treatments-xml/data/7E/13/87/7E13878EFFD51B12FF321ACEFE3B886B.xml

<document ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.36.306" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4db6b327-7482-432e-a5f6-36f91c79fef3" ID-ISSN="1313–2970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576620" ID-ZooBank="ADCACC88-6C78-4386-8E33-3F98234ECE92" approvalRequired="105" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="105" checkinTime="1587967053581" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rix, Michael &amp; Harvey, Mark" docDate="2010" docId="7E13878EFFD51B12FF321ACEFE3B886B" docLanguage="en" docName="ZK_article_2154.pdf" docOrigin="ZooKeys 36 (36)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@6ed9075d" docStyleName="zookeys.2008.journal_article" docTitle="Gigiella platnicki Rix &amp; Harvey 2010, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="AF683CEF-BF54-4140-9B26-C2AB85F9DEE1" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="106" masterDocId="822AFFF6FFB61B7BFFBE1F57FFE98D05" masterDocTitle="The spider family Micropholcommatidae (Arachnida: Araneae: Araneoidea): a relimitation and revision at the generic level" masterLastPageNumber="321" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="100" updateTime="1669157185164" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>The spider family Micropholcommatidae (Arachnida: Araneae: Araneoidea): a relimitation and revision at the generic level</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Rix, Michael</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Western Australian Museum, Welshpool DC, Perth, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Harvey, Mark</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Western Australian Museum, Perth, Welshpool, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2010-02-22</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>36</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>36</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>321</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.36.306</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">4db6b327-7482-432e-a5f6-36f91c79fef3</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1313–2970</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576620</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">ADCACC88-6C78-4386-8E33-3F98234ECE92</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3789440" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163749012" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3789440" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AF683CEF-BF54-4140-9B26-C2AB85F9DEE1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E13878EFFD51B12FF321ACEFE3B886B" lastPageId="105" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<subSubSection pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="99.[140,976,1433,1531]" box="[140,598,1433,1460]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<heading box="[140,598,1433,1460]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" reason="3">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,598,1433,1460]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<taxonomicName authority="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[140,521,1433,1460]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Gigiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platnicki" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,349,1433,1460]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<emphasis box="[140,235,1433,1460]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" reason="1">Gigiella</emphasis>
platnicki
</emphasis>
Rix &amp; Harvey
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[533,598,1434,1460]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="99.[140,976,1433,1531]" box="[140,976,1469,1496]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<uri box="[140,976,1469,1496]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 
<uuid box="[418,976,1469,1496]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">AF683CEF-BF54-4140-9B26-C2AB85F9DEE1</uuid>
</uri>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[140,856,1504,1531]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="99.[140,976,1433,1531]" box="[140,856,1504,1531]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<figureCitation box="[140,229,1504,1531]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="140.[140,212,1398,1420]" captionTargetBox="[189,1057,165,1378]" captionTargetId="figure@140.[189,1059,165,1379]" captionTargetPageId="140" captionText="Figure 7. The genera of Micropholcommatidae, illustrated with habitus photographs of representative male specimens. A–D tribe Micropholcommatini: A Micropholcomma caeligenum Crosby &amp; Bishop B Pua novaezealandiae Forster C Austropholcomma florentine sp. n. D Tricellina gertschi (Forster &amp; Platnick). E–M tribe Textricellini: E Eterosonycha aquilina sp. n. F Epigastrina fulva (Hickman) G Raveniella peckorum sp. n. H Rayforstia vulgaris (Forster) I Normplatnicka lamingtonensis (Forster)] Eperiella alsophila sp. n. K Algidiella aucklandica (Forster) L Taliniella nigra (Forster) M Tinytrella pusilla (Forster). N Patelliella adusta sp. n., tribe Patelliellini. O–P subfamily Taphiassinae: O Olgania excavata Hickman P Taphiassa robertsi sp. n. Q–R subfamily Gigiellinae: Q Gigiella milledgei sp. n. R Gigiella platnicki sp. n. Note that Guiniella tropica (Forster) is not illustrated." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767701" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767701/files/figure.png" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Figs 7R</figureCitation>
, 193A–B, 193D, 193F, 195B, 197C–D, 203–209, 211
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="100" lastPageNumber="101" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="99.[140,1108,1574,1672]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,317,1574,1601]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<emphasis box="[140,198,1575,1601]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" reason="1">Type</emphasis>
material.
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608826052" collectingDate="1986-01-19" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="N. Platnick &amp; P. Goloboff &amp; T. Schuh" country="Chile" elevation="220" location="Puerto Puyuguapi" municipality="Region Ibanez del Campo" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Aysen" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus box="[329,436,1575,1601]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Holotype</typeStatus>
male: 
<quantity box="[523,617,1575,1601]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.02" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="km" value="102.0">102 km</quantity>
S. of 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E13878EFFD51B12FF321ACEFE3B886B:F3656043FFD51B18FD021970FC668B44" box="[700,911,1575,1601]" country="Chile" municipality="Region Ibanez del Campo" name="Puerto Puyuguapi" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" stateProvince="Aysen">Puerto Puyuguapi</location>
, 
<collectingRegion box="[928,1103,1575,1601]" country="Chile" name="Aysen" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Aisén province</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingMunicipality box="[140,438,1610,1636]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Región Ibáñez del Campo</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[451,516,1610,1636]" name="Chile" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Chile</collectingCountry>
, 
<quantity box="[527,605,1610,1636]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="220.0">
<elevation box="[527,605,1610,1636]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="220.0">220 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, wet forest, 
<date box="[742,856,1610,1636]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" value="1986-01-19">
<collectingDate box="[742,856,1610,1636]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" value="1986-01-19">19.I.1986</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName box="[869,1003,1610,1636]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">N. Platnick</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName pageId="99" pageNumber="100">P. Goloboff</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[198,300,1645,1672]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">T. Schuh</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode box="[316,414,1645,1671]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">AMNH</collectionCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="100.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<typeStatus box="[185,295,167,193]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Paratypes</typeStatus>
: 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608825991" collectingDate="1986-01-19" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="N. Platnick &amp; P. Goloboff &amp; T. Schuh" country="Chile" elevation="220" location="Puerto Puyuguapi" municipality="Region Ibanez del Campo" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" specimenCount="9" specimenCount-female="8" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Aysen" typeStatus="allotype">
<typeStatus box="[305,400,167,193]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Allotype</typeStatus>
female, same data as holotype (
<collectionCode box="[751,848,167,193]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">AMNH</collectionCode>
); 
<specimenCount box="[867,942,167,193]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
and 
<specimenCount box="[996,1104,167,193]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="female">7 females</specimenCount>
, same data as 
<typeStatus box="[287,386,202,228]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<superScript attach="left" box="[494,548,201,216]" fontSize="6" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
AMNHSEM♁ 
<specimenCount box="[539,548,201,215]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
</superScript>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="100.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,505,237,263]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis box="[185,258,237,263]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" reason="1">Other</emphasis>
material examined.
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608825996" collectingDate="1981-12-01" collectingDateMax="1986-01-16" collectingDateMin="1981-12-01" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="Region XI &amp; N. Platnick &amp; O. Francke &amp; Region X &amp; T. Schuh &amp; Berlese &amp; P. Goloboff" country="Chile" county="Ibanez del Campo" elevation="500" location="Puerto Cisnes" municipality="Parque Nacional Queulat" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Aysen">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[516,1108,236,263]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<collectingCountry box="[516,609,237,263]" name="Chile" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">CHILE</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectorName box="[626,754,236,263]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Región XI</collectorName>
(
<collectingCounty box="[773,1009,236,263]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Ibáñez del Campo</collectingCounty>
): 
<collectingRegion box="[1033,1103,236,263]" country="Chile" name="Aysen" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Aisén</collectingRegion>
:
</emphasis>
<collectingMunicipality box="[140,446,272,299]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Parque Nacional Queulat</collectingMunicipality>
, near 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E13878EFFD51B12FF321ACEFE3B886B:F3656043FFD21B1FFDB31E46FD5C8C2F" box="[525,693,272,299]" country="Chile" county="Ibanez del Campo" municipality="Parque Nacional Queulat" name="Puerto Cisnes" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" stateProvince="Aysen">Puerto Cisnes</location>
, 
<quantity box="[709,792,272,299]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="m" value="500.0">
<elevation box="[709,792,272,299]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, wet forest, 
<date box="[947,1059,272,299]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="1985-02-06">
<collectingDate box="[947,1059,272,299]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="1985-02-06">6.II.1985</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName pageId="100" pageNumber="101">N. Platnick</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[255,392,307,334]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">O. Francke</collectorName>
, 1♁ (
<collectionCode box="[467,566,308,334]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">AMNH</collectionCode>
). 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[590,976,306,333]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<collectorName box="[590,709,306,333]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Región X</collectorName>
(
<collectingRegion box="[728,862,307,333]" country="Chile" name="Los Lagos" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Los Lagos</collectingRegion>
): 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E13878EFFD51B12FF321ACEFE3B886B:F3656043FFD21B1FFCC91E65FC228C48" box="[887,971,306,333]" country="Chile" county="Ibanez del Campo" municipality="Parque Nacional Queulat" name="Chiloe" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" stateProvince="Aysen">Chiloé</location>
:
</emphasis>
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E13878EFFD51B12FF321ACEFE3B886B:F3656043FFD21B1FFC631E64FF288C74" country="Chile" county="Ibanez del Campo" municipality="Parque Nacional Queulat" name="Chiloe Island" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" stateProvince="Aysen">Chiloé Island</location>
, 
<quantity box="[208,271,342,369]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
N. of 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E13878EFFD51B12FF321ACEFE3B886B:F3656043FFD21B1FFEDA1E00FE2E8C74" box="[356,455,343,369]" country="Chile" county="Ibanez del Campo" municipality="Parque Nacional Queulat" name="Quellon" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" stateProvince="Aysen">Quellon</location>
, 
<quantity box="[469,550,342,369]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="m" value="105.0">
<elevation box="[469,550,342,369]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="m" value="105.0">105 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E13878EFFD51B12FF321ACEFE3B886B:F3656043FFD21B1FFD8B1E00FD608C74" box="[565,649,343,369]" country="Chile" county="Ibanez del Campo" municipality="Parque Nacional Queulat" name="Berlese" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" stateProvince="Aysen">Berlese</location>
, modified forest, floor litter and moss, 
<date box="[140,272,378,404]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="1981-12-01">
<collectingDate box="[140,272,378,404]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="1981-12-01">1.XII.1981</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName box="[284,420,378,404]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">N. Platnick</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[430,537,378,404]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">T. Schuh</collectorName>
, 
<specimenCount box="[548,578,378,404]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode box="[601,700,378,404]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">AMNH</collectionCode>
). 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[719,807,378,404]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Palena:</emphasis>
<quantity box="[814,889,378,404]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="km" value="70.0">70 km</quantity>
S. of Chaitén, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="m" value="500.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, wet streambank, moss 
<collectorName box="[437,521,413,439]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Berlese</collectorName>
, 
<date box="[532,649,413,439]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="1986-01-16">
<collectingDate box="[532,649,413,439]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="1986-01-16">16.I.1986</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName box="[662,798,413,440]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">N. Platnick</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[809,939,413,440]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">P. Goloboff</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[953,1059,413,440]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">T. Schuh</collectorName>
, 
<specimenCount box="[1070,1100,413,440]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode box="[148,246,448,474]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">AMNH</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608826003" collectingDate="1981-12-07" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="N. Platnick &amp; T. Schuh" country="Chile" elevation="50" location="Chaiten" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" specimenCount="1">
vicinity of 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E13878EFFD51B12FF321ACEFE3B886B:F3656043FFD21B1FFE311E97FE068CDF" box="[399,495,448,474]" country="Chile" name="Chaiten" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Chaitén</location>
, 
<quantity box="[509,620,448,475]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="m" value="50.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="0.0">
<elevation box="[509,620,448,475]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="m" value="50.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="0.0">0–100 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, moss in forest, 
<date box="[818,949,448,474]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="1981-12-07">
<collectingDate box="[818,949,448,474]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="1981-12-07">7.XII.1981</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName box="[964,1103,448,475]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">N. Platnick</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[140,250,483,510]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">T. Schuh</collectorName>
, 2♁ (
<collectionCode box="[320,418,484,510]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">AMNH</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608826067" collectingDate="1984-12-17" collectingDateMax="1986-01-17" collectingDateMin="1984-12-17" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="N. Platnick &amp; P. Goloboff &amp; T. Schuh &amp; La Union &amp; S. &amp; J. Peck" country="Chile" county="Chaiten" elevation="40" location="Valdivia" municipality="Berlese" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
<quantity box="[441,564,483,510]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="km" value="26.0" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="25.0">25–27 km</quantity>
N. of 
<collectingCounty box="[649,745,483,509]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Chaitén</collectingCounty>
, 
<quantity box="[759,825,484,510]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="m" value="40.0">
<elevation box="[759,825,484,510]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="m" value="40.0">40 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, wet virgin forest, moss 
<collectingMunicipality box="[140,224,519,545]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Berlese</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<date box="[237,354,519,545]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="1986-01-17">
<collectingDate box="[237,354,519,545]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="1986-01-17">17.I.1986</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName box="[368,506,519,545]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">N. Platnick</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[519,651,519,545]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">P. Goloboff</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[667,775,519,545]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">T. Schuh</collectorName>
, 1♁ (
<collectionCode box="[843,942,519,545]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">AMNH</collectionCode>
). 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[963,1069,518,544]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E13878EFFD51B12FF321ACEFE3B886B:F3656043FFD21B1FFC7D1D51FBC18F25" box="[963,1064,518,544]" country="Chile" county="Chaiten" municipality="Berlese" name="Valdivia" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Valdivia</location>
:
</emphasis>
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="km" value="34.0">34 km</quantity>
WNW. of 
<collectorName box="[308,423,554,580]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E13878EFFD51B12FF321ACEFE3B886B:F3656043FFD21B1FFE8A1D7DFE4E8F41" box="[308,423,554,580]" country="Chile" county="Chaiten" municipality="Berlese" name="La Union" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">La Unión</location>
</collectorName>
, 
<quantity box="[435,514,554,580]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="m" value="700.0">
<elevation box="[435,514,554,580]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="m" value="700.0">700 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, mixed evergreen forest, 
<date box="[801,948,554,581]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="1984-12-17">
<collectingDate box="[801,948,554,581]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="1984-12-17">17.XII.1984</collectingDate>
</date>
– 
<date box="[966,1073,554,581]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="1985-02-07">
<collectingDate box="[966,1073,554,581]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="1985-02-07">7.II.1985</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName pageId="100" pageNumber="101">S. &amp; J. Peck</collectorName>
, 
<specimenCount box="[265,295,589,616]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode box="[318,417,589,615]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">AMNH</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="etymology">
<paragraph blockId="100.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,320,624,650]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis box="[185,315,624,650]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" reason="1">Etymology</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The specific epithet is a patronym in honour Norman I. Platnick, of the American Museum of Natural History (
<collectingRegion box="[629,748,659,686]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">New York</collectingRegion>
), for his enormous contribution to the study of micropholcommatid spiders, and for collecting many specimens of this species, including the 
<typeStatus box="[389,437,730,756]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">type</typeStatus>
series.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="100.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,312,765,791]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis box="[185,307,765,791]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" reason="1">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Males of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[429,619,765,791]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Gigiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platnicki">
<emphasis box="[429,619,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Gigiella platnicki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[936,1071,765,792]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Gigiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="milledgei">
<emphasis box="[936,1071,765,792]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">G. milledgei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the longer, coiled embolus (
<figureCitation box="[454,554,800,826]" captionStart="Figure 204" captionStartId="299.[140,212,1622,1644]" captionTargetBox="[183,1051,1059,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@299.[179,1069,1048,1605]" captionTargetPageId="299" captionText="Figure 204. Gigiella platnicki sp. n., holotype male from south of Puerto Puyuguapi, Chile (AMNH): A left pedipalp, ventral view B left pedipalp, retrolateral view. Scale bar = 0.065 mm (65 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767861/files/figure.png" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Fig. 204</figureCitation>
). Females can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[974,1108,800,827]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Gigiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="milledgei">
<emphasis box="[974,1108,800,827]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">G. milledgei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the coiled insemination ducts (Figs 197C–D). Both sexes can also be recognised by the Chilean distribution (Fig. 211).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="101" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="100.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,335,905,931]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis box="[185,330,905,931]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" reason="1">Description</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[346,504,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<typeStatus box="[346,441,906,932]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Holotype</typeStatus>
male
</emphasis>
: Total length 1.41. Carapace 0.86 long, 0.59 wide. Abdomen 0.73 long, 0.59 wide. Leg I femur 0.88. Cephalothorax dark tan-yellow; legs tan-yellow; abdomen dark grey with paler sclerotic spots. Carapace raised anteriorly, fused to sternum via pleural sclerites; dorsal surface of pars cephalica slightly convex in lateral view. Eight subequal eyes present on anterior margin of pars cephalica; PME separated by slightly less than their own diameter. Chelicerae without bulging anterior projections; promargin without peg teeth. Legs relatively short (leg I femur-carapace ratio 1.02); macrosetae absent. Abdomen oval-globose, covered with hair-like setae, each seta projecting from small sclerotic spot; dorsal scute and lateral sclerotic strips absent. Pedipalpal patella with distally-directed, forked lRPA; tegulum smooth, with curved ETR; embolus long (length&gt; 5× width), coiled 1.5x around margin of bulb (
<figureCitation box="[148,247,1293,1319]" captionStart="Figure 204" captionStartId="299.[140,212,1622,1644]" captionTargetBox="[183,1051,1059,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@299.[179,1069,1048,1605]" captionTargetPageId="299" captionText="Figure 204. Gigiella platnicki sp. n., holotype male from south of Puerto Puyuguapi, Chile (AMNH): A left pedipalp, ventral view B left pedipalp, retrolateral view. Scale bar = 0.065 mm (65 µm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767861/files/figure.png" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Fig. 204</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="100.[140,1108,167,1672]" lastBlockId="101.[140,1108,167,474]" lastPageId="101" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis box="[185,349,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<typeStatus box="[185,271,1328,1354]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Allotype</typeStatus>
female
</emphasis>
: Total length 1.47. Carapace 0.76 long, 0.54 wide. Abdomen 0.94 long, 0.76 wide. Leg I femur 0.71. Cephalothorax brown; legs dark tan-yellow; abdomen dark grey with paler sclerotic spots. Carapace raised anteriorly, fused to sternum via pleural sclerites; dorsal surface of pars cephalica slightly convex in lateral view. Eight subequal eyes present on anterior margin of pars cephalica; PME separated by slightly less than their own diameter. Chelicerae without bulging anterior projections; promargin without peg teeth. Legs relatively short (leg I femur-carapace ratio 0.93); macrosetae absent. Abdomen oval-globose, covered with hair-like setae, each seta projecting from small sclerotic spot; dorsal scute and lateral sclerotic strips absent. Pedipalp entire, five-segmented. Epigyne with distinctive external morphology (
<figureCitation box="[935,1056,1645,1671]" captionStart="Figure 203" captionStartId="299.[140,212,975,997]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,955]" captionTargetId="figure@299.[140,1109,165,955]" captionTargetPageId="299" captionText="Figure 203. Gigiella platnicki sp. n. from south of Puerto Puyuguapi, Chile. A, C holotype male (AMNH): A habitus, dorsal view C cephalothorax, frontal view. B, D allotype female (AMNS): B habitus, dorsal view D abdomen, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767859" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767859/files/figure.png" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Fig. 203D</figureCitation>
); re- ceptacula globular, twisted; insemination ducts coiling around receptacula; fertilisation ducts looped (Figs 197C–D).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="101.[140,1108,167,474]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,344,237,263]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis box="[185,339,237,263]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" reason="1">Distribution</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Known only from southern 
<collectingCountry box="[686,751,237,263]" name="Chile" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Chile</collectingCountry>
, in 
<collectingRegion box="[800,1035,237,264]" country="Chile" name="Los Lagos" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Región de los Lagos</collectingRegion>
(Chiloé, Palena and Valdivia provinces) and Región Ibáñez del Campo (
<collectingRegion box="[926,1100,272,299]" country="Chile" name="Aysen" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Aisén province</collectingRegion>
) (Fig. 211).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="105" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="101.[140,1108,167,474]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,298,343,369]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis box="[185,293,343,369]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" reason="1">Remarks</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[309,501,343,369]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Gigiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="platnicki">
<emphasis box="[309,501,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Gigiella platnicki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a relatively large species from the cool-temperate rainforests of southern 
<collectingCountry box="[404,469,378,404]" name="Chile" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Chile</collectingCountry>
, in the region between Valdivia and 
<collectingRegion box="[889,951,378,404]" country="Chile" name="Aysen" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Aisén</collectingRegion>
(Fig. 211). It has mostly been collected from moss in wet, virgin forest, but nothing else is known of its biology.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="101.[140,326,569,596]" box="[140,326,569,596]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,326,569,596]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Biogeography</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="101.[140,1108,624,1671]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
As first suggested by 
<bibRefCitation author="Forster RR &amp; Platnick NI" box="[384,768,624,651]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="263 - 270" refId="ref70231" refString="Forster RR, Platnick NI (1981) A textricellid spider from Chile (Araneae, Textricellidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 170: 263 - 270." type="journal article" year="1981">Forster and Platnick (1981: 264)</bibRefCitation>
, the taxonomy of the 
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Micropholcommatidae</taxonomicName>
“would be of greater value to biogeographic analysis if a more fully resolved classification were available”. Such a classification is now available, and with a newly proposed phylogenetic hypothesis for the family, the distribution of the 
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Micropholcommatidae</taxonomicName>
warrants biogeographic analysis under a cladistic framework. As discussed by 
<bibRefCitation author="Forster RR &amp; Platnick NI" box="[254,569,800,827]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="263 - 270" refId="ref70231" refString="Forster RR, Platnick NI (1981) A textricellid spider from Chile (Araneae, Textricellidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 170: 263 - 270." type="journal article" year="1981">Forster and Platnick (1981)</bibRefCitation>
, and as highlighted by the results of the current study, temperate Chilean-Australian patterns are evident in several micropholcommatid genera, raising the question of whether Gondwanan vicariance could be responsible for these biogeographic patterns.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="101.[140,1108,624,1671]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,848,941,967]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">The southern-temperate micropholcommatid fauna.</emphasis>
The 
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Micropholcommatidae</taxonomicName>
are a distinctively southern-temperate family (see Platnick 1991), with a south-eastern Australian centre of diversity, and over 80% of all known genera occurring within just 10 degrees of latitude, between 
<geoCoordinate box="[742,796,1046,1073]" degrees="35" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="55555" value="-35.0">35°S</geoCoordinate>
and 
<geoCoordinate box="[857,911,1046,1073]" degrees="45" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="55555" value="-45.0">45°S</geoCoordinate>
(Figs 210, 217). In the cool-temperate rainforests of the Otway Ranges, Yarra Ranges and 
<collectingRegion box="[998,1107,1082,1108]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
(Fig. 218), micropholcommatid spiders can be extremely abundant, and the Southern Beech (
<taxonomicName box="[273,562,1152,1178]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cunninghamii">
<emphasis box="[273,562,1152,1178]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Nothofagus cunninghamii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) forests of south-eastern 
<collectingCountry box="[857,959,1152,1178]" name="Australia" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Australia</collectingCountry>
(Fig. 218D) are the only places in the world where 10 or 11 genera of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[831,960,1187,1213]" family="Null" pageId="101" pageNumber="291" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gigiellinae">Gigiellinae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="101" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Micropholcommatinae">Micropholcommatinae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[344,491,1223,1249]" family="Null" pageId="101" pageNumber="258" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Taphiassinae">Taphiassinae</taxonomicName>
can be found living in close sympatry. Similarly, in extreme south-western 
<collectingRegion box="[410,619,1258,1284]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
, the temperate Walpole region is the only area where all five Western Australian genera occur in sympatry, and two of these genera (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[234,432,1328,1354]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Austropholcomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[234,432,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Austropholcomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[494,663,1328,1354]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Normplatnicka" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[494,663,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Normplatnicka</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are locally endemic (Fig. 214). Even in tropical New 
<collectingCountry box="[326,414,1363,1389]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Guinea</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[426,605,1363,1390]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
and north-eastern Queensland, micropholcommatid species are largely restricted to montane habitats, which are cooler in climate, and home to a diversity of otherwise temperate taxa (Platnick 1991). In South America, micropholcommatid species have been collected only in the cooltemperate rainforests of southern 
<collectingCountry box="[544,611,1504,1530]" name="Chile" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Chile</collectingCountry>
, and this fauna has a clear biogeographic connection to south-eastern 
<collectingCountry box="[476,578,1539,1565]" name="Australia" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Australia</collectingCountry>
(see below). A very few micropholcommatid species have adapted to more xeric inland or tropical lowland habitats, however these species are the exception, and all such taxa have otherwise southern-temperate congeneric relatives.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="102.[140,1108,166,1672]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,675,166,193]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">The evidence for Gondwanan vicariance.</emphasis>
Models of Gondwanan vicariance are a central tenet of ‘vicariance biogeography’ (see 
<bibRefCitation author="Brundin L" box="[677,841,202,228]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 472" refId="ref69635" refString="Brundin L (1966) Transantarctic relationships and their significance, as evidenced by chironomid midges, with a monograph of the subfamilies Podonominae and Aphroteniinae and the austral Heptagyiae. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 11: 1 - 472." type="journal article" year="1966">Brundin 1966</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Platnick NI" box="[854,1015,202,228]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="101 - 109" refId="ref71743" refString="Platnick NI (1976) Drifting spiders or continents? Vicariance biogeography of the spider subfamily Laroniinae (Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Systematic Zoology 25: 101 - 109." type="journal article" year="1976">Platnick 1976</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Nelson G &amp; Platnick NI" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref71617" refString="Nelson G, Platnick NI (1981) Systematics and Biogeography: Cladistics and Vicariance. Columbia University Press, New York, 567 pp." type="book" year="1981">
<collectingRegion box="[1027,1107,202,228]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Nelson</collectingRegion>
and Platnick 1981
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Nelson G &amp; Ladiges PY" box="[369,666,237,263]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="389 - 409" refId="ref71588" refString="Nelson G, Ladiges PY (2001) Gondwana, vicariance biogeography and the New York School revisited. Australian Journal of Botany 49: 389 - 409." type="journal article" year="2001">
<collectingRegion box="[369,449,237,263]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Nelson</collectingRegion>
and Ladiges 2001
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Sanmartin I &amp; Ronquist F" box="[680,1036,237,263]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="216 - 243" refId="ref72332" refString="Sanmartin I, Ronquist F (2004) Southern Hemisphere biogeography inferred by event-based models: plant versus animal patterns. Systematic Biology 53: 216 - 243." type="journal article" year="2004">Sanmartin and Ronquist 2004</bibRefCitation>
), generally invoked to explain the current distributions of Southern Hemisphere taxa by recourse to the continental rifting of Gondwana (see 
<bibRefCitation author="Li ZX &amp; Powell CM" box="[734,954,307,334]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="237 - 277" refId="ref71278" refString="Li ZX, Powell CM (2001) An outline of the palaeogeographic evolution of the Australasian region since the beginning of the Neoproterozoic. Earth-Science Reviews 53: 237 - 277." type="journal article" year="2001">Li and Powell 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="McLoughlin S" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="271 - 300" refId="ref71471" refString="McLoughlin S (2001) The breakup history of Gondwana and its impact on pre-Cenozoic floristic provincialism. Australian Journal of Botany 49: 271 - 300." type="journal article" year="2001">McLoughlin 2001</bibRefCitation>
). To address vicariant biogeographic hypotheses under a cladistic framework, ‘area cladograms’ can be constructed to reconcile the geographic distributions of taxa with their possible phylogenetic history (
<bibRefCitation author="Nelson G &amp; Platnick NI" box="[604,907,413,439]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref71617" refString="Nelson G, Platnick NI (1981) Systematics and Biogeography: Cladistics and Vicariance. Columbia University Press, New York, 567 pp." type="book" year="1981">
<collectingRegion box="[604,686,413,439]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Nelson</collectingRegion>
and Platnick 1981
</bibRefCitation>
), under a testable framework which assumes cladogenic events are congruent with the temporal order of vicariance (
<bibRefCitation author="Platnick NI" box="[305,472,483,509]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="101 - 109" refId="ref71743" refString="Platnick NI (1976) Drifting spiders or continents? Vicariance biogeography of the spider subfamily Laroniinae (Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Systematic Zoology 25: 101 - 109." type="journal article" year="1976">Platnick 1976</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Nelson G &amp; Platnick NI" box="[488,801,483,510]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref71617" refString="Nelson G, Platnick NI (1981) Systematics and Biogeography: Cladistics and Vicariance. Columbia University Press, New York, 567 pp." type="book" year="1981">
<collectingRegion box="[488,568,483,509]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Nelson</collectingRegion>
and Platnick 1981
</bibRefCitation>
). Vicariance biogeography is powerful in that concordant or ‘repetitious’ patterns can be compared across taxa (
<bibRefCitation author="Platnick NI" box="[147,310,554,580]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="101 - 109" refId="ref71743" refString="Platnick NI (1976) Drifting spiders or continents? Vicariance biogeography of the spider subfamily Laroniinae (Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Systematic Zoology 25: 101 - 109." type="journal article" year="1976">Platnick 1976</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Sanmartin I &amp; Ronquist F" box="[322,670,554,580]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="216 - 243" refId="ref72332" refString="Sanmartin I, Ronquist F (2004) Southern Hemisphere biogeography inferred by event-based models: plant versus animal patterns. Systematic Biology 53: 216 - 243." type="journal article" year="2004">Sanmartin and Ronquist 2004</bibRefCitation>
), and biogeographic hypotheses can be developed accordingly. Many studies have tested Gondwanan vicariant patterns using an area cladogram approach, in both plants (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="Swenson U &amp; Hill RS &amp; McLoughlin S" box="[708,943,624,651]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="1025 - 1041" refId="ref72633" refString="Swenson U, Hill RS, McLoughlin S (2001) Biogeography of Nothofagus supports the sequence of Gondwana break-up. Taxon 50: 1025 - 1041." type="journal article" year="2001">Swenson et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Ladiges PY &amp; Udovicic F &amp; Nelson G" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="989 - 998" refId="ref71184" refString="Ladiges PY, Udovicic F, Nelson G (2003) Australian biogeographical connections and the phylogeny of large genera in the plant family Myrtaceae. Journal of Biogeography 30: 989 - 998." type="journal article" year="2003">Ladiges et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Cook LG &amp; Crisp MD" box="[214,469,659,686]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="2535 - 2544" refId="ref69882" refString="Cook LG, Crisp MD (2005) Not so ancient: the extant crown group of Nothofagus represents a post-Gondwanan radiation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 272: 2535 - 2544." type="journal article" year="2005">Cook and Crisp 2005</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Meudt HM &amp; Simpson BB" box="[481,784,659,686]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="479 - 513" refId="ref71499" refString="Meudt HM, Simpson BB (2006) The biogeography of the austral, subalpine genus Ourisia (Plantaginaceae) based on molecular phylogenetic evidence: South American origin and dispersal to New Zealand and Tasmania. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 87: 479 - 513." type="journal article" year="2006">Meudt and Simpson 2006</bibRefCitation>
) and animals (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="Griswold CE &amp; Ledford J" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 120" refId="ref70474" refString="Griswold CE, Ledford J (2001) A monograph of the migid trap door spiders of Madagascar and review of the world genera (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Migidae). Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences 151: 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="2001">Griswold and Ledford 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Daniels SR &amp; Hamer M &amp; Rogers C" box="[360,577,695,721]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="313 - 327" refId="ref69948" refString="Daniels SR, Hamer M, Rogers C (2004) Molecular evidence suggests an ancient radiation for the fairy shrimp genus Streptocephalus (Branchiopoda: Anostraca). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 82: 313 - 327." type="journal article" year="2004">Daniels et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Sparks JS &amp; Smith WL" box="[588,856,695,721]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="719 - 734" refId="ref72592" refString="Sparks JS, Smith WL (2004) Phylogeny and biogeography of the Malagasy and Australasi- an rainbowfishes (Teleostei: Melanotaenioidei): Gondwanan vicariance and evolution in freshwater. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33: 719 - 734." type="journal article" year="2004">Sparks and Smith 2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Kuntner M" box="[867,1033,695,722]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="19 - 62" refId="ref71156" refString="Kuntner M (2006) Phylogenetic systematics of the Gondwanan nephilid spider lineage Clitaetrinae (Araneae, Nephilidae). Zoologica Scripta 35: 19 - 62." type="journal article" year="2006">Kuntner 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="102.[140,1108,166,1672]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
As suggested by 
<bibRefCitation author="Forster RR &amp; Platnick NI" box="[383,712,730,756]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="263 - 270" refId="ref70231" refString="Forster RR, Platnick NI (1981) A textricellid spider from Chile (Araneae, Textricellidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 170: 263 - 270." type="journal article" year="1981">Forster and Platnick (1981)</bibRefCitation>
, the southern-temperate distribution of the 
<taxonomicName box="[273,533,765,791]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Micropholcommatidae</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 210) is amenable for exploring vicariant biogeographic hypotheses under the testable assumption that this distribution is the result of Gondwanan vicariance. Figure 217 summarises the phylogeny and biogeography of the 18 micropholcommatid genera with an area cladogram, illustrating those taxa found on different continental landmasses, and highlighting those clades with potentially vicariant Gondwanan patterns. Multiple micropholcommatid taxa in multiple subfamilies and tribes exhibit sister-group relationships on separate Gondwanan landmasses, with reciprocally-distributed Chilean-Australian (e.g. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[1005,1091,1011,1037]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Gigiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1005,1091,1011,1037]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Gigiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), Australian-New 
<collectingRegion box="[325,417,1047,1073]" country="Denmark" name="Sjaelland" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Zealand</collectingRegion>
(e.g. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[481,589,1047,1073]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Rayforstia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[481,589,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Rayforstia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), Australian-New Caledonian (e.g. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1880" box="[993,1098,1047,1073]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Taphiassa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[993,1098,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Taphiassa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and Australian-New Guinean (e.g. 
<emphasis box="[536,773,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[536,640,1082,1108]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Guiniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Guiniella</taxonomicName>
- 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[649,773,1083,1108]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Epigastrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epigastrina</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
/ 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1932" box="[782,920,1082,1108]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Eterosonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[782,920,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Eterosonycha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) clades, as highlighted (*) in Figure 217. Four genera in three separate lineages exhibit a remarkable Chilean-Australian distribution, and the 
<taxonomicName box="[604,864,1152,1178]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Micropholcommatidae</taxonomicName>
are one of only a few arachnid groups known to exhibit such a strong trans-Pacific connection between congeneric taxa (but see also certain 
<taxonomicName authority=", Hydracarina and Oribatida" authorityName="Hydracarina and Oribatida" box="[508,1029,1223,1250]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Pseudoscorpiones, Hydracarina and Oribatida</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation author="Harvey MS" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="255 - 264" refId="ref70614" refString="Harvey MS (1996) The biogeography of Gondwanan pseudoscorpions (Arachnida). Revue Suisse de Zoologie vol. hors serie: 255 - 264." type="book chapter" year="1996">Harvey 1996</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Harvey MS" box="[258,331,1258,1284]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref70641" refString="Harvey MS (1998 a) The Australian Water Mites: A Guide to Families and Genera. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 150 pp." type="book" year="1998">1998a</bibRefCitation>
, b; 
<bibRefCitation author="Colloff MJ" box="[373,523,1258,1284]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref69845" refString="Colloff MJ (2009) Species-group concepts and biogeography of the genus Crotonia (Acari: Oribatida: Crotoniidae), with new species from South and Central America. Zootaxa 2081: 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="2009">Colloff 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="102.[140,1108,166,1672]" lastBlockId="103.[140,1108,167,1672]" lastPageId="103" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">
The case of the 
<taxonomicName box="[362,496,1293,1319]" family="Null" pageId="102" pageNumber="311" rank="tribe" tribe="Textricellini">Textricellini</taxonomicName>
is a further, compelling example of how phylogenetic patterns in the 
<taxonomicName box="[312,571,1328,1354]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Micropholcommatidae</taxonomicName>
are congruent with patterns of Gondwanan vicariance. The basal textricellin taxa in the genera 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[692,798,1363,1389]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Tinytrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[692,798,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Tinytrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[813,908,1363,1389]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Eperiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[813,908,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Eperiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[964,1067,1363,1389]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Algidiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[964,1067,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Algidiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are all restricted to 
<collectingCountry box="[316,468,1399,1425]" name="New Zealand" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
(the first of the eastern Gondwanan landmasses to separate; 
<bibRefCitation author="Li ZX &amp; Powell CM" box="[195,412,1434,1460]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="237 - 277" refId="ref71278" refString="Li ZX, Powell CM (2001) An outline of the palaeogeographic evolution of the Australasian region since the beginning of the Neoproterozoic. Earth-Science Reviews 53: 237 - 277." type="journal article" year="2001">Li and Powell 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Sanmartin I &amp; Ronquist F" box="[422,765,1434,1460]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="216 - 243" refId="ref72332" refString="Sanmartin I, Ronquist F (2004) Southern Hemisphere biogeography inferred by event-based models: plant versus animal patterns. Systematic Biology 53: 216 - 243." type="journal article" year="2004">Sanmartin and Ronquist 2004</bibRefCitation>
), with more derived taxa in the genera 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[221,316,1469,1495]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Eperiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[221,316,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Eperiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[373,538,1469,1495]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Normplatnicka" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[373,538,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Normplatnicka</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shared between 
<collectingCountry box="[725,824,1469,1495]" name="Australia" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Australia</collectingCountry>
and South America, and terminal taxa in the ‘ 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1932" box="[382,520,1504,1530]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Eterosonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[382,520,1504,1530]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Eterosonycha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade’ found only in 
<collectingCountry box="[770,869,1504,1530]" name="Australia" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Australia</collectingCountry>
and montane 
<collectingCountry name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
(Fig. 217). This cladogenic pattern is largely congruent with the geological area cladogram of 
<bibRefCitation author="Sanmartin I &amp; Ronquist F" box="[390,750,1575,1601]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="216 - 243" refId="ref72332" refString="Sanmartin I, Ronquist F (2004) Southern Hemisphere biogeography inferred by event-based models: plant versus animal patterns. Systematic Biology 53: 216 - 243." type="journal article" year="2004">Sanmartin and Ronquist (2004</bibRefCitation>
, fig.1), and strong evidence for the Gondwanan ancestry of the textricellin clade. No other major micropholcommatid lineage exhibits such a characteristically Gondwanan phylogeny, and the 
<taxonomicName box="[973,1107,1645,1671]" family="Null" pageId="102" pageNumber="311" rank="tribe" tribe="Textricellini">Textricellini</taxonomicName>
may yet prove to be one of the more striking examples of Gondwanan vicariance in the 
<taxonomicName box="[185,305,202,228]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">Arachnida</taxonomicName>
. Interestingly, with the exception of an undescribed species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Raveniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Raveniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Western Australia (M. Rix, unpubl. data), species of 
<taxonomicName box="[842,976,237,263]" family="Null" pageId="103" pageNumber="311" rank="tribe" tribe="Textricellini">Textricellini</taxonomicName>
are entirely restricted to mesic, temperate habitats throughout their range, an observation which is consistent with a relictual, vicariant model of distribution for this group of spiders.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="103.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,536,342,369]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
<emphasis box="[185,257,342,368]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" reason="1">Other</emphasis>
biogeographic models.
</emphasis>
In the case of the 
<taxonomicName box="[747,1010,343,369]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Micropholcommatidae</taxonomicName>
, the evidence for Gondwanan vicariance is compelling (Fig. 217), and strong evidence to the contrary is required to invoke an alternative explanation for the distribution patterns observed. Models of ‘dispersal biogeography’ are often cited as alternatives to vicariance biogeography, under the assumption that widespread taxa may have dispersed in the past from former centres of origin (
<bibRefCitation author="Platnick NI" box="[575,737,519,545]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="101 - 109" refId="ref71743" refString="Platnick NI (1976) Drifting spiders or continents? Vicariance biogeography of the spider subfamily Laroniinae (Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Systematic Zoology 25: 101 - 109." type="journal article" year="1976">Platnick 1976</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Sanmartin I &amp; Ronquist F" box="[748,1095,519,545]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="216 - 243" refId="ref72332" refString="Sanmartin I, Ronquist F (2004) Southern Hemisphere biogeography inferred by event-based models: plant versus animal patterns. Systematic Biology 53: 216 - 243." type="journal article" year="2004">Sanmartin and Ronquist 2004</bibRefCitation>
). One of the problems with dispersal biogeography is that such hypotheses are rarely falsifiable (
<bibRefCitation author="Sanmartin I &amp; Ronquist F" box="[264,624,589,615]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="216 - 243" refId="ref72332" refString="Sanmartin I, Ronquist F (2004) Southern Hemisphere biogeography inferred by event-based models: plant versus animal patterns. Systematic Biology 53: 216 - 243." type="journal article" year="2004">Sanmartin and Ronquist 2004</bibRefCitation>
) – taxa could of course, 
<emphasis box="[925,1038,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">potentially</emphasis>
, have travelled anywhere at any time – although with the advent of DNA sequencing, the molecular dating of clades is one way of approaching the dispersal-vicariance debate (e.g. see 
<bibRefCitation author="Buckley TT &amp; Attanayake D &amp; Bradler S" box="[243,475,695,721]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="1055 - 1062" refId="ref69676" refString="Buckley TT, Attanayake D, Bradler S (2009) Extreme convergence in stick insect evolution: phylogenetic placement of the Lord Howe Island tree lobster. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 276: 1055 - 1062." type="journal article" year="2009">Buckley et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
). For the 
<taxonomicName box="[595,858,695,721]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Micropholcommatidae</taxonomicName>
, no molecular dating data are currently available, and preliminary observations on live micropholcommatid specimens suggest that these spiders are ecologically restricted and highly prone to desiccation (see Natural History, below), rendering long-distance dispersal across the Pacific Ocean unlikely. Similarly, few convincing observations can be made regarding transoceanic distributions that might be explained by dispersal (e.g. see 
<bibRefCitation author="Vidal N &amp; Hedges SB" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="129 - 139" refId="ref72661" refString="Vidal N, Hedges SB (2009) The molecular evolutionary tree of lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians. Comptes Rendus Biologies 332: 129 - 139." type="journal article" year="2009">Vidal and Hedges 2009</bibRefCitation>
), with the exception that species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[699,807,906,932]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Rayforstia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[699,807,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Rayforstia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on Lord Howe Island and 
<collectingCountry box="[140,292,941,968]" name="New Zealand" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
may have had an Australian ancestor, if a vicariant Gondwanan biogeography is accepted for the tribe 
<taxonomicName box="[490,625,976,1002]" family="Null" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" rank="tribe" tribe="Textricellini">Textricellini</taxonomicName>
(see Fig. 217). Similarly, the ancestor/s of species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1880" box="[253,357,1011,1037]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Taphiassa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[253,357,1011,1037]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Taphiassa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on 
<collectingCountry box="[401,576,1011,1038]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
may also have dispersed there relatively recently, if a ‘Darwinian Island’ hypothesis is accepted for 
<collectingCountry box="[743,920,1047,1073]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
(see 
<bibRefCitation author="Grandcolas P &amp; Murienne J &amp; Robillard T &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas L &amp; Jourdan H &amp; Guilbert E &amp; Deharveng L" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="3309 - 3317" refId="ref70426" refString="Grandcolas P, Murienne J, Robillard T, Desutter-Grandcolas L, Jourdan H, Guilbert E, Deharveng L (2008) New Caledonia: a very old Darwinian island? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 363: 3309 - 3317." type="journal article" year="2008">Grandcolas et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
). Several other micropholcommatid taxa have been recorded from offshore islands (e.g. species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[405,511,1117,1143]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Patelliella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[405,511,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Patelliella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1880" box="[529,633,1117,1143]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Taphiassa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[529,633,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Taphiassa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[651,754,1117,1143]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Algidiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[651,754,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Algidiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[817,925,1117,1143]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Rayforstia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[817,925,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">Rayforstia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on Lord Howe Island, Campbell Island and Auckland Island) (Fig. 210), although the way in which these taxa arrived is unknown, and in the case of all three islands an older vicariant or at least partially-vicariant (e.g. island ‘stepping-stone’) explanation is feasible (e.g. see 
<bibRefCitation author="Forster RR" box="[140,286,1258,1284]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="58 - 115" refId="ref70175" refString="Forster RR (1964) The Araneae and Opiliones of the subantarctic islands of New Zealand. Pacific Insects Monograph 7: 58 - 115." type="journal article" year="1964">Forster 1964</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Buckley TT &amp; Attanayake D &amp; Bradler S" box="[298,518,1258,1284]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="1055 - 1062" refId="ref69676" refString="Buckley TT, Attanayake D, Bradler S (2009) Extreme convergence in stick insect evolution: phylogenetic placement of the Lord Howe Island tree lobster. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 276: 1055 - 1062." type="journal article" year="2009">Buckley et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
). As for most animals and plants, dispersal can never be completely ruled out for the micropholcommatid taxa, but a further discussion on this hypothesis requires calibrated molecular data and a more rigorous understanding of micropholcommatid ecology.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="103.[140,1108,167,1672]" lastBlockId="104.[140,1108,167,580]" lastPageId="104" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="103" pageNumber="104">
One other biogeographic model is also worthy of mention with respect to the 
<taxonomicName box="[140,402,1434,1460]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Micropholcommatidae</taxonomicName>
– that of Northern Hemisphere extinction, and a possible older, Pangaean origin for the group. This model is often overlooked with respect to southern-temperate taxa, but must be considered here given the well-documented past or present ‘bipolar’ distributions of certain 
<taxonomicName box="[700,817,1539,1565]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">Arachnida</taxonomicName>
(e.g. pseudoscorpions of the families 
<taxonomicName authorityName="J.C.Chamberlin" authorityYear="1930" box="[287,409,1575,1601]" class="Arachnida" family="Syarinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Syarinidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1923" box="[425,616,1575,1601]" class="Arachnida" family="Pseudogarypidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudogarypidae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[682,804,1575,1601]" class="Arachnida" family="Garypidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pseudoscorpiones" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Garypidae</taxonomicName>
, and spiders of the family 
<taxonomicName authorityName="C.L.Koch &amp; Berendt" authorityYear="1854" box="[170,299,1610,1636]" class="Arachnida" family="Archaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Archaeidae</taxonomicName>
; see 
<bibRefCitation author="Forster RR &amp; Platnick NI" box="[356,664,1610,1636]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="1 - 106" refId="ref70264" refString="Forster RR, Platnick NI (1984) A review of the archaeid spiders and their relatives, with notes on the limits of the superfamily Palpimanoidea (Arachnida, Araneae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 178: 1 - 106." type="journal article" year="1984">Forster and Platnick 1984</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Harvey MS" box="[678,849,1610,1636]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="429 - 441" refId="ref70667" refString="Harvey MS (1998 b) Pseudoscorpion groups with bipolar distributions: a new genus from Tasmania related to the holarctic Syarinus (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Syarinidae). Journal of Arachnology 26: 429 - 441." type="journal article" year="1998">Harvey 1998b</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Penney D" box="[863,1017,1610,1636]" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="122 - 130" refId="ref71666" refString="Penney D (2003) Afrarchaea grimaldii, a new species of Archaeidae (Araneae) in Cretaceous Burmese amber. Journal of Arachnology 31: 122 - 130." type="journal article" year="2003">Penney 2003</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Selden PA &amp; Diying H &amp; Dong R" pageId="103" pageNumber="104" pagination="306 - 321" refId="ref72496" refString="Selden PA, Diying H, Dong R (2008) Palpimanoid spiders from the Jurassic of China. Journal of Arachnology 36: 306 - 321." type="journal article" year="2008">Selden et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
; Harvey and Št’áhlavský, in press), and given the recent description of a fossil micropholcommatid taxon from the Northern Hemisphere. 
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Cenotextricella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simoni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Cenotextricella simoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described by 
<bibRefCitation author="Penney D &amp; Dierick M &amp; Cnudde V &amp; Masschaele B &amp; Vlassenbroeck J &amp; Hoorebeke LV &amp; Jacobs P" box="[432,672,202,228]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="47 - 53" refId="ref71696" refString="Penney D, Dierick M, Cnudde V, Masschaele B, Vlassenbroeck J, Hoorebeke LV, Jacobs P (2007) First fossil Micropholcommatidae (Araneae), imaged in Eocene Paris amber using X-Ray Computed Tomography. Zootaxa 1623: 47 - 53." type="journal article" year="2007">Penney et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
from the Eocene amber of the Paris Basin, 
<collectingCountry box="[219,298,238,264]" name="France" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">France</collectingCountry>
, and tentatively placed in the 
<taxonomicName box="[653,919,237,263]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Micropholcommatidae</taxonomicName>
. This placement was based on several characters typical of certain textricellin genera (see Taxonomy, above), although the morphology of 
<taxonomicName box="[582,744,307,333]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Cenotextricella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[582,744,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Cenotextricella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described as being unlike that of any extant species (
<bibRefCitation author="Penney D &amp; Dierick M &amp; Cnudde V &amp; Masschaele B &amp; Vlassenbroeck J &amp; Hoorebeke LV &amp; Jacobs P" box="[445,666,343,369]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="47 - 53" refId="ref71696" refString="Penney D, Dierick M, Cnudde V, Masschaele B, Vlassenbroeck J, Hoorebeke LV, Jacobs P (2007) First fossil Micropholcommatidae (Araneae), imaged in Eocene Paris amber using X-Ray Computed Tomography. Zootaxa 1623: 47 - 53." type="journal article" year="2007">Penney et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Unfortunately, the affinities of 
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Cenotextricella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Cenotextricella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remain unknown, as several critical micropholcommatid characters cannot be determined using the X-Ray Computed Tomography method utilised by 
<bibRefCitation author="Penney D &amp; Dierick M &amp; Cnudde V &amp; Masschaele B &amp; Vlassenbroeck J &amp; Hoorebeke LV &amp; Jacobs P" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="47 - 53" refId="ref71696" refString="Penney D, Dierick M, Cnudde V, Masschaele B, Vlassenbroeck J, Hoorebeke LV, Jacobs P (2007) First fossil Micropholcommatidae (Araneae), imaged in Eocene Paris amber using X-Ray Computed Tomography. Zootaxa 1623: 47 - 53." type="journal article" year="2007">Penney et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
, and no additional fossil specimens are known. As a result, the previous occurrence of micropholcommatid species in the Northern Hemisphere cannot be rejected nor confirmed, and a Pangaean hypothesis remains un-falsifiable in the absence of further taxa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="104.[140,350,674,701]" box="[140,350,674,701]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,350,674,701]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Natural history</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="104.[140,1108,730,1672]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
The natural history of most micropholcommatid spiders remains poorly known, and there is much scope for future studies in this area. 
<bibRefCitation author="Hickman VV" box="[707,892,765,791]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="179 - 195" refId="ref70811" refString="Hickman VV (1944) On some new Australian Apneumonomorphae with notes on their respiratory system. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 1944: 179 - 195." type="journal article" year="1944">Hickman (1944</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Hickman VV" box="[904,964,765,792]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="135 - 148" refId="ref70843" refString="Hickman VV (1945) A new group of apneumone spiders. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 36: 135 - 148." type="journal article" year="1945">1945</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<bibRefCitation author="Forster RR" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="269 - 329" refId="ref70149" refString="Forster RR (1959) The spiders of the family Symphytognathidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86: 269 - 329." type="journal article" year="1959">Forster (1959)</bibRefCitation>
provided some important contributions regarding the webs and egg sacs of 
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Micropholcommatinae">Micropholcommatinae</taxonomicName>
, although there is still much to be determined for the 15 known genera. The biology of the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[460,603,871,897]" family="Null" pageId="104" pageNumber="258" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Taphiassinae">Taphiassinae</taxonomicName>
is now moderately well-known (
<figureCitation box="[991,1094,871,897]" captionStart="Figure 223" captionStartId="315.[140,212,1152,1174]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1133]" captionTargetId="figure@315.[140,1108,165,1133]" captionTargetPageId="315" captionText="Figure 223. Biology of Taphiassinae. A–B Olgania excavata Hickman from the Bubs Hill karst, Tasmania: A egg sac (removed from web) and single egg B sheet-web, suspended on wall of cave at Thylacine Lair, Bubs Hill karst. C–E Taphiassa globosa sp. n. from Cape Le Grand National Park, Western Australia (WAM T94488): C live female photographed in captivity ‘cleaning’ leg I D egg sac and two eggs, laid in captivity E live female with egg sac. F–G live female T. robertsi sp. n. from D’Entrecasteaux National Park, Western Australia (WAM T94528), photographed in captivity. H possible egg sac of T. magna sp. n., photographed suspended on a moist, mossy rock wall near Goathouse Cave, Mount Lidgbird, Lord Howe Island. Images by M. Rix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767877/files/figure.png" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Fig. 223</figureCitation>
), although webs of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1880" box="[345,449,906,932]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Taphiassa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[345,449,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Taphiassa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are still undescribed. The 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[754,876,906,932]" family="Null" pageId="104" pageNumber="291" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gigiellinae">Gigiellinae</taxonomicName>
and the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[981,1107,906,932]" family="Null" pageId="104" pageNumber="314" rank="tribe" tribe="Patelliellini">Patelliellini</taxonomicName>
are the least understood biologically of any 
<taxonomicName box="[630,894,941,967]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Micropholcommatidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="104.[140,1108,730,1672]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,606,976,1002]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Web morphology and prey capture.</emphasis>
The 
<taxonomicName box="[662,922,976,1002]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Micropholcommatidae</taxonomicName>
are derived 
<taxonomicName order="Null" pageId="104" pageNumber="132" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Araneoidea">Araneoidea</taxonomicName>
with a sheet- or tangle-web building ecology (
<bibRefCitation author="Hickman VV" box="[760,939,1011,1038]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="179 - 195" refId="ref70811" refString="Hickman VV (1944) On some new Australian Apneumonomorphae with notes on their respiratory system. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 1944: 179 - 195." type="journal article" year="1944">Hickman 1944</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Forster RR" box="[952,1099,1011,1038]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="269 - 329" refId="ref70149" refString="Forster RR (1959) The spiders of the family Symphytognathidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86: 269 - 329." type="journal article" year="1959">Forster 1959</bibRefCitation>
) – an observation supported by spinneret spigot morphology. All studied species of 
<taxonomicName box="[140,275,1082,1108]" family="Null" pageId="104" pageNumber="311" rank="tribe" tribe="Textricellini">Textricellini</taxonomicName>
build very small, horizontal, platform sheet-webs, often between leaflets of moss, on top of which they sit and wait for prey (M. Rix, pers. obs.; 
<bibRefCitation author="Hickman VV" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="135 - 148" refId="ref70843" refString="Hickman VV (1945) A new group of apneumone spiders. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 36: 135 - 148." type="journal article" year="1945">Hickman 1945</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Forster RR" box="[214,364,1152,1179]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="269 - 329" refId="ref70149" refString="Forster RR (1959) The spiders of the family Symphytognathidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86: 269 - 329." type="journal article" year="1959">Forster 1959</bibRefCitation>
). Species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[504,612,1152,1178]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Rayforstia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[504,612,1152,1178]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Rayforstia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[671,784,1152,1178]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Raveniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[671,784,1152,1178]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Raveniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
will readily build such webs in captivity (Fig. 221D), and the silk appears to be sticky (M. Rix, pers. obs.). Species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Crosby &amp; Bishop" authorityYear="1927" box="[169,358,1223,1249]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Micropholcomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[169,358,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Micropholcomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in contrast, have been shown to build irregular, three-dimensional tangle-webs, not unlike those constructed by certain 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1833" box="[747,876,1258,1284]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Theridiidae</taxonomicName>
(M. Rix, pers. obs.; 
<bibRefCitation author="Hickman VV" box="[140,317,1293,1319]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="179 - 195" refId="ref70811" refString="Hickman VV (1944) On some new Australian Apneumonomorphae with notes on their respiratory system. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 1944: 179 - 195." type="journal article" year="1944">Hickman 1944</bibRefCitation>
), and both textricellin and micropholcommatin species have been fed on small Collembola in captivity (
<bibRefCitation author="Hickman VV" box="[520,695,1328,1354]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="179 - 195" refId="ref70811" refString="Hickman VV (1944) On some new Australian Apneumonomorphae with notes on their respiratory system. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 1944: 179 - 195." type="journal article" year="1944">Hickman 1944</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Hickman VV" box="[707,770,1328,1355]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" pagination="135 - 148" refId="ref70843" refString="Hickman VV (1945) A new group of apneumone spiders. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 36: 135 - 148." type="journal article" year="1945">1945</bibRefCitation>
). Taphiassine webs are poorlyknown, and only those of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hickman P" authorityYear="1979" box="[432,619,1363,1389]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Olgania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavata">
<emphasis box="[432,619,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Olgania excavata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been described (see Taxonomy, above) (
<figureCitation box="[148,265,1399,1425]" captionStart="Figure 223" captionStartId="315.[140,212,1152,1174]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1133]" captionTargetId="figure@315.[140,1108,165,1133]" captionTargetPageId="315" captionText="Figure 223. Biology of Taphiassinae. A–B Olgania excavata Hickman from the Bubs Hill karst, Tasmania: A egg sac (removed from web) and single egg B sheet-web, suspended on wall of cave at Thylacine Lair, Bubs Hill karst. C–E Taphiassa globosa sp. n. from Cape Le Grand National Park, Western Australia (WAM T94488): C live female photographed in captivity ‘cleaning’ leg I D egg sac and two eggs, laid in captivity E live female with egg sac. F–G live female T. robertsi sp. n. from D’Entrecasteaux National Park, Western Australia (WAM T94528), photographed in captivity. H possible egg sac of T. magna sp. n., photographed suspended on a moist, mossy rock wall near Goathouse Cave, Mount Lidgbird, Lord Howe Island. Images by M. Rix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767877/files/figure.png" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Fig. 223B</figureCitation>
). Webs of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[384,506,1399,1425]" family="Null" pageId="104" pageNumber="291" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gigiellinae">Gigiellinae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[563,689,1399,1425]" family="Null" pageId="104" pageNumber="314" rank="tribe" tribe="Patelliellini">Patelliellini</taxonomicName>
are unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="104.[140,1108,730,1672]" lastBlockId="105.[140,1108,167,1390]" lastPageId="105" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,576,1433,1460]" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">
<emphasis box="[185,310,1433,1459]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" reason="1">Courtship</emphasis>
, mating and egg sacs.
</emphasis>
Knowledge of micropholcommatid reproductive biology is fragmentary, with only a few egg sacs and mating behaviours recorded. Courtship has never been described in any 
<taxonomicName box="[620,883,1504,1530]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Micropholcommatidae</taxonomicName>
, although it is highly likely that male stridulation plays an important role in most or all micropholcommatine species. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Butler E" authorityYear="1932" box="[318,533,1575,1601]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Eterosonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="104" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpina">
<emphasis box="[318,533,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="105">Eterosonycha alpina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been observed mating in captivity: a male was photographed ‘suspended’ from a female by his inserted left pedipalp, which pulsated periodically as haemolymph was pumped under pressure (M. Rix, pers. obs.). The male hung motionless from the female throughout the mating process, even while the female walked over and through leaflets of moss (
<figureCitation box="[696,795,202,228]" captionStart="Figure 222" captionStartId="314.[140,212,1387,1409]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,1005,1367]" captionTargetId="figure@314.[140,1108,1004,1368]" captionTargetPageId="314" captionText="Figure 222. Mating pair of Eterosonycha alpina Butler from Cuckoo Falls, Tasmania (WAM T94106), photographed in captivity. The female is walking on leaflets of moss, while the male hangs, suspended and motionless, from his inserted left pedipalp. Images by M. Rix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767875" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767875/files/figure.png" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Fig. 222</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="105.[140,1108,167,1390]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
Egg sacs have been previously described for species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Crosby &amp; Bishop" authorityYear="1927" box="[807,996,237,263]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Micropholcomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[807,996,237,263]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Micropholcomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Raveniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Raveniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and egg sacs of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[404,547,272,298]" family="Null" pageId="105" pageNumber="258" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Taphiassinae">Taphiassinae</taxonomicName>
are newly-described. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1944" box="[795,1107,272,298]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Micropholcomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parmatum">
<emphasis box="[795,1107,272,298]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Micropholcomma parmatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
builds a small, white, “pill-box shaped” egg sac which is attached to leaflets of moss (
<bibRefCitation author="Hickman VV" box="[148,325,343,369]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="179 - 195" refId="ref70811" refString="Hickman VV (1944) On some new Australian Apneumonomorphae with notes on their respiratory system. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 1944: 179 - 195." type="journal article" year="1944">Hickman 1944</bibRefCitation>
), and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" baseAuthorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[395,499,343,369]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Raveniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteola">
<emphasis box="[395,499,343,369]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">R. luteola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also builds a small, white, “biconvex lens shaped” egg sac which is likewise attached to the substrate (
<bibRefCitation author="Hickman VV" box="[671,849,378,405]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="135 - 148" refId="ref70843" refString="Hickman VV (1945) A new group of apneumone spiders. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 36: 135 - 148." type="journal article" year="1945">Hickman 1945</bibRefCitation>
); in 
<collectingRegion box="[900,1104,378,404]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
, similar egg sacs probably belonging to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[574,710,413,439]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Raveniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peckorum">
<emphasis box="[574,710,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">R. peckorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been found attached to leaves in humus and to the underside of logs (M. Rix, pers. obs.). Two spiderlings hatched out of an egg sac made by 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1944" box="[439,595,484,509]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Micropholcomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parmatum">
<emphasis box="[439,595,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">M. parmatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(after 57 days), and egg sacs of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" baseAuthorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[954,1058,483,509]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Raveniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luteola">
<emphasis box="[954,1058,483,509]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">R. luteola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had three or four eggs inside (
<bibRefCitation author="Hickman VV" box="[442,622,519,545]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="179 - 195" refId="ref70811" refString="Hickman VV (1944) On some new Australian Apneumonomorphae with notes on their respiratory system. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 1944: 179 - 195." type="journal article" year="1944">Hickman 1944</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Hickman VV" box="[637,700,518,545]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="135 - 148" refId="ref70843" refString="Hickman VV (1945) A new group of apneumone spiders. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 36: 135 - 148." type="journal article" year="1945">1945</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hickman" authorityYear="1944" box="[759,917,519,544]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Micropholcomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parmatum">
<emphasis box="[759,917,519,544]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">M. parmatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, females possess vestigial pedipalpal nubbins on the maxillae, and 
<bibRefCitation author="Hickman VV" box="[705,898,554,580]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="179 - 195" refId="ref70811" refString="Hickman VV (1944) On some new Australian Apneumonomorphae with notes on their respiratory system. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 1944: 179 - 195." type="journal article" year="1944">Hickman (1944)</bibRefCitation>
recorded that one of two spiderlings that hatched also had vestigial pedipalps, suggesting that micropholcommatid species with vestigial female pedipalps can be sexed at any age. Egg sacs are now known for species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1880" box="[442,546,659,685]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Taphiassa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[442,546,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Taphiassa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[607,695,659,685]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Olgania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[607,695,659,685]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Olgania</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with both taxa possessing a similar egg sac morphology (
<figureCitation box="[382,586,695,721]" captionStart="Figure 223" captionStartId="315.[140,212,1152,1174]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1133]" captionTargetId="figure@315.[140,1108,165,1133]" captionTargetPageId="315" captionText="Figure 223. Biology of Taphiassinae. A–B Olgania excavata Hickman from the Bubs Hill karst, Tasmania: A egg sac (removed from web) and single egg B sheet-web, suspended on wall of cave at Thylacine Lair, Bubs Hill karst. C–E Taphiassa globosa sp. n. from Cape Le Grand National Park, Western Australia (WAM T94488): C live female photographed in captivity ‘cleaning’ leg I D egg sac and two eggs, laid in captivity E live female with egg sac. F–G live female T. robertsi sp. n. from D’Entrecasteaux National Park, Western Australia (WAM T94528), photographed in captivity. H possible egg sac of T. magna sp. n., photographed suspended on a moist, mossy rock wall near Goathouse Cave, Mount Lidgbird, Lord Howe Island. Images by M. Rix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767877/files/figure.png" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Figs 223A, 223D</figureCitation>
). Taphiassine egg sacs are small and spherical, and composed of a thin layer of fine, loosely-woven elastic silk through which the eggs are usually visible. They are suspended by horizontal supporting-threads which are attached to the egg sac by drawn-out tufts of silk, and are hung either above the female’s sheet-web or nearby. Egg sacs seem to contain only a very small number of eggs (one in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hickman P" authorityYear="1979" box="[140,267,871,897]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Olgania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavata">
<emphasis box="[140,267,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">O. excavata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and two in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" box="[402,509,871,897]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Taphiassa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="globosa">
<emphasis box="[402,509,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">T. globosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation box="[532,733,871,897]" captionStart="Figure 223" captionStartId="315.[140,212,1152,1174]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1133]" captionTargetId="figure@315.[140,1108,165,1133]" captionTargetPageId="315" captionText="Figure 223. Biology of Taphiassinae. A–B Olgania excavata Hickman from the Bubs Hill karst, Tasmania: A egg sac (removed from web) and single egg B sheet-web, suspended on wall of cave at Thylacine Lair, Bubs Hill karst. C–E Taphiassa globosa sp. n. from Cape Le Grand National Park, Western Australia (WAM T94488): C live female photographed in captivity ‘cleaning’ leg I D egg sac and two eggs, laid in captivity E live female with egg sac. F–G live female T. robertsi sp. n. from D’Entrecasteaux National Park, Western Australia (WAM T94528), photographed in captivity. H possible egg sac of T. magna sp. n., photographed suspended on a moist, mossy rock wall near Goathouse Cave, Mount Lidgbird, Lord Howe Island. Images by M. Rix." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3767877" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3767877/files/figure.png" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Figs 223A, 223D</figureCitation>
), although females of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hickman P" authorityYear="1979" box="[980,1107,871,897]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Olgania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="excavata">
<emphasis box="[980,1107,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">O. excavata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been seen with multiple hanging egg sacs (M. Rix, pers. obs.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="105.[140,1108,167,1390]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,545,941,967]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">
<emphasis box="[185,232,941,967]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" reason="1">Life</emphasis>
cycle and general biology.
</emphasis>
Based on collection records, micropholcommatid spiders appear to be strictly seasonal, annual breeders in most of south-western 
<collectingRegion country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
, where adult specimens are most easily found in the wet winter months of May to September (M. Rix, pers. obs.). Elsewhere in south-eastern 
<collectingCountry box="[898,997,1047,1073]" name="Australia" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Australia</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry name="New Zealand" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
micropholcommatids seem less seasonal, with adults often present throughout the year (
<bibRefCitation author="Forster RR" box="[250,404,1117,1144]" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" pagination="269 - 329" refId="ref70149" refString="Forster RR (1959) The spiders of the family Symphytognathidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86: 269 - 329." type="journal article" year="1959">Forster 1959</bibRefCitation>
). The generation-time of most 
<taxonomicName box="[770,1030,1117,1143]" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Micropholcommatidae</taxonomicName>
is unknown, although in south-eastern 
<collectingCountry box="[527,626,1152,1178]" name="Australia" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Australia</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry box="[683,835,1152,1179]" name="New Zealand" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
it is likely that there is a strong overlap in generations. Many micropholcommatid populations seem loosely colonial, and specimens are often aggregated within small, favourable microhabitats (M. Rix, pers. obs.). Aerial ballooning has never been observed in any micropholcommatid taxon, and most species seem highly susceptible to desiccation; specimens of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rix &amp; Harvey" authorityYear="2010" class="Arachnida" family="Micropholcommatidae" genus="Raveniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="105" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peckorum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="106">Raveniella peckorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, once removed from leaf litter, can die in an un-hydrated vial within several minutes (M. Rix, pers. obs.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>