282 lines
40 KiB
XML
282 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document id="39D74CD2F5620A2CF037A21F59DC0749" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="80d9ecf3-9ff6-4f20-86aa-0910a641cb8e" ModsDocID="20597" checkinTime="1243371986070" checkinUser="christiana" docAuthor="Wheeler, W. M." docDate="1922" docId="2FD773A15F89F8968FC8A4311FFA790E" docLanguage="en" docName="20597_2" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45" docSource="http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097" docTitle="Carebara" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="172" masterDocId="5A93796082A6378B06C46BB24D100B01" masterDocTitle="The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition." masterLastPageNumber="269" masterPageNumber="39" pageNumber="168" updateTime="1701311225547" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="4F66CA111BEC16FE0DF8745E3FBB85E0">
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<mods:title id="9B4EE63ECB6969CFD6FFB461F7CD9BD5">The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition.</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="CF8464F8F276F4AD56E65CADCA70E6E0" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="1AB6DFC4C9784DD17B35703DE2DEB507">Wheeler, W. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5389B40EBBE45E57FD9677953CFBC27B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="5ABA0AD3385BFDD868A749525C2BF1E5">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="2D15E50A9DCB83295078A33CB34F522D">
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<mods:date id="24342B3F6656D8DAFFE6C4946222F110">1922</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="17A471286FFAE994DD5DA477FEC428B8">45</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="5F1CF1F168702F71A51951A501D38D11">39</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="54BA2D73DF3F4621AC84EA05631EC09C">http://plazi.org:8080/dspace/handle/10199/17097</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="6BEE6D10D28CC10E0A88645A900F89C4">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="5525545A144CA4E994D7FCBA98D07AC0" type="HNS-Pub">20597</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="2FD773A15F89F8968FC8A4311FFA790E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6288804" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125135125" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6288804" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2FD773A15F89F8968FC8A4311FFA790E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2FD773A15F89F8968FC8A4311FFA790E" lastPageNumber="172" pageNumber="168">
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<subSubSection id="A602E6AB4045EC6C9261AA1566D2A5C1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8F4275CE80F594BBD49B4C70784BEA8F" pageNumber="168">
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<taxonomicName id="408A5241D6D74614132DD3CB3E0F1B41" ID-CoL="3HGH" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
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F. Smith
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9E3834D6D8E59578945A18C75ECD03BD" type="description">
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<paragraph id="6B43DA78ABE6396D5C463161D40957E4" pageNumber="168">Worker minute, monomorphic, yellow, without eyes or ocelli; antennae 9- jointed, joints 2 to 6 very small, the two terminal joints forming a large and distinct club, with very long last joint. Mandibles with oblique 3- or 4-toothed apical margins. Frontal carinae short; frontal groove and frontal area absent. Clypeus simple, unarmed, without carinae. Epinotum unarmed. Petiole with a short peduncle, its node higher and larger than that of the postpetiole; both nodes from above transverse, subelliptical.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="47658BAED80AF4F9592BF1E48133228A" pageNumber="168">Female enormously larger than the worker, dark-colored, with well-developed eyes and ocelli. Antennae short, 10-jointed, the funiculi without a distinct club, their joints 2 to 5 not much narrower than the remaining joints. Thorax large and robust, convex above, higher than the head, the mesonotum anteriorly more or less overarching the small pronotum, with well-developed parapsidal furrows. Epinotum unarmed, or with low flattened lobes or protuberances on the sides. Tarsi densely clothed with short, stiff bristles. Wings large, the anterior pair rather pointed, with one cubital, a discoidal, and a closed radial cell and a well-developed pterostigma.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="63704CA636D1F303A43472EEC99D46C3" pageNumber="168">Male somewhat smaller than the female, but similarly colored, with long, 13- jointed antennae, scapes short, first funicular joint not swollen nor globular, remaining joints long and cylindrical. Mesonotum large, without Mavrian furrows. Nodes of petiole and postpetiole only feebly developed.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FC0E70BAED47D4C648223AE6F6441447" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="1DEA27D1F2EC5F5EA3B933C60264F3F6" lastPageNumber="169" pageNumber="168">
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The genus
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<taxonomicName id="ABB53FB2CC14250531952E541492FC49" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
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(Map 24) is represented by seven species in the Ethiopian and two in the Indochinese Region (
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<taxonomicName id="8AF66816C7A8C0081150536D41B566EA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27377" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara lignata Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lignata">C. lignata Westwood</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="E03A9254BF5E42D7FE0AE815AD0846F0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:28122" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Crematogaster castanea Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">C. castanea F. Smith</taxonomicName>
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). Santschi described some females and males taken in French Guiana as
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<taxonomicName id="CC9E4A837C5F08DEF9E0B56CCAD3A801" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:239116" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara carinata" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">Carebara carinata</taxonomicName>
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.1 The former measure 12 to 12.8 mm., the latter 9.3 mm. He is of the opinion that the species hitherto referred to the Neotropical genus
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<taxonomicName id="84874999C2866142544CCA2D8AB35BC2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24872" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tranopelta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Tranopelta Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tranopelta</taxonomicName>
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, originally founded by Mayr on male specimens, are also to be referred to
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<taxonomicName id="F3E0E1AD1EE8B873BE473C0CF4D9C703" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
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. Forel, however, in his description of the workers of
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<taxonomicName id="FB7DB28A095C18335CED15F903B4E9E0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:145478" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tranopelta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Tranopelta gilva var. brunnea Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="gilva" variety="brunnea">T. gilva Mayr variety brunnea</taxonomicName>
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shows that. Mayr's genus is perfectly distinct. These workers are somewhat dimorphic, have eyes, and both the workers and females have 11-jointed antennae, with a 3-jointed clava. The male alone is very similar to
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<taxonomicName id="91AD48EB8D54F95B85EFEEF1F5876235" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
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, especially to the male of
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<taxonomicName id="12B4FA448372B36CE5A526BBFDD233E7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27379" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara osborni Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="osborni">C. osborni</taxonomicName>
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described below. These characters are all evident in a series of worker, male and female cotypes of
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<taxonomicName id="1008D91E1AD9CDAE40D063FFBDFFFF1A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:239117" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara brunnea" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunnea">brunnea</taxonomicName>
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in my collection. Emery 2 had previously based another Neotropical genus,
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<taxonomicName id="18CDFA09D905D365B4FCA7F6D61807CE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24895" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebarella" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebarella Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebarella</taxonomicName>
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, on females and males of a species (
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<taxonomicName id="BF918F46F7374BC1CF45040D4D570317" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27387" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebarella" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebarella bicolor Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">C. bicolor</taxonomicName>
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) from Brazil and Peru. He also described a worker from Ega, Brazil, under the name
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<taxonomicName id="CC8D1A977B0CA78084BE74EDA16240D7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:136381" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Oligomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Oligomyrmex anophthalmus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anophthalmus">Oligomyrmex anophthalmus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<footnote id="8B78458EBD0EC069CCBD5D79D47E5241">
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<paragraph id="240351C12D4479BFAB71FDFC6D653857" pageNumber="168">1 1915, Rend. Accad. Sc. Bologna, N. S., XIX, p. 59, footnote.</paragraph>
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</footnote>
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<paragraph id="B84C7C3432289C80D495F7D2027D4FA3" pageNumber="169">
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<caption id="B44E95429C31DCEB7C94493C5F80196E">
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Map 24. Distribution of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="6D85C77D8AA5B2BB5DC41FED6ECD27B6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
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in the Old World. This genus also occurs in South America
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</caption>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9EBED07F07BA16FE42C50F96B202CE8B" lastPageNumber="170" pageNumber="169">
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At first sight the occurrence of species of
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<taxonomicName id="7D9129E8603AB896C4A974448DDA4D93" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="A8230FBEFE48771F59641EA36BA4FCE9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24890" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Oligomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Oligomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oligomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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in South America seems veiy doubtful. During a recent trip to British Guiana I was able to secure all three phases of a
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="D0E26BB98FAF684A28372097C7F51017" rank="subSpecies">new subspecies</taxonomicNameLabel>
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of Santschi's
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<taxonomicName id="00C00D11D267351FCF55B43F3980D3A3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:239116" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara carinata" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">C. carinata</taxonomicName>
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and of the typical form of
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<taxonomicName id="ACD98D1B02665B31BABA05A852B7739D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37441" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tranopelta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Tranopelta gilva Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gilva">Tranopelta gilva</taxonomicName>
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. The worker of the former shows that it is without a doubt a true
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<taxonomicName id="419DE1210EDC531D6FCC7AAEE51FEEB8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
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,and Prof. Emery, to whom I sent specimens for comparison with his
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<taxonomicName id="014611DCDA08CFDEF95602389C4C3D24" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:136381" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Oligomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Oligomyrmex anophthalmus Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anophthalmus">Oligomyrmex anophthalmus</taxonomicName>
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, writes me that the latter, though specifically distinct, belongs to the same genus. It should therefore be known as
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<taxonomicName id="16477CCF4635D25EC894574BC53FCD84" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27369" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara anophthalma (Emery)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anophthalma">Carebara anophthalma</taxonomicName>
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. The
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="11762D14105AF0051525B33F8E43157E" rank="subSpecies">new subspecies</taxonomicNameLabel>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="662C04A479E2A32CE46DECAEFDBB666A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:239116" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara carinata" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinata">carinata</taxonomicName>
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was taken in a large termitarium of Syntermes dirus Klug, and it is interesting to note that of all the Neotropical termites this is most like the large Termes species with which the Ethiopian Carebarae live (vide infra). I took
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<taxonomicName id="1185B0B4FAF4459C6BB8390CD38B5C54" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:37441" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tranopelta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Tranopelta gilva Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gilva">Tranopelta gilva</taxonomicName>
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, however, in the deeper parts of the nest of the large ponerine,
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<taxonomicName id="B794C41C1AB5B89C1FE87F11C17BF4AC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:33431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paraponera" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Paraponera clavata (Fabricius)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clavata">Paraponera clavata (Fabricius)</taxonomicName>
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, and also living independently with coccids under bark.
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</paragraph>
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<footnote id="04284F8BD4E17B8841ACF4B1049A4C81">
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<paragraph id="3ECF455EA49A15C20341291CAFA203A1" pageNumber="169">1 1912, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p, 130.</paragraph>
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</footnote>
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<footnote id="EDE5C90F95CFE0F18BF46DC3417CBD39">
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<paragraph id="61B087AA70F920D8241E9614135CE24F" pageNumber="169">2 1905, Bull. Soc. Ent. Italiana. XXXVII. p. 137.</paragraph>
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</footnote>
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<paragraph id="0C45BD37FF0A9BEFAD3AB218DF3653F3" lastPageNumber="171" pageNumber="170">
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Emery has placed
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<taxonomicName id="42AC973E56EC73D7EC8045CC99614FE4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24872" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tranopelta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Tranopelta Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tranopelta</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="66773B1209C3123029AA3FE5314971BF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24895" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebarella" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebarella Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebarella</taxonomicName>
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with
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<taxonomicName id="F1517B8B47CE6E695288411CF6ABA7E7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24896" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diplomorium" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Diplomorium Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Diplomorium</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="74732B3829919A96E0DFA6221C16899E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Solenopsis Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Solenopsis</taxonomicName>
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in the tribe Solenopsidini and has made a tribe Pheidologetini for the genera
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<taxonomicName id="9C9531973DD75B8095F2B4FD1A5E9341" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidologeton" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidologeton Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidologeton</taxonomicName>
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, Aneleus, Lecanomyrma,
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<taxonomicName id="FF9539CB2D30DDB25C1C413A6DB45F82" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24890" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Oligomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Oligomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Oligomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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(including the subgenera
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<taxonomicName id="D74BB3A069DB0E2108201908F9AAE2AF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146789" authority="Forel, 1891" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1891" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aeromyrma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Aeromyrma Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aeromyrma</taxonomicName>
|
|
and Octella), Erebomyrma, Psedalgus, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5E9563E9F123A35E4F301814B926551C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
|
|
. It would seem to be more natural to include all these forms in the single tribe Solenopsidini. Evidently
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C593012C6336246686A4FD499F59B994" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
|
|
, in the diminution of the antennal joints and the loss of the eyes in the worker, in the secondary reduction of this caste to monomorphism, and the secondary enormous enlargement of the females and males, represents the most extreme development of the whole series of genera, which probably started from forms like the existing species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F21A99A5F66A7A0202676059CE992CE4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24893" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidologeton" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Pheidologeton Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidologeton</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Since the volumes of bodies of the same shape vary as the cubes of their diameter, a female
|
|
<taxonomicName id="815EBF9F0AF7D7B62714641D8A396B7A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27384" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara vidua Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vidua">Carebara vidua</taxonomicName>
|
|
measuring 24 mm. would be 4096 times as large as the cospecific worker, which measures only 1.5 mm., if the two insects were of the same shape. But the female is a much stouter insect in proportion to her length than the worker, so that she must be nearly 5000 times as large. And this disproportion occurs not only among individuals of the same species but of the same sex and among the offspring of the same mother! The only other insects which exhibit a like disproportion are the workers and physogastric queens of the very termites with which
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BFC6B91D6428095184D002CD88533A14" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
|
|
lives as a predatory parasite. The extraordinary differences in stature between the workers and sexual phases of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8C002FD94C0271FF8FCD110688849E89" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
|
|
are undoubtedly correlated with interesting habits of the species. Haviland1 was the first to show that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5A3E1E9726524A02CB8954A9549D159F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27384" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara vidua Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vidua">C. vidua</taxonomicName>
|
|
lives in the masonry of the large nests of Termes natalensis in Natal. He discovered the minute workers but was unable to elucidate the relations of the ants to the termites. Forel {loco citato), inferring from analogy with our northern cleptobiotic species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CCB3F8CD3843E7F07DC04C8B904A32FE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24903" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Solenopsis Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Solenopsis</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9637499BA954228C3E0A85F8FCA9582E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36272" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Solenopsis fugax (Latreille)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fugax">S. fugax</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9C27471D02D21834F73B9D0F14DC6FAB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36318" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Solenopsis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Solenopsis molesta (Say)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molesta">molesta</taxonomicName>
|
|
, etc.) advanced the hypothesis that the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8C7A170BB2BDE8DD2F6B44EC2882D917" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
|
|
colonies live in cavities of their own in the masonry of the termitaria and that these cavities are connected with the galleries of the termites by means of very tenuous passages through which the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CDD222FBFD4971FDE183D967422C2EBA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
|
|
workers, but not the termites, can pass. The
|
|
<taxonomicName id="41042EB648DDA3528890BAF4F063F89A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
|
|
workers, probably remaining unnoticed on account of their small size, prey on the termites with impunity and are therefore able to rear such huge sexual forms. The larvae of these are so voluminous that they could not be moved by the workers and are so soft and vulnerable that they would have to be reared in chambers inaccessible to the termites. Although no detailed observations on the relations of the two species have been published, the subsequent accounts of observers in the field go to confirm Forel's inferences.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="A3E20F73E7E491AEA1A49E08845B842F" type="multiple">
|
|
<footnote id="5D06C1B257222FABABB5F4AC5935F36C">
|
|
<paragraph id="68F7103DD6EC4915C4B1163D1FF0F25A" pageNumber="170">1 In Forel, 1901, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, XLV, p. 392.</paragraph>
|
|
</footnote>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="2EA01784A1AD4BE518406B430C7C0B7A" type="biology_ecology">
|
|
<paragraph id="4A5CBF871966DF8025FF13C013B9BCD6" pageNumber="171">
|
|
Bequaert1 has witnessed the marriage flight of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="864C2ED5E55B5FC2E46724C9682D9C49" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27375" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara junodi Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="junodi">Carebara junodi</taxonomicName>
|
|
Forel. He says:
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="98CF2D7B46278EDE896F8B4EC792985B" pageNumber="171">This species is remarkable on account of the extraordinary disproportion between the female and the workers. In the Katanga it lives in the mound-shaped nests of Acanthotermes spiniger. October 6, 1911, I witnessed at Sankisia a nuptial flight of this ant. It was at the very beginning of the rainy season and on the two preceding days it had rained abundantly. Toward noon numerous winged females were flying about everywhere in the savannah; they came from a certain number of termitaria, the sides of which were covered with fabulous numbers of the very small workers of the same species. I did not see copulation but, in the evening, I captured several males at light but no females. The following days the phenomenon was not repeated.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="D9E5A81C5A6332EB7C9412F4CFD01A04" pageNumber="171">
|
|
The huge
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0A3D029A08978D017537E1C7AB95290C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
|
|
females are, among the aborigines of the Congo, a muchsought-for delicacy. Hence they take advantage of the nuptial flight to collect a great number of individuals. The swollen portion of the abdomen alone is utilized. They eat it either roasted or raw.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="0489339A8DA3F455826DCFC9A4D6B9D2" pageNumber="171">
|
|
Dr. Bequaert informs me that his attention was directed to the marriage flight described above by the excitement of the congregated natives who were actually filling pails with the torn-off gasters of the females. Each
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B10D0F63BC9DC1F8E781045AA34E4A36" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
|
|
colony gave off hundreds of females and the number of workers that covered a termitarium during the flight must have run into the millions. The workers of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="30563F073529DA1E622EF66D7BE5BA86" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara Westwood" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carebara</taxonomicName>
|
|
, like those of other hypogseic ants (Erebomyrma,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7236A0EB153C6001AF8D2C9936178F8E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2319" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthomyops" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acanthomyops Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthomyops</taxonomicName>
|
|
, etc.), apparently come to the surface of the soil only while the nuptial flight is in progress.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="1F230987BD4B04320C74AEF44BFA5442" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="7049CBF0EE3A86457004B4D32C02C52C" pageNumber="171">
|
|
Arnold2 adds the following interesting note to his description of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="35B507A0BF051326D840A440FB4CBB35" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27384" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara vidua Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vidua">Carebara vidua</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="673BF8913C985688F593EC260A6FC70B" lastPageNumber="172" pageNumber="171">It is probable that the dense tufts of hairs on the tarsi of the female serve an important purpose - that of enabling some of the minute workers to attach.themselves to the body of the female when the latter is about to leave the parental nest. Several specimens of the female have been taken by me with one or more workers biting into the dorsal fimbriae. I am inclined to suspect that the young queen cannot start a new nest without the help of one or more of the workers from the old nest, on account of the size of her mouth-parts, which would probably be too large and clumsy to tend the tiny larvae of her first brood, and that it is therefore essential that she should have with her some workers which are able to feed the larvae by conveying to them the nourishment from the mouth of the queen.</paragraph>
|
|
<footnote id="B6F3C12020B26F2C664E69CA44C43691">
|
|
<paragraph id="FEAD7D74914B1C0C8E7EDF30FD936E4D" pageNumber="171">1 1913, Rev. Zool. Afr., II, p. 428.</paragraph>
|
|
</footnote>
|
|
<footnote id="32C57D6DACAA7A9516523292A05ABD87">
|
|
<paragraph id="017CDDBDD3C0A8FE5D5F36C3872D59AB" pageNumber="171">2 1916, Ann. South African Mus., XIV, p. 252.</paragraph>
|
|
</footnote>
|
|
<paragraph id="610E0619042ACA3AD8FE9E5D52FF7F17" pageNumber="172">
|
|
I find that the workers also attach themselves to the tarsi of the males. Two specimens of this sex referable to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D65B288BD9965B2014AD23EF3FEFFA11" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27384" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara vidua Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vidua">C. vidua</taxonomicName>
|
|
., evidently taken at fight and sent me by Mr. C. C. Gowdey from Kampala, Uganda, each bear two workers firmly attached by their mandibles to the tarsal hairs. Such workers must, of course, perish with their carriers, unless they can manage to pass over to the legs of the females during copulation.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="7E63973E9161F5C228CA5761B339A2BE" type="key">
|
|
<paragraph id="31E9DC23D778F638742505277A51E78F" pageNumber="172">The workers and females of the African Carebarae can be separated by means of the following keys.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="7F001666907C47FA49F930AEF5B1A990" pageNumber="172">Females</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="D2780C26EB10BD7C8CC61195B25C1987" pageNumber="172">1. Large species, more than 20 mm. long.......................................2.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="001BDA82C09F7893AF4D3DC4F86F1B55" pageNumber="172">Small species, not more than 15 mm. long................................4.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="56DB675E77319BBD1876BBBFC4099AC5" pageNumber="172">
|
|
2. Mandibles with only 2 teeth and the remainder of their apical borders undulated, not properly dentate..................................
|
|
<taxonomicName id="633D6FC49A6D2DA5473CD00E1D66D4AC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27368" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara ampla Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ampla">ampla Santschi</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="6A022B93FC12132801463677F2EE7527" pageNumber="172">Mandibles with more than 2 teeth, entire apical border dentate.............3.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="0FF7838C20E2ED02A1366415DA3EF7EA" pageNumber="172">3. Black; the gaster sometimes red; mesonotum about as broad as long; clypeal border not emarginate in the middle; hind metatarsi much shorter than</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E40416A6FEFFE5FFD9B3AF365D20F79B" pageNumber="172">
|
|
hind tibiae............................................
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C0668BC252C2BECD821D7A19B777594F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27384" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara vidua Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vidua">vidua F. Smith</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="3826ECAB0EFEA45641F9BD772B248111" pageNumber="172">
|
|
Dull rusty red; mesonotum with three dark brown longitudinal stripes; thorax narrower; clypeal border broadly emarginate in the middle; hind metatarsi but little shorter than the hind tibiae..................
|
|
<taxonomicName id="85BC076EADBF9DB830138FE74ED6FC7F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27375" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara junodi Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="junodi">junodi</taxonomicName>
|
|
Forel.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="AFEA130466789ECBBA548711FCD8507D" pageNumber="172">4. Length 13 to 15 mm.; dark brown or castaneous..........................5.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="D9CA14518EA78C3C6B450FB7C6CBD6FB" pageNumber="172">
|
|
Length only 8 mm.; paler and more reddish brown......
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F312C079A9E9BE3F62521991135AD9CE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27379" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara osborni Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="osborni">osborni</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3D89D982EE8ACED193B3B4004ADC579D" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="5CB142544382C09225177892B7F31FE5" pageNumber="172">
|
|
5. Body covered with short hairs; clypeus merely coarsely punctate..
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E4A64704FCE9CB2E7BF9E0590112330F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27381" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara sicheli Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sicheli">sicheli Mayr</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Body almost hairless; clypeus transversely rugulose in the middle.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9D31D67ADBDB5A5FD2ABE11A60049396" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27376" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara langi Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="langi">langi</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="EE0BAA6416DA0C7E691B6F4DFC5EF54A" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="295D9A846F98BDAEA643C1F20DEBF79B" pageNumber="172">Workers</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A969984E9B39EC99BF51753AAC08D808" pageNumber="172">
|
|
1. Mandibles 3-toothed. Length 1.7 to 1.9 mm.................
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F66E0FDB821205B9B988E9016EF3C991" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27370" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara arnoldi (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnoldi">arnoldi</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Forel).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="69C0AB2E1BCB6243DBCB782548155E48" pageNumber="172">Mandibles 4-toothed....................................................2.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="0311B4D2ED06079CE4E565A53638AFF2" pageNumber="172">
|
|
2. Base of epinotum longer than the declivity, marginate on the sides. Length 1.6 to 2 mm........................................
|
|
<taxonomicName id="64EF96C46B6D74639B7F9C9CBAB434BF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27384" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara vidua Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vidua">vidua F. Smith</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="2D7532BCCD3C08158CCFA00E34946D10" pageNumber="172">Base of epinotum shorter...............................................3.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="203510C0093BD23C0EF5478886A6D758" pageNumber="172">
|
|
3. Petiolar node one-fourth narrower than the postpetiole. Length 1.5 to 1.8 mm.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D650A10D0C2FD63CDC112596AD8AD70C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27382" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara silvestrii Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silvestrii">silvestrii Santschi</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E9C40E5B68BB10AADB0CB50C2AA97BAB" pageNumber="172">Petiolar node as broad as the postpetiole..................................4.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="D0EF5D6D06BBCB3FEB13AA20692E54D4" pageNumber="172">
|
|
4. Thorax not impressed at the mesoepinotal suture; promesonotum but slightly longer than broad; epinotum subcuboidal with subequal base and declivity. Length 0.8 to 1 mm...............................
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DF45D6F6970A0C5AC6C7045E81E2C077" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27379" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara osborni Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="osborni">osborni</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="203AF8D7D0C52F185424BE6C030F6018" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="01636BACBCFFF102F61738A0A145A21F" pageNumber="172">
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Thorax distinctly impressed at the mesoepinotal suture; promesonotum much longer than broad; epinotum not subcuboidal, its base very short, its declivity long and sloping. Length 1.7 to 1.9 mm.........
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<taxonomicName id="00C5B9AF95E5824BB4C9BB73F6238C49" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27375" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Carebara" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Carebara junodi Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="junodi">junodi</taxonomicName>
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Forel.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |