1198 lines
110 KiB
XML
1198 lines
110 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.332.4753" ID-PMC="PMC3804768" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-332-95" ID-Pensoft-UUID="9C1CE036FFBF8D66FF024F74FFB0FFCC" ID-PubMed="24163583" ID-Zenodo-Dep="577540" ModsDocID="1313-2970-332-95" checkinTime="1451246929074" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Barney, Robert J., LeSage, Laurent & Savard, Karine" docDate="2013" docId="6DF8A9BF5F820C31F68C9C7BEE428800" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 332: 95-176" docOrigin="ZooKeys 332" docPubDate="2013-09-19" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.332.4753" docTitle="Pachybrachis Chevrolat 1836" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="9C1CE036FFBF8D66FF024F74FFB0FFCC" lastPageNumber="109" masterDocId="9C1CE036FFBF8D66FF024F74FFB0FFCC" masterDocTitle="Pachybrachis (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cryptocephalinae) of Eastern Canada" masterLastPageNumber="175" masterPageNumber="95" pageNumber="103" updateTime="1668156466159" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Pachybrachis (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cryptocephalinae) of Eastern Canada</mods:title>
|
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Barney, Robert J.</mods:namePart>
|
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<mods:affiliation>Gus R. Douglass Land-Grant Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, West Virginia, United States 25112 - 1000</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">rbarney@wvstateu.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>LeSage, Laurent</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Neatby Building, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K 1 A 0 C 6</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Savard, Karine</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Neatby Building, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K 1 A 0 C 6</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2013-09-19</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>332</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>95</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.332.4753</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.332.4753</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-332-95</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">577540</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152047695" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6DF8A9BF5F820C31F68C9C7BEE428800" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6DF8A9BF5F820C31F68C9C7BEE428800" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="109" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="103" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
|
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<taxonomicName LSID="6DF8A9BF-5F82-0C31-F68C-9C7BEE428800" authority="Chevrolat, 1836" authorityName="Chevrolat" authorityYear="1836" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachybrachis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachybrachis Chevrolat, 1836</taxonomicName>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="103" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chevrolat" authorityYear="1836" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachybrachis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Chevrolat
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">in</emphasis>
|
||
Dejean, 1836: 420. Type species:
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Laicharting" authorityYear="1781" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cryptocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hieroglyphicus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Cryptocephalus hieroglyphicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Laicharting, 1781, by subsequent designation of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jacoby, M" journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis, London" pageId="48" pageNumber="143" refId="B111" refString="Jacoby, M, 1908. Fauna of British India, including Celyon and Burma. Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae. Taylor and Francis, London, 534 pp." title="Fauna of British India, including Celyon and Burma. Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae." year="1908">Jacoby 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 265.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachybrachys</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannerheim, CG von" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou" pageId="49" pageNumber="144" pagination="175 - 314" refId="B133" refString="Mannerheim, CG von, 1843. Beitrag zur Kaeferfauna der Aleutischen Inseln, der Insel Sitka und Neu-Californiens. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 16: 175 - 314" title="Beitrag zur Kaeferfauna der Aleutischen Inseln, der Insel Sitka und Neu-Californiens." volume="16" year="1843">Mannerheim 1843</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 311. [incorrect subsequent spelling].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="108" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
|
||
There has been some debate as to the correct spelling of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chevrolat" authorityYear="1836" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Pachybrachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fall, HC" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society" pageId="46" pageNumber="141" pagination="291 - 486" refId="B76" refString="Fall, HC, 1915. A revision of the North American species of Pachybrachys. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 41: 291 - 486" title="A revision of the North American species of Pachybrachys." volume="41" year="1915">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fall’s">Fall's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1915)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
monumental work used
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Pachybrachys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Chevrolat and cited its general American usage by J. L. LeConte. However, this emendation was unjustified under the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="ICZN, (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)" journalOrPublisher="Fourth Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London" pageId="48" pageNumber="143" refId="B110" refString="ICZN, (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature), 1999. International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp." title="International code of zoological nomenclature." year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Article 32).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chevrolat" authorityYear="1836" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Pachybrachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a member of the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gyllenhaal" authorityYear="1813" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cryptocephalinae">Cryptocephalinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gyllenhall, 1813, commonly known as the case bearers due to the fact that all known larval stages live in a case constructed of their fecal matter and often plant debris (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="LeSage, L" journalOrPublisher="The Canadian Entomologist" pageId="49" pageNumber="144" pagination="203 - 220" publicationUrl="10.4039/Ent117203-2" refId="B129" refString="LeSage, L, 1985. The eggs and larvae of Pachybrachis peccans and P. bivittatus, with a key to the known immature stages of the nearctic genera of Cryptocephalinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The Canadian Entomologist 117: 203 - 220, 10.4039/Ent117203-2" title="The eggs and larvae of Pachybrachis peccans and P. bivittatus, with a key to the known immature stages of the nearctic genera of Cryptocephalinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." url="10.4039/Ent117203-2" volume="117" year="1985">LeSage 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Their cylindrical, compact body characterizes the adults, which usually have the head retracted into the pronotum to the level of the eyes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
|
||
In the recent revision of family-group names in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Coleoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malvales" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bouchard, P" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pageId="44" pageNumber="139" pagination="1 - 972" publicationUrl="10.3897/zookeys.88.807" refId="B23" refString="Bouchard, P, Bousquet, Y, Davies, AE, Alonso-Zarazaga, MA, Lawrence, JF, Lyal, CHC, Newton, AF, Reid, CAM, Schmitt, M, Slipinski, SA, Smith, ABT, 2011. Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta). Zookeys 88: 1 - 972, 10.3897/zookeys.88.807" title="Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)." url="10.3897/zookeys.88.807" volume="88" year="2011">Bouchard et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the former tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chapuis" authorityYear="1874" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachybrachini">Pachybrachini</taxonomicName>
|
||
Chapuis, 1874 was relegated to subtribe under the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gyllenhal" authorityYear="1813" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" rank="tribe" tribe="Cryptocephalini">Cryptocephalini</taxonomicName>
|
||
Gyllenhal, 1813.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chapuis" authorityYear="1874" genus="Pachybrachina" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" rank="genus">Pachybrachina</taxonomicName>
|
||
Chapuis, 1874 contains only two genera north of Mexico,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haldeman" authorityYear="1849" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Griburius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Griburius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chevrolat" authorityYear="1836" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Pachybrachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and is characterized by long filiform antennae, with a marginal bead at the base of pronotum which is not crenulate.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Riley, EG" editor="Arnett, RH Jr." journalOrPublisher="CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida" pageId="51" pageNumber="146" pagination="617 - 691" refId="B166" refString="Riley, EG, Clark, SM, Flowers, RW, Gilbert, AJ, 2002. Family 124. Chrysomelidae Latreille 1802. In: Arnett, RH Jr., Thomas, MC, Skelley, PE, Frank, JH, Eds., American Beetles. Volume 2. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida: 617 - 691" title="Family 124. Chrysomelidae Latreille 1802." volumeTitle="American Beetles. Volume 2. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea." year="2002">Riley et al. (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
separated the two genera by prosternal charateristics (prosternum broad, as wide as long in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haldeman" authorityYear="1849" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Griburius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Griburius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, narrower, longer than wide in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chevrolat" authorityYear="1836" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Pachybrachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Additional generic keys can be found in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Blatchley, WS" journalOrPublisher="The Nature Publishing Co., Indianapolis, Indiana" pageId="43" pageNumber="138" publicationUrl="10.5962/bhl.title.56580" refId="B20" refString="Blatchley, WS, 1910. An illustrated descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera or beetles (exclusive of the Rhynchophora) known to occur in Indiana - with bibliography and descriptions of new species. The Nature Publishing Co., Indianapolis, Indiana, 1386 pp., 10.5962/bhl.title.56580" title="An illustrated descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera or beetles (exclusive of the Rhynchophora) known to occur in Indiana - with bibliography and descriptions of new species." url="10.5962/bhl.title.56580" year="1910">Blatchley (1910)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chagnon, G" journalOrPublisher="Les Presses de l'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec" pageId="44" pageNumber="139" refId="B39" refString="Chagnon, G, Robert, A, 1962. Principaux Coleopteres de la province de Quebec. Les Presses de l'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, 440 pp." title="Principaux Coleopteres de la province de Quebec." year="1962">Chagnon and Robert (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Downie, NM" journalOrPublisher="Polyphaga: Series Bostriciformia through Curculionidea." pageId="46" pageNumber="141" refId="B64" refString="Downie, NM, Arnett, RH, 1996. The Beetles of Northeastern North America. Polyphaga: Series Bostriciformia through Curculionidea. II, 831 pp." title="The Beetles of Northeastern North America." volume="II" year="1996">Downie and Arnett (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ciegler, JC" journalOrPublisher="Biota of South Carolina" pageId="45" pageNumber="140" pagination="1 - 246" refId="B42" refString="Ciegler, JC, 2007. Leaf and seed beetles of South Carolina (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae and Orsodacnidae). Biota of South Carolina 5: 1 - 246" title="Leaf and seed beetles of South Carolina (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae and Orsodacnidae)." volume="5" year="2007">Ciegler (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="103">Useful morphological characters.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fall, HC" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society" pageId="46" pageNumber="141" pagination="291 - 486" refId="B76" refString="Fall, HC, 1915. A revision of the North American species of Pachybrachys. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 41: 291 - 486" title="A revision of the North American species of Pachybrachys." volume="41" year="1915">Fall (1915)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided a very detailed "Review of Structural Characters Useful in Taxonomy", which we will not repeat here. However, there are a few key characters that will be useful to separate the seventeen Canadian
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="104" start="start">species</pageBreakToken>
|
||
. These features will be described, detailed and illustrated, most of them being used in the identification key.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="104">Size</emphasis>
|
||
. The seventeen species can generally be divided into four size classes by average length: very small, <1.75 mm; small,>1.75 mm to 2.35 mm; medium,>2.35 mm to 2.85 mm; and large,>2.85 mm to 3.30 mm.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hepaticus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="104">Pachybrachis hepaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only species in the very small category, with a mean length of 1.68 mm.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="m-nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="104">Pachybrachis m-nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2.59 mm),
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="othonus" authorityName="othonus (Say" authorityYear="1825" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="othonus" subSpecies="othonus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="104">Pachybrachis othonus othonus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2.63 mm), and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luridus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="104">Pachybrachis luridus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2.65 mm) are in the medium category.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trinotatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="104">Pachybrachis trinotatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(3.09 mm) and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bivittatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="104">Pachybrachis bivittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(3.12 mm) are the only species with males averaging over 3 mm in length. Small is the largest category, with the remaining eleven species. Mean length and width of males are reported for each species. Females are generally larger, thus accounting for the larger overall sizes reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fall, HC" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society" pageId="46" pageNumber="141" pagination="291 - 486" refId="B76" refString="Fall, HC, 1915. A revision of the North American species of Pachybrachys. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 41: 291 - 486" title="A revision of the North American species of Pachybrachys." volume="41" year="1915">Fall (1915)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="104">Antennae</emphasis>
|
||
. In most species (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atomarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="104">Pachybrachis atomarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 1" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Habitus 1. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis atomarius. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20904" pageId="9" pageNumber="104">Habitus 1</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bivittatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="104">Pachybrachis bivittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 2" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Habitus 2. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis bivittatus. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20906" pageId="9" pageNumber="104">Habitus 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), the length of antennae equals about 2/3 to 3/4 the length of the body. There are two noticeable exceptions. In
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hepaticus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="104">Pachybrachis hepaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 5" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Habitus 5. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis hepaticus hepaticus. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20912" pageId="9" pageNumber="104">Habitus 5</figureCitation>
|
||
) the antennae do not exceed half of the body length, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="104" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trinotatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="104">Pachybrachis trinotatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 17" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Habitus 17. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis trinotatus. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20926" pageId="9" pageNumber="104">Habitus 17</figureCitation>
|
||
) the antennae equal or exceed the body length.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="105" start="start">Eyes</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. The eyes of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pectoralis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Pachybrachis pectoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are close to each other and separated by less than their width (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Eyes: a close eyes, Pachybrachis pectoralis b normal eyes, Pachybrachis peccans c normal eyes and yellow face, male Pachybrachis atomarius d remote eyes, Pachybrachis hepaticus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20858" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Figure 1a</figureCitation>
|
||
). In most species the distance between the eyes roughly corresponds to their width (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peccans">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Pachybrachis peccans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Eyes: a close eyes, Pachybrachis pectoralis b normal eyes, Pachybrachis peccans c normal eyes and yellow face, male Pachybrachis atomarius d remote eyes, Pachybrachis hepaticus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20858" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Figure 1b</figureCitation>
|
||
). A normal distance between eyes, coupled with the head coloration, can be diagnostic, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atomarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Pachybrachis atomarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that has a largely yellow face (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Eyes: a close eyes, Pachybrachis pectoralis b normal eyes, Pachybrachis peccans c normal eyes and yellow face, male Pachybrachis atomarius d remote eyes, Pachybrachis hepaticus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20858" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Figure 1c</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hepaticus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Pachybrachis hepaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the eyes are very small and markedly remote, separated by much more than their diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Eyes: a close eyes, Pachybrachis pectoralis b normal eyes, Pachybrachis peccans c normal eyes and yellow face, male Pachybrachis atomarius d remote eyes, Pachybrachis hepaticus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20858" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Figure 1d</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Ocular lines</emphasis>
|
||
. Many
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chevrolat" authorityYear="1836" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Pachybrachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species have an impressed line, called the ocular line, around the margin of the eyes, and in some species the line diverges from each eye as lines of darker colored punctures between the eyes (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peccans">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Pachybrachis peccans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Ocular lines: a present, Pachybrachis peccans b small, Pachybrachis hepaticus c absent, Pachybrachis spumarius." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20859" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Figure 2a</figureCitation>
|
||
). This character is very consistent within each species, and it is easy to see provided the specimens are properly oriented and lighted. In
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hepaticus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Pachybrachis hepaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the ocular lines are very short but distinct above the eyes (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Ocular lines: a present, Pachybrachis peccans b small, Pachybrachis hepaticus c absent, Pachybrachis spumarius." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20859" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Figure 2b</figureCitation>
|
||
). In other species, however, such ocular lines are absent (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spumarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Pachybrachis spumarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Ocular lines: a present, Pachybrachis peccans b small, Pachybrachis hepaticus c absent, Pachybrachis spumarius." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20859" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Figure 2c</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20858" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Eyes:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">a</emphasis>
|
||
close eyes,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pectoralis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Pachybrachis pectoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">b</emphasis>
|
||
normal eyes,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peccans">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Pachybrachis peccans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">c</emphasis>
|
||
normal eyes and yellow face, male
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atomarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Pachybrachis atomarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">d</emphasis>
|
||
remote eyes,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hepaticus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Pachybrachis hepaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20859" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Ocular lines:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">a</emphasis>
|
||
present,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peccans">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Pachybrachis peccans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">b</emphasis>
|
||
small,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hepaticus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Pachybrachis hepaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">c</emphasis>
|
||
absent,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spumarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="105">Pachybrachis spumarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="106" start="start">Femora</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Except for
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hepaticus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Pachybrachis hepaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Front femora: a not enlarged, Pachybrachis hepaticus b thickened, Pachybrachis peccans." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20860" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Figure 3a</figureCitation>
|
||
), the femora on the forelegs of all species (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Front femora: a not enlarged, Pachybrachis hepaticus b thickened, Pachybrachis peccans." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20860" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Figure 3b</figureCitation>
|
||
) are incrassate or thickened in relation to the other femora. This character is difficult to see because in most cases legs are folded and pressed tightly against the body. Consequently, it might be necessary to relax the legs and spread them out to compare the front femora with those of the middle and hind legs. When such preparation is achieved, the larger size of the femora becomes evident (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fall" authorityYear="1915" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcaratus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Pachybrachis calcaratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 3" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Habitus 3. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis calcaratus. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20908" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Habitus 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20860" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Front femora:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">a</emphasis>
|
||
not enlarged,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hepaticus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Pachybrachis hepaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">b</emphasis>
|
||
thickened,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peccans">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Pachybrachis peccans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Claws</emphasis>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chevrolat" authorityYear="1836" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Pachybrachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the tarsal claws are all simple (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Claws: a, b front claws enlarged c, d normal." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20861" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Figures 4a-d</figureCitation>
|
||
), but claws on the forelegs (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Claws: a, b front claws enlarged c, d normal." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20861" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Figures 4a, b</figureCitation>
|
||
) of several species are distinctly enlarged relative to the claws on the other legs (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Claws: a, b front claws enlarged c, d normal." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20861" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Figures 4c, d</figureCitation>
|
||
), as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peccans">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Pachybrachis peccans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 12" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Habitus 12. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis peccans. Scale bar, 1 mn." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20921" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Habitus 12</figureCitation>
|
||
) or
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pectoralis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Pachybrachis pectoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 13" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Habitus 13. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis pectoralis. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20922" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Habitus 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). Due to the position of the legs in dead specimens, this character is often easier to see in lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Claws: a, b front claws enlarged c, d normal." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20861" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Figures 4c, d</figureCitation>
|
||
) than in front view (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Claws: a, b front claws enlarged c, d normal." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20861" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Figures 4a, b</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20861" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Claws:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">a, b</emphasis>
|
||
front claws enlarged
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">c, d</emphasis>
|
||
normal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Tibial spurs</emphasis>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atomarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Pachybrachis atomarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 1" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Habitus 1. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis atomarius. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20904" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Habitus 1</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="m-nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Pachybrachis m-nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 8" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Habitus 8. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis m-nigrum. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20915" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Habitus 8</figureCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trinotatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Pachybrachis trinotatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 17" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Habitus 17. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis trinotatus. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20926" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Habitus 17</figureCitation>
|
||
), there is no apical spur on front tibia (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Tibial spurs: a absent from front leg, Pachybrachis atomarius b minute on front leg, Pachybrachis spumarius c large on front leg, Pachybrachis calcaratus d small and pointed on middle legs in most species." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20862" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Figure 5a</figureCitation>
|
||
), but a tuft of large apical setae grouped together may superficially look like a spur. In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spumarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Pachybrachis spumarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Tibial spurs: a absent from front leg, Pachybrachis atomarius b minute on front leg, Pachybrachis spumarius c large on front leg, Pachybrachis calcaratus d small and pointed on middle legs in most species." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20862" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Figure 5b</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 14" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Habitus 14. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis spumarius. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20923" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Habitus 14</figureCitation>
|
||
) the front tibial spur is very small, hidden and difficult to see, but the very large and exposed front tibial spur is unique and distinctive of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fall" authorityYear="1915" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcaratus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Pachybrachis calcaratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Tibial spurs: a absent from front leg, Pachybrachis atomarius b minute on front leg, Pachybrachis spumarius c large on front leg, Pachybrachis calcaratus d small and pointed on middle legs in most species." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20862" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Figure 5c</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 3" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Habitus 3. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis calcaratus. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20908" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Habitus 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). In all species, except
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hepaticus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Pachybrachis hepaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the middle tibiae are armed with small slender apical spur (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Tibial spurs: a absent from front leg, Pachybrachis atomarius b minute on front leg, Pachybrachis spumarius c large on front leg, Pachybrachis calcaratus d small and pointed on middle legs in most species." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20862" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Figure 5d</figureCitation>
|
||
). In all species studied here, the hind tibiae are unarmed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20862" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Tibial spurs:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">a</emphasis>
|
||
absent from front leg,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atomarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Pachybrachis atomarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">b</emphasis>
|
||
minute on front leg,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spumarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Pachybrachis spumarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">c</emphasis>
|
||
large on front leg,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fall" authorityYear="1915" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="106" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcaratus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">Pachybrachis calcaratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="106">d</emphasis>
|
||
small and pointed on middle legs in most species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="107" start="start">Pronotum</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chevrolat" authorityYear="1836" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the pronotum is margined at base, the margin usually ornamented with a row of large punctures (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pronotum: a reddish, with close-up of marginal bead, Pachybrachis bivittatus b mottled, Pachybrachis spumarius c with black M-mark, Pachybrachis m-nigrum d almost black, Pachybrachis nigricornis carbonarius." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20863" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Figure 6a</figureCitation>
|
||
, close up). This character is very useful to separate
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chevrolat" authorityYear="1836" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Chevrolat from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cryptocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Cryptocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Geoffroy or
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Bassareus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Bassareus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Haldeman. The last two genera superficially look like
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chevrolat" authorityYear="1836" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but are not margined at the base of the pronotum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20863" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Pronotum:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">a</emphasis>
|
||
reddish, with close-up of marginal bead,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bivittatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis bivittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">b</emphasis>
|
||
mottled,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spumarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis spumarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">c</emphasis>
|
||
with black M-mark,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="m-nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis m-nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">d</emphasis>
|
||
almost black,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haldeman" authorityYear="1849" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nigricornis" subSpecies="carbonarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis nigricornis carbonarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="107">The density and pattern of pronotal punctures can be a useful character. Punctures usually dissipate near the side margins, and are generally a darker color than the background.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
|
||
The pronotal coloration varies from a common mottled pattern (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spumarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis spumarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pronotum: a reddish, with close-up of marginal bead, Pachybrachis bivittatus b mottled, Pachybrachis spumarius c with black M-mark, Pachybrachis m-nigrum d almost black, Pachybrachis nigricornis carbonarius." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20863" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Figure 6b</figureCitation>
|
||
), to a black M-mark on a light background (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="m-nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis m-nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pronotum: a reddish, with close-up of marginal bead, Pachybrachis bivittatus b mottled, Pachybrachis spumarius c with black M-mark, Pachybrachis m-nigrum d almost black, Pachybrachis nigricornis carbonarius." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20863" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Figure 6c</figureCitation>
|
||
), to an almost entirely black pronotum with only yellow basal and lateral markings (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haldeman" authorityYear="1849" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nigricornis" subSpecies="carbonarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis nigricornis carbonarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pronotum: a reddish, with close-up of marginal bead, Pachybrachis bivittatus b mottled, Pachybrachis spumarius c with black M-mark, Pachybrachis m-nigrum d almost black, Pachybrachis nigricornis carbonarius." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20863" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Figure 6d</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Elytra</emphasis>
|
||
. As on the pronotum, the density and pattern of punctures on the elytra are easily seen and useful characters. The elytral punctures generally form fairly regular deep striae, consisting of one sutural, one marginal and eight discal striae on each elytron, although the first may be somewhat irregular in the basal third (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1858" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luctuosus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis luctuosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Elytral punctures and coloration: a in rows in deep striae, Pachybrachis luctuosus b confused in basal half, in rows in apical half, Pachybrachis calcaratus c all confused, Pachybrachis hepaticus d confused and mottled, Pachybrachis spumarius e vittate with marginal vitta interrupted, Pachybrachis bivattatus f black, margined with yellow, Pachybrachis nigriconis carbonarius g entirely black, Pachybrachis luridus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20864" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Figure 7a</figureCitation>
|
||
). Punctures may be confused in the basal half but with a tendency towards regular rows in the apical half, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fall" authorityYear="1915" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcaratus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis calcaratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Elytral punctures and coloration: a in rows in deep striae, Pachybrachis luctuosus b confused in basal half, in rows in apical half, Pachybrachis calcaratus c all confused, Pachybrachis hepaticus d confused and mottled, Pachybrachis spumarius e vittate with marginal vitta interrupted, Pachybrachis bivattatus f black, margined with yellow, Pachybrachis nigriconis carbonarius g entirely black, Pachybrachis luridus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20864" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Figure 7b</figureCitation>
|
||
). Finally, punctures may be completely confused and not aligned at all in rows (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hepaticus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis hepaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Elytral punctures and coloration: a in rows in deep striae, Pachybrachis luctuosus b confused in basal half, in rows in apical half, Pachybrachis calcaratus c all confused, Pachybrachis hepaticus d confused and mottled, Pachybrachis spumarius e vittate with marginal vitta interrupted, Pachybrachis bivattatus f black, margined with yellow, Pachybrachis nigriconis carbonarius g entirely black, Pachybrachis luridus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20864" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Figure 7c</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20864" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Elytral punctures and coloration:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">a</emphasis>
|
||
in rows in deep striae,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1858" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luctuosus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis luctuosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">b</emphasis>
|
||
confused in basal half, in rows in apical half,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fall" authorityYear="1915" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcaratus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis calcaratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">c</emphasis>
|
||
all confused,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hepaticus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis hepaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">d</emphasis>
|
||
confused and mottled,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spumarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis spumarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">e</emphasis>
|
||
vittate with marginal vitta interrupted,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bivattatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis bivattatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">f</emphasis>
|
||
black, margined with yellow,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nigriconis" subSpecies="carbonarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis nigriconis carbonarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">g</emphasis>
|
||
entirely black,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luridus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis luridus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="107">
|
||
The elytral color pattern is, of course, a very useful character for the identification of many species. The mottled pattern is common (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spumarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis spumarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Elytral punctures and coloration: a in rows in deep striae, Pachybrachis luctuosus b confused in basal half, in rows in apical half, Pachybrachis calcaratus c all confused, Pachybrachis hepaticus d confused and mottled, Pachybrachis spumarius e vittate with marginal vitta interrupted, Pachybrachis bivattatus f black, margined with yellow, Pachybrachis nigriconis carbonarius g entirely black, Pachybrachis luridus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20864" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Figure 7d</figureCitation>
|
||
). Some species are vittate (= with longitudinal black stripes), sometimes with a lateral vitta interrupted as in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bivittatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis bivittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Elytral punctures and coloration: a in rows in deep striae, Pachybrachis luctuosus b confused in basal half, in rows in apical half, Pachybrachis calcaratus c all confused, Pachybrachis hepaticus d confused and mottled, Pachybrachis spumarius e vittate with marginal vitta interrupted, Pachybrachis bivattatus f black, margined with yellow, Pachybrachis nigriconis carbonarius g entirely black, Pachybrachis luridus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20864" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Figure 7e</figureCitation>
|
||
). In some species, the elytra are largely black with only a few yellow markings or with narrow apical and lateral margins (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haldeman" authorityYear="1849" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nigricornis" subSpecies="carbonarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis nigricornis carbonarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Elytral punctures and coloration: a in rows in deep striae, Pachybrachis luctuosus b confused in basal half, in rows in apical half, Pachybrachis calcaratus c all confused, Pachybrachis hepaticus d confused and mottled, Pachybrachis spumarius e vittate with marginal vitta interrupted, Pachybrachis bivattatus f black, margined with yellow, Pachybrachis nigriconis carbonarius g entirely black, Pachybrachis luridus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20864" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Figure 7f</figureCitation>
|
||
), or the elytra can be entirely black (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="107" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luridus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Pachybrachis luridus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Elytral punctures and coloration: a in rows in deep striae, Pachybrachis luctuosus b confused in basal half, in rows in apical half, Pachybrachis calcaratus c all confused, Pachybrachis hepaticus d confused and mottled, Pachybrachis spumarius e vittate with marginal vitta interrupted, Pachybrachis bivattatus f black, margined with yellow, Pachybrachis nigriconis carbonarius g entirely black, Pachybrachis luridus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20864" pageId="12" pageNumber="107">Figure 7g</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="13" pageNumber="108" start="start">Pygidium</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. The coloration of the pygidium can be largely yellow (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bivittatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Pachybrachis bivittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Pygidium: a largely yellow, Pachybrachis bivittatus b with well-defined yellow spots, Pachybrachis cephalicus c with faint reddish spots, Pachybrachis spumarius d black, Pachybrachis atomarius." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20866" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Figure 8a</figureCitation>
|
||
), dark with distinct yellow spots of various sizes (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fall" authorityYear="1915" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalicus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Pachybrachis cephalicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Pygidium: a largely yellow, Pachybrachis bivittatus b with well-defined yellow spots, Pachybrachis cephalicus c with faint reddish spots, Pachybrachis spumarius d black, Pachybrachis atomarius." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20866" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Figure 8b</figureCitation>
|
||
), or dark with faint small reddish spots (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spumarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Pachybrachis spumarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Pygidium: a largely yellow, Pachybrachis bivittatus b with well-defined yellow spots, Pachybrachis cephalicus c with faint reddish spots, Pachybrachis spumarius d black, Pachybrachis atomarius." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20866" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Figure 8c</figureCitation>
|
||
). A completely black pygidium is distinctive of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atomarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Pachybrachis atomarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Pygidium: a largely yellow, Pachybrachis bivittatus b with well-defined yellow spots, Pachybrachis cephalicus c with faint reddish spots, Pachybrachis spumarius d black, Pachybrachis atomarius." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20866" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Figure 8d</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20866" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Pygidium:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">a</emphasis>
|
||
largely yellow,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bivittatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Pachybrachis bivittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">b</emphasis>
|
||
with well-defined yellow spots,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fall" authorityYear="1915" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalicus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Pachybrachis cephalicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">c</emphasis>
|
||
with faint reddish spots,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spumarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Pachybrachis spumarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">d</emphasis>
|
||
black,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atomarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Pachybrachis atomarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Sexes</emphasis>
|
||
. Males are usually smaller and less robust than females, with their abdomen flat (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Sexes: a male abdomen, ventral view, Pachybrachis bivittatus b female abdomen, ventral view, Pachybrachis bivittatus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20867" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Figure 9a</figureCitation>
|
||
). In females, the abdomen is convex beneath, the last visible segment having a deep, round, concave depression or fovea (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Sexes: a male abdomen, ventral view, Pachybrachis bivittatus b female abdomen, ventral view, Pachybrachis bivittatus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20867" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Figure 9b</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20867" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Sexes:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">a</emphasis>
|
||
male abdomen, ventral view,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bivittatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Pachybrachis bivittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">b</emphasis>
|
||
female abdomen, ventral view,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bivittatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Pachybrachis bivittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
. In most cases, individuals of each sex can be identified to species using coloration and external morphological features alone. However, an examination of the aedeagus is essential for the determination of superficially similar and variable species, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fall" authorityYear="1915" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalicus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Pachybrachis cephalicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1858" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luctuosus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Pachybrachis luctuosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spumarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Pachybrachis spumarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chevrolat" authorityYear="1836" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Pachybrachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the basal portion of the aedeagus may appear bulbous (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1858" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luctuosus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Pachybrachis luctuosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Aedeagus: a lateral view, Pachybrachis luctuosus b lateral view, Pachybrachis spumarius c apex, dorsal view, Pachybrachis spumarius." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20869" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Figure 10a</figureCitation>
|
||
) or more tubular (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Aedeagus: a lateral view, Pachybrachis luctuosus b lateral view, Pachybrachis spumarius c apex, dorsal view, Pachybrachis spumarius." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20869" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Figure 10b</figureCitation>
|
||
), but we
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="don’t">don't</normalizedToken>
|
||
know yet if this character is reliable and consistent. The apical half is usually considerably bent, sometimes at a right angle, the degree of the curvature being an important diagnostic feature. In lateral view, the tip of the aedeagus may appear straight, sinuous and curved upwards, or sinuous and curved downwards (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spumarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Pachybrachis spumarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Aedeagus: a lateral view, Pachybrachis luctuosus b lateral view, Pachybrachis spumarius c apex, dorsal view, Pachybrachis spumarius." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20869" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Figure 10b</figureCitation>
|
||
). In dorsal view, the tip offers various shapes: small, large, pointed, triangular, lanceolate, nipple-shaped (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spumarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Pachybrachis spumarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Aedeagus: a lateral view, Pachybrachis luctuosus b lateral view, Pachybrachis spumarius c apex, dorsal view, Pachybrachis spumarius." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20869" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Figure 10c</figureCitation>
|
||
), etc.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20869" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Aedeagus:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">a</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1858" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luctuosus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Pachybrachis luctuosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">b</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spumarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Pachybrachis spumarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">c</emphasis>
|
||
apex, dorsal view,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spumarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Pachybrachis spumarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="108">
|
||
Although the genitalic features are very constant and most reliable, they have been rarely described and illustrated in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chevrolat" authorityYear="1836" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Pachybrachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the following key to the males of the 17 species treated here, the aedeagus is reported for only three species when external morphological characters may not be sufficient. The female genitalia are still unknown for all of them.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="113" pageId="13" pageNumber="108" type="illustrated key to males">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="108">Illustrated key to males</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="113" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<table inLine="true" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="113" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<td colspan="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="109" start="start">https</pageBreakToken>
|
||
://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20870
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">1a</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">
|
||
Front femora not thicker than others (Fig. 1.i); eyes small and remote (Fig. 1.iii); punctures of pronotum and elytra dense and confused (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 5" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Habitus 5. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis hepaticus hepaticus. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20912" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">Habitus 5</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="hepaticus" authorityName="hepaticus (F. E. Melsheimer" authorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="hepaticus" subSpecies="hepaticus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">Pachybrachis hepaticus hepaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(F. E. Melsheimer)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">1b</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">Front femora thicker than others (Fig. 1.ii); eyes narrowly separated or normal (Fig. 1.iv)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<td colspan="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20872</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">2a</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">Ocular lines between eyes present (Fig. 2.i)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">2b</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">Ocular lines absent (Fig. 2.ii)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<td colspan="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20873</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">3a</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">Front claws larger (Figs 3.i, 3.ii) than middle or hind claws</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">3b</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">Front claws not enlarged; size similar to those in middle and hind legs (Figs 3.iii, 3.iv)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<td colspan="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20876</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">4a</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">
|
||
Eyes very close, separated by less than their width; ocular lines fine to indistinct (Fig. 4.i;
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 13" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Habitus 13. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis pectoralis. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20922" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">Habitus 13</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pectoralis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">Pachybrachis pectoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(F. E. Melsheimer)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">4b</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">
|
||
Eyes normal, more distant, ocular lines very distinct, with darker punctures (Fig. 4.ii;
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 12" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Habitus 12. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis peccans. Scale bar, 1 mn." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20921" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">Habitus 12</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peccans">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="109">Pachybrachis peccans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Suffrian
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="14" pageNumber="109">
|
||
<td colspan="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="109" rowspan="1">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20878</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="110">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="15" pageNumber="110" start="start">5</pageBreakToken>
|
||
a
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">
|
||
Last antennomere brownish; pronotum with subrectangular black markings pierced with yellow spots; elytral dark markings diffuse and irregular (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 10" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Habitus 10. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis obsoletus. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20919" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">Habitus 10</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obsoletus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">Pachybrachis obsoletus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Suffrian
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="110">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">5b</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">
|
||
Antennae entirely yellow; pronotum with solid black rectangular markings; elytral dark markings well-defined (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 16" captionStartId="F28" captionText="Habitus 16. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis tridens. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20925" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">Habitus 16</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tridens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">Pachybrachis tridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(F. E. Melsheimer)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="110">
|
||
<td colspan="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20880</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="110">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">6a</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">Elytra vittate (with longitudinal color stripes) (Fig. 6.i)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="110">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">6b</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">Elytra mottled (Fig. 6.ii), spotted (Fig. 16.iii), or mostly to entirely black (Fig. 6.iv)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="110">
|
||
<td colspan="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20883</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="110">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">7a</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">
|
||
Elytral punctures confused, outer (marginal) vitta often interrupted, pronotum yellow with darker reddish M-shaped mark (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 2" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Habitus 2. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis bivittatus. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20906" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">Habitus 2</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bivittatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">Pachybrachis bivittatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Say)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="110">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">7b</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">Many elytral punctures arranged in rows (Fig. 7.i); pronotum not reddish, rather yellow with black markings of various sizes and shapes (Fig. 7.ii)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="110">
|
||
<td colspan="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20885</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="110">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">8a</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">
|
||
Pronotum black, margined with yellow; sutural, discal and marginal vittae of elytra distinct (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 11" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Habitus 11. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis othonus othonus. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20920" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">Habitus 11</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="othonus" authorityName="othonus (Say" authorityYear="1825" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="othonus" subSpecies="othonus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">Pachybrachis othonus othonus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Say)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="110">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">8b</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">
|
||
Pronotum yellow with large, black, M-shaped marking; marginal and discal vittae of elytra very variable, usually not distinct (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 9a" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Habitus 9 a. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis nigricornis difficilis. Scale bar, 1 mrn." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20916" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">Habitus 9a</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fall" authorityYear="1915" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nigricornis" subSpecies="difficilis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="110">Pachybrachis nigricornis difficilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Fall
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="15" pageNumber="110">
|
||
<td colspan="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="110" rowspan="1">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20888</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="16" pageNumber="111" start="start">9</pageBreakToken>
|
||
a
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">
|
||
Body entirely black, or sides and apex narrowly margined with yellow in some females (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 9b" captionStartId="F20" captionText="Habitus 9 b. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis nigricornis carbonarius. Almost black. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20917" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">Habitus 9b</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haldeman" authorityYear="1849" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nigricornis" subSpecies="carbonarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">Pachybrachis nigricornis carbonarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Haldeman
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">9b</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">Pronotum mottled (Fig. 9.i) or with reddish spots (Fig. 9.ii); elytra variable, black (Fig. 9.iii) to mottled (Fig. 9.iv)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">10</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<td colspan="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20890</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">10a</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">Elytra almost or entirely black (Fig. 10.i)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">11</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">10b</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">Elytra spotted (Fig. 10.ii) or mottled (Fig. 10.iii)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">13</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<td colspan="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20892</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">11a</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">
|
||
Antennae longer than body; pronotum reddish with black M-mark; elytra entirely black (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 17" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Habitus 17. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis trinotatus. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20926" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">Habitus 17</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trinotatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">Pachybrachis trinotatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(F. E. Melsheimer)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">11b</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">Antennae shorter than body; pronotum black (Fig. 11.i), mottled (Fig.11.ii), or with M-shaped marking (Fig. 11.iii, H 8 below); if pronotum with M-shaped marking, then elytra mottled, not entirely black</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">12</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<td colspan="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20894</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">12a</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">
|
||
Elytra entirely black to streaked with whitish-yellow in outer areas; pronotum with reddish sides and upside-down reddish Y-mark (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 7" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Habitus 7. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis luridus. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20914" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">Habitus 7</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1798" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luridus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">Pachybrachis luridus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fabricius)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">12b</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">
|
||
Elytra with large median reddish spots almost joining at suture, with additional smaller apical spots; pronotum entirely black (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 15" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Habitus 15. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis subfasciatus. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20924" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">Habitus 15</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="J. E. LeConte" baseAuthorityYear="1824" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="111">Pachybrachis subfasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(J. E. LeConte)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="16" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<td colspan="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="111" rowspan="1">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20896</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="17" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="17" pageNumber="112" start="start">13</pageBreakToken>
|
||
a
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">
|
||
Elytra yellow with black markings; pronotum with well-defined black M-mark; size larger, 3+ mm (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 8" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Habitus 8. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis m-nigrum. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20915" pageId="17" pageNumber="112">Habitus 8</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="m-nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="112">Pachybrachis m-nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(F. E. Melsheimer)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="17" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">13b</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">Elytra (Fig. 13.i) and pronotum mottled (Fig. 13.ii), no decernable pattern; size smaller, less than 3 mm</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">14</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="17" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<td colspan="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20897</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="17" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">14a</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">
|
||
Front tibia with large, curved spur (Fig. 14.i,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 3" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Habitus 3. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis calcaratus. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20908" pageId="17" pageNumber="112">Habitus 3</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fall" authorityYear="1915" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcaratus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="112">Pachybrachis calcaratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Fall
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="17" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">14b</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">Front tibia with tiny spur (Fig. 14.ii), or without spur (Fig. 14.iii)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">15</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="17" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<td colspan="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20899</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="17" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">15a</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">
|
||
Face largely yellow in males (Fig. 15.i); pygidium entirely black (Fig. 15.iii); pronotum and elytra mottled (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 1" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Habitus 1. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis atomarius. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20904" pageId="17" pageNumber="112">Habitus 1</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. E. Melsheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1847" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atomarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="112">Pachybrachis atomarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(F. E. Melsheimer)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="17" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">15b</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">Face largely dark (Fig. 15.ii); pygidium spotted, with spots of some specimens being smaller and fainter than illustrated (Fig. 15.iv)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">16</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="17" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<td colspan="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20900</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="17" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">16a</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">
|
||
Elytral punctures regular in deeply impressed striae; size small (2 mm) (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 6" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Habitus 6. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis luctuosus. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20913" pageId="17" pageNumber="112">Habitus 6</figureCitation>
|
||
); aedeagus with apical diamond-shaped denticle (Figs 16.i, 16.ii)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1858" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luctuosus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="112">Pachybrachis luctuosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Suffrian
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="17" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">16b</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">Elytral punctures confused, not inserted into deep striae (Fig. 16.iii); size larger (2+ mm); aedeagus different (Figs. 17.i, 17.iii)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">17</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="17" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<td colspan="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="112" rowspan="1">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20902</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="18" pageNumber="113">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" rowspan="1">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="18" pageNumber="113" start="start">17</pageBreakToken>
|
||
a
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" rowspan="1">
|
||
Pronotum mostly fuscous, with relatively few pale markings, densely punctate, darker than elytra (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 4" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Habitus 4. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis cephalicus. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20910" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">Habitus 4</figureCitation>
|
||
); aedeagus slender, sinuous, and sharper at apex in lateral view (Fig. 17.i); aedeagal tip triangular in dorsal view (Fig. 17.ii)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fall" authorityYear="1915" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalicus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">Pachybrachis cephalicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Fall
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="18" pageNumber="113">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" rowspan="1">17b</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" rowspan="1">
|
||
Markings of pronotum and elytra numerous; darker areas dark brown to rufous (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Habitus 14" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Habitus 14. Dorsal habitus of Pachybrachis spumarius. Scale bar, 1 mm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/20923" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">Habitus 14</figureCitation>
|
||
); aedeagus sinuous and thicker at apex in lateral view (Fig. 17.iii); aedeagal tip nipple-shaped in dorsal view (Figs. 17.iv)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suffrian" authorityYear="1852" class="Hexapoda" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spumarius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="113">Pachybrachis spumarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Suffrian
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |