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<mods:title id="4E6F3DD591EAC4BC76A5FB5BD3827C29">Continental fishes of Nicaragua: diversity, distribution and conservation status; with an annotated and illustrated checklist of species and an identification guide to families</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C33F6515E858FFAEFF792DC5FB9F3589" box="[151,1086,474,501]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9A369EE858FFAEFF792DC5FB9F3589" blockId="27.[151,1436,474,753]" box="[151,1086,474,501]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B951EA8CE858FFAEFF792DC5FF4A3588" bold="true" box="[151,235,474,500]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Family</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C254D1DE858FFAEFF1F2DC5FE493589" ID-CoL="6Q6" ID-ENA="31017" authority="Bleeker 1858" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[241,488,474,501]" family="Ariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B951EA8CE858FFAEFF1F2DC5FEEA3588" bold="true" box="[241,331,474,500]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ariidae</emphasis>
Bleeker 1858
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(
<figureCitation id="131E2A1BE858FFAEFE192DC4FDED3589" box="[503,588,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1707,1731]" captionTargetBox="[229,1357,194,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-18@20.[217,1369,181,1683]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 3. Families of continental fishes of Nicaragua, part 2; Bryconidae (A), Characidae (B), Gymnotidae (C), Loricariidae (D), Heptapteridae (E), Ariidae (F), Batrachoididae (G), Syngnathidae (H), Eleotridae (I), Gobiidae (J), Synbranchidae (K), Centropomidae (L), Polynemidae (M) and Paralichthyidae (N). Illustrations adapted (with permission) from Nelson et al. (2016) and Angulo et al. (2021)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10208796" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10208796/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
). Sea Catfishes; Bagres, Cuminates, Congos
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B951EA8CE858FFAEFF792DE1FE8A3664" bold="true" box="[151,299,510,536]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Description:</emphasis>
Body elongate, rounded (cylindrical) to depressed; usually less than
<quantity id="4CDD9B7BE858FFAEFBA42DE0FB3E3665" box="[1098,1183,511,537]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="cm" value="100.0">100 cm</quantity>
in length; head large, rounded to depressed; usually three pairs of barbels, rarely two (no nasal barbels); top of head covered by a rough bony shield that is partly visible through the thin skin, with a bony process that extends back to meet a bone plate at the base of the dorsal fin; pectoral and dorsal fins with a strong spine; adipose fin present; anal fin with 1440 soft rays; caudal fin deeply forked (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB44B6FE858FFAEFE162E90FCB336D5" author="Robertson &amp; Allen" box="[504,786,654,681]" firstAuthor="Robertson" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref85732" refString="Robertson, D. R. &amp; Allen, G. R. (2015) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: online information system. Version 2.0. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama´. Available from: https: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / sftep / en / pages (acccesed 18 February 2023)" type="url" year="2015">Robertson &amp; Allen 2015</bibRefCitation>
,
<collectingRegion id="49E1F87CE858FFAEFCF02E90FCCC36D5" box="[798,877,655,681]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Nelson</collectingRegion>
<emphasis id="B951EA8CE858FFAEFC9B2E90FC0F36D5" box="[885,942,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
2016).
<emphasis id="B951EA8CE858FFAEFBEB2E91FB0036D4" bold="true" box="[1029,1185,654,680]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Distribution:</emphasis>
Mainly marine, many fresh or brackish water; worldwide, tropical to warm temperate oceans (
<collectingRegion id="49E1F87CE858FFAEFC5B2EACFBA736B1" box="[949,1030,691,717]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Nelson</collectingRegion>
<emphasis id="B951EA8CE858FFAEFBE32EACFBE536B1" box="[1037,1092,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
2016). Four genera and eleven species in Nicaraguan freshwaters.
</paragraph>
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