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<mods:title id="B1B3CA87ED6DA5FF954B4C3F0FE695DD">Revision of the Hawaiian endemic leaf-mining moth genus Philodoria Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): its conservation status, host plants and descriptions of thirteen new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1448D9579F120AB0F2B6A6AAD7013EAC">Kobayashi, Shigeki</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="231E0081E2DC45ABFE4123C423C40F1F">Johns, Chris A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="390EDDC11563C638BD34EDEB7591E20E">Kawahara, Akito Y.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="038087CBFFA80748FF7592C7FC90A4AA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4683260" ID-GBIF-Taxon="181002412" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4683260" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038087CBFFA80748FF7592C7FC90A4AA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038087CBFFA80748FF7592C7FC90A4AA" lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFA80749FF7592C7FC15A7DF" box="[151,924,1742,1769]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFA80749FF7592C7FC15A7DF" blockId="70.[151,924,1742,1806]" box="[151,924,1742,1769]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<heading id="D0DE81B1FFA80749FF7592C7FC15A7DF" bold="true" box="[151,924,1742,1769]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" reason="4">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA80749FF7592C7FC15A7DF" bold="true" box="[151,924,1742,1769]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFA80749FF7592C7FCDBA7DF" ID-CoL="8VM45" authority="Kobayashi, Johns &amp; Kawahara" authorityName="Kobayashi, Johns &amp; Kawahara" box="[151,850,1742,1769]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limahuliensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA80749FF7592C7FE4BA7DF" bold="true" box="[151,450,1742,1769]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Philodoria limahuliensis</emphasis>
Kobayashi, Johns &amp; Kawahara
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26E57B4FFA80749FCB892C6FC15A7DF" box="[858,924,1743,1769]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFA80749FF7592FAFDB7A666" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFA80749FF7592FAFE46A63B" blockId="70.[151,924,1742,1806]" box="[151,463,1779,1806]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFA80749FF7592FAFEADA63B" box="[151,292,1779,1806]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1656,1680]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,185,1627]" captionTargetId="figure-23@30.[151,1435,181,1632]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 15. Adults of Philodoria species that have two costal streaks (cs1 and cs2). A Forewings of P. alakaiensis sp. n. holotype male, B Paratype male, C Same as B, forewings, D Paratype male (BMNH(E)1621107) in NHMUK, E Paratype female" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681843/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Figs. 15F, G</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFA80749FECD92FAFED2A63B" box="[303,347,1779,1805]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1590,1614]" captionTargetBox="[159,1426,191,1557]" captionTargetId="figure-23@82.[151,1436,181,1566]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 47. Left valva of Philodoria, inner view. A P. wilkesiella, Maui, PHIL0007, B P. epibathra, Molokai, SK678, C P. dubauticola, Maui, SK646, D P. dubautiella, paralectotype, Oahu SK726, E P. alakaiensis, paratype, Kauai, SK660, F P. limahuliensis, holotype, Kauai, SK731, G P. hibiscella, Oahu, SK684, H P. naenaeiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK691, I P. knudseniiella, holotype Kauai, SK862, J P. hesperomanniella, holotype, Maui, SK831." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681913/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">47F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFA80749FE8492FAFE1BA63B" box="[358,402,1779,1805]" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="90.[151,250,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[162,1427,187,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-23@90.[151,1436,181,1844]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURE 48. Genital capsule of Philodoria, excluding right portion of male genitalia, ventral view. A P. wilkesiella, Maui, PHIL0007, B P. epibathra, Molokai, SK678, C P. dubauticola, Maui SK646, D P. dubautiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK733, E P. alakaiensis, paratype, Kauai, SK660, F P. limahuliensis, holotype, Kauai, SK731, G P. hibiscella Oahu SK684, H P. naenaeiella paralectotype, Oahu, SK691, I P. knudseniiella, holotype, Kauai, SK862, J P. hesperomanniella, holotype, Maui, SK831." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681915/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">48F</figureCitation>
,
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFA80749FE7C92FAFE46A63B" box="[414,463,1779,1805]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="generic">
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFA80749FE7C92FAFE43A63B" box="[414,458,1779,1805]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="91.[151,250,1892,1916]" captionTargetBox="[162,1421,189,1858]" captionTargetId="figure-20@91.[151,1436,181,1868]" captionTargetPageId="91" captionText="FIGURE 49. Phallus of Philodoria, lateral view. A P. wilkesiella, Maui, PHIL0007, B P. epibathra, Molokai, SK678, C P. dubauticola, Maui, SK812, D P. dubautiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK733 E P. alakaiensis, paratype, Kauai, SK660, F P. limahuliensis, holotype, Kauai, SK731, G P. hibiscella, Oahu, SK684, H P. naenaeiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK691, I P. knudseniiella, holotype, Kauai, SK862, J P. hesperomanniella, holotype, Maui, SK831." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681917/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">49F</figureCitation>
.
</specimenCount>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFA80749FF75933EFDB7A666" blockId="70.[151,574,1847,1872]" box="[151,574,1847,1872]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFA80749FF75933EFE8CA679" box="[151,261,1847,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA80749FF75933EFE8CA679" box="[151,261,1847,1871]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 8;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFA80749FEAB933EFE70A666" author="Johns, C. A. &amp; Toussaint, E. F. A. &amp; Breinholt, J. W. &amp; Kawahara, A. Y." box="[329,505,1847,1872]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="20181047" refId="ref101297" refString="Johns, C. A., Toussaint, E. F. A., Breinholt, J. W. &amp; Kawahara, A. Y. (2018) Origin and macroevolution of micro-moths on sunken Hawaiian Islands. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 285, 20181047. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2018.1047" type="journal article" year="2018">
Johns
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA80749FE6B9331FE3CA679" box="[393,437,1847,1871]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">et al</emphasis>
. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFA80749FF759377FD8EA6AF" box="[151,519,1917,1945]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFA80749FF759377FD8EA6AF" blockId="70.[151,1437,1917,2016]" box="[151,519,1917,1945]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA80749FF759377FEBFA6A1" bold="true" box="[151,310,1917,1944]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFA80749FF759377FF5BA6AE" box="[151,210,1918,1944]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
Limahuli (Kauai).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFA80749FF2593ABFD17A6D6" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFA80749FF2593ABFD17A6D6" blockId="70.[151,1437,1917,2016]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA80749FF2593ABFEC7A68A" bold="true" box="[199,334,1954,1980]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific epithet is derived from the
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFA80749FCF193ABFCCAA68A" box="[787,835,1954,1980]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">type</typeStatus>
locality, Limahuli (pronounced Lee-Mah-Hoo-Lee) Garden and Preserve, northern coast of Kauai.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFA90748FF25949FFF79A0C2" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFA90748FF25949FFF79A0C2" blockId="71.[151,1437,150,1437]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FF25949FFEFFA186" bold="true" box="[199,374,150,176]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Type material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B413C80FFA90748FE9C949FFC92A1E3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3071273334" collectingDate="2015-06-21" collectingDateMax="2015-07-09" collectingDateMin="2015-06-21" collectionCode="BPBM" collectorName=" C. A. Johns" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFA90748FE9C949FFE6FA186" box="[382,486,150,176]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<collectorName id="26DC530BFFA90748FE0C949EFDFDA186" box="[494,628,150,177]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">♂ Limahuli</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="26DC530BFFA90748FD62949FFD6EA187" box="[640,743,150,177]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Kauai Is.</collectorName>
,
<date id="FF97101DFFA90748FD17949FFCEFA187" box="[757,870,150,177]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" value="2015-07-09">
<collectingDate id="EFD3E9F5FFA90748FD17949FFCEFA187" box="[757,870,150,177]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" value="2015-07-09">9.vii.2015</collectingDate>
</date>
(stored),
<collectorName id="26DC530BFFA90748FC36949FFBD8A186" box="[980,1105,150,176]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">C.A. Johns</collectorName>
leg., host:
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFA90748FB2D949FFED9A1E2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="waimeae" subSpecies="hannerae">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FB2D949FFA14A186" box="[1231,1437,150,176]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Hibiscus waimeae</emphasis>
subsp.
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FF0494B3FED9A1E2" box="[230,336,186,212]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">hannerae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FF97101DFFA90748FEBC94B3FE50A1E3" box="[350,473,186,213]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" value="2015-06-21">
<collectingDate id="EFD3E9F5FFA90748FEBC94B3FE50A1E3" box="[350,473,186,213]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" value="2015-06-21">21.vi.2015</collectingDate>
</date>
, CJ472b/SK731♂ in
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFA90748FD2894B2FC92A1E3" box="[714,795,187,213]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B413C80FFA90748FCC594B2FF65A0C2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3071273403" collectingDate="2015-06-21" collectingDateMax="2015-07-09" collectingDateMin="2015-06-21" collectionCode="BPBM" collectorName="C. A. Johns" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFA90748FCC594B2FC00A1E3" box="[807,905,187,213]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
2♂, same locality and data as holotype, 9&amp;
<date id="FF97101DFFA90748FA9E94B3FF7DA1CF" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" value="2015-07-21">
<collectingDate id="EFD3E9F5FFA90748FA9E94B3FF7DA1CF" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" value="2015-07-21">21. vii.2015</collectingDate>
</date>
(stored), CJ472a / SK730♂, CJ490 / SK732♂ in
<collectionCode id="ED38AE18FFA90748FCCC94D6FCF6A1CF" box="[814,895,223,249]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
. Three specimens are incomplete but they have features that are distinctive enough to allow this species to be described. What remains of three specimens is:
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFA90748FA83950BFF4EA077" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
mounted by placing four wings without mountant under a coverslip: two forewings (9/10 of left wing and 2/3 right wing slightly damaged) and one full hindwing and another 4/5 hindwing; two
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFA90748FBDF9542FB24A053" box="[1085,1197,331,357]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
: a specimen mounted by placing three wings without mountant under a coverslip (two forewings [4/5 of left wing and halves of right wing] and right hindwing missing at base; CJ472a); a specimen mounted by placing four wings and two legs without mountant under a coverslip (full forewings slightly damaged at base, full two hindwings and two hind or mid legs; CJ490)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFA90748FF2595F7FD01A357" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFA90748FF2595F7FD01A357" blockId="71.[151,1437,150,1437]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FF2595F7FECBA32E" bold="true" box="[199,322,510,536]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
A dark brown forewing with five outwardly oblique white streaks (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFA90748FBD795F7FB30A32E" box="[1077,1209,510,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1656,1680]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,185,1627]" captionTargetId="figure-23@30.[151,1435,181,1632]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 15. Adults of Philodoria species that have two costal streaks (cs1 and cs2). A Forewings of P. alakaiensis sp. n. holotype male, B Paratype male, C Same as B, forewings, D Paratype male (BMNH(E)1621107) in NHMUK, E Paratype female" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681843/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 15F, G</figureCitation>
). The male genitalia is similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFA90748FE94962AFDFAA30A" authority="(Swezey)" baseAuthorityName="Swezey" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[374,627,546,572]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hibiscella">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FE94962AFE76A30A" box="[374,511,546,572]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">P. hibiscella</emphasis>
(Swezey)
</taxonomicName>
, from which it is distinguishable by its darker forewing with two costal streaks. See also diagnosis of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFA90748FE04964EFD08A356" authorityName="Swezey" authorityYear="1913" box="[486,641,582,608]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracilaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubautiella">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FE04964EFD08A356" box="[486,641,582,608]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">P. dubautiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFA90748FF259663FD80A56E" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFA90748FF259663FB41A2B6" blockId="71.[151,1437,150,1437]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FF259663FE2FA3B2" bold="true" box="[199,422,618,644]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Description: Adult</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFA90748FE559663FDB4A3B2" box="[439,573,618,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1656,1680]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,185,1627]" captionTargetId="figure-23@30.[151,1435,181,1632]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 15. Adults of Philodoria species that have two costal streaks (cs1 and cs2). A Forewings of P. alakaiensis sp. n. holotype male, B Paratype male, C Same as B, forewings, D Paratype male (BMNH(E)1621107) in NHMUK, E Paratype female" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681843/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 15F, G</figureCitation>
). Forewing length
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFA90748FCF69663FCE2A3B3" box="[788,875,618,645]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="3.9">3.9 mm</quantity>
in
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFA90748FC739663FC7FA3B2" box="[913,1014,618,644]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
,
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFA90748FBE09663FBD0A3B3" box="[1026,1113,618,645]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
in
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFA90748FB9D9662FB6AA3B3" box="[1151,1251,619,645]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
. Head and frons ocherous; maxillary palpus and labial palpus white fuscous below; antenna missing; thoracic characters, other than the legs and wings, are unknown. Adult head, thorax were used for molecular analysis. Forewing dark brown with outwardly oblique white streaks:
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FDFA96DFFDC3A3C0" bold="true" box="[536,586,726,758]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
ds
<subScript id="17AD3498FFA90748FDD096E1FDC3A3C0" attach="left" box="[562,586,744,758]" fontSize="6" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">13</subScript>
</emphasis>
and slender
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FD0396DFFC9AA3C0" bold="true" box="[737,787,726,758]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
cs
<subScript id="17AD3498FFA90748FD1B96E1FC9AA3C0" attach="left" box="[761,787,744,758]" fontSize="6" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">1, 2</subScript>
</emphasis>
at the middle and 2/3 of costa respectively; all of these streaks margined with a few black or fuscous scales; apical portion orangish brown; three white costal spots (
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FA8B96F3FF2AA20E" bold="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">a, b, c</emphasis>
) near apex; a spot of bluish scales at apex (
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FD759717FD39A20E" bold="true" box="[663,688,798,824]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">as</emphasis>
) and a few bluish scales in a more or less fuscous streak between apex and end of third dorsal white streak; cilia fuscous with a white spot at termen;
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FBDB974BFBD1A254" bold="true" box="[1081,1112,834,866]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
bl
<subScript id="17AD3498FFA90748FBB2975DFBD1A254" attach="left" box="[1104,1112,852,866]" fontSize="6" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">1</subScript>
</emphasis>
black from termen to tornus, fuscous fringe at tornus. Hindwing and cilia fuscous. Legs pale fuscous with dark brown scales.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFA90748FF259783FEF6A502" blockId="71.[151,1437,150,1437]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FF259783FEFDA292" bold="true" box="[199,372,906,932]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Male genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFA90748FE669783FE7BA292" box="[388,498,906,932]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1590,1614]" captionTargetBox="[159,1426,191,1557]" captionTargetId="figure-23@82.[151,1436,181,1566]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 47. Left valva of Philodoria, inner view. A P. wilkesiella, Maui, PHIL0007, B P. epibathra, Molokai, SK678, C P. dubauticola, Maui, SK646, D P. dubautiella, paralectotype, Oahu SK726, E P. alakaiensis, paratype, Kauai, SK660, F P. limahuliensis, holotype, Kauai, SK731, G P. hibiscella, Oahu, SK684, H P. naenaeiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK691, I P. knudseniiella, holotype Kauai, SK862, J P. hesperomanniella, holotype, Maui, SK831." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681913/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Figs. 47F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFA90748FE1D9783FDA2A292" box="[511,555,906,932]" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="90.[151,250,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[162,1427,187,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-23@90.[151,1436,181,1844]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURE 48. Genital capsule of Philodoria, excluding right portion of male genitalia, ventral view. A P. wilkesiella, Maui, PHIL0007, B P. epibathra, Molokai, SK678, C P. dubauticola, Maui SK646, D P. dubautiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK733, E P. alakaiensis, paratype, Kauai, SK660, F P. limahuliensis, holotype, Kauai, SK731, G P. hibiscella Oahu SK684, H P. naenaeiella paralectotype, Oahu, SK691, I P. knudseniiella, holotype, Kauai, SK862, J P. hesperomanniella, holotype, Maui, SK831." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681915/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">48F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFA90748FDDA9783FDECA292" box="[568,613,906,932]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="91.[151,250,1892,1916]" captionTargetBox="[162,1421,189,1858]" captionTargetId="figure-20@91.[151,1436,181,1868]" captionTargetPageId="91" captionText="FIGURE 49. Phallus of Philodoria, lateral view. A P. wilkesiella, Maui, PHIL0007, B P. epibathra, Molokai, SK678, C P. dubauticola, Maui, SK812, D P. dubautiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK733 E P. alakaiensis, paratype, Kauai, SK660, F P. limahuliensis, holotype, Kauai, SK731, G P. hibiscella, Oahu, SK684, H P. naenaeiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK691, I P. knudseniiella, holotype, Kauai, SK862, J P. hesperomanniella, holotype, Maui, SK831." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681917/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">49F</figureCitation>
) (n=3). Capsule
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFA90748FCC59783FC0BA293" box="[807,898,906,933]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="980.0">980 µm</quantity>
. Tegumen 0.9 x length of valva; valva
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFA90748FAA19783FA15A293" box="[1347,1436,906,933]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="700.0">700 µm</quantity>
long, oblong, tapering along costal margin from base 2/5 to apex; apical half digitiform, same width in lateral view; a series of small spines along the inner side of valva (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFA90748FD0F97DBFCD9A2DA" box="[749,848,978,1004]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1590,1614]" captionTargetBox="[159,1426,191,1557]" captionTargetId="figure-23@82.[151,1436,181,1566]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 47. Left valva of Philodoria, inner view. A P. wilkesiella, Maui, PHIL0007, B P. epibathra, Molokai, SK678, C P. dubauticola, Maui, SK646, D P. dubautiella, paralectotype, Oahu SK726, E P. alakaiensis, paratype, Kauai, SK660, F P. limahuliensis, holotype, Kauai, SK731, G P. hibiscella, Oahu, SK684, H P. naenaeiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK691, I P. knudseniiella, holotype Kauai, SK862, J P. hesperomanniella, holotype, Maui, SK831." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681913/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 47F</figureCitation>
). Saccus slender and digitiform in ventral view (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFA90748FA8D97DBFF4EA526" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="90.[151,250,1868,1892]" captionTargetBox="[162,1427,187,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-23@90.[151,1436,181,1844]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURE 48. Genital capsule of Philodoria, excluding right portion of male genitalia, ventral view. A P. wilkesiella, Maui, PHIL0007, B P. epibathra, Molokai, SK678, C P. dubauticola, Maui SK646, D P. dubautiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK733, E P. alakaiensis, paratype, Kauai, SK660, F P. limahuliensis, holotype, Kauai, SK731, G P. hibiscella Oahu SK684, H P. naenaeiella paralectotype, Oahu, SK691, I P. knudseniiella, holotype, Kauai, SK862, J P. hesperomanniella, holotype, Maui, SK831." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681915/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 48F</figureCitation>
). Phallus
<quantity id="4CD19B38FFA90748FED597FFFE06A527" box="[311,399,1014,1041]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="710.0">710 µm</quantity>
long, slender, straight and sinuous at phallobase with developed coecum; cornuti in vesica indistinct (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFA90748FEED9013FEFAA502" box="[271,371,1050,1076]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="91.[151,250,1892,1916]" captionTargetBox="[162,1421,189,1858]" captionTargetId="figure-20@91.[151,1436,181,1868]" captionTargetPageId="91" captionText="FIGURE 49. Phallus of Philodoria, lateral view. A P. wilkesiella, Maui, PHIL0007, B P. epibathra, Molokai, SK678, C P. dubauticola, Maui, SK812, D P. dubautiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK733 E P. alakaiensis, paratype, Kauai, SK660, F P. limahuliensis, holotype, Kauai, SK731, G P. hibiscella, Oahu, SK684, H P. naenaeiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK691, I P. knudseniiella, holotype, Kauai, SK862, J P. hesperomanniella, holotype, Maui, SK831." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681917/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 49F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFA90748FF259037FD80A56E" blockId="71.[151,1437,150,1437]" box="[199,521,1086,1112]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FF259037FE05A56E" bold="true" box="[199,396,1086,1112]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Female genitalia</emphasis>
Unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFA90748FF25906BFE3BA54A" box="[199,434,1122,1148]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFA90748FF25906BFE3BA54A" blockId="71.[151,1437,150,1437]" box="[199,434,1122,1148]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FF25906BFEE8A54A" bold="true" box="[199,353,1122,1148]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Distribution.</emphasis>
Kauai.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFA90748FF25908FFD46A5DF" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFA90748FF25908FFC6EA597" blockId="71.[151,1437,150,1437]" box="[199,999,1158,1185]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FF25908FFEDFA596" bold="true" box="[199,342,1158,1184]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Host plants.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFA90748FEBF908FFE52A596" box="[349,475,1158,1184]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFA90748FE07908FFC69A596" box="[485,992,1158,1184]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="waimeae" subSpecies="hannerae">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FE07908FFD3BA596" box="[485,690,1158,1184]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Hibiscus waimeae</emphasis>
A. Heller subsp.
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FC94908FFC69A596" box="[886,992,1158,1184]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">hannerae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFA90748FF2590A3FE2DA5F2" blockId="71.[151,1437,150,1437]" box="[199,420,1194,1220]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FF2590A3FEAEA5F2" bold="true" box="[199,295,1194,1220]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Biology.</emphasis>
Unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFA90748FF2590C7FD46A5DF" blockId="71.[151,1437,150,1437]" box="[199,719,1230,1257]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FF2590C7FEDDA5DE" bold="true" box="[199,340,1230,1256]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Parasitoids.</emphasis>
Chalcidoidea sp. (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFA90748FDC790C7FD4BA5DF" box="[549,706,1230,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 106" captionStartId="168.[151,250,1396,1420]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,183,1369]" captionTargetId="figure-23@168.[151,1436,181,1373]" captionTargetPageId="168" captionText="FIGURE 106. Parasitoid wasps that emerged from Philodoria that mine Hibiscus. AD, G, H: unidentified species, E, F: Braconidae, IN: Chalcidoidea. A SKH8-3-A from P. hauicola on Hibiscus tilaceus, Oahu, B SKH-8-3-B, C, D SKH-8-3-C, E, F SKH-8-11-A, same data as SKH-8-3, G, H CJ272 from P. hauicola or P. hibiscella on H. tilaceus, Oahu, I, J CJ236-1 from P. hibiscella on H. arnottianus, Oahu, K CJ236-2, L CJ236-3, M, N CJ469 from P. limahuliensis on H. waimaeae subsp. haneri, Kauai." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682045" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4682045/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 106M, N</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFA90748FF2590FBFC90A4AA" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFA90748FF2590FBFC90A4AA" blockId="71.[151,1437,150,1437]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FF2590FBFEB2A43A" bold="true" box="[199,315,1266,1292]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Remarks.</emphasis>
We examined fewer than
<specimenCount id="9D2FFD54FFA90748FD8C90FBFD45A43A" box="[622,716,1266,1292]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="larva">10 larva</specimenCount>
and adults of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFA90748FC9590FAFB89A43A" authorityName="A.Heller" authorityYear="1897" box="[887,1024,1267,1292]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="waimeae">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FC9590FAFB89A43A" box="[887,1024,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">H. waimeae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Upper Limahuli Preserve (many of those reared did not become adults). It is possible that
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFA90748FCC6911EFC5FA406" box="[804,982,1302,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limahuliensis">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FCC6911EFC5FA406" box="[804,982,1302,1328]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">P. limahuliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mines other
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFA90748FB89911FFB44A406" box="[1131,1229,1302,1328]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FB89911FFB44A406" box="[1131,1229,1302,1328]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Hibiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species on Kauai. Future field surveys should look for other individuals of this plant host and related plants around the
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFA90748FAC19132FADAA463" box="[1315,1363,1339,1365]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">type</typeStatus>
locality. There are several extremely rare, endemic
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFA90748FD479157FC97A44E" box="[677,798,1374,1400]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
known from Kauai (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFA90748FBA79157FAC3A44E" authorityName="L.E.Bishop &amp; D.R.Herbst" authorityYear="1973" box="[1093,1354,1374,1400]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hibiscadelphus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="distans">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FBA79157FAC3A44E" box="[1093,1354,1374,1400]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Hibiscadelphus distans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFA90748FABB9157FE84A4AA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Kokio" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kauaiensis">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FABB9157FE84A4AA" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Kokio kauaiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) that could serve as larval hosts to
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFA90748FD7A918BFC90A4AA" box="[664,793,1410,1436]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFA90748FD7A918BFC9CA4AA" box="[664,789,1410,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philodoria</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>