433 lines
45 KiB
XML
433 lines
45 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8bb856a5-26cb-4abc-8e4a-04d3716144b1" ID-PMC="PMC9010403" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1093-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" ID-PubMed="35586542" ID-ZooBank="23B7070849A94681AC20494D06F98CCE" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1093-1" checkinTime="1649449468463" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Benda, Daniel, Pohl, Hans, Nakase, Yuta, Beutel, Rolf & Straka, Jakub" docDate="2022" docId="BA7C77AF5024524896C3B7DE6E89776A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1093: 1-134" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1093" docPubDate="2022-04-07" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339" docTitle="Brasixenos Kogan & Oliveira 1966" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" masterDocTitle="A generic classification of Xenidae (Strepsiptera) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species" masterLastPageNumber="134" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668151620981" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A generic classification of Xenidae (Strepsiptera) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Benda, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5729-0411</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic & Department of Entomology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">benda.daniel@email.cz</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Pohl, Hans</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7090-6612</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Institut fuer Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Nakase, Yuta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Beutel, Rolf</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institut fuer Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Straka, Jakub</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8987-1245</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-04-07</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1093</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>134</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1093-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="194520405" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BA7C77AF5024524896C3B7DE6E89776A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA7C77AF5024524896C3B7DE6E89776A" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName LSID="BA7C77AF-5024-5248-96C3-B7DE6E89776A" authority="Kogan & Oliveira, 1966, stat. res." authorityName="Kogan & Oliveira" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brasixenos Kogan & Oliveira, 1966, stat. res.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kogan & Oliveira" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brasixenos</taxonomicName>
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Kogan & Oliveira, 1966: 358. Type species:
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kogan & Oliveira" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos fluminensis" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fluminensis">Brasixenos fluminensis</taxonomicName>
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Kogan & Oliveria, 1966, by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xenos</taxonomicName>
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Rossi, 1793 (partim!) (synonymy proposed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Kinzelbach, R" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B54" refString="Kinzelbach, R, 1971b. Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera). Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" title="Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera)." year="1971 b">Kinzelbach 1971b</bibRefCitation>
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: 160).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kogan & Oliveira" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brasixenos</taxonomicName>
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Kogan & Oliveira, 1966 (restored from synonymy by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000200011" author="Trois, CAC" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Zoologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="267 - 291" refId="B116" refString="Trois, CAC, 1988. Strepsiptera brasileiros. IV: revisao e redescricao do genero Brasixenos Kogan & Oliveira, 1966 (Stylopidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 5: 267 - 291, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000200011" title="Strepsiptera brasileiros. IV: revisao e redescricao do genero Brasixenos Kogan & Oliveira, 1966 (Stylopidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000200011" volume="5" year="1988">Trois 1988</bibRefCitation>
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: 268).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xenos</taxonomicName>
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Rossi, 1793 (partim!) (synonymy proposed by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3157/061.145.0202" author="Cook, JL" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="121 - 267" refId="B14" refString="Cook, JL, 2019. Annotated catalog of the order Strepsiptera of the World. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 145: 121 - 267, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3157/061.145.0202" title="Annotated catalog of the order Strepsiptera of the World." url="https://doi.org/10.3157/061.145.0202" volume="145" year="2019">Cook 2019</bibRefCitation>
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: 232).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis of female cephalothorax.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Maxilla distinctly reduced, flattened, anteriorly rounded, not distinctly prominent; fused to labial area but well defined by its strong sclerotization, conspicuous compared to usually pale cephalothorax as in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kifune & Maeta" authorityYear="1975" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Nipponoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nipponoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Nipponoxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and some species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Maxillary bases appear connected and fused to each other. Vestigial palps differ from those of all other genera, preserved only as inconspicuous concavity on wrinkled maxillary surface, without any vestigial plate. Located anteriorly on ventral side of maxilla, at level of mandibles (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Brasixenos araujoi (Oliveira & Kogan), female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviation: mxp - vestige of maxillary palp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669344" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22E</figureCitation>
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). Clypeal area not delimited from labral area, apparently more or less fused (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Brasixenos araujoi (Oliveira & Kogan), female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviation: mxp - vestige of maxillary palp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669344" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22D</figureCitation>
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). Mandible nested in capsule. In contrast to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ogloblin" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paragioxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paragioxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paragioxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, head and prothorax ventrally delimited by birth opening medially and by suture laterally.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of female cephalothorax.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shape and coloration.</emphasis>
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Compact and usually ovoid, ca. as long as wide, or slightly wider, rarely longer than wide. Abdominal segment I of some species extruded laterally, forming corner below abdominal spiracles. Species relatively variable in size, length 0.76-1.62 mm, maximum width 0.72-1.74 mm. Anterior head margin evenly rounded or protruding. Thorax slightly to strongly widening posteriorly, sometimes subparallel. Coloration mostly pale, with light shadows of brown dominating. Some parts of cephalothorax, especially maxillae, dark and sclerotized.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head capsule.</emphasis>
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Including lateral extensions ~ ⅓-
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<normalizedToken originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
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as long as entire cephalothorax. Color pattern formed by shades of pale and dark brown, with maxillae always dark. Clypeal area not delimited from labral area, apparently more or less fused, slightly or distinctly protruding anteriorly, always forming clypeal lobe (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Brasixenos araujoi (Oliveira & Kogan), female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviation: mxp - vestige of maxillary palp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669344" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">22D</figureCitation>
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). Surface wrinkled apically on clypeal lobe (sometimes with lamellar structures), smooth ventrolaterally and dorsally. Clypeal surface with ~ 50-70 sensilla or more. Border between clypeal and frontal region indistinguishable. Frontal area smooth. Segmental border between head and prothorax difficult to recognize on dorsal side in some specimens.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Supra-antennal sensillary field.</emphasis>
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Smooth or slightly wrinkled, with dispersed sensilla. Not delimited or indistinctly by furrow on medial side.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antenna.</emphasis>
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Preserved only as elongated depression or inconspicuous furrow (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Brasixenos araujoi (Oliveira & Kogan), female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviation: a - vestigial antenna." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669343" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21C</figureCitation>
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). Rounded plate, small cavity or sensilla missing. Periantennal area slightly wrinkled or smooth.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labrum.</emphasis>
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Ventral field slightly wider than long, nearly circular. Dorsal field anterior to mouth opening slightly arcuate, at least 4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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wider than long at midline, with setae inserted in cavities on surface.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mandible.</emphasis>
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Anteriorly to anteromedially directed at angle of 40-70°, enclosed in capsule. Mandibular bulge sometimes indistinct, with up to ten spine-shaped or blunt sensilla, or lacking these structures. Cuticle completely sculptured or partially smooth. Tooth narrow, armed with several rows of spines.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maxilla.</emphasis>
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Reduced and not protruding, fused to labium but clearly indentifiable by distinct sclerotization; appearing connected and fused medially, with sclerotization continuous along birth opening. Cuticle distinctly wrinkled. Apical maxillary region almost reaching upper edge of mandible in some species. Vestige of palp present as inconspicuous cavity on wrinkled maxillary surface, lacking vestigial plate. Located anteriorly on ventral side, at level of mandibles. Maxillary base slightly raised and less sclerotized than anterior region (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Brasixenos araujoi (Oliveira & Kogan), host, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A Apoica pallens (Fabricius) stylopized by female of B. araujoi, lateral view B detail of host abdomen with adult female inside C ventral side of cephalothorax D dorsal side of cephalothorax. Abbreviations: mx - vestige of maxilla, mxb - maxillary base." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669342" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">20C</figureCitation>
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). Submaxillary groove slightly produced posterolaterally.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669342" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 20" startId="F20">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 20.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName=", stat. res." baseAuthorityName="Oliveira & Kogan" baseAuthorityYear="1962" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos araujoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="araujoi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brasixenos araujoi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Oliveira & Kogan), host, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Apoica" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apoica pallens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallens">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Apoica pallens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Fabricius) stylopized by female of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="B. araujoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="araujoi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B. araujoi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, lateral view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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detail of host abdomen with adult female inside
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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ventral side of cephalothorax
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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dorsal side of cephalothorax. Abbreviations: mx - vestige of maxilla, mxb - maxillary base.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labium.</emphasis>
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Labial area recognizable between maxillae but fused with them, anteriorly delimited by mouth opening; convex, wider than long in midline, pale laterally, strongly sclerotized medially and around mouth opening. Cuticular surface smooth or wrinkled, with wrinkles indistinct on well sclerotized areas.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth opening.</emphasis>
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Arcuate to distinctly U-shaped, sclerotized around margin.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thorax and abdominal segment I.</emphasis>
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Pro-mesothoracic and meso-metathoracic borders more or less distinct, usually indicated by pigmented stripes or changed coloration on dorsal side. Mesal furrows absent. Border between metathorax and abdomen usually indicated by change in coloration or cuticular sculpture, separating ridge indistinct. Cuticle of thoracic segments with smooth surface on the ventral side, in some cases with small scattered pigmented papillae. Dorsal side of thorax usually completely smooth. Prosternal extension not very distinctly prolonged, usually evenly arched. Thoracic segments constricted laterally, distance between lateral extensions of head and spiracles thus reduced (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Figure 20. Brasixenos araujoi (Oliveira & Kogan), host, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A Apoica pallens (Fabricius) stylopized by female of B. araujoi, lateral view B detail of host abdomen with adult female inside C ventral side of cephalothorax D dorsal side of cephalothorax. Abbreviations: mx - vestige of maxilla, mxb - maxillary base." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669342" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">20D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Setae and cuticular spines present on lateral region of abdominal segment I (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Brasixenos araujoi (Oliveira & Kogan), female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviation: a - vestigial antenna." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669343" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">21E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669343" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 21" startId="F21">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 21.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", stat. res." baseAuthorityName="Oliveira & Kogan" baseAuthorityYear="1962" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos araujoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="araujoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brasixenos araujoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Oliveira & Kogan), female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
ventral side
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
left vestigial antenna, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
right vestigial antenna, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||
detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviation: a - vestigial antenna.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669344" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 22" startId="F22">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 22.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", stat. res." baseAuthorityName="Oliveira & Kogan" baseAuthorityYear="1962" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos araujoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="araujoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brasixenos araujoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Oliveira & Kogan), female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
mouthparts, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
right mandible and maxilla, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||
left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviation: mxp - vestige of maxillary palp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spiracles.</emphasis>
|
||
Spiracles situated on posterior half or posterior third of cephalothorax, slightly elevated, with anterolateral orientation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis of male cephalotheca.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Differing from other genera by fusion of maxilla with cephalotheca. Maxillary cuticular surface with longitudinal grooves (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Brasixenos sp., male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: cl - clypeus, fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669345" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Vestige of maxillary palp visible (distinct in optical microscope, very inconspicuous on SEM micrographs) (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Brasixenos sp., male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: cl - clypeus, fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669345" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669345" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 23" startId="F23">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 23.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kogan & Oliveira" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brasixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
frontal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
vestigial antenna
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
frontal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
mouthparts. Abbreviations: cl - clypeus, fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of male cephalotheca.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shape and coloration.</emphasis>
|
||
Laterally rounded in frontal view, elliptic, in lateral view pointed anteriorly. Coloration mostly dark, but with some lighter areas such as ocular region or surroundings of maxillary palps (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Brasixenos sp., male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: cl - clypeus, fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669345" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cephalothecal capsule.</emphasis>
|
||
Compound eyes with darker individual ommatidia well visible on pale ocular background. Clypeus with longitudinal pale line (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Brasixenos sp., male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: cl - clypeus, fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669345" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Clypeal lobe arcuate or straight in frontal view, prominent in lateral view; with sensilla evenly dispersed. Frontal region with conspicuous impression (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Brasixenos sp., male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: cl - clypeus, fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669345" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Diameter of genae between maxillary base and compound eye large,> 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as large as diameter of vestigial antenna. Occipital bulge absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Supra-antennal sensillary field.</emphasis>
|
||
Kidney-shaped and bulging, medially delimited by frontal impression, with visible but indistinct furrows.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antenna.</emphasis>
|
||
Of standard shape, small, with complete torulus. Periantennal area indistinct but present. Sensilla usually absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labrum.</emphasis>
|
||
Labral area well visible but dorsal field not clearly separated from clypeus. Setae on dorsal field present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mandible.</emphasis>
|
||
Anteromedially directed, pale centrally and dark laterally. Mandibular bulge not conspicuous, with several sensilla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maxilla.</emphasis>
|
||
Not recognizable as separate structure, fused with cephalotheca. Cuticular surface of maxillary area sculptured, with longitudinal grooves (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Brasixenos sp., male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: cl - clypeus, fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669345" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Vestige of palp well visible (with light microscope, very indistinct on SEM micrographs) (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Brasixenos sp., male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: cl - clypeus, fi - frontal impression, mx - vestige of maxilla, mxp - vestige of maxillary palp." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669345" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">23A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labium and hypopharynx.</emphasis>
|
||
Distinct, inserted between and below maxillae, completely dark. Praementum and postmentum very indistinctly separated. Hypopharyngeal protuberance recognizable, not well delimited.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth opening.</emphasis>
|
||
Well visible, U-shaped, partially covered by ventral labral field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phylogenetic relationships">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phylogenetic relationships.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Sister to a large clade containing representatives of genera previously known as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pseudoxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diversity and distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Group of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Xenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with origin in the New World and restricted to this region. Comprising seven species, all of which are known from Brazil.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="host">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hosts.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Various genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1867" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="tribe" tribe="Epiponini">Epiponini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vespidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Polistinae">Polistinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comments">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comments.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kogan & Oliveira" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brasixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described and differentiated from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kogan, M" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Biologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="345 - 360" refId="B58" refString="Kogan, M, Oliveira, SJ, 1966. Brazilian Xenidae parasitizing " Polybia " wasps with the description of a new genus and six new species (Insecta, Strepsiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 26: 345 - 360" title="Brazilian Xenidae parasitizing " Polybia " wasps with the description of a new genus and six new species (Insecta, Strepsiptera)." volume="26" year="1966">Kogan and Oliveira (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but the description of the female cephalothorax was superficial. Although
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kinzelbach, R" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B54" refString="Kinzelbach, R, 1971b. Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera). Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" title="Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera)." year="1971 b">Kinzelbach (1971b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
treated
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kogan & Oliveira" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brasixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000200011" author="Trois, CAC" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Zoologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="267 - 291" refId="B116" refString="Trois, CAC, 1988. Strepsiptera brasileiros. IV: revisao e redescricao do genero Brasixenos Kogan & Oliveira, 1966 (Stylopidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 5: 267 - 291, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000200011" title="Strepsiptera brasileiros. IV: revisao e redescricao do genero Brasixenos Kogan & Oliveira, 1966 (Stylopidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751988000200011" volume="5" year="1988">Trois (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
attempted to reinstate
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kogan & Oliveira" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brasixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a valid genus. Nevertheless, no author has followed this opinion (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3157/061.145.0202" author="Cook, JL" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="121 - 267" refId="B14" refString="Cook, JL, 2019. Annotated catalog of the order Strepsiptera of the World. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 145: 121 - 267, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3157/061.145.0202" title="Annotated catalog of the order Strepsiptera of the World." url="https://doi.org/10.3157/061.145.0202" volume="145" year="2019">Cook 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kogan, M" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Biologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="345 - 360" refId="B58" refString="Kogan, M, Oliveira, SJ, 1966. Brazilian Xenidae parasitizing " Polybia " wasps with the description of a new genus and six new species (Insecta, Strepsiptera). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 26: 345 - 360" title="Brazilian Xenidae parasitizing " Polybia " wasps with the description of a new genus and six new species (Insecta, Strepsiptera)." volume="26" year="1966">Kogan and Oliveira (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
expected a close relationship of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kogan & Oliveira" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brasixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in their description,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
revealed the group as a separate lineage unrelated to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rossi" authorityYear="1794" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Xenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We classify
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kogan & Oliveira" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Brasixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasixenos" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brasixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a valid genus, based on a molecular phylogeny (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="252 - 265" refId="B4" refString="Benda, D, Votypkova, K, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2021. Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time. Systematic Entomology 46: 252 - 265, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" title="Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" volume="46" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and morphological characters newly reported here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |