively. Legs with numerous long and spiniform thin setae; metathoracic legs when fully extended surpassing level of apex of caudal appendages; femora slightly flattened laterally, with row of long, thin setae concentrated on anterior surface, directed downward; metathoracic femora when directed posteriorly reach level of mid length of S6; metathoracic tibiae when fully folded reach distally base of trochanter; third segment of metathoracic tarsi similar in length to first and second segments combined; all tarsi and tibiae with 2 parallel rows of differentiated setae ventrally, one near anterior margin (anterior row) and other near posterior margin (posterior row); prothoracic pair with anterior row composed by tridentate setae distributed between distal half of tibia and second segment of tarsus and simple setae on third; meso- and metathoracic legs with anterior row composed of simple setae distributed between base of tibiae and third segment of tarsi; posterior margin of all legs with row of simple setae, almost reaching base of tibia in prothoracic legs and restricted to distal third in meso- and metathoracic legs.</paragraph>
<caption id="03AC6DC0377DFFF0A1CFF8C1288DF829" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216118/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="232" targetBox="[208,1403,211,1858]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="576C3D48377DFFF0A1CFF8C1288DF829" blockId="3.[151,1436,1887,2011]" pageId="3" pageNumber="232">
<emphasis id="65A7E15A377DFFF0A1CFF8C12C59F885" bold="true" box="[151,338,1887,1911]" pageId="3" pageNumber="232">FIGURES 110.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="90D346CB377DFFF0A003F8FE2E39F885" authority="Karsch, 1890" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1890" box="[347,818,1888,1911]" class="Insecta" family="Libellulidae" genus="Macrothemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="3" pageNumber="232" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="imitans" subSpecies="imitans">
<emphasis id="65A7E15A377DFFF0A003F8FE2F9EF885" box="[347,661,1888,1911]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="232">Macrothemis imitans imitans</emphasis>
Karsch, 1890
</taxonomicName>
, ultimate stadium larva, 3: 1 head, dorsal view; 2. right mandible, inner view; 3. left mandible, inner view; 4. right labial palp, dorsal view; 5. distal border of right labial palp, ventral view; 6. prementum, dorsal view; 7. abdomen, dorsal view; 8. abdomen, lateral view; 9. caudal appendages, dorsal view; 10. caudal appendages, lateral view. “a” and “b”, measurements used to represent the projection of ligula.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="576C3D48377AFFF7A19FFF0929DFFDAD" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1546]" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">
Abdomen (
<figureCitation id="CFE821CD377AFFF7A015FF092CDAFF5D" box="[333,465,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 10" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[208,1403,211,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[179,1413,195,1864]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 10. Macrothemis imitans imitans Karsch, 1890, ultimate stadium larva, 3: 1 head, dorsal view; 2. right mandible, inner view; 3. left mandible, inner view; 4. right labial palp, dorsal view; 5. distal border of right labial palp, ventral view; 6. prementum, dorsal view; 7. abdomen, dorsal view; 8. abdomen, lateral view; 9. caudal appendages, dorsal view; 10. caudal appendages, lateral view. “ a ” and “ b ”, measurements used to represent the projection of ligula." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216118/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">Figs. 710</figureCitation>
). General shape elliptical, lateral margins convex in dorsal view; cross section approximately semicircular (
<figureCitation id="CFE821CD377AFFF7A086FF222F46FF26" box="[478,589,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 10" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[208,1403,211,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[179,1413,195,1864]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 10. Macrothemis imitans imitans Karsch, 1890, ultimate stadium larva, 3: 1 head, dorsal view; 2. right mandible, inner view; 3. left mandible, inner view; 4. right labial palp, dorsal view; 5. distal border of right labial palp, ventral view; 6. prementum, dorsal view; 7. abdomen, dorsal view; 8. abdomen, lateral view; 9. caudal appendages, dorsal view; 10. caudal appendages, lateral view. “ a ” and “ b ”, measurements used to represent the projection of ligula." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216118/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">Figs. 78</figureCitation>
); about 1.5x longer than its maximum width (S6); dorsal hooks on S39, large, apex acute, gradually curved along segments, directed upward on S3 and backward on S9; hooks of S79 surpassing distally level of posterior edge of corresponding segment (
<figureCitation id="CFE821CD377AFFF7A2EBFE9A2929FEEE" box="[947,1058,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 10" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[208,1403,211,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[179,1413,195,1864]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 10. Macrothemis imitans imitans Karsch, 1890, ultimate stadium larva, 3: 1 head, dorsal view; 2. right mandible, inner view; 3. left mandible, inner view; 4. right labial palp, dorsal view; 5. distal border of right labial palp, ventral view; 6. prementum, dorsal view; 7. abdomen, dorsal view; 8. abdomen, lateral view; 9. caudal appendages, dorsal view; 10. caudal appendages, lateral view. “ a ” and “ b ”, measurements used to represent the projection of ligula." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216118/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">Figs. 78</figureCitation>
). Tergites regularly covered with short setae; spiniform setae of lateral margins increasing in size and stiffness gradually towards apex of abdomen; posterior border of S15 tergites bearing short and filiform setae sparsely distributed, and spiniform setae laterally on S45; posterior border of S610 tergites with spiniform setae; lateral spines on S89, as long as 0.5 and 0.8 median dorsal length of its respective segment; posterior limit of tergites S39 with a row of spiniform setae, increasing in thickness posteriorly; posterior border of S9 sternum convex, with a row of spiniform setae and a pair of lateral tufts of long, filiform setae directed posteriorly and curved inward (as in
<figureCitation id="CFE821CD377AFFF7A50DFE4229A1FE06" box="[1109,1194,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 20" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1915,1939]" captionTargetBox="[182,1413,182,1903]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1446,172,1911]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 11 20. Macrothemis declivata Calvert, 1909, ultimate stadium larva, 3: 11. right mandible, inner view; 12. left mandible, inner view; 13. right labial palp, dorsal view; 14. distal border of right labial palp, ventral view; 15. prementum, dorsal view; 16. abdomen, dorsal view; 17. abdomen, lateral view; 18. abdominal segment 9, ventral view; 19 caudal appendages, dorsal view; 20. caudal appendages, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216119/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
). Caudal appendages acute (
<figureCitation id="CFE821CD377AFFF7A1BAFE612C55FDE5" box="[226,350,511,535]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 10" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[208,1403,211,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[179,1413,195,1864]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 10. Macrothemis imitans imitans Karsch, 1890, ultimate stadium larva, 3: 1 head, dorsal view; 2. right mandible, inner view; 3. left mandible, inner view; 4. right labial palp, dorsal view; 5. distal border of right labial palp, ventral view; 6. prementum, dorsal view; 7. abdomen, dorsal view; 8. abdomen, lateral view; 9. caudal appendages, dorsal view; 10. caudal appendages, lateral view. “ a ” and “ b ”, measurements used to represent the projection of ligula." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216118/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">Figs. 910</figureCitation>
); paraprocts pyramidal, as long as epiproct in lateral view and of S910 together in dorsal view; cerci conical ca. 0.66 of epiproct length in lateral view; apex of paraprocts straight; apex of epiproct and cerci obliquely curved downward in lateral view; paraprocts with some setae long and robust laterally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="576C3D48377AFFF7A19FFDF32989FCC5" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1546]" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">Measurements (in mm; n=5). Total length 13.5017.34; head mediodorsal length 1.652.82; head maximum width 3.805.52; antenna total length 1.351.44; antennomeres length 0.190.20, 0.190.21, 0.260.28, 0.140.16, 0.170.18, 0.170.19, 0.210.22; prementum length 2.694.39; prementum maximum width 2.883.87; hind wing sheath length 3.364.45; metafemur length 2.704.13; metatibia length 3.364.41; abdomen length (incl. appendages) 6.128.80; abdomen maximum width (S6) 4.155.56; epiproct length, lateral view 0.740.96; paraproct maximum length, lateral view 0.600.87; cercus length, lateral view 0.500.70.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="576C3D48377AFFF7A19FFCDA2C21F9F8" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1546]" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">
Diagnosis. The F-0 larva of
<taxonomicName id="90D346CB377AFFF7A352FCDB2FD4FCAE" box="[522,735,837,860]" class="Insecta" family="Libellulidae" genus="Macrothemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="4" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="imitans" subSpecies="imitans">
<emphasis id="65A7E15A377AFFF7A352FCDB2FD4FCAE" box="[522,735,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">M. imitans imitans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be correctly identified as
<taxonomicName id="90D346CB377AFFF7A561FCDA29C7FCAE" box="[1081,1228,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Libellulidae" genus="Macrothemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="4" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="65A7E15A377AFFF7A561FCDA29C7FCAE" box="[1081,1228,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">Macrothemis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the majority of the keys examined, except that of Rodríguez
<bibRefCitation id="334240B9377AFFF7A396FCF92E82FC8D" author="Capitulo" box="[718,905,871,895]" pageId="4" pageNumber="233" refString="Rodrigues Capitulo, A. (1992) Los Odonata de la republica Argentina. Fauna de agua dulce de la Republica Argentina, 34, 1 - 91." type="journal article" year="1992">Capítulo (1992)</bibRefCitation>
(
<tableCitation id="1A5108F3377AFFF7A2F8FCF9292CFC8D" box="[928,1063,871,895]" captionStart-0="TABLE 1" captionStart-1="TABLE 2" captionStartId-0="6.[119,197,521,541]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,242,162,186]" captionTargetBox-1="[167,1392,216,673]" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="TABLE 1. Determinations in genera for all described larvae of Macrothemis, Brechmorhoga, Gynothemis and Scapanea species using six of the most used keys. Numbers in the genera line correspond respectively to correct, possible correct (dubious), incorrect, possible incorrect (dubious), error (not applied characters) identification. Names without asterisk (s) corresponding to potential unambiguous determinations to genus." captionText-1="TABLE 2. Summary of the results of identification attempts shown in Table 1." httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/03AC6DC03776FFFBA1CFFF3C2EE8FF4B" pageId="4" pageNumber="233" tableUuid-1="03AC6DC03776FFFBA1CFFF3C2EE8FF4B">Tables 12</tableCitation>
). This species, along with
<taxonomicName id="90D346CB377AFFF7A425FCF72C20FC56" class="Insecta" family="Libellulidae" genus="Macrothemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="4" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudimitans">
<emphasis id="65A7E15A377AFFF7A425FCF72C20FC56" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">M. pseudimitans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, presents the more generalized morphology among the species of the genus. The following combination of characters separates these species from the other described larvae of the genus: antennomeres 57 longer than half of 3; ligula moderately prominent with lateral margins forming an angle of ca. 110o (
<figureCitation id="CFE821CD377AFFF7A46FFC492885FC1D" box="[1335,1422,983,1007]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 20" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1915,1939]" captionTargetBox="[182,1413,182,1903]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1446,172,1911]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 11 20. Macrothemis declivata Calvert, 1909, ultimate stadium larva, 3: 11. right mandible, inner view; 12. left mandible, inner view; 13. right labial palp, dorsal view; 14. distal border of right labial palp, ventral view; 15. prementum, dorsal view; 16. abdomen, dorsal view; 17. abdomen, lateral view; 18. abdominal segment 9, ventral view; 19 caudal appendages, dorsal view; 20. caudal appendages, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216119/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
); premental setae 810, not clearly divided in two groups; labial palps with “normal” crenations (semicircular, notches deep) (
<figureCitation id="CFE821CD377AFFF7A01DFB812CDBFBC5" box="[325,464,1055,1079]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 20" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1915,1939]" captionTargetBox="[182,1413,182,1903]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[161,1446,172,1911]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 11 20. Macrothemis declivata Calvert, 1909, ultimate stadium larva, 3: 11. right mandible, inner view; 12. left mandible, inner view; 13. right labial palp, dorsal view; 14. distal border of right labial palp, ventral view; 15. prementum, dorsal view; 16. abdomen, dorsal view; 17. abdomen, lateral view; 18. abdominal segment 9, ventral view; 19 caudal appendages, dorsal view; 20. caudal appendages, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216119/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">Figs. 1314</figureCitation>
); palpal setae 67; distal margin of labial palps with cylindrical setae; movable hook slender, its midlength thickness scarcely
<date id="236D1B88377AFFF7A328FBDC2F80FBA8" box="[624,651,1090,1114]" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">2x</date>
or less as thick as the preceding palpal seta; dorsal hooks on S39 (
<figureCitation id="CFE821CD377AFFF7A1C7FBF92C06FB8D" box="[159,269,1127,1151]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 10" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[208,1403,211,1858]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[179,1413,195,1864]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 10. Macrothemis imitans imitans Karsch, 1890, ultimate stadium larva, 3: 1 head, dorsal view; 2. right mandible, inner view; 3. left mandible, inner view; 4. right labial palp, dorsal view; 5. distal border of right labial palp, ventral view; 6. prementum, dorsal view; 7. abdomen, dorsal view; 8. abdomen, lateral view; 9. caudal appendages, dorsal view; 10. caudal appendages, lateral view. “ a ” and “ b ”, measurements used to represent the projection of ligula." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/216118/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">Figs. 78</figureCitation>
); dorsal hook of S5 not reduced, similar or larger than those of preceding segments; dorsal hook of S9 shorter and less pronounced distally than correspondent lateral spines in dorsal view; lateral spines of S9 straight, apex reaching at maximum the level of 0.66 of epiproct in dorsal view (S10 and caudal appendages moderately embedded in S9). The larva of
<taxonomicName id="90D346CB377AFFF7A0ADFB4D2E37FB19" box="[501,828,1235,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Libellulidae" genus="Macrothemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="4" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="imitans" subSpecies="imitans">
<emphasis id="65A7E15A377AFFF7A0ADFB4D2E37FB19" box="[501,828,1235,1259]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">Macrothemis imitans imitans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be separate from that of
<taxonomicName id="90D346CB377AFFF7A5DDFB4A2834FB19" box="[1157,1343,1235,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Libellulidae" genus="Macrothemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="4" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudimitans">
<emphasis id="65A7E15A377AFFF7A5DDFB4A2834FB19" box="[1157,1343,1235,1259]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">M. pseudimitans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by only two characters, both with some level of superposition of conditions (
<taxonomicName id="90D346CB377AFFF7A2F0FB662968FAFD" box="[936,1123,1271,1295]" class="Insecta" family="Libellulidae" genus="Macrothemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="4" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudimitans">
<emphasis id="65A7E15A377AFFF7A2F0FB662968FAFD" box="[936,1123,1271,1295]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">M. pseudimitans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
alternative in parentheses): row of premental setae with an internal group of 34 (2, exceptionally 3) smaller setae; labial palps with 89 (7, exceptionally 8) crenations. Based on adults,
<bibRefCitation id="334240B9377AFFF7A3FEFAA12E4EFAA5" author="Daigle" box="[678,837,1343,1367]" pageId="4" pageNumber="233" refString="Daigle, J. J. (2007) Macrothemis meurgeyi spec. nov. from Guadeloupe (Anisoptera: Libellulidae). Odonatologica, 36, 191 - 195." type="journal article" year="2007">Daigle (2007)</bibRefCitation>
considered
<taxonomicName id="90D346CB377AFFF7A28BFADE29A1FAA5" box="[979,1194,1344,1367]" class="Insecta" family="Libellulidae" genus="Macrothemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="4" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="imitans" subSpecies="imitans">
<emphasis id="65A7E15A377AFFF7A28BFADE29A1FAA5" box="[979,1194,1344,1367]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">M. imitans imitans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(referred only as
<taxonomicName id="90D346CB377AFFF7A425FADE2DE1FA89" class="Insecta" family="Libellulidae" genus="Macrothemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="4" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitans">
<emphasis id="65A7E15A377AFFF7A425FADE2DE1FA89" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">M. imitans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) the closest relative of
<taxonomicName id="90D346CB377AFFF7A0ACFAFA2F8AFA89" box="[500,641,1380,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Libellulidae" genus="Macrothemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="4" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meurgeyi">
<emphasis id="65A7E15A377AFFF7A0ACFAFA2F8AFA89" box="[500,641,1380,1403]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">M. meurgeyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, comparing the F-0 larva of
<taxonomicName id="90D346CB377AFFF7A565FAFA281BFA89" box="[1085,1296,1380,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Libellulidae" genus="Macrothemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="4" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="imitans" subSpecies="imitans">
<emphasis id="65A7E15A377AFFF7A565FAFA281BFA89" box="[1085,1296,1380,1403]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">M. imitans imitans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with that of
<taxonomicName id="90D346CB377AFFF7A1CFFA162CFFFA6D" authority="Meurgey 2009" authorityName="Meurgey" authorityYear="2009" box="[151,500,1415,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Libellulidae" genus="Macrothemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="4" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meurgeyi">
<emphasis id="65A7E15A377AFFF7A1CFFA162C22FA6D" box="[151,297,1416,1439]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">M. meurgeyi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="334240B9377AFFF7A065FA192CE7FA6D" author="Meurgey" box="[317,492,1415,1439]" pageId="4" pageNumber="233" refString="Meurgey, F. (2009) Description of the larva of Macrothemis meurgeyi Daigle from the Lesser Antilles (Anisoptera: Libellulidae). Odonatologica, 38, 365 - 368." type="journal article" year="2009">Meurgey 2009</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, it is easily detectable that these species are very dissimilar, as shown by the characters used in the key presented below. Mainly due to the absence of dorsal hooks on S69, an exceptional feature in
<taxonomicName id="90D346CB377AFFF7A054FA512C94FA15" box="[268,415,1487,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Libellulidae" genus="Macrothemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="4" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="65A7E15A377AFFF7A054FA512C94FA15" box="[268,415,1487,1511]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">Macrothemis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it was not possible to identify
<taxonomicName id="90D346CB377AFFF7A253FA4E2E92FA15" box="[779,921,1488,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Libellulidae" genus="Macrothemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="4" pageNumber="233" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meurgeyi">
<emphasis id="65A7E15A377AFFF7A253FA4E2E92FA15" box="[779,921,1488,1511]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="233">M. meurgeyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
even to genus level in all the keys inspected (
<tableCitation id="1A5108F3377AFFF7A1C6FA6C2C17F9F8" box="[158,284,1522,1546]" captionStart-0="TABLE 1" captionStart-1="TABLE 2" captionStartId-0="6.[119,197,521,541]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,242,162,186]" captionTargetBox-1="[167,1392,216,673]" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="TABLE 1. Determinations in genera for all described larvae of Macrothemis, Brechmorhoga, Gynothemis and Scapanea species using six of the most used keys. Numbers in the genera line correspond respectively to correct, possible correct (dubious), incorrect, possible incorrect (dubious), error (not applied characters) identification. Names without asterisk (s) corresponding to potential unambiguous determinations to genus." captionText-1="TABLE 2. Summary of the results of identification attempts shown in Table 1." httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/03AC6DC03776FFFBA1CFFF3C2EE8FF4B" pageId="4" pageNumber="233" tableUuid-1="03AC6DC03776FFFBA1CFFF3C2EE8FF4B">Tables 12</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>