312 lines
34 KiB
XML
312 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="624BCBBB5763010BB92C06BDA509862F" ID-DOI="10.25221/fee.395.2" ID-ISSN="2713-2196" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7164626" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1665244247036" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Ivanov, S. P. & Fateryga, A. V." docDate="2019" docId="BA3687AFFF87BE17CAF2059B4A523848" docLanguage="en" docName="FarEastEntomol.395.7-13.pdf" docOrigin="Far Eastern Entomologist 395" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.25221/fee.395.2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:68641B8F4A21450A5F9A74164B730F50.2:FarEastEntomol.2017-.journal_article" docStyleId="68641B8F4A21450A5F9A74164B730F50" docStyleName="FarEastEntomol.2017-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis SMITH 1853" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="460FFFD7FF84BE13CA110626494F3C2A" masterDocTitle="First record of the invasive giant resin bee Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis Smith, 1853 (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in the Crimea" masterLastPageNumber="13" masterPageNumber="7" pageNumber="10" updateTime="1699368494886" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F0802FED7AC781877A326038D55EEC18">
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<mods:title id="6B07C531D254DAD144C5A17063C1A30A">First record of the invasive giant resin bee Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis Smith, 1853 (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in the Crimea</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="5C4B39DAC34B09B112F4C6D99C830508">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="32A32D68AD72A83330A42D0C0C7CE1B5">Ivanov, S. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="89501A7CB057BBE130CEF82FFF272149" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0C4341C5C99C26B88FAFA915A0B9417E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="0EEB98487570C63F5FEADE84E831A2B0">Fateryga, A. V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="15AAA8D7FA773466246E65235521D20C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="87BB1F28D5905D639BA5471D7BDAE09F">Far Eastern Entomologist</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="989EB7C1E6EF80FE282861FE0B7A93A6">
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<mods:date id="35FCA099AE98F97F6B7C996200B521FC">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="DBF629ECA17C210598DCDC4657C066AD" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="5AA907F03ACE08570AC634272E00474D">2019-11-12</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="C2E0CC3A2B9ADBDC68CBD219FDCD3D0D" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="F19A1F9A3BA48F5A3564F1EE00B27751">395</mods:number>
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<mods:extent id="25397CFD391CD3AAD89583A91CE66377" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="DD46E735B4F9D4C5368298BCE6F154F7">7</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="A416B4BA7214E1D7E36A07CBACB0A006">13</mods:end>
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<mods:location id="47D715C85D4DEC42109396E53320B861">
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<mods:url id="76BF6A6A9D4DBDBE6018417ACCACCCFA">http://dx.doi.org/10.25221/fee.395.2</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="A85ED74FC8BEE0F5E7B8DC79B1F2E897">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="BC5EC98D9A047B57CD0370631323D6AA" type="DOI">10.25221/fee.395.2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BD29429887C7C1FF0F8C1E3B2C81EAF0" type="ISSN">2713-2196</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C341D71981ED46D848024992C4A351A0" type="Zenodo-Dep">7164626</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0C3F4477B2C116765D4E0F35DF6DBD2E" type="ZooBank">0FCD2DB0-BB19-4E76-B8C2-EC39B9B837B8</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="BA3687AFFF87BE17CAF2059B4A523848" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BA3687AFFF87BE17CAF2059B4A523848" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA3687AFFF87BE17CAF2059B4A523848" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
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<subSubSection id="7A856532FF87BE10CAF2059B4BBA3FF9" box="[227,757,957,979]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="322036B9FF87BE10CAF2059B4BBA3FF9" blockId="3.[227,757,957,1007]" box="[227,757,957,979]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
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<heading id="696881D5FF87BE10CAF2059B4BBA3FF9" box="[227,757,957,979]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10CAF2059B4BBA3FF9" ID-CoL="3YSD7" authority="Smith, 1853" authorityName="SMITH" authorityYear="1853" box="[227,757,957,979]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Megachile" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpturalis" subGenus="Callomegachile">
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||
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10CAF2059B4BBA3FF9" bold="true" box="[227,757,957,979]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
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||
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10CAF2059B48043FF9" bold="true" box="[227,331,957,979]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Megachile</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10CB48059B48BB3FF9" bold="true" box="[345,500,957,979]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Callomegachile</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10C813059B4B393FF9" bold="true" box="[514,630,957,979]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">sculpturalis</emphasis>
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Smith, 1853
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7A856532FF87BE10CAF205FF48793FC5" box="[227,310,985,1007]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" type="description">
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<paragraph id="322036B9FF87BE10CAF205FF48793FC5" blockId="3.[227,757,957,1007]" box="[227,310,985,1007]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
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<figureCitation id="AAA42A3CFF87BE10CAF205FF48793FC5" box="[227,310,985,1007]" captionStart="Figs 1–6" captionStartId="2.[265,306,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-0@2.[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 1–6. Bionomics of Megachile sculpturalis Smith in the Crimea: 1 – “bee hotel”" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7164628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7164628/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Figs 1–6</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7A856532FF87BE10CB1802234B9A3846" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="322036B9FF87BE10CB1802234D28381F" blockId="3.[227,1127,1027,1602]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
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<materialsCitation id="82F73CE4FF87BE10CB1802234B68381F" collectingDate="2019-09-02" country="Russia" latitude="44.936947" location="Crimea" longLatPrecision="19" longitude="34.13528" municipality="Simferopol" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
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MATERIAL EXAMINED.
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<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10C80A02224B283830" bold="true" box="[539,615,1028,1050]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
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||
<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10C80A02224B2C3830" box="[539,611,1028,1050]" name="Russia" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Russia</collectingCountry>
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||
:
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</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10C86102234BF73830" box="[624,696,1029,1050]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
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<location id="37406062FF87BE10C86102234BF73830" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BA3687AFFF87BE17CAF2059B4A523848:37406062FF87BE10C86102234BF73830" box="[624,696,1029,1050]" country="Russia" latitude="44.936947" longLatPrecision="19" longitude="34.13528" municipality="Simferopol" name="Crimea" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Crimea</location>
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</emphasis>
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:
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<collectingMunicipality id="D244ACC3FF87BE10C8D602224A793830" box="[711,822,1028,1050]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Simferopol</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="57AB507EFF87BE10C95002254AFD3830" box="[833,946,1027,1050]" degrees="44" direction="north" minutes="56" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" precision="15" seconds="13" value="44.936947">44°56′13″N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="57AB507EFF87BE10C9AA02254D623830" box="[955,1069,1027,1050]" degrees="34" direction="east" minutes="08" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" precision="15" seconds="07" value="34.13528">34°08′07″E</geoCoordinate>
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, dead in a lecture room,
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<date id="46211079FF87BE10CB85020648B7381F" box="[404,504,1056,1077]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" value="2019-09-02">
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<collectingDate id="5665E991FF87BE10CB85020648B7381F" box="[404,504,1056,1077]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" value="2019-09-02">2.IX 2019</collectingDate>
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</date>
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,
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<specimenCount id="2499FD30FF87BE10C81202064B68381F" box="[515,551,1056,1077]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
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</materialsCitation>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="82F73CE4FF87BE10C82202064D2E381F" box="[563,1121,1056,1078]" collectingDate="2019-09-02" collectorName="S. P. Ivanov" country="Russia" latitude="44.936947" location="Crimea" longLatPrecision="19" longitude="34.13528" municipality="Simferopol" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3">
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||
<collectorName id="9F6A536FFF87BE10C82202064BE9381F" box="[563,678,1056,1077]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">S.P. Ivanov</collectorName>
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; ibid., dead under a bee hotel,
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<date id="46211079FF87BE10C9DF02064D7D381F" box="[974,1074,1056,1077]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" value="2019-09-02">
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||
<collectingDate id="5665E991FF87BE10C9DF02064D7D381F" box="[974,1074,1056,1077]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" value="2019-09-02">2.IX 2019</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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,
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<specimenCount id="2499FD30FF87BE10CE2C02064D2E381F" box="[1085,1121,1056,1077]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" type="female">3 ♀</specimenCount>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
,
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="322036B9FF87BE10CAF2021A4D283878" blockId="3.[227,1127,1027,1602]" box="[227,1127,1084,1106]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
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||
<materialsCitation id="82F73CE4FF87BE10CAF2021A48C43878" box="[227,395,1084,1106]" collectorName="S. P. Ivanov" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" specimenCount="1">
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||
<collectorName id="9F6A536FFF87BE10CAF2021A4818387B" box="[227,343,1084,1105]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">S.P. Ivanov</collectorName>
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||
; ibid
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
.,
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<materialsCitation id="82F73CE4FF87BE10CB88021A4D103878" box="[409,1119,1084,1106]" collectingDate="2019-09-06" collectionCode="CFUS" collectorName="S. P. Ivanov" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2">
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exhausted after nesting finish,
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<date id="46211079FF87BE10C8D5021A4A67387B" box="[708,808,1084,1106]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" value="2019-09-06">
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||
<collectingDate id="5665E991FF87BE10C8D5021A4A67387B" box="[708,808,1084,1106]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" value="2019-09-06">6.IX 2019</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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,
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<specimenCount id="2499FD30FF87BE10C922021A4A18387B" box="[819,855,1084,1105]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
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,
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<collectorName id="9F6A536FFF87BE10C975021A4A9A387B" box="[868,981,1084,1105]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">S.P. Ivanov</collectorName>
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||
[
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<collectionCode id="548EAE7CFF87BE10C9F0021A4D6B387B" box="[993,1060,1084,1105]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">CFUS</collectionCode>
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]; ibid
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</materialsCitation>
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.,
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="322036B9FF87BE10CAF202714B9A3846" blockId="3.[227,1127,1027,1602]" box="[227,725,1111,1133]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
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<materialsCitation id="82F73CE4FF87BE10CAF202714B9E3846" box="[227,721,1111,1133]" collectingDate="2019-09-09" collectionCode="CAFK" collectorName="S. P. Ivanov" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
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natural death,
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<date id="46211079FF87BE10CB7D027148803846" box="[364,463,1111,1132]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" value="2019-09-09">
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<collectingDate id="5665E991FF87BE10CB7D027148803846" box="[364,463,1111,1132]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" value="2019-09-09">9.IX 2019</collectingDate>
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</date>
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,
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<specimenCount id="2499FD30FF87BE10CBC8027148B23847" box="[473,509,1111,1133]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
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,
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<collectorName id="9F6A536FFF87BE10C81802714B363847" box="[521,633,1111,1133]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">S.P. Ivanov</collectorName>
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[
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<collectionCode id="548EAE7CFF87BE10C89502714B843846" box="[644,715,1111,1132]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">CAFK</collectionCode>
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]
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="7A856532FF87BE10CB1802554D2938A3" box="[265,1126,1139,1161]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
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||
<paragraph id="322036B9FF87BE10CB1802554D2938A3" blockId="3.[227,1127,1027,1602]" box="[265,1126,1139,1161]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
|
||
DISTRIBUTION.
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<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10CBD1025548B638A3" box="[448,505,1139,1161]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">China</collectingCountry>
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||
(including
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F05BF85BFF87BE10C87E02554B8D38A3" box="[623,706,1139,1161]" country="China" name="Taiwan)" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Taiwan)</collectingRegion>
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||
, Korean Peninsula,
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<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10C99A02554A8D38A2" box="[907,962,1139,1160]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Japan</collectingCountry>
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; introduced into
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="7A856532FF87BE17CAF202A94A523848" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="322036B9FF87BE10CAF202A94A4038EA" blockId="3.[227,1127,1027,1602]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10CAF202A9485A388E" box="[227,277,1167,1188]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">USA</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10CB3002A84823388E" box="[289,364,1166,1188]" name="Canada" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Canada</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10CB6602A848FF388E" box="[375,432,1166,1188]" name="Spain" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Spain</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10CBAD02A94B4F388E" box="[444,512,1167,1188]" name="France" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">France</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10C81A02A84BCF388E" box="[523,640,1166,1188]" name="Switzerland" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10C89D02A84BF5388E" box="[652,698,1166,1188]" name="Italy" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Italy</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10C8D702A94A6D388E" box="[710,802,1167,1188]" name="Germany" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Germany</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10C93C02A84A39388E" box="[813,886,1166,1188]" name="Austria" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Austria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10C99302A84A97388E" box="[898,984,1166,1188]" name="Slovenia" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Slovenia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10C9F502A94D77388E" box="[996,1080,1167,1188]" name="Hungary" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Hungary</collectingCountry>
|
||
(see references in the Introduction), and
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||
<collectingCountry id="4A887629FF87BE10C82A028C4B3438EA" box="[571,635,1194,1216]" name="Russia" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Russia</collectingCountry>
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||
(*new record).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="322036B9FF87BE10CB1802E04D2B3960" blockId="3.[227,1127,1027,1602]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
|
||
BIONOMICS. Females of
|
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<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10C80202E04BE638F1" authorityName="SMITH" authorityYear="1853" box="[531,681,1222,1243]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Megachile" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpturalis">
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||
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10C80202E04BE638F1" box="[531,681,1222,1243]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">M. sculpturalis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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made their nests in paper tubes (
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<figureCitation id="AAA42A3CFF87BE10C9E602E04D7C38F1" box="[1015,1075,1222,1244]" captionStart="Figs 1–6" captionStartId="2.[265,306,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-0@2.[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 1–6. Bionomics of Megachile sculpturalis Smith in the Crimea: 1 – “bee hotel”" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7164628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7164628/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) and reed stems. One female observed on the morning of September 2 (from 8.15, solar time) was provisioning her nest while two other ones carried resin pellets with their mandibles. The resin was obviously taken from conifers as far as it had peculiar scent. Four species of conifers grew in the neighborhood of the balcony with the nests:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10C8F603134D2B3960" authority="(Lamb.)" box="[743,1124,1332,1354]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="nigra" subSpecies="pallasiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10C8F603134A143960" box="[743,859,1333,1354]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Pinus nigra</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10C9BB03124D403963" box="[938,1039,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">pallasiana</emphasis>
|
||
(Lamb.)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="322036B9FF87BE10CAF203764D28394C" blockId="3.[227,1127,1027,1602]" box="[227,1127,1360,1382]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Holmboe,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10CB5D03764BF9394C" authority="(Steven) Silba" authorityName="Silba" baseAuthorityName="Steven" box="[332,694,1360,1382]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="brutia" variety="pityusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10CB5D037648ED394F" box="[332,418,1360,1381]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">P. brutia</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10CBC803764B51394F" box="[473,542,1360,1381]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">pityusa</emphasis>
|
||
(Steven) Silba
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10C8D203764A78394F" box="[707,823,1360,1381]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="abies">
|
||
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10C8D203764A78394F" box="[707,823,1360,1381]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Picea abies</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) H. Karst. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10C9C703764D7F394C" box="[982,1072,1360,1382]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="322036B9FF87BE10CAF2034D4D673992" blockId="3.[227,1127,1027,1602]" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10CAF2034D48F639AA" box="[227,441,1387,1408]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Platycladus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10CAF2034D48F639AA" box="[227,441,1387,1408]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Platycladus orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) Franco (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10C852034D4B8339AA" box="[579,716,1387,1408]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cupressaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). It was impossible to establish which of them was used as the resin source. The resin was transparent and rather fluent. One of paper tube sheaves was nearly completely splashed with resin spread from just one nest plug.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="322036B9FF87BE17CB1803984D283D1D" blockId="3.[227,1127,1027,1602]" lastBlockId="4.[227,1127,262,1122]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The female provisioning her nest arrived each 20–25 min. in the morning and 30–45 min. in the evening. There was not much pollen in her scopa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="AAA42A3CFF87BE10C8FC03FC4A6739C5" box="[749,808,1498,1520]" captionStart="Figs 1–6" captionStartId="2.[265,306,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-0@2.[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 1–6. Bionomics of Megachile sculpturalis Smith in the Crimea: 1 – “bee hotel”" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7164628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7164628/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Females were observed visiting inflorescences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10CB8A03D04B243A21" box="[411,619,1526,1547]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Eryngium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="campestre">
|
||
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10CB8A03D04B243A21" box="[411,619,1526,1547]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Eryngium campestre</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="AAA42A3CFF87BE10C86F03D34BF33A20" box="[638,700,1525,1547]" captionStart="Figs 1–6" captionStartId="2.[265,306,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-0@2.[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 1–6. Bionomics of Megachile sculpturalis Smith in the Crimea: 1 – “bee hotel”" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7164628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7164628/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10C8CA03D34A3C3A20" box="[731,883,1525,1546]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Inula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="helenium">
|
||
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10C8CA03D34A3C3A20" box="[731,883,1525,1546]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Inula helenium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="AAA42A3CFF87BE10C99703D34A893A20" box="[902,966,1525,1547]" captionStart="Figs 1–6" captionStartId="2.[265,306,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-0@2.[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 1–6. Bionomics of Megachile sculpturalis Smith in the Crimea: 1 – “bee hotel”" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7164628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7164628/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10CE0503D348183A0C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Carduus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acanthoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10CE0503D348183A0C" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Carduus acanthoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
while pollen samples taken from the foraging female at her nest contained only pollen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF87BE10CB2E000A48F03A68" box="[319,447,1580,1602]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Ballota" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF87BE10CB2E000A48F03A68" box="[319,447,1580,1602]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="10">Ballota nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Low rate of foraging behavior was obviously associated with the age of the bees: all of them had substantially damaged wings (
|
||
<figureCitation id="AAA42A3CFF80BE17C90507204A013D36" box="[788,846,262,284]" captionStart="Figs 1–6" captionStartId="2.[265,306,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-0@2.[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 1–6. Bionomics of Megachile sculpturalis Smith in the Crimea: 1 – “bee hotel”" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7164628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7164628/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Forage recourses were also scarce due to the end of the season and the presence of competitive bee species such were
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="322036B9FF80BE17CAF2071B4A963D47" blockId="4.[227,1127,262,1122]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF80BE17CAF2071B48C93D7B" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[227,390,316,338]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Megachile" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="centuncularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF80BE17CAF2071B48C93D7B" box="[227,390,316,338]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">M. centuncularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="AAA42A3CFF80BE17CB86071A489C3D78" box="[407,467,316,338]" captionStart="Figs 1–6" captionStartId="2.[265,306,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-0@2.[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 1–6. Bionomics of Megachile sculpturalis Smith in the Crimea: 1 – “bee hotel”" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7164628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7164628/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF80BE17C848071B4AA83D78" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[601,999,316,338]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Apis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mellifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF80BE17C848071B4BAA3D7B" box="[601,741,316,338]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">Apis mellifera</emphasis>
|
||
Linnaeus, 1758 (Apidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and various sweat bees (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF80BE17CB46077148F03D47" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1869" box="[343,447,343,365]" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Halictidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Foraging flights were stopped at approximately 15.15.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="322036B9FF80BE17CB1807554D293DA2" blockId="4.[227,1127,262,1122]" box="[265,1126,371,393]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">Two dissected and studied nests were built in reed stems. The first one was dissected on</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="322036B9FF80BE17CAF207A84D283E56" blockId="4.[227,1127,262,1122]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">
|
||
September 3, directly after it had been sealed by the female. It was located in a stem which was
|
||
<quantity id="F5679B5CFF80BE17CB1E078F48043D94" box="[271,331,425,447]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="26.0">26 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length and
|
||
<quantity id="F5679B5CFF80BE17CBC6078F4B2C3D94" box="[471,611,425,446]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.075" metricValueMax="1.13" metricValueMin="1.02" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="10.75" valueMax="11.3" valueMin="10.2">10.2–11.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
in inner diameter. The nest itself occupied
|
||
<quantity id="F5679B5CFF80BE17CE1B078E4D043D94" box="[1034,1099,424,446]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="8.5">8.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
of the stem length and contained three cells. The cells were built of resin with adding of mud at least to some elements of their structure. First cell was located directly at the bottom of the cavity; the second one was separated from it with a partition which was
|
||
<quantity id="F5679B5CFF80BE17C9BA07DC4AB93E25" box="[939,1014,506,527]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick in its center. The third cell was separated from the second one by much thicker partition consisted of three layers. Two outer layers were
|
||
<quantity id="F5679B5CFF80BE17C87D04164BF63E6F" box="[620,697,560,582]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick each and made of resin and mud. A space between them was filled with mud with much less proportion of resin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="AAA42A3CFF80BE17C9F2046D4D6F3E4B" box="[995,1056,587,609]" captionStart="Figs 1–6" captionStartId="2.[265,306,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-0@2.[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 1–6. Bionomics of Megachile sculpturalis Smith in the Crimea: 1 – “bee hotel”" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7164628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7164628/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Inner spaces of the cells were more or less ellipsoidal. Their sizes were 19.1×10.1, 19.0×10.2, and
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="322036B9FF80BE17CAF204A74D283F29" blockId="4.[227,1127,262,1122]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">
|
||
18.0×
|
||
<quantity id="F5679B5CFF80BE17CB0A04A748383EBC" box="[283,375,641,662]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.03" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="10.3">10.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The origin of the mud used as the building material was unclear. It was impossible to establish whether it was brought by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F59F4D3AFF80BE17C8C604BB4A273E9B" authorityName="SMITH" authorityYear="1853" box="[727,872,668,690]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Megachile" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpturalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="00EBEAABFF80BE17C8C604BB4A273E9B" box="[727,872,668,690]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">M. sculpturalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female or remained from an old nest of any another bee species nested in this cavity earlier. Pollen loaf occupied less than a half of each nest cell volume. It had thick consistency and shining surface. The first and the second cells contained feeding larvae while the third one contained an egg (
|
||
<figureCitation id="AAA42A3CFF80BE17CE0F04CB4D153F29" box="[1054,1114,749,771]" captionStart="Figs 1–6" captionStartId="2.[265,306,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-0@2.[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 1–6. Bionomics of Megachile sculpturalis Smith in the Crimea: 1 – “bee hotel”" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7164628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7164628/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="322036B9FF80BE17CAF2052E4D283F7E" blockId="4.[227,1127,262,1122]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The size of the egg was 5.6×
|
||
<quantity id="F5679B5CFF80BE17CBED052E4B073F37" box="[508,584,776,798]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Pollen loafs had distinctly different color in the second and the third cells. This difference was obviously caused by changing of a forage plant after provisioning of the second cell. All larvae finished their feeding and started cocooning by
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="322036B9FF80BE17CAF2057F48073F44" blockId="4.[227,1127,262,1122]" box="[227,328,857,879]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">October 1.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="322036B9FF80BE17CB1805524D283FDF" blockId="4.[227,1127,262,1122]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The second nest was dissected two weeks after it had been sealed by the female. It was located in a stem which was
|
||
<quantity id="F5679B5CFF80BE17CBEE05A94B743F8F" box="[511,571,911,933]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="28.0">28 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length and
|
||
<quantity id="F5679B5CFF80BE17C8DB05A94A6F3F8F" box="[714,800,911,933]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.44" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="14.4">14.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
in inner diameter. The nest itself occupied
|
||
<quantity id="F5679B5CFF80BE17CB50058C48CB3F95" box="[321,388,938,959]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="4.7">4.7 cm</quantity>
|
||
of the stem and contained two cells. This nest also contained mud used as building material in addition to resin. Particularly, the mud was used for lateral walls of the cells where it was mixed not only with resin but with sawdust as well. These walls were up to
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="322036B9FF80BE17CAF205DD4A523848" blockId="4.[227,1127,262,1122]" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<quantity id="F5679B5CFF80BE17CAF205DD4853383B" box="[227,284,1019,1041]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick. The inner sizes of the cells were 24.9×10.6 and 19.6×
|
||
<quantity id="F5679B5CFF80BE17C96205DD4A8E383B" box="[883,961,1019,1041]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="9.9">9.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The second cell was sealed with plug which was
|
||
<quantity id="F5679B5CFF80BE17C83102304B263806" box="[544,617,1046,1068]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick in its center. The first cell contained a prepupa while the second one contained a false pollen loaf, a mass of pollen and nectar covering the cell wall by a 2–3 mm-thick layer, and no progeny (
|
||
<figureCitation id="AAA42A3CFF80BE17C8C4026A4A5F3848" box="[725,784,1100,1122]" captionStart="Figs 1–6" captionStartId="2.[265,306,1435,1457]" captionTargetBox="[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetId="figure-0@2.[231,1123,257,1391]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 1–6. Bionomics of Megachile sculpturalis Smith in the Crimea: 1 – “bee hotel”" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7164628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7164628/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |