306 lines
48 KiB
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306 lines
48 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6FB9D2051C7DB9AE7939770E72FA5336">Otomorphs (= otocephalans or ostarioclupeomorphs) revisited</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="18F868DD6F65328072B8276B6DF51786">Arratia, Gloria</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="F6DFFBBF652BF7E77BEDB1F1D61E0BA7">Neotropical Ichthyology</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="80CC895E619A3D0951B567A049A2FF80">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="69CB805A6C6E4CA27AF646CE5146751C">2018-10-11</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="30F2E1CB5408186374151D9CD93014BC" type="DOI">10.1590/1982-0224-20180079</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A26D22892570C511B9AF43B2E7604D44" type="ISSN">1982-0224</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038C87D2101FFFAAFCDEF9B0C289FCAB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3716909" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3716909" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038C87D2101FFFAAFCDEF9B0C289FCAB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C87D2101FFFAAFCDEF9B0C289FCAB" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<subSubSection id="C33F654F101FFFA7FCDEF9B0C0A0F9AA" box="[850,1006,1585,1609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9A36C4101FFFA7FCDEF9B0C0A0F9AA" blockId="5.[813,1452,1585,1961]" box="[850,1006,1585,1609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<heading id="D0D281A8101FFFA7FCDEF9B0C0A8F9AA" box="[850,998,1585,1609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="B951EAD6101FFFA7FCDEF9B0C0A8F9AA" bold="true" box="[850,998,1585,1609]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Alepocephali</emphasis>
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</heading>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33F654F101FFFAAFC79F9B0C289FCAB" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9A36C4101FFFA4FC79F9B0C175FF0B" blockId="5.[813,1452,1585,1961]" lastBlockId="6.[136,775,176,1960]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Alepocephaliforms (
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<figureCitation id="131E2A41101FFFA7FB5EF9B0C66CF9AA" box="[1234,1314,1585,1609]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[129,168,1740,1764]" captionTargetBox="[137,1442,177,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[135,1445,174,1724]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 4. Diagrammatic representation of different otomorph groups such as: a. clupeiformes; b. alepocephaliforms; c. gonorynchiforms; d. cypriniforms; e. characiforms; f. siluriforms; g. gymnotiforms." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3710052" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3710052/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4b</figureCitation>
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) are characterized by the presence of parietal bones [of traditional terminology] separated by the supraoccipital; branchiostegal cartilages; one postcleithrum; epipleural bones extending forward to about abdominal vertebra 3; opercle reduced dorsally and by several absent structures such as posttemporal fossa; gas bladder; adipose fin; and urodermal bone (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101FFFA7FCB8F890C703F8CA" author="Johnson, Patterson" box="[820,1101,1809,1833]" firstAuthor="Johnson" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="251 - 332" refId="ref19022" refString="Johnson GD, Patterson C. Relationships of lower euteleostean fishes. In: Interrelationships of fishes. Stiassny MLJ, Parenti LR, Johnson GD, editors. San Diego: Academic Press; 1996. p. 251 - 332." type="book chapter" year="1996">Johnson, Patterson, 1996</bibRefCitation>
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). Although general descriptions of some alepocephaliform structures, such as the skull roof bones, crumeral organs, and caudal skeletons, were published by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101FFFA7FC2AF8F0C789F86A" author="Greenwood, Rosen" box="[934,1223,1905,1929]" firstAuthor="Greenwood" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref18799" refString="Greenwood PH, Rosen DE. Notes on the structure and relationships of the alepocephaloid fishes. American Mus Novitates. 1971; 2473: 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1971">Greenwood, Rosen (1971)</bibRefCitation>
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, new information on the posterior part of the skull roof, including extrascapulars and the ontogenetic transformation of vertebral structures and caudal skeleton, are provided below.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9A36C4101CFFA4FF22FF70C1BBFE6B" blockId="6.[136,775,176,1960]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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In comparison to clupeiforms and ostariophysans, the Alepocephali comprise a small group of 137 species, 32 genera, three families and one order, all living in marine waters (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FF03FED1C212FE8B" author="Nelson" box="[143,348,336,360]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Nelson" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref20170" refString="Nelson JS, Grande T, Wilson MVH. Fishes of the World. 5 th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2016." type="book" year="2016">
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<collectingRegion id="49E1F826101CFFA4FF03FED1C392FE8B" box="[143,220,336,360]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nelson</collectingRegion>
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<emphasis id="B951EAD6101CFFA4FF6EFED0C258FE8B" box="[226,278,336,360]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2016
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Most species of the assemblage inhabit meso- to bathypelagic environments (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FD95FEF1C1A4FE6B" author="Nelson" box="[537,746,368,392]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Nelson" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref20170" refString="Nelson JS, Grande T, Wilson MVH. Fishes of the World. 5 th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2016." type="book" year="2016">
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<collectingRegion id="49E1F826101CFFA4FD95FEF1C128FE6B" box="[537,614,368,392]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nelson</collectingRegion>
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<emphasis id="B951EAD6101CFFA4FDE1FEF0C1EDFE6B" box="[621,675,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2016
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9A36C4101CFFA4FF22FE11C230FC8A" blockId="6.[136,775,176,1960]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Early taxonomic studies associated alepocephaliforms with clupeiforms (
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<emphasis id="B951EAD6101CFFA4FEDAFE30C238FE2B" box="[342,374,433,456]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">e.g</emphasis>
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.,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FE03FE30C142FE2A" author="Berg" box="[399,524,433,457]" firstAuthor="Berg" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="87 - 517" refId="ref17270" refString="Berg LS. 1937. Classification of fishes, both Recent and fossil. Travaux de l'Institute de l'Academie des Sciences de l'URSS. 1937; 5: 87 - 517." type="journal article" year="1937">Berg, 1937</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FD90FE31C11AFE2B" author="Berg" box="[540,596,432,456]" firstAuthor="Berg" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 310" refId="ref17302" refString="Berg LS. 1958. System der Rezenten und fossilen Fischartigen und Fische. Berlin: Veb Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften. p. 1 - 310." type="book chapter" year="1958">1958</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FDE8FE31C04EFE2B" author="Gosline" box="[612,768,432,456]" firstAuthor="Gosline" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="265 - 327" refId="ref18566" refString="Gosline WA. Contributions toward a classification of modern isospondylous fishes. Bull British Mus Natur Hist, Zool. 1960; 6: 265 - 327." type="journal article" year="1960">Gosline, 1960</bibRefCitation>
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) and other primitive teleosts on the basis of common similarities, the traditional approach of the time. However, this can be misleading without completely understanding the order
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<taxonomicName id="4C254D47101CFFA4FF38FDB1C20BFDAB" box="[180,325,560,584]" class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Clupeiformes</taxonomicName>
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as defined by Berg, which included not only the suborders Clupeoidei and Alepocephaloidei, but also several other clades, such as †Lycopteroidei, Chanoidei, Phractolaemoidei, and Salmonoidei. During the last 50 years, alepocephaliforms have been traditionally included within the Euteleostei, closer to the salmoniforms (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FD58FD50C224FCEB" author="Greenwood" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Greenwood" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="339 - 456" refId="ref18757" refString="Greenwood PH, Rosen DE, Weitzman SH, Myers GS. Phyletic studies of teleostean fishes with a provisional classification of living forms. Bull Amer Mus Natur Hist. 1966; 131 (4): 339 - 456." type="journal article" year="1966">
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Greenwood
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<emphasis id="B951EAD6101CFFA4FF6BFD70C26EFCEB" box="[231,288,752,776]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
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, 1966
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FEF4FD71C143FCEB" author="Markle" box="[376,525,752,776]" firstAuthor="Markle" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref19711" refString="Markle DF. Preliminary studies on the systematics of deep-sea Alepocephaloidea (Pisces: Salmoniformes). PhD Thesis, Virginia: The College of William and Mary. 1976." type="book" year="1976">Markle, 1976</bibRefCitation>
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) or specifically within the Argentinoidei (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FEDCFC91C12AFCCA" author="Greenwood, Rosen" box="[336,612,784,809]" firstAuthor="Greenwood" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref18799" refString="Greenwood PH, Rosen DE. Notes on the structure and relationships of the alepocephaloid fishes. American Mus Novitates. 1971; 2473: 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1971">Greenwood, Rosen, 1971</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FDFCFC91C38EFCAA" author="Lauder, Liem" firstAuthor="Lauder" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="95 - 197" refId="ref19124" refString="Lauder GV, Liem KF. The evolution and interrelationships of the actinopterygian fishes. Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1983; 150: 95 - 197." type="journal article" year="1983">Lauder, Liem, 1983</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FF40FCB1C21CFCAA" author="Begle" box="[204,338,816,841]" firstAuthor="Begle" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="350 - 66" refId="ref17246" refString="Begle DP. Monophyly and relationships of the argentinoid fishes. Copeia. 1992; 1992 (2): 350 - 66." type="journal article" year="1992">Begle, 1992</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FED1FCB1C120FCAB" author="Johnson, Patterson" box="[349,622,816,840]" firstAuthor="Johnson" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="251 - 332" refId="ref19022" refString="Johnson GD, Patterson C. Relationships of lower euteleostean fishes. In: Interrelationships of fishes. Stiassny MLJ, Parenti LR, Johnson GD, editors. San Diego: Academic Press; 1996. p. 251 - 332." type="book chapter" year="1996">Johnson, Patterson, 1996</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FDF5FCB1C04DFCAA" author="Diogo" box="[633,771,816,841]" firstAuthor="Diogo" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="23 - 9" refId="ref18019" refString="Diogo R. On the cephalic and pectoral girdle muscles of the deep sea fish Alepocephalus rostratus, with comments on the functional morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the Alepocephaloidei (Teleostei). Animal Biology. 2008; 58 (1): 23 - 9." type="journal article" year="2008">Diogo, 2008</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FF04FCD1C23DFC8A" author="Wiley, Johnson" box="[136,371,848,873]" firstAuthor="Wiley" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="123 - 182" refId="ref21109" refString="Wiley EO, Johnson GD. A teleost classification based on a monophyletic group. In: Origin and Phylogenetic Relationships on Teleosts. Nelson JS, Schultze H-P, Wilson MVH, editors. Munchen: Verlag. Dr. F. Pfeil; 2010. p. 123 - 182." type="book chapter" year="2010">Wiley, Johnson, 2010</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9A36C4101CFFA4FF22FCF1C049FB8B" blockId="6.[136,775,176,1960]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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The inclusion of alepocephalids within the argentinoids is based on the presence of a crumenal organ, the descended position of the distal part of the two to four epineurals, and caudal median cartilages supporting the lowermost ray of the upper caudal lobe (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FE05FC71C1EEFBEB" author="Johnson, Patterson" box="[393,672,1008,1032]" firstAuthor="Johnson" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="251 - 332" refId="ref19022" refString="Johnson GD, Patterson C. Relationships of lower euteleostean fishes. In: Interrelationships of fishes. Stiassny MLJ, Parenti LR, Johnson GD, editors. San Diego: Academic Press; 1996. p. 251 - 332." type="book chapter" year="1996">Johnson, Patterson, 1996</bibRefCitation>
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). Although those features are present in alepocephalids and argentinoids, under the new taxonomic interpretations given by molecular studies, they need further revisions. For instance:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9A36C4101CFFA4FF22FBF0C2D6FA0B" blockId="6.[136,775,176,1960]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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1. A crumenal organ is a specialization of alepocephaliforms and argentinoids. It is a posterior branchial structure that was referred to as an epibranchial organ until
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FD0BFB31C259FB0A" author="Greenwood, Rosen" firstAuthor="Greenwood" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref18799" refString="Greenwood PH, Rosen DE. Notes on the structure and relationships of the alepocephaloid fishes. American Mus Novitates. 1971; 2473: 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1971">Greenwood, Rosen (1971)</bibRefCitation>
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named it “crumenal organ”. The main distinction between the crumenal organ and the epibranchial organ is the presence of a distinct accessory cartilage that may have arisen by segmentation from the posterior articular surface of ceratobranchial
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<quantity id="4CDD9B21101CFFA4FEA2FAD1C21BFA8B" box="[302,341,1360,1384]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="in" value="5.0">5 in</quantity>
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alepocephalids and argentinoids (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FD39FAD1C3F1FA6B" author="Nelson" firstAuthor="Nelson" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="71 - 89" refId="ref20106" refString="Nelson GJ. Epibranchial organs in lower teleostean fishes. J Zool, London. 1967; 153: 71 - 89." type="journal article" year="1967">
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<collectingRegion id="49E1F826101CFFA4FD39FAD1C04DFA8B" box="[693,771,1360,1384]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nelson</collectingRegion>
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, 1967
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FF47FAF1C298FA6A" author="Greenwood, Rosen" box="[203,470,1392,1417]" firstAuthor="Greenwood" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref18799" refString="Greenwood PH, Rosen DE. Notes on the structure and relationships of the alepocephaloid fishes. American Mus Novitates. 1971; 2473: 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1971">Greenwood, Rosen, 1971</bibRefCitation>
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) and in
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<taxonomicName id="4C254D47101CFFA4FDA1FAF0C27CFA4A" authority="(de Pinna, Di Dario, 2010)" baseAuthorityName="de Pinna, Di Dario" baseAuthorityYear="2010" class="Actinopterygii" family="Denticipitidae" genus="Denticeps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B951EAD6101CFFA4FDA1FAF0C1DBFA6B" box="[557,661,1393,1416]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Denticeps</emphasis>
|
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FD28FAF1C265FA4A" author="de Pinna, Di Dario" firstAuthor="de Pinna" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="251 - 268" refId="ref20328" refString="de Pinna MCC, di Dario F. The branchial arches of the primitive clupeomorpzh fish, Denticeps clupeoides, and their phylogenetic implication (Clupeiformes, Denticipitidae). In: Origin and Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Teleosts. Nelson JS, Schultze H-P, Wilson MVH, editors. Munchen: Verlag Dr. F. Pfeil; 2010. p. 251 - 268." type="book chapter" year="2010">de Pinna, Di Dario, 2010</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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||
. Thus, the finding of this accessory cartilage in
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<taxonomicName id="4C254D47101CFFA4FF28FA30C242FA2B" baseAuthorityName="de Pinna, Di Dario" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[164,268,1457,1480]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Denticipitidae" genus="Denticeps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B951EAD6101CFFA4FF28FA30C242FA2B" box="[164,268,1457,1480]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Denticeps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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opened the necessity for extensive comparative studies in various teleosts.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9A36C4101CFFA4FF22FA70C1FFF8AA" blockId="6.[136,775,176,1960]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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2. The third feature proposed as shared by argentinoids and alepocephalids, the caudal median cartilages supporting the lowermost ray of the upper caudal lobe (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FDD7F9B1C3BCF98B" author="Johnson, Patterson" firstAuthor="Johnson" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="251 - 332" refId="ref19022" refString="Johnson GD, Patterson C. Relationships of lower euteleostean fishes. In: Interrelationships of fishes. Stiassny MLJ, Parenti LR, Johnson GD, editors. San Diego: Academic Press; 1996. p. 251 - 332." type="book chapter" year="1996">Johnson, Patterson, 1996</bibRefCitation>
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) is controversial due to its variability. The caudal medial cartilages (mc) are commonly associated with the middle principal caudal rays (PR) in argentinoids (mc
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAD6101CFFA4FD4FF910C049F94B" box="[707,775,1681,1704]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">versus</emphasis>
|
||
PR10 and 11) and not with the lowermost ray of the upper caudal lobe. The condition as shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="131E2A41101CFFA4FDBDF951C13EF90B" box="[561,624,1744,1768]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[129,168,1781,1805]" captionTargetBox="[375,1205,174,1761]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[375,1205,174,1765]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 7. Caudal skeleton of Argentina sialis (SIO 66-4) in lateral view. a. photograph of specimen of 144.2 mm standard length; photograph courtesy of C. Quezada-Romegialli; b. interpretative drawing. Note that the posterior hemi-lepidotrichia of principal ray 10 is displaced. The color orange is used to denote a modified uroneural named pseudopleurostyle herein. CC = compound vertebral centrum; E = epural; H1,3,6 = hypurals 1,3,6; hsPU2 = haemal spine of preural centrum 2; naPU1 = neural arch of preural centrum 1; PR1 = 10,11,19 = principal caudal ray 1,10,11,19; PU3 = preural centrum 3; ‘UD’ = ten- don-bone urodermal; UN = uroneural." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3710058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3710058/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAD6101CFFA4FD11F950C049F90B" box="[669,775,1745,1768]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3327654101CFFA4FD11F950C049F90B" box="[669,775,1745,1768]" name="Argentina" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is also found in alepocephalids (see below, the section on Analysis of characters), salmonids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FD97F891C1E8F8CA" author="Fujita" box="[539,678,1808,1833]" firstAuthor="Fujita" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref18378" refString="Fujita K. The Caudal Skeleton of Teleostean Fishes. Tokyo: Tokai Univ. Press; 1990." type="book" year="1990">Fujita, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FD39F891C264F8AA" author="Arratia, Schultze" firstAuthor="Arratia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="187 - 249" refId="ref17118" refString="Arratia G, Schultze H-P. Reevaluation of the caudal skeleton of certain actinopterygian fishes. III. Salmonidae. Homologization of caudal skeletal structures. J Morphol. 1992; 214 (2): 187 - 249." type="journal article" year="1992">Arratia, Schultze, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and other euteleosts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FD92F8B1C1E8F8AA" author="Fujita" box="[542,678,1840,1865]" firstAuthor="Fujita" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref18378" refString="Fujita K. The Caudal Skeleton of Teleostean Fishes. Tokyo: Tokai Univ. Press; 1990." type="book" year="1990">Fujita, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A36C4101CFFA4FF22F8D0C0AFFBCB" blockId="6.[136,775,176,1960]" lastBlockId="6.[820,1460,176,1960]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
3. The caudal skeleton is a complex structure in need of further investigation in alepocephaliforms (see below, Analysis of characters) and in argentinoids. Unlike most other euteleosts (and also in alepocephaliforms), argentinoids have one vertebral centrum bearing the parhypural and hypurals 1 and 2, a centrum that was interpreted as formed by preural centrum 1 plus ural centrum 1 [of the diural terminology] by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FC47FEB0C73BFEAB" author="Patterson" box="[971,1141,304,328]" firstAuthor="Patterson" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="205 - 96" refId="ref20224" refString="Patterson, C. Two Upper Cretaceous Salmoniform fishes from the Lebanon. Bull Brit Mus Nat Hist, Geol. 1970; 19: 205 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">Patterson (1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:figs. 38, 40] in
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAD6101CFFA4FA97FEB0C003FE8B" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3327654101CFFA4FA97FEB0C6CBFEAB" box="[1307,1413,305,328]" name="Argentina" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
sialis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and preural centrum 1 plus ural centrum 1 plus uroneural
|
||
<quantity id="4CDD9B21101CFFA4FCB8FEF0C02EFE6B" box="[820,864,368,393]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C254D47101CFFA4FCE6FEF1C72CFE6B" baseAuthorityName="non Günther" baseAuthorityYear="1878" box="[874,1122,368,392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bathylagidae" genus="Bathylagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osmeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAD6101CFFA4FCE6FEF1C72CFE6B" box="[874,1122,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bathylagus antarcticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, it is unknown how many vertebral centra form this centrum that I interpret, in a preliminary way, as compound (CC in
|
||
<figureCitation id="131E2A41101CFFA4FB62FE31C661FE2A" box="[1262,1327,432,457]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[129,168,1781,1805]" captionTargetBox="[375,1205,174,1761]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[375,1205,174,1765]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 7. Caudal skeleton of Argentina sialis (SIO 66-4) in lateral view. a. photograph of specimen of 144.2 mm standard length; photograph courtesy of C. Quezada-Romegialli; b. interpretative drawing. Note that the posterior hemi-lepidotrichia of principal ray 10 is displaced. The color orange is used to denote a modified uroneural named pseudopleurostyle herein. CC = compound vertebral centrum; E = epural; H1,3,6 = hypurals 1,3,6; hsPU2 = haemal spine of preural centrum 2; naPU1 = neural arch of preural centrum 1; PR1 = 10,11,19 = principal caudal ray 1,10,11,19; PU3 = preural centrum 3; ‘UD’ = ten- don-bone urodermal; UN = uroneural." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3710058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3710058/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
), but noting that its origin and composition is still unknown (currently under study by GA based on its ontogenetic series). A similar structure has been interpreted as a compound centrum in adult engraulids,
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAD6101CFFA4FC63FDB0C740FDAB" box="[1007,1038,561,584]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">e.g</emphasis>
|
||
.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C254D47101CFFA4FBA8FDB1C7C3FDAB" box="[1060,1165,560,584]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Engraulidae" genus="Engraulis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAD6101CFFA4FBA8FDB1C7C3FDAB" box="[1060,1165,560,584]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Engraulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAD6101CFFA4FB4FFDB1C642FDAB" box="[1219,1292,560,584]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C254D47101CFFA4FB4FFDB1C646FDAB" authorityName="Gray in Gray" authorityYear="1830" box="[1219,1288,560,584]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Engraulidae" genus="Coilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Coilia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
where the centrum includes preural centrum 1 plus ural centra 2 and 3+4 [of the polyural terminology] (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FB0FFDF1C6CCFD6B" author="Schultze, Arratia" box="[1155,1410,624,648]" firstAuthor="Schultze" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="187 - 246" refId="ref20833" refString="Schultze H-P, Arratia G. The caudal skeleton of basal teleosts, its conventions, and some of its major evolutionary novelties in a temporal dimension. In: Mesozoic Fishes 5 - Global Diversity and Evolution. Arratia G, Schultze H-P, Wilson MVH, editors. Munchen: Verlag F. Pfeil, 2013. p. 187 - 246." type="book chapter" year="2013">Schultze, Arratia, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:figs. 18, 19A-D), and in ostariophysans (
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAD6101CFFA4FB3CFD10C793FD4B" box="[1200,1245,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FB6FFD11C63AFD4B" author="Monod" box="[1251,1396,656,680]" firstAuthor="Monod" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 705" refId="ref19906" refString="Monod T. Le complexe urophore des poisons teleosteens. Mem Inst Fondament. Afrique Noire. 1968; 81: 1 - 705." type="journal article" year="1968">Monod, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Lundberg, Baskin, 1969;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FBABFD31C7AAFD2A" author="Fink, Fink" box="[1063,1252,688,713]" firstAuthor="Fink" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="297 - 353" refId="ref18205" refString="Fink SV, Fink WL. Interrelationships of the Ostariophysan Fishes (Teleostei). Zool J Linnean Soc. 1981; 72 (4): 297 - 353." type="journal article" year="1981">Fink, Fink, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Schultze, Arratia, 1989, 2013;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FC30FD51C70CFD0A" author="Fujita" box="[956,1090,720,745]" firstAuthor="Fujita" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref18378" refString="Fujita K. The Caudal Skeleton of Teleostean Fishes. Tokyo: Tokai Univ. Press; 1990." type="book" year="1990">Fujita, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, it is unknown whether the structure interpreted as a compound centrum in ostariophysans forms the same way in different ostariophysan subgroups (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FC50FCB1C799FCAA" author="Schultze, Arratia" box="[988,1239,816,841]" firstAuthor="Schultze" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="187 - 246" refId="ref20833" refString="Schultze H-P, Arratia G. The caudal skeleton of basal teleosts, its conventions, and some of its major evolutionary novelties in a temporal dimension. In: Mesozoic Fishes 5 - Global Diversity and Evolution. Arratia G, Schultze H-P, Wilson MVH, editors. Munchen: Verlag F. Pfeil, 2013. p. 187 - 246." type="book chapter" year="2013">Schultze, Arratia, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FB6EFCB1C6E6FCAB" author="Wiley" box="[1250,1448,816,840]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Wiley" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="740 - 750" refId="ref21056" refString="Wiley EO, Fuiten AM, Doosey MH, Lohman BK, Merkes C, Azuma M. The caudal skeleton of the zebrafish, Danio rerio, from a phylogenetic perspective: A polyural interpretation of homologous structures. Copeia. 2015; 103 (4): 740 - 750." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Wiley
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAD6101CFFA4FAA6FCB0C62EFCAB" box="[1322,1376,816,840]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The fossil ostariophysan †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C254D47101CFFA4FBC0FCD1C65EFC8B" authorityName="Arratia" authorityYear="1997" box="[1100,1296,848,872]" class="Actinopterygii" genus="Tischlingerichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAD6101CFFA4FBC0FCD1C65EFC8B" box="[1100,1296,848,872]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tischlingerichthys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also has a long vertebral centrum bearing the parhypural and hypurals 1 and 2 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FCDEFC11C0A9FC4B" author="Arratia" box="[850,999,912,936]" firstAuthor="Arratia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 168" refId="ref16660" refString="Arratia G. Basal teleosts and teleostean phylogeny. Palaeo Ichthyologica. 1997; 7: 1 - 168." type="journal article" year="1997">Arratia, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 67). Consequently, argentinoids differ from many other euteleost clades, and also from alepocephaliforms, in the presence of a possible compound vertebral centrum that articulates with the parhypural and hypurals 1 and 2, ventrally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A36C4101CFFAAFCD6FBB0C3B2FEEB" blockId="6.[820,1460,176,1960]" lastBlockId="8.[136,775,176,841]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
4. The most anterior uroneural or modified uroneural or stegural with an antero-dorsal membranous outgrowth is interpreted as a euteleostean synapomorphy, but its absence in argentinoids is considered to be secondary by parsimony optimization (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FC46FB31C7F6FB2A" author="Wiley, Johnson" box="[970,1208,1200,1225]" firstAuthor="Wiley" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="123 - 182" refId="ref21109" refString="Wiley EO, Johnson GD. A teleost classification based on a monophyletic group. In: Origin and Phylogenetic Relationships on Teleosts. Nelson JS, Schultze H-P, Wilson MVH, editors. Munchen: Verlag. Dr. F. Pfeil; 2010. p. 123 - 182." type="book chapter" year="2010">Wiley, Johnson, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The element interpreted as the most anterior uroneural in argentinoids and alepocephaliforms is different in both groups. The most anterior uroneural has a complex structure in argentinoids. It was identified as uroneural 1 by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FBE3FAB0C652FAAB" author="Patterson" box="[1135,1308,1328,1352]" firstAuthor="Patterson" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="205 - 96" refId="ref20224" refString="Patterson, C. Two Upper Cretaceous Salmoniform fishes from the Lebanon. Bull Brit Mus Nat Hist, Geol. 1970; 19: 205 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">Patterson (1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 37),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FA0EFAB0C768FA8B" author="Greenwood PH & Rosen DE" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref18799" refString="Greenwood PH, Rosen DE. Notes on the structure and relationships of the alepocephaloid fishes. American Mus Novitates. 1971; 2473: 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1971">Greenwood, Rosen (1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:figs. 12, 14), and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FB7BFAD1C6CFFA8B" author="Fujita" box="[1271,1409,1360,1384]" firstAuthor="Fujita" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref18378" refString="Fujita K. The Caudal Skeleton of Teleostean Fishes. Tokyo: Tokai Univ. Press; 1990." type="book" year="1990">Fujita (1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:figs. 56-59). According to my studies, the first and enlarged uroneural bearing an expanded membranous outgrowth is an autogenous element lying on the dorsal surface of the compound centrum in juvenile and sub-adult specimens of
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAD6101CFFA4FA1CFA50C08DF9EB" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3327654101CFFA4FA1CFA50C0CAF9EB" name="Argentina" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
sialis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and has an overall resemblance to the stegural of salmonids (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FC7FF991C7A3F9CA" author="Arratia, Schultze" box="[1011,1261,1552,1577]" firstAuthor="Arratia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="187 - 249" refId="ref17118" refString="Arratia G, Schultze H-P. Reevaluation of the caudal skeleton of certain actinopterygian fishes. III. Salmonidae. Homologization of caudal skeletal structures. J Morphol. 1992; 214 (2): 187 - 249." type="journal article" year="1992">Arratia, Schultze, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FB7BF991C0D1F9AA" author="Grunbaum, Cloutier" firstAuthor="Grunbaum" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="12 - 24" refId="ref18828" refString="Grunbaum T, Cloutier R. Ontogeny, variation, and homology in Salvelinus alpinus caudal skeleton (Teleostei: Salmonidae). J Morphol. 2010; 271 (1): 12 - 24." type="journal article" year="2010">Grünbaum, Cloutier, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and other euteleosts. However, the antero-lateral base of this element fuses to the dorso-lateral surface of the centrum in larger specimens, resembling a pleurostyle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131E2A41101CFFA4FCB0F911C0E8F94B" box="[828,934,1680,1704]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[129,168,1781,1805]" captionTargetBox="[375,1205,174,1761]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[375,1205,174,1765]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 7. Caudal skeleton of Argentina sialis (SIO 66-4) in lateral view. a. photograph of specimen of 144.2 mm standard length; photograph courtesy of C. Quezada-Romegialli; b. interpretative drawing. Note that the posterior hemi-lepidotrichia of principal ray 10 is displaced. The color orange is used to denote a modified uroneural named pseudopleurostyle herein. CC = compound vertebral centrum; E = epural; H1,3,6 = hypurals 1,3,6; hsPU2 = haemal spine of preural centrum 2; naPU1 = neural arch of preural centrum 1; PR1 = 10,11,19 = principal caudal ray 1,10,11,19; PU3 = preural centrum 3; ‘UD’ = ten- don-bone urodermal; UN = uroneural." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3710058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3710058/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 7a, b</figureCitation>
|
||
). Consequently, this element differs from the euteleostean stegural (that is always an autogenous element;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FCB8F951C77BF90A" author="Arratia, Schultze" box="[820,1077,1744,1769]" firstAuthor="Arratia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="187 - 249" refId="ref17118" refString="Arratia G, Schultze H-P. Reevaluation of the caudal skeleton of certain actinopterygian fishes. III. Salmonidae. Homologization of caudal skeletal structures. J Morphol. 1992; 214 (2): 187 - 249." type="journal article" year="1992">Arratia, Schultze, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B35101CFFA4FBCEF951C62DF90A" author="Grunbaum, Cloutier" box="[1090,1379,1744,1769]" firstAuthor="Grunbaum" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="12 - 24" refId="ref18828" refString="Grunbaum T, Cloutier R. Ontogeny, variation, and homology in Salvelinus alpinus caudal skeleton (Teleostei: Salmonidae). J Morphol. 2010; 271 (1): 12 - 24." type="journal article" year="2010">Grünbaum, Cloutier, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but it also differs from the pleurostyle present in ostariophysans and clupeiforms, except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C254D47101CFFA4FBE7F890C798F8CB" baseAuthorityName="de Pinna, Di Dario" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1131,1238,1809,1832]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Denticipitidae" genus="Denticeps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAD6101CFFA4FBE7F890C798F8CB" box="[1131,1238,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Denticeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(for information on the pleurostyle see below, section on Analysis of characters). Thus, I term this element a “pseudopleurostyle” to note its different formation than that of the pleurostyle and stegural. Summarizing, there are disagreements concerning the interpretations of alepocephaliforms as argentinoids and also of alepocephaliforms as salmoniforms based on morphological characters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5A664C101DFFA5FF0DF974C156F84E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3710058" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3710058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3710058/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[129,168,1781,1805]" targetBox="[375,1205,174,1761]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A36C4101DFFA5FF0DF974C156F84E" blockId="7.[129,1452,1781,1965]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAD6101DFFA5FF0DF974C389F8EE" bold="true" box="[129,199,1781,1805]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Caudal skeleton of
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAD6101DFFA5FE11F974C108F8EE" box="[413,582,1781,1805]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Argentina sialis</emphasis>
|
||
(SIO 66-4) in lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAD6101DFFA5FCE1F974C0CEF8EE" bold="true" box="[877,896,1781,1805]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">a.</emphasis>
|
||
photograph of specimen of 144.2 mm standard length; photograph courtesy of C. Quezada-Romegialli;
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAD6101DFFA5FD37F894C19EF8CE" bold="true" box="[699,720,1813,1837]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">b.</emphasis>
|
||
interpretative drawing. Note that the posterior hemi-lepidotrichia of principal ray 10 is displaced. The color orange is used to denote a modified uroneural named pseudopleurostyle herein. CC = compound vertebral centrum; E = epural; H1,3,6 = hypurals 1,3,6; hsPU2 = haemal spine of preural centrum 2; naPU1 = neural arch of preural centrum 1; PR1 = 10,11,19 = principal caudal ray 1,10,11,19; PU3 = preural centrum 3; ‘UD’ = tendon-bone urodermal; UN = uroneural.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A36C41012FFAAFF22FE91C1CBFD8B" blockId="8.[136,775,176,841]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
These older interpretations based on morphological evidence (
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAD61012FFAAFF56FEB0C3B4FEAB" box="[218,250,305,328]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">e.g</emphasis>
|
||
.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B351012FFAAFE9FFEB1C16EFEAB" author="Greenwood" box="[275,544,304,328]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Greenwood" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="339 - 456" refId="ref18757" refString="Greenwood PH, Rosen DE, Weitzman SH, Myers GS. Phyletic studies of teleostean fishes with a provisional classification of living forms. Bull Amer Mus Natur Hist. 1966; 131 (4): 339 - 456." type="journal article" year="1966">
|
||
Greenwood
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<emphasis id="B951EAD61012FFAAFE17FEB0C29BFEAB" box="[411,469,304,328]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
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, 1966
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B351012FFAAFDA3FEB1C38EFE8A" author="Greenwood, Rosen" firstAuthor="Greenwood" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref18799" refString="Greenwood PH, Rosen DE. Notes on the structure and relationships of the alepocephaloid fishes. American Mus Novitates. 1971; 2473: 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1971">Greenwood, Rosen, 1971</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B351012FFAAFF5FFED1C220FE8B" author="Markle" box="[211,366,336,360]" firstAuthor="Markle" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref19711" refString="Markle DF. Preliminary studies on the systematics of deep-sea Alepocephaloidea (Pisces: Salmoniformes). PhD Thesis, Virginia: The College of William and Mary. 1976." type="book" year="1976">Markle, 1976</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B351012FFAAFE0CFED1C12AFE8A" author="Lauder, Liem" box="[384,612,336,361]" firstAuthor="Lauder" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="95 - 197" refId="ref19124" refString="Lauder GV, Liem KF. The evolution and interrelationships of the actinopterygian fishes. Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1983; 150: 95 - 197." type="journal article" year="1983">Lauder, Liem, 1983</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B351012FFAAFDFBFED1C04DFE8A" author="Begle" box="[631,771,336,361]" firstAuthor="Begle" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="350 - 66" refId="ref17246" refString="Begle DP. Monophyly and relationships of the argentinoid fishes. Copeia. 1992; 1992 (2): 350 - 66." type="journal article" year="1992">Begle, 1992</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B351012FFAAFF04FEF1C2EAFE6B" author="Johnson, Patterson" box="[136,420,368,392]" firstAuthor="Johnson" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="251 - 332" refId="ref19022" refString="Johnson GD, Patterson C. Relationships of lower euteleostean fishes. In: Interrelationships of fishes. Stiassny MLJ, Parenti LR, Johnson GD, editors. San Diego: Academic Press; 1996. p. 251 - 332." type="book chapter" year="1996">Johnson, Patterson, 1996</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B351012FFAAFE39FEF1C10BFE6A" author="Diogo" box="[437,581,368,393]" firstAuthor="Diogo" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="23 - 9" refId="ref18019" refString="Diogo R. On the cephalic and pectoral girdle muscles of the deep sea fish Alepocephalus rostratus, with comments on the functional morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the Alepocephaloidei (Teleostei). Animal Biology. 2008; 58 (1): 23 - 9." type="journal article" year="2008">Diogo, 2008</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B351012FFAAFDDAFEF1C3F1FE4A" author="Wiley, Johnson" firstAuthor="Wiley" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="123 - 182" refId="ref21109" refString="Wiley EO, Johnson GD. A teleost classification based on a monophyletic group. In: Origin and Phylogenetic Relationships on Teleosts. Nelson JS, Schultze H-P, Wilson MVH, editors. Munchen: Verlag. Dr. F. Pfeil; 2010. p. 123 - 182." type="book chapter" year="2010">Wiley, Johnson, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) have been challenged by molecular evidence, which supports the inclusion of the alepocephaliforms within the Otomorpha (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="131E2A411012FFAAFEB0FE51C2E8FE0A" box="[316,422,464,489]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[820,859,686,710]" captionTargetBox="[868,1414,178,665]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[865,1414,177,666]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Hypotheses of Otomorpha relationships according to molecular and morphological evidence (a) and only molecular evidence (b and c). a. after Lé et al., 1993; Lecointre, 1993; Lecointre, Nelson, 1996; Arratia 1996, 1997, 1999, 2010; Wiley, Johnson, 2010; b. after Lavoué et al., 2005, Lavoué et al., 2008; Poulsen et al., 2009; c. after Near et al., 2012; Betancur-R. et al., 2013; Betancur-R. et al., 2017." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3710048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3710048/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2b, c</figureCitation>
|
||
), specifically as sister to the Ostariophysi (Betancur-R
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAD61012FFAAFE05FE70C28FFDEB" box="[393,449,496,520]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2017).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B351012FFAAFD93FE70C04DFDEA" author="Lavoue" box="[543,771,496,521]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lavoue" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1111 - 21" refId="ref19296" refString="Lavoue S, Miya M, Poulsen JY, Moller PR, Nishida M. Monophyly, phylogenetic position and interfamilial relationships of the Alepocephaliformes (Teleostei) based on whole mitogenome sequences. Mol Phyl Evol. 2008; 47 (3): 1111 - 21." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Lavoué
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAD61012FFAAFDF4FE70C1FEFDEB" box="[632,688,496,520]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in turn, found the Alepocephaliformes - Ostariophysi affinity more likely than the Alepocephaliformes -
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C254D471012FFAAFDFAFDB1C049FDAB" box="[630,775,560,584]" class="Actinopterygii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Clupeiformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
one, but no definitive conclusion was proposed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9A36C41012FFAAFF22FDF0C285FCAB" blockId="8.[136,775,176,841]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
In comparison to the clupeiforms and ostariophysans, the alepocephaliform fossil record is young (Cenozoic) and sparse. It is represented by †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C254D471012FFAAFE33FD31C19AFD2B" authorityName="Jerzmanska" authorityYear="1979" box="[447,724,688,712]" class="Actinopterygii" genus="Carpathichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osmeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAD61012FFAAFE33FD31C19AFD2B" box="[447,724,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Carpathichthys polonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<figureCitation id="131E2A411012FFAAFF04FD51C389FD0A" box="[136,199,720,745]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[136,175,1882,1906]" captionTargetBox="[198,1398,887,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[198,1401,887,1869]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 8. Fossil otomorph in lateral view: a. Carpathichthys polonicus Jerzmanska, 1979; Miocene-Oligocene, Polish Carpathians, Europe (ZPALWr a/2004, holotype). b. Carpathichthys sp. from the same locality and age (ZPALWr N/6116). Photo- graphs courtesy of Małgorzata Bieńkowska-Wasiluk." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3710060" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3710060/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
) from the Miocene-Oligocene, about 30 to 23 Ma, of Carpathians (Jerzmanska, 1979) and alepocephaliform otoliths of the Mediterranean Basin, Quaternary of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33276541012FFAAFD00FC91C1F3FCCB" box="[652,701,784,808]" name="Italy" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B351012FFAAFD47FC91C3A6FCAA" author="Girone" firstAuthor="Girone" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="99 - 110" refId="ref18496" refString="Girone A. The Pleistocene bathyal teleostean fauna of Archi (Southern Italy): palaeoecological and palaeobiogeographic implications. Riv Italiana Paleont Strat. 2003; 109 (1): 99 - 110." type="journal article" year="2003">Girone, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B351012FFAAFF7EFCB1C2F1FCAB" author="Girone" box="[242,447,816,840]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Girone" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="651 - 71" refId="ref18532" refString="Girone A, Nolf D, Cappetta, H. Pleistocene fish otoliths from the Mediterranean Basin: a synthesis. Geobios. 2006; 39 (5): 651 - 71." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Girone
|
||
<emphasis id="B951EAD61012FFAAFECFFCB0C236FCAB" box="[323,376,816,840]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
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||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |