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<document id="3137420F7906B1AB314B46CBCEED488C" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.12996779" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12996779" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.metadata_approvedBy="luisschmitz" IM.tables_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1721870935690" checkinUser="luisschmitz" docAuthor="Gerry Cassis &amp; Loren Vanags" docDate="2006" docId="0380878FFFA6FF86FDD0FB27C0DDFCAC" docLanguage="en" docName="Denisia.19.275-398.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Denisia 19" docTitle="Elvisurinae" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="301" masterDocId="FFB9FFF7FFBFFF9DFFC4FF8CC239FFED" masterDocTitle="Jewel Bugs of Australia (Insecta, Heteroptera, Scutelleridae)" masterLastPageNumber="398" masterPageNumber="275" pageNumber="300" updateTime="1725646846613" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="BBE11F836FB68B1AC07906925DEC7583" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="CB2F6C94F012F6EEEE8A2303E00CA696">
<mods:title id="79909DBA013DA4DBBFC866BBF386752E">Jewel Bugs of Australia (Insecta, Heteroptera, Scutelleridae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="468374A5881514B7104A523445DA8FD1" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D2DD25506EDCD8AF1F7D3362B9F41336">
<mods:roleTerm id="C75EA0BB4D8D10AF908CCE8854A4681E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="091EEFB2372BC1EE791C8E3346CA4D76">Gerry Cassis</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="8D84B92FC8A360BEEA6A35A228FE5D97" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D5E22942D60CBE103ACB7E068090AC9C">
<mods:roleTerm id="58DF6E7E1B588D603800DC63F226152F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E63EED6825D5E2D85507EB041A536840">Loren Vanags</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="5FC31A6043F55CF6D83296BCE0F1FB83">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="F836A3F5A94B280008C63D6D402501B3" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="87C538B71CBFAD075D626099E436AEE5">
<mods:title id="6B4DBCD977508954B6F46BE6BDB96A7F">Denisia</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="D23F354FF1F25E72C5FE54E19BBE3790">
<mods:date id="5539072DC163263DD25C866727EC0B9A">2006</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="2D786B72C6FCF99B3FF79F852ABF0318" type="volume">
<mods:number id="6BC020932DDCA3CD54EB0AB1D263424C">19</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="1B6C7454A3FBEF87F82157A8D2D1D811" unit="page">
<mods:start id="54ACB9E87EEF562D59648F629A2627D2">275</mods:start>
<mods:end id="DF39214B84879CECB66C6ED7806C36DE">398</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="2CF1AE4E3F75F68DBA6B9296CE3BB8A8">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="2235BEE3C0B67439480B2259B1ECDCC1" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.12996779</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="57EF29826E72EA85D7FF7921BF4EB090" type="Zenodo-Dep">12996779</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="0380878FFFA6FF86FDD0FB27C0DDFCAC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0380878FFFA6FF86FDD0FB27C0DDFCAC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0380878FFFA6FF86FDD0FB27C0DDFCAC" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="301" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">
<subSubSection id="C3336512FFA6FF84FDD0FB27C13DFB2E" box="[532,772,1195,1219]" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B963699FFA6FF84FDD0FB27C13DFB2E" blockId="25.[532,966,110,1917]" box="[532,772,1195,1219]" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">
Subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA6FF84FD4FFB27C13DFB2E" box="[651,772,1195,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elvisurinae">Elvisurinae</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336512FFA6FF84FDD0FB58C0EAF9F3" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B963699FFA6FF84FDD0FB58C0EAF9F3" blockId="25.[532,966,110,1917]" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA6FF84FDD0FB58C0A9FB04" baseAuthorityName="DAI &amp; ZHENG" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[532,656,1236,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
, Scutellerina, Elvisuraria
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B68FFA6FF84FC5CFB58C058FAE5" author="STAL C." journalOrPublisher="Akad. Forh." pageId="25" pageNumber="300" pagination="31 - 40" part="29" refId="ref89017" refString="STAL C. (1872): Genera Pentatomidarum Europae disposuit. Ofvers. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. - Akad. Forh. 29: 31 - 40." title="Genera Pentatomidarum Europae disposuit. Ofvers. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk" type="journal article" year="1872">
<smallCapsWord id="8D70A045FFA6FF84FC5CFB58C1FCFB05" baselines="1252,1252" box="[920,965,1236,1257]" lowerCaseFontSize="6" mainFontSize="9" normCase="title" normString="Stal" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">STÅL</smallCapsWord>
1872: 32
</bibRefCitation>
(new suprageneric taxon)
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA6FF84FDD0FA9EC0A9FACA" baseAuthorityName="DAI &amp; ZHENG" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[532,656,1298,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
, Scutellerinae, Elvisuraria:
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B68FFA6FF84FDD0FABDC0F6FAAB" author="SCHOUTEDEN H." bookContentInfo="5 pls." box="[532,719,1329,1350]" journalOrPublisher="Genera Insectorum" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" pagination="1 - 98" part="24" refId="ref87964" refString="SCHOUTEDEN H. (1904): Heteroptera. Fam. Pentatomidae. Subfam. Scutellerinae. - Genera Insectorum 24: 1 - 98, 5 pls." title="Heteroptera. Fam. Pentatomidae. Subfam. Scutellerinae" type="book chapter" year="1904">
<smallCapsWord id="8D70A045FFA6FF84FDD0FABDC0BEFAA9" baselines="1345,1344" box="[532,647,1329,1350]" lowerCaseFontSize="6" mainFontSize="9" normCase="title" normString="Schouteden" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">SCHOUTEDEN</smallCapsWord>
1904: 4
</bibRefCitation>
(diagnosis)
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA6FF84FDD0FADCC0A9FA88" baseAuthorityName="DAI &amp; ZHENG" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[532,656,1360,1381]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
, Scutellerinae, Elvisurini:
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B68FFA6FF84FDD0FAE3C0FEFA69" author="KIRKALDY G. W." box="[532,711,1391,1412]" journalOrPublisher="Felix Dames, Berlin" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" pagination="1 - 392" refId="ref86002" refString="KIRKALDY G. W. (1909): Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) Vol. 1. Cimicidae. - Felix Dames, Berlin: xl, 1 - 392." title="Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) Vol. 1. Cimicidae" type="book chapter" year="1909">
<smallCapsWord id="8D70A045FFA6FF84FDD0FAE3C050FA6F" baselines="1407,1406" box="[532,617,1391,1412]" lowerCaseFontSize="6" mainFontSize="9" normCase="title" normString="Kirkaldy" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">KIRKALDY</smallCapsWord>
1909: 311
</bibRefCitation>
(catalogue)
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA6FF84FDD0FA02C0A9FA4E" baseAuthorityName="DAI &amp; ZHENG" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[532,656,1422,1443]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
, Scutellerinae, Scutellerini, Elvisuraria:
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B68FFA6FF84FDA5FA21C129FA2F" author="LESTON D." box="[609,784,1453,1474]" journalOrPublisher="Publ. Cult. Ca. Diamante Angola" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" pagination="9 - 26" part="16" refId="ref86505" refString="LESTON D. (1952 d): Notes on the Ethiopian Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera): VIII. Scutelleridae LEACH of Angola, with remarks upon the male genitalia and classification of the subfamily. - Publ. Cult. Ca. Diamante Angola 16: 9 - 26." title="Notes on the Ethiopian Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera): VIII. Scutelleridae LEACH of Angola, with remarks upon the male genitalia and classification of the subfamily" type="journal article" year="1952">
<smallCapsWord id="8D70A045FFA6FF84FDA5FA21C09AFA2D" baselines="1469,1468" box="[609,675,1453,1474]" lowerCaseFontSize="6" mainFontSize="9" normCase="title" normString="Leston" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">LESTON</smallCapsWord>
1952d: 13
</bibRefCitation>
(new suprageneric classification)
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA6FF84FDD0FA66C0B0FA12" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[532,649,1514,1535]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scutelleridae</taxonomicName>
, Elvisurinae:
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B68FFA6FF84FCC4FA66C055F9F3" author="MCDONALD F. J. D. &amp; G. CASSIS" journalOrPublisher="Aust. J. Zool." pageId="25" pageNumber="300" pagination="537 - 572" part="32" refId="ref87212" refString="MCDONALD F. J. D. &amp; G. CASSIS (1984): Revision of the Australian Scutelleridae LEACH (Hemiptera). - Aust. J. Zool. 32: 537 - 572." title="Revision of the Australian Scutelleridae LEACH (Hemiptera)" type="journal article" year="1984">
<smallCapsWord id="8D70A045FFA6FF84FCC4FA66C126FA10" baselines="1530,1529" box="[768,799,1514,1535]" lowerCaseFontSize="6" mainFontSize="9" normCase="title" normString="Mc" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">
<smallCapsWord id="8D70A045FFA6FF84FCDBFA66C153FA10" baselines="1530,1529" box="[799,874,1514,1535]" lowerCaseFontSize="6" mainFontSize="9" normCase="title" normString="Donald" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">MCDONALD</smallCapsWord>
</smallCapsWord>
&amp;
<smallCapsWord id="8D70A045FFA6FF84FC4CFA66C1FCFA10" baselines="1530,1529" box="[904,965,1514,1535]" lowerCaseFontSize="6" mainFontSize="9" normCase="title" normString="Cassis" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">CASSIS</smallCapsWord>
1984: 538
</bibRefCitation>
(Australia)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336512FFA6FF84FDFEF9B4C6F0FC24" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B963699FFA6FF84FDFEF9B4C6F0FC24" blockId="25.[532,966,110,1917]" lastBlockId="25.[1000,1435,110,1917]" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">
Diagnosis: The
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA6FF84FD26F9B4C176F9A2" box="[738,847,1592,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elvisurinae">Elvisurinae</taxonomicName>
are recognised by the following combination characters: small (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FD77F9F7C0CFF97F" box="[691,758,1659,1682]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[620,656,1714,1733]" captionTargetBox="[620,1517,114,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-375@26.[619,1531,105,1925]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 3: Habitus of Australian Elvisurinae species (a) Austrotichus rugosus, Oi (b) Solenotichus circuliferus, Oi (c) Coleotichus artensis, Oi (d) Coleotichus costatus, Oi (e) Coleotichus excellens, Oi. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713967/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Fig. 3b</figureCitation>
) to very large species (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FD91F911C09AF959" box="[597,675,1693,1716]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[620,656,1714,1733]" captionTargetBox="[620,1517,114,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-375@26.[619,1531,105,1925]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 3: Habitus of Australian Elvisurinae species (a) Austrotichus rugosus, Oi (b) Solenotichus circuliferus, Oi (c) Coleotichus artensis, Oi (d) Coleotichus costatus, Oi (e) Coleotichus excellens, Oi. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713967/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Fig. 3e</figureCitation>
); ovoid to elongate-ovoid, sometimes strongly tapered towards terminalia; body moderately to heavily punctate; pale to dark brown species (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FC9AF88DC1AEF8F5" box="[862,919,1793,1816]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[620,656,1714,1733]" captionTargetBox="[620,1517,114,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-375@26.[619,1531,105,1925]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 3: Habitus of Australian Elvisurinae species (a) Austrotichus rugosus, Oi (b) Solenotichus circuliferus, Oi (c) Coleotichus artensis, Oi (d) Coleotichus costatus, Oi (e) Coleotichus excellens, Oi. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713967/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Figs 3</figureCitation>
a-e), sometimes with red or fuscous highlighting (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FD89F8C9C0ACF8B1" box="[589,661,1861,1884]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[620,656,1714,1733]" captionTargetBox="[620,1517,114,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-375@26.[619,1531,105,1925]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 3: Habitus of Australian Elvisurinae species (a) Austrotichus rugosus, Oi (b) Solenotichus circuliferus, Oi (c) Coleotichus artensis, Oi (d) Coleotichus costatus, Oi (e) Coleotichus excellens, Oi. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713967/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Fig. 3d</figureCitation>
), occasionally with patterning on scutellum (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FD16F8EAC121F890" box="[722,792,1894,1917]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[620,656,1714,1733]" captionTargetBox="[620,1517,114,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-375@26.[619,1531,105,1925]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 3: Habitus of Australian Elvisurinae species (a) Austrotichus rugosus, Oi (b) Solenotichus circuliferus, Oi (c) Coleotichus artensis, Oi (d) Coleotichus costatus, Oi (e) Coleotichus excellens, Oi. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713967" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713967/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Fig. 3d</figureCitation>
), sometimes with green iridescence; larvae brilliantly and aposematically coloured; head subtriangular to triangular (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FB6EFF3CC6CAFF2A" box="[1194,1267,176,199]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[1268,1304,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[151,1252,106,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-299@28.[151,1253,106,1409]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 4: Scanning electron micrographs of key characters of Austrotichus rugosus (a) Head, dorsal view (b) Head, lateral view (c) Head and thorax, ventral view (d) External efferent system of metathoracic glands, ventral view (e) male pygophore, ventral view (f) male pygophore, dorsal view. Abbreviations: C = clypeus; Ea = evaporative area; Go = genital opening; J = juga; Me = mesepimeron; Met = metepisternum; Ms(k) = mesosternal keel; Pe = peritreme; Pe(k) = proepisternal keel, ventral view; P(r) = right paramere; Pr = proctiger. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713969" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713969/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Figs 4a</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FAC4FF3CC720FF2A" box="[1280,1305,176,199]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[1275,1311,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[151,1257,106,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-280@32.[150,1258,105,1410]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 7: Scanning electron micrographs of key characters of Coleotichus costatus (a) Head, dorsal view (b) Head, lateral view (c) Head and thorax, ventral view (d) External efferent system of metathoracic glands, ventral view (e) male pygophore, ventral view (f) male pygophore, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Ea = evaporative area; Ms(k) = mesosternal keel; Pe = peritreme; Pe(k) = proepisternal keel, ventral view; EES = external efferent system. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713977" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713977/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">7a</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FAE2FF3CC778FF2A" box="[1318,1345,176,199]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="42.[1274,1310,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[151,1258,106,1407]" captionTargetId="figure-263@42.[151,1258,106,1408]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Fig. 9: Scanning electron micrographs of key characters of Solenotichus circuliferus (a) Head, dorsal view (b) Head, lateral view (c) Head and thorax, ventral view (d) External efferent system of metathoracic glands, ventral view (e) male pygophore, ventral view (f) male pygophore, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Ea = evaporative area; Ms(k) = mesosternal keel; Pe = peritreme; P(r) = right paramere. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713983" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713983/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">9a</figureCitation>
); sulcate thoracic sterna with highly elevated keels (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FBE7FF7FC652FEE7" box="[1059,1131,243,266]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[1268,1304,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[151,1252,106,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-299@28.[151,1253,106,1409]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 4: Scanning electron micrographs of key characters of Austrotichus rugosus (a) Head, dorsal view (b) Head, lateral view (c) Head and thorax, ventral view (d) External efferent system of metathoracic glands, ventral view (e) male pygophore, ventral view (f) male pygophore, dorsal view. Abbreviations: C = clypeus; Ea = evaporative area; Go = genital opening; J = juga; Me = mesepimeron; Met = metepisternum; Ms(k) = mesosternal keel; Pe = peritreme; Pe(k) = proepisternal keel, ventral view; P(r) = right paramere; Pr = proctiger. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713969" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713969/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Figs 4c</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FBBDFF7FC6ABFEE7" box="[1145,1170,243,266]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[1275,1311,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[151,1257,106,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-280@32.[150,1258,105,1410]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 7: Scanning electron micrographs of key characters of Coleotichus costatus (a) Head, dorsal view (b) Head, lateral view (c) Head and thorax, ventral view (d) External efferent system of metathoracic glands, ventral view (e) male pygophore, ventral view (f) male pygophore, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Ea = evaporative area; Ms(k) = mesosternal keel; Pe = peritreme; Pe(k) = proepisternal keel, ventral view; EES = external efferent system. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713977" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713977/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">7c</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FB64FF7FC683FEE7" box="[1184,1210,243,266]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="42.[1274,1310,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[151,1258,106,1407]" captionTargetId="figure-263@42.[151,1258,106,1408]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Fig. 9: Scanning electron micrographs of key characters of Solenotichus circuliferus (a) Head, dorsal view (b) Head, lateral view (c) Head and thorax, ventral view (d) External efferent system of metathoracic glands, ventral view (e) male pygophore, ventral view (f) male pygophore, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Ea = evaporative area; Ms(k) = mesosternal keel; Pe = peritreme; P(r) = right paramere. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713983" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713983/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">9c</figureCitation>
), contiguous with explanate anterior margin of proepisternum; efferent system of metathoracic glands well-developed (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FB4BFED4C6E1FE82" box="[1167,1240,344,367]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[1268,1304,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[151,1252,106,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-299@28.[151,1253,106,1409]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 4: Scanning electron micrographs of key characters of Austrotichus rugosus (a) Head, dorsal view (b) Head, lateral view (c) Head and thorax, ventral view (d) External efferent system of metathoracic glands, ventral view (e) male pygophore, ventral view (f) male pygophore, dorsal view. Abbreviations: C = clypeus; Ea = evaporative area; Go = genital opening; J = juga; Me = mesepimeron; Met = metepisternum; Ms(k) = mesosternal keel; Pe = peritreme; Pe(k) = proepisternal keel, ventral view; P(r) = right paramere; Pr = proctiger. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713969" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713969/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Figs 4d</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FB21FED4C739FE82" box="[1253,1280,344,367]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[1275,1311,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[151,1257,106,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-280@32.[150,1258,105,1410]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 7: Scanning electron micrographs of key characters of Coleotichus costatus (a) Head, dorsal view (b) Head, lateral view (c) Head and thorax, ventral view (d) External efferent system of metathoracic glands, ventral view (e) male pygophore, ventral view (f) male pygophore, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Ea = evaporative area; Ms(k) = mesosternal keel; Pe = peritreme; Pe(k) = proepisternal keel, ventral view; EES = external efferent system. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713977" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713977/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">7d</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FAC8FED4C711FE82" box="[1292,1320,344,367]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="42.[1274,1310,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[151,1258,106,1407]" captionTargetId="figure-263@42.[151,1258,106,1408]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Fig. 9: Scanning electron micrographs of key characters of Solenotichus circuliferus (a) Head, dorsal view (b) Head, lateral view (c) Head and thorax, ventral view (d) External efferent system of metathoracic glands, ventral view (e) male pygophore, ventral view (f) male pygophore, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Ea = evaporative area; Ms(k) = mesosternal keel; Pe = peritreme; P(r) = right paramere. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713983" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713983/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">9d</figureCitation>
), with peritreme short (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FB64FEF5C6DDFE7D" box="[1184,1252,377,400]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[1268,1304,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[151,1252,106,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-299@28.[151,1253,106,1409]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 4: Scanning electron micrographs of key characters of Austrotichus rugosus (a) Head, dorsal view (b) Head, lateral view (c) Head and thorax, ventral view (d) External efferent system of metathoracic glands, ventral view (e) male pygophore, ventral view (f) male pygophore, dorsal view. Abbreviations: C = clypeus; Ea = evaporative area; Go = genital opening; J = juga; Me = mesepimeron; Met = metepisternum; Ms(k) = mesosternal keel; Pe = peritreme; Pe(k) = proepisternal keel, ventral view; P(r) = right paramere; Pr = proctiger. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713969" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713969/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Fig. 4d</figureCitation>
) to elongate (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FC2CFE16C60BFE5C" box="[1000,1074,410,433]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[1275,1311,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[151,1257,106,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-280@32.[150,1258,105,1410]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 7: Scanning electron micrographs of key characters of Coleotichus costatus (a) Head, dorsal view (b) Head, lateral view (c) Head and thorax, ventral view (d) External efferent system of metathoracic glands, ventral view (e) male pygophore, ventral view (f) male pygophore, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Ea = evaporative area; Ms(k) = mesosternal keel; Pe = peritreme; Pe(k) = proepisternal keel, ventral view; EES = external efferent system. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713977" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713977/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Fig. 7d</figureCitation>
); sometimes males with abdominal sternal glands (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FB71FE30C6C8FE3E" box="[1205,1265,444,467]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[1089,1125,1068,1087]" captionTargetBox="[151,1527,106,1050]" captionTargetId="figure-433@8.[151,1527,105,1050]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 2: Abdominal Sternal Glands of Scutelleridae (a-c) Coleotichus costatus (a) abdominal venter, sternal glands on SIV-SVI (b-c) higher magnification of sternal glands (d-f) Morbora schoutedeni (d) androconial glands on SIV-SVI (e) higher magnification of microsculpture medial to androconial glands (f) higher magnification of apex cuticular duct of glandular unit of androconial glands (g-i) Tectocoris diophthalmus (g) androconial glands on SIV-SVI (h) higher magnification of androconial glands on abdominal SVI (i) higher magnification of apex of cuticular ducts of glandular units of androconial glands. Abbreviations: Ag = Androconial glands; Cd = cuticular ducts; Sg = sternal glands. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713963/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Figs 2</figureCitation>
a-c); ventral surface of pygophore caudally (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FAF6FE51C74EFE19" box="[1330,1399,477,500]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[1268,1304,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[151,1252,106,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-299@28.[151,1253,106,1409]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 4: Scanning electron micrographs of key characters of Austrotichus rugosus (a) Head, dorsal view (b) Head, lateral view (c) Head and thorax, ventral view (d) External efferent system of metathoracic glands, ventral view (e) male pygophore, ventral view (f) male pygophore, dorsal view. Abbreviations: C = clypeus; Ea = evaporative area; Go = genital opening; J = juga; Me = mesepimeron; Met = metepisternum; Ms(k) = mesosternal keel; Pe = peritreme; Pe(k) = proepisternal keel, ventral view; P(r) = right paramere; Pr = proctiger. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713969" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713969/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Fig. 4e</figureCitation>
) or ventrally oriented (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FB20FE73C714FDFB" box="[1252,1325,511,534]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[1275,1311,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[151,1257,106,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-280@32.[150,1258,105,1410]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 7: Scanning electron micrographs of key characters of Coleotichus costatus (a) Head, dorsal view (b) Head, lateral view (c) Head and thorax, ventral view (d) External efferent system of metathoracic glands, ventral view (e) male pygophore, ventral view (f) male pygophore, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Ea = evaporative area; Ms(k) = mesosternal keel; Pe = peritreme; Pe(k) = proepisternal keel, ventral view; EES = external efferent system. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713977" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713977/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Fig. 7e</figureCitation>
); posterior margin of male pygophore emarginate (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FC2CFDCEC609FDB4" box="[1000,1072,578,601]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[1268,1304,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[151,1252,106,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-299@28.[151,1253,106,1409]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 4: Scanning electron micrographs of key characters of Austrotichus rugosus (a) Head, dorsal view (b) Head, lateral view (c) Head and thorax, ventral view (d) External efferent system of metathoracic glands, ventral view (e) male pygophore, ventral view (f) male pygophore, dorsal view. Abbreviations: C = clypeus; Ea = evaporative area; Go = genital opening; J = juga; Me = mesepimeron; Met = metepisternum; Ms(k) = mesosternal keel; Pe = peritreme; Pe(k) = proepisternal keel, ventral view; P(r) = right paramere; Pr = proctiger. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713969" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713969/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Figs 4e</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FBFFFDCEC66DFDB4" box="[1083,1108,578,601]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[1275,1311,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[151,1257,106,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-280@32.[150,1258,105,1410]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 7: Scanning electron micrographs of key characters of Coleotichus costatus (a) Head, dorsal view (b) Head, lateral view (c) Head and thorax, ventral view (d) External efferent system of metathoracic glands, ventral view (e) male pygophore, ventral view (f) male pygophore, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Ea = evaporative area; Ms(k) = mesosternal keel; Pe = peritreme; Pe(k) = proepisternal keel, ventral view; EES = external efferent system. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713977" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713977/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">7e</figureCitation>
) to entire (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FB38FDCEC77BFDB4" box="[1276,1346,578,601]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="42.[1274,1310,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[151,1258,106,1407]" captionTargetId="figure-263@42.[151,1258,106,1408]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Fig. 9: Scanning electron micrographs of key characters of Solenotichus circuliferus (a) Head, dorsal view (b) Head, lateral view (c) Head and thorax, ventral view (d) External efferent system of metathoracic glands, ventral view (e) male pygophore, ventral view (f) male pygophore, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Ea = evaporative area; Ms(k) = mesosternal keel; Pe = peritreme; P(r) = right paramere. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713983" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713983/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Fig. 9e</figureCitation>
); genital opening narrow to broad; parameres hook-shaped (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FBB5FD09C683FD71" box="[1137,1210,645,668]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="29.[1073,1109,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[68,1435,106,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-15@29.[68,1435,105,1921]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Fig. 5: Male genitalia of Austrotichus rugosus (a) pygophore, dorsal view (b) right paramere, lateral view (c) aedeagus, lateral view (d) aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: C = crown of paramere; CAII(L) = second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAII(M) = second conjunctival appendage, medial branch; CAIII(D) = third conjunctival appendage, dorsal branch; CAIII(V) = third conjunctival appendage, ventral branch; DCC = dorsal conducting canal; DS(D) = ductus seminis dorsalis; DS(P) = ductus seminis proximalis; F = flange at base of crown of paramere; GO = genital opening; Pt = phallotheca; S = stem of paramere; Sg = secondary gonopore; V = vesica; VCC = ventral conducting canal of ejaculatory apparatus; VM = ventral margin of genital opening." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713971" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713971/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Figs 5b</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FB0CFD09C6DBFD71" box="[1224,1250,645,668]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[60,96,1611,1630]" captionTargetBox="[60,1436,117,1923]" captionTargetId="figure-15@33.[215,1436,105,1912]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 8: Male genitalia of Coleotichus costatus (a) pygophore, dorsal view (b) paramere, lateral view (c) aedeagus, lateral view (d) aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: C = crown of right paramere; CAII(L)L = left second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAII(L)R = right second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAII(M)L = left second conjunctival appendage, medial branch; CAII(M)R = right second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAIII = third conjunctival appendage; DCC = dorsal conducting canal; DS(D) = ductus seminis dorsalis; DS(P) = ductus seminis proximalis; Er = ejaculatory reservoir; F = flange at base of crown of paramere; GO = genital opening; Pt = phallotheca; S = stem of paramere; Sg = secondary gonopore; V = vesica; VCC = ventral conducting canal of ejaculatory apparatus; VM = ventral margin of genital opening." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713979" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713979/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">8b</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FB34FD09C721FD71" box="[1264,1304,645,668]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="43.[60,96,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[60,1436,107,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-15@43.[183,1437,105,1921]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Fig. 10: Male genitalia of Solenotichus circuliferus (a) pygophore, dorsal view (b) paramere, lateral view (c) aedeagus, lateral view (d) aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: C = crown of right paramere; CAII(L) = second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAII(M) = second conjunctival appendage, medial branch; CAIII = third conjunctival appendage; DCC = dorsal conducting canal; DS(D) = ductus seminis dorsalis; DS(P) = ductus seminis proximalis; Er = ejaculatory reservoir; F = flange at base of crown of paramere; GO = genital opening; S = stem of paramere; Sg = secondary gonopore; V = vesica; VCC = ventral conducting canal of ejaculatory apparatus; VM = ventral margin of genital opening." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713985/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">10b</figureCitation>
); ejaculatory reservoir well-developed, with ventral conducting canal and ejaculatory apparatus (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FBE5FD65C6BBFCED" box="[1057,1154,745,768]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="29.[1073,1109,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[68,1435,106,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-15@29.[68,1435,105,1921]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Fig. 5: Male genitalia of Austrotichus rugosus (a) pygophore, dorsal view (b) right paramere, lateral view (c) aedeagus, lateral view (d) aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: C = crown of paramere; CAII(L) = second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAII(M) = second conjunctival appendage, medial branch; CAIII(D) = third conjunctival appendage, dorsal branch; CAIII(V) = third conjunctival appendage, ventral branch; DCC = dorsal conducting canal; DS(D) = ductus seminis dorsalis; DS(P) = ductus seminis proximalis; F = flange at base of crown of paramere; GO = genital opening; Pt = phallotheca; S = stem of paramere; Sg = secondary gonopore; V = vesica; VCC = ventral conducting canal of ejaculatory apparatus; VM = ventral margin of genital opening." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713971" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713971/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Figs 5c, d</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FB49FD65C6F9FCED" box="[1165,1216,745,768]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[60,96,1611,1630]" captionTargetBox="[60,1436,117,1923]" captionTargetId="figure-15@33.[215,1436,105,1912]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 8: Male genitalia of Coleotichus costatus (a) pygophore, dorsal view (b) paramere, lateral view (c) aedeagus, lateral view (d) aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: C = crown of right paramere; CAII(L)L = left second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAII(L)R = right second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAII(M)L = left second conjunctival appendage, medial branch; CAII(M)R = right second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAIII = third conjunctival appendage; DCC = dorsal conducting canal; DS(D) = ductus seminis dorsalis; DS(P) = ductus seminis proximalis; Er = ejaculatory reservoir; F = flange at base of crown of paramere; GO = genital opening; Pt = phallotheca; S = stem of paramere; Sg = secondary gonopore; V = vesica; VCC = ventral conducting canal of ejaculatory apparatus; VM = ventral margin of genital opening." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713979" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713979/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">8c, d</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FB08FD65C735FCED" box="[1228,1292,745,768]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="43.[60,96,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[60,1436,107,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-15@43.[183,1437,105,1921]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Fig. 10: Male genitalia of Solenotichus circuliferus (a) pygophore, dorsal view (b) paramere, lateral view (c) aedeagus, lateral view (d) aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: C = crown of right paramere; CAII(L) = second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAII(M) = second conjunctival appendage, medial branch; CAIII = third conjunctival appendage; DCC = dorsal conducting canal; DS(D) = ductus seminis dorsalis; DS(P) = ductus seminis proximalis; Er = ejaculatory reservoir; F = flange at base of crown of paramere; GO = genital opening; S = stem of paramere; Sg = secondary gonopore; V = vesica; VCC = ventral conducting canal of ejaculatory apparatus; VM = ventral margin of genital opening." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713985/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">10c, d</figureCitation>
); CAI absent; CAII bifurcate, with lobal sclerites (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FC2CFCA0C672FCAE" box="[1000,1099,812,835]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="29.[1073,1109,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[68,1435,106,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-15@29.[68,1435,105,1921]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Fig. 5: Male genitalia of Austrotichus rugosus (a) pygophore, dorsal view (b) right paramere, lateral view (c) aedeagus, lateral view (d) aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: C = crown of paramere; CAII(L) = second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAII(M) = second conjunctival appendage, medial branch; CAIII(D) = third conjunctival appendage, dorsal branch; CAIII(V) = third conjunctival appendage, ventral branch; DCC = dorsal conducting canal; DS(D) = ductus seminis dorsalis; DS(P) = ductus seminis proximalis; F = flange at base of crown of paramere; GO = genital opening; Pt = phallotheca; S = stem of paramere; Sg = secondary gonopore; V = vesica; VCC = ventral conducting canal of ejaculatory apparatus; VM = ventral margin of genital opening." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713971" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713971/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Figs 5c, d</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FB9DFCA0C6B4FCAE" box="[1113,1165,812,835]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[60,96,1611,1630]" captionTargetBox="[60,1436,117,1923]" captionTargetId="figure-15@33.[215,1436,105,1912]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 8: Male genitalia of Coleotichus costatus (a) pygophore, dorsal view (b) paramere, lateral view (c) aedeagus, lateral view (d) aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: C = crown of right paramere; CAII(L)L = left second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAII(L)R = right second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAII(M)L = left second conjunctival appendage, medial branch; CAII(M)R = right second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAIII = third conjunctival appendage; DCC = dorsal conducting canal; DS(D) = ductus seminis dorsalis; DS(P) = ductus seminis proximalis; Er = ejaculatory reservoir; F = flange at base of crown of paramere; GO = genital opening; Pt = phallotheca; S = stem of paramere; Sg = secondary gonopore; V = vesica; VCC = ventral conducting canal of ejaculatory apparatus; VM = ventral margin of genital opening." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713979" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713979/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">8c, d</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FB5EFCA0C6E2FCAE" box="[1178,1243,812,835]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="43.[60,96,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[60,1436,107,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-15@43.[183,1437,105,1921]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Fig. 10: Male genitalia of Solenotichus circuliferus (a) pygophore, dorsal view (b) paramere, lateral view (c) aedeagus, lateral view (d) aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: C = crown of right paramere; CAII(L) = second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAII(M) = second conjunctival appendage, medial branch; CAIII = third conjunctival appendage; DCC = dorsal conducting canal; DS(D) = ductus seminis dorsalis; DS(P) = ductus seminis proximalis; Er = ejaculatory reservoir; F = flange at base of crown of paramere; GO = genital opening; S = stem of paramere; Sg = secondary gonopore; V = vesica; VCC = ventral conducting canal of ejaculatory apparatus; VM = ventral margin of genital opening." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713985/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">10c, d</figureCitation>
), CAIII undivided (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FBE5FCC1C6B8FC89" box="[1057,1153,845,868]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[60,96,1611,1630]" captionTargetBox="[60,1436,117,1923]" captionTargetId="figure-15@33.[215,1436,105,1912]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 8: Male genitalia of Coleotichus costatus (a) pygophore, dorsal view (b) paramere, lateral view (c) aedeagus, lateral view (d) aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: C = crown of right paramere; CAII(L)L = left second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAII(L)R = right second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAII(M)L = left second conjunctival appendage, medial branch; CAII(M)R = right second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAIII = third conjunctival appendage; DCC = dorsal conducting canal; DS(D) = ductus seminis dorsalis; DS(P) = ductus seminis proximalis; Er = ejaculatory reservoir; F = flange at base of crown of paramere; GO = genital opening; Pt = phallotheca; S = stem of paramere; Sg = secondary gonopore; V = vesica; VCC = ventral conducting canal of ejaculatory apparatus; VM = ventral margin of genital opening." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713979" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713979/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Figs 8c, d</figureCitation>
) or divided (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FAF1FCC1C7ACFC89" box="[1333,1429,845,868]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="29.[1073,1109,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[68,1435,106,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-15@29.[68,1435,105,1921]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Fig. 5: Male genitalia of Austrotichus rugosus (a) pygophore, dorsal view (b) right paramere, lateral view (c) aedeagus, lateral view (d) aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: C = crown of paramere; CAII(L) = second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAII(M) = second conjunctival appendage, medial branch; CAIII(D) = third conjunctival appendage, dorsal branch; CAIII(V) = third conjunctival appendage, ventral branch; DCC = dorsal conducting canal; DS(D) = ductus seminis dorsalis; DS(P) = ductus seminis proximalis; F = flange at base of crown of paramere; GO = genital opening; Pt = phallotheca; S = stem of paramere; Sg = secondary gonopore; V = vesica; VCC = ventral conducting canal of ejaculatory apparatus; VM = ventral margin of genital opening." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713971" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713971/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Figs 5c, d</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FC2CFCE3C608FC6B" box="[1000,1073,879,902]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="43.[60,96,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[60,1436,107,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-15@43.[183,1437,105,1921]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Fig. 10: Male genitalia of Solenotichus circuliferus (a) pygophore, dorsal view (b) paramere, lateral view (c) aedeagus, lateral view (d) aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: C = crown of right paramere; CAII(L) = second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAII(M) = second conjunctival appendage, medial branch; CAIII = third conjunctival appendage; DCC = dorsal conducting canal; DS(D) = ductus seminis dorsalis; DS(P) = ductus seminis proximalis; Er = ejaculatory reservoir; F = flange at base of crown of paramere; GO = genital opening; S = stem of paramere; Sg = secondary gonopore; V = vesica; VCC = ventral conducting canal of ejaculatory apparatus; VM = ventral margin of genital opening." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713985/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">10c, d</figureCitation>
); spermathecal fecundation canal short or long; and, spermathecal reservoir oval to weakly dilated.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336512FFA6FF86FBCAFC6EC0DDFCAC" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="302" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B963699FFA6FF84FBCAFC6EC741FB0E" blockId="25.[1000,1435,110,1917]" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">
Remarks:
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B68FFA6FF84FBAAFC6EC6D1FC14" author="STAL C." box="[1134,1256,994,1017]" journalOrPublisher="Akad. Forh." pageId="25" pageNumber="300" pagination="31 - 40" part="29" refId="ref89017" refString="STAL C. (1872): Genera Pentatomidarum Europae disposuit. Ofvers. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. - Akad. Forh. 29: 31 - 40." title="Genera Pentatomidarum Europae disposuit. Ofvers. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk" type="journal article" year="1872">
<smallCapsWord id="8D70A045FFA6FF84FBAAFC6EC6A6FC15" baselines="1011,1012" box="[1134,1183,994,1017]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Stal" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">STÅL</smallCapsWord>
(1872)
</bibRefCitation>
first described the elvisurines as a tribal group (Elvisuraria), providing a diagnosis (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B68FFA6FF84FB6EFBA9C72FFBD1" author="STAL C." box="[1194,1302,1061,1084]" journalOrPublisher="Akad. Forh." pageId="25" pageNumber="300" pagination="31 - 40" part="29" refId="ref89017" refString="STAL C. (1872): Genera Pentatomidarum Europae disposuit. Ofvers. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. - Akad. Forh. 29: 31 - 40." title="Genera Pentatomidarum Europae disposuit. Ofvers. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk" type="journal article" year="1872">
<smallCapsWord id="8D70A045FFA6FF84FB6EFBA9C6E5FBD6" baselines="1078,1079" box="[1194,1244,1061,1084]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Stal" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">STÅL</smallCapsWord>
1872
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B68FFA6FF84FAE7FBA9C76CFBD1" author="STAL C." box="[1315,1365,1061,1084]" journalOrPublisher="Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. - Akad. Handl." pageId="25" pageNumber="300" pagination="1 - 163" part="11" refId="ref89047" refString="STAL C. (1873): Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en forteckning ofver aller hittills kanda Hemiptera, jemte systrmatiska meddelanden. 3. - Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. - Akad. Handl. 11 (2): 1 - 163." title="Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en forteckning ofver aller hittills kanda Hemiptera, jemte systrmatiska meddelanden. 3." type="journal article" year="1873">1873</bibRefCitation>
) based primarily on the carinate thoracic sterna.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B68FFA6FF84FC2CFBE4C68DFB92" author="SCHOUTEDEN H." bookContentInfo="5 pls." box="[1000,1204,1128,1151]" journalOrPublisher="Genera Insectorum" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" pagination="1 - 98" part="24" refId="ref87964" refString="SCHOUTEDEN H. (1904): Heteroptera. Fam. Pentatomidae. Subfam. Scutellerinae. - Genera Insectorum 24: 1 - 98, 5 pls." title="Heteroptera. Fam. Pentatomidae. Subfam. Scutellerinae" type="book chapter" year="1904">
<smallCapsWord id="8D70A045FFA6FF84FC2CFBE4C65EFB93" baselines="1145,1146" box="[1000,1127,1128,1151]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Schouteden" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">SCHOUTEDEN</smallCapsWord>
(1904)
</bibRefCitation>
followed this arrangement and provided a listing of species.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B68FFA6FF84FC2CFB27C6B6FB2F" author="KIRKALDY G. W." box="[1000,1167,1195,1218]" journalOrPublisher="Felix Dames, Berlin" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" pagination="1 - 392" refId="ref86002" refString="KIRKALDY G. W. (1909): Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) Vol. 1. Cimicidae. - Felix Dames, Berlin: xl, 1 - 392." title="Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) Vol. 1. Cimicidae" type="book chapter" year="1909">
<smallCapsWord id="8D70A045FFA6FF84FC2CFB27C67CFB2C" baselines="1212,1213" box="[1000,1093,1195,1218]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Kirkaldy" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">KIRKALDY</smallCapsWord>
(1909)
</bibRefCitation>
catalogued the species and the classification of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B68FFA6FF84FB6EFB40C74DFB0E" author="SCHOUTEDEN H." bookContentInfo="5 pls." box="[1194,1396,1228,1251]" journalOrPublisher="Genera Insectorum" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" pagination="1 - 98" part="24" refId="ref87964" refString="SCHOUTEDEN H. (1904): Heteroptera. Fam. Pentatomidae. Subfam. Scutellerinae. - Genera Insectorum 24: 1 - 98, 5 pls." title="Heteroptera. Fam. Pentatomidae. Subfam. Scutellerinae" type="book chapter" year="1904">
<smallCapsWord id="8D70A045FFA6FF84FB6EFB40C711FB0E" baselines="1245,1247" box="[1194,1320,1228,1251]" lowerCaseFontSize="10" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Schouteden" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">SCHOUTEDEN</smallCapsWord>
(1904)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B963699FFA6FF84FBCAFB71C7A2FA30" blockId="25.[1000,1435,110,1917]" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">
The
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA6FF84FBF8FB71C69EFAF9" box="[1084,1191,1277,1300]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elvisurinae">Elvisurinae</taxonomicName>
are retained as a subfamily in this work, on the basis of the keel-like thoracic sterna (
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FB43FACCC6F7FABA" box="[1159,1230,1344,1367]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[1268,1304,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[151,1252,106,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-299@28.[151,1253,106,1409]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 4: Scanning electron micrographs of key characters of Austrotichus rugosus (a) Head, dorsal view (b) Head, lateral view (c) Head and thorax, ventral view (d) External efferent system of metathoracic glands, ventral view (e) male pygophore, ventral view (f) male pygophore, dorsal view. Abbreviations: C = clypeus; Ea = evaporative area; Go = genital opening; J = juga; Me = mesepimeron; Met = metepisternum; Ms(k) = mesosternal keel; Pe = peritreme; Pe(k) = proepisternal keel, ventral view; P(r) = right paramere; Pr = proctiger. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713969" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713969/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Figs 4c</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FB1EFACCC6CBFABA" box="[1242,1266,1344,1367]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[1275,1311,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[151,1257,106,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-280@32.[150,1258,105,1410]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 7: Scanning electron micrographs of key characters of Coleotichus costatus (a) Head, dorsal view (b) Head, lateral view (c) Head and thorax, ventral view (d) External efferent system of metathoracic glands, ventral view (e) male pygophore, ventral view (f) male pygophore, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Ea = evaporative area; Ms(k) = mesosternal keel; Pe = peritreme; Pe(k) = proepisternal keel, ventral view; EES = external efferent system. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713977" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713977/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">7c</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA6FF84FB39FACCC71AFABA" box="[1277,1315,1344,1367]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="43.[60,96,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[60,1436,107,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-15@43.[183,1437,105,1921]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Fig. 10: Male genitalia of Solenotichus circuliferus (a) pygophore, dorsal view (b) paramere, lateral view (c) aedeagus, lateral view (d) aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: C = crown of right paramere; CAII(L) = second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAII(M) = second conjunctival appendage, medial branch; CAIII = third conjunctival appendage; DCC = dorsal conducting canal; DS(D) = ductus seminis dorsalis; DS(P) = ductus seminis proximalis; Er = ejaculatory reservoir; F = flange at base of crown of paramere; GO = genital opening; S = stem of paramere; Sg = secondary gonopore; V = vesica; VCC = ventral conducting canal of ejaculatory apparatus; VM = ventral margin of genital opening." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13713985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13713985/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">10c</figureCitation>
), which is a putative apomorphy for this taxon. In some
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA6FF84FC2CFA0FC646FA77" box="[1000,1151,1411,1434]" pageId="25" pageNumber="320" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Odontotarsinae">Odontotarsinae</taxonomicName>
species, the pro- and mesosterna are raised, but not to any great height, and not keel-like as in the elvisurines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B963699FFA6FF87FBCAFA7AC3CBFCA4" blockId="25.[1000,1435,110,1917]" lastBlockId="26.[154,588,110,1917]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="301" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">
Unlike, the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA6FF84FB5AFA7AC727F9E0" box="[1182,1310,1526,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="384" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scutellerinae">Scutellerinae</taxonomicName>
and some
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA6FF84FC2CF994C654F9C2" box="[1000,1133,1560,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="384" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachycorinae">Pachycorinae</taxonomicName>
, the adults of elvisurines are nearly all dull in colouration, aside from two species of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA6FF84FB8CF9D7C68BF99F" box="[1096,1202,1627,1650]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Coleotichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA8BFFA6FF84FB8CF9D7C68BF99F" box="[1096,1202,1627,1650]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Coleotichus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA6FF84FB04F9D7C76BF99F" box="[1216,1362,1627,1650]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Coleotichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blackburniae">
<emphasis id="B95DEA8BFFA6FF84FB04F9D7C76BF99F" box="[1216,1362,1627,1650]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">C. blackburniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA6FF84FA44F9D7C61DF97E" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Coleotichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bulowi">
<emphasis id="B95DEA8BFFA6FF84FA44F9D7C61DF97E" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">C. bulowi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), which have a green iridescence, and some species of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA6FF84FB4DF911C721F959" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1895" box="[1161,1304,1693,1716]" class="Insecta" genus="Chiastosternum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA8BFFA6FF84FB4DF911C721F959" box="[1161,1304,1693,1716]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Chiastosternum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA6FF84FA89F911C609F93B" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Solenosthedium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA8BFFA6FF84FA89F911C609F93B" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="300">Solenos-thedium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which have contrasting yellow markings on the dorsum. It is noteworthy that larval elvisurines have brilliant colouration, like the larvae in the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA6FF84FB32F8AFC740F8D7" box="[1270,1401,1827,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="384" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scutellerinae">Scutellerinae</taxonomicName>
. In most other characters, the elvisurines are indistinguishable from the other jewel bug subfamilies, aside from the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA5FF87FE57FFE2C02CFF68" box="[403,533,110,133]" pageId="26" pageNumber="380" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tectocorinae">Tectocorinae</taxonomicName>
. The male aedeagus of elvisurines is not diagnostic for the subfamily, and closely resembles the aedeagus in taxa of the other subfamilies, particularly the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA5FF87FEF8FF79C385FEE1" box="[316,444,245,268]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="384" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Scutellerinae">Scutellerinae</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA5FF87FDC4FF79C336FEC0" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">
<emphasis id="B95DEA8BFFA5FF87FDC4FF79C2FAFEC0" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">Choero-coris</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA5FF87FEDEFE9AC3BCFEC0" box="[282,389,278,301]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="87.[60,96,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[60,1436,107,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-15@87.[208,1437,105,1918]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="Fig. 35: Male genitalia of Choerocoris lattini nov.sp. (a) pygophore, dorsal view (b) paramere, lateral view (c) aedeagus, lateral view (d) aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: C = crown of right paramere; CAII(L) = second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAII(M) = second conjunctival appendage, medial branch; CAIII = third conjunctival appendage; DS(D) = ductus seminis dorsalis; DS(P) = ductus seminis proximalis; Er = ejaculatory reservoir; F = flange at base of crown of paramere; GO = genital opening; S = stem of paramere; Sg = secondary gonopore; V = vesica; VCC = ventral conducting canal of ejaculatory apparatus; VM = ventral margin of genital opening." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13714061" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13714061/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">Figs 35c, d</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA5FF87FE54FE9AC3F6FEC0" box="[400,463,278,301]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="89.[585,621,1689,1708]" captionTargetBox="[59,1436,113,1921]" captionTargetId="figure-15@89.[58,1437,107,1920]" captionTargetPageId="89" captionText="Fig. 36: Male genitalia of Choerocoris variegatus (a) pygophore, dorsal view (b) paramere, lateral view (c) aedeagus, lateral view (d) aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: C = crown of right paramere; CAII(L) = second conjunctival appendage, lateral branch; CAII(M) = second conjunctival appendage, medial branch; CAIII = third conjunctival appendage; DS(D) = ductus seminis dorsalis; DS(P) = ductus seminis proximalis; Er = ejaculatory reservoir; F = flange at base of crown of paramere; GO = genital opening; S = stem of paramere; Sg = secondary gonopore; V = vesica; Vp = process of vesica; VCC = ventral conducting canal of ejaculatory apparatus; VM = ventral margin of genital opening." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13714063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13714063/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">36c, d</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA5FF87FE27FE9AC284FEA2" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="384" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachycorinae">Pachycorinae</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA5FF87FED5FEB4C387FEA3" authority="DALLAS" authorityName="DALLAS" box="[273,446,312,335]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Camirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="301" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA8BFFA5FF87FED5FEB4C359FEA2" box="[273,352,312,335]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">Camirus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B68FFA5FF87FE12FEB4C2F4FE9C" author="MCDONALD F. J. D." journalOrPublisher="Quaest. Entomol." pageId="26" pageNumber="301" pagination="7 - 150" part="2" refId="ref87143" refString="MCDONALD F. J. D. (1966): The genitalia of North American Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). - Quaest. Entomol. 2: 7 - 150." title="The genitalia of North American Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)" type="journal article" year="1966">
<smallCapsWord id="8D70A045FFA5FF87FE12FEB4C3C1FEA3" baselines="329,330" box="[470,504,312,335]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Mc" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">
<smallCapsWord id="8D70A045FFA5FF87FE3CFEB4C072FEA3" baselines="329,330" box="[504,587,312,335]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Donald" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">MCDONALD</smallCapsWord>
</smallCapsWord>
1966
</bibRefCitation>
:
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA5FF87FF12FED6C320FE9C" box="[214,281,346,369]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="77.[60,96,107,126]" captionTargetBox="[60,1436,107,1916]" captionTargetId="figure-15@77.[189,1437,105,1921]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Fig. 30: Male genitalia of Cantao parentum (a) pygophore, dorsal view (b) paramere, lateral view (c) aedeagus, lateral view (d) apex of aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: C = crown of paramere; CAII = second conjunctival appendage; CAIII = third conjunctival appendage; DCC = dorsal conducting canal; DS(D) = ductus seminis distalis; DS(P) = ductus seminis proximalis; Er = ejaculatory reservoir; GO = genital opening; Pt = phallotheca; S = stem of paramere; Sg = secondary gonopore; VCC = ventral conducting canal; V = vesica; VM = ventral margin of genital opening." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13714047" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13714047/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA5FF87FE95FED6C3D0FE9C" box="[337,489,346,369]" pageId="26" pageNumber="320" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Odontotarsinae">Odontotarsinae</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA5FF87FDE2FED6C30FFE7F" authority="GERMAR" authorityName="GERMAR" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Phimodera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="301" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA8BFFA5FF87FDE2FED6C2E4FE7F" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">Phi-modera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B68FFA5FF87FE86FEF7C3C9FE7F" author="MCDONALD F. J. D." box="[322,496,379,402]" journalOrPublisher="Quaest. Entomol." pageId="26" pageNumber="301" pagination="7 - 150" part="2" refId="ref87143" refString="MCDONALD F. J. D. (1966): The genitalia of North American Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). - Quaest. Entomol. 2: 7 - 150." title="The genitalia of North American Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)" type="journal article" year="1966">
<smallCapsWord id="8D70A045FFA5FF87FE86FEF7C35CFE7F" baselines="396,398" box="[322,357,379,402]" lowerCaseFontSize="10" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Mc" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">
<smallCapsWord id="8D70A045FFA5FF87FEA1FEF7C38EFE7F" baselines="396,398" box="[357,439,379,402]" lowerCaseFontSize="10" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Donald" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">MCDONALD</smallCapsWord>
</smallCapsWord>
1966
</bibRefCitation>
:
<figureCitation id="13122A1CFFA5FF87FE3EFEF7C079FE7F" box="[506,576,379,402]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="63.[60,96,1708,1727]" captionTargetBox="[60,1412,108,1807]" captionTargetId="figure-13@63.[89,1414,105,1812]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="Fig. 22: Male genitalia of Calliphara regalis (a) pygophore, dorsal view (b) paramere, lateral view (c) aedeagus, lateral view (d) apex of aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: C = crown of paramere; CAI(V) = ventral branch of first conjunctival appendage; CAI(D) = dorsal branch of first conjunctival appendage; CAII(L) = lateral branch of second conjunctival appendage; CAII(M) = medial branch of second conjunctival appendage; CAIII = third conjunctival appendage; DS(D) = ductus seminis distalis; DS(P) = ductus seminis proximalis; Er = ejaculatory reservoir; GO = genital opening; Pt = phallotheca; S = stem of paramere; Sg = secondary gonopore; SP = setose patches of male genital opening; VCC = ventral conducting canal; Vp = distal process of vesica; VM = ventral margin of genital opening." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13714019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13714019/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
); with a well-developed ejaculatory apparatus, including a convoluted ventral conducting canal and a prominent ejaculatory reservoir. In addition, the character states of the conjunctival appendages are difficult to interpret, with the CAI absent in elvisurines, but also in many taxa in all subfamilies except the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA5FF87FF05FD05C37AFD4D" box="[193,323,649,672]" pageId="26" pageNumber="380" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tectocorinae">Tectocorinae</taxonomicName>
. Moreover, the female terminalia and spermatheca of elvisurines is consistent with most other scutellerids. At present, there is no conclusive evidence that suggests a sister-taxon relationship with any of the other scutellerid subfamilies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B963699FFA5FF87FF04FCEFC027FA34" blockId="26.[154,588,110,1917]" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">
The
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA5FF87FF2BFCEFC365FC97" box="[239,348,867,890]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elvisurinae">Elvisurinae</taxonomicName>
are a small subfamily of scutellerids comprised of five genera (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B68FFA5FF87FF65FC2AC304FC50" author="KIRKALDY G. W." box="[161,317,934,957]" journalOrPublisher="Felix Dames, Berlin" pageId="26" pageNumber="301" pagination="1 - 392" refId="ref86002" refString="KIRKALDY G. W. (1909): Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) Vol. 1. Cimicidae. - Felix Dames, Berlin: xl, 1 - 392." title="Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) Vol. 1. Cimicidae" type="book chapter" year="1909">
<smallCapsWord id="8D70A045FFA5FF87FF65FC2AC33AFC50" baselines="951,953" box="[161,259,934,957]" lowerCaseFontSize="10" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Kirkaldy" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">KIRKALDY</smallCapsWord>
1909
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B68FFA5FF87FE8CFC2AC3E5FC50" author="LESTON D." box="[328,476,934,957]" journalOrPublisher="Publ. Cult. Ca. Diamante Angola" pageId="26" pageNumber="301" pagination="9 - 26" part="16" refId="ref86505" refString="LESTON D. (1952 d): Notes on the Ethiopian Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera): VIII. Scutelleridae LEACH of Angola, with remarks upon the male genitalia and classification of the subfamily. - Publ. Cult. Ca. Diamante Angola 16: 9 - 26." title="Notes on the Ethiopian Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera): VIII. Scutelleridae LEACH of Angola, with remarks upon the male genitalia and classification of the subfamily" type="journal article" year="1952">
<smallCapsWord id="8D70A045FFA5FF87FE8CFC2AC3AAFC50" baselines="951,953" box="[328,403,934,957]" lowerCaseFontSize="10" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Leston" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">LESTON</smallCapsWord>
1952d
</bibRefCitation>
). This subfamily is restricted to the Eastern Hemisphere, with the genera distributed as follows: the monotypic genera
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA5FF87FE69FB80C018FBCE" authorityName="GROSS" authorityYear="1975" box="[429,545,1036,1059]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Austrotichus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="301" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA8BFFA5FF87FE69FB80C018FBCE" box="[429,545,1036,1059]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">Austrotichus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA5FF87FF5EFBA1C335FBA9" box="[154,268,1069,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Solenotichus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="301" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA8BFFA5FF87FF5EFBA1C335FBA9" box="[154,268,1069,1092]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">Solenotichus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are endemic to Australia;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA5FF87FF5EFBC3C311FB8B" box="[154,296,1103,1126]" class="Insecta" family="Scutelleridae" genus="Solenosthedium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="301" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA8BFFA5FF87FF5EFBC3C311FB8B" box="[154,296,1103,1126]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">Solenosthedium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has seven species in the Eastern Hemisphere (from Africa to Indonesia, including Madagascar), aside from the Australian zoogeographic region;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA5FF87FE03FB38C00BFB26" box="[455,562,1204,1227]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Coleotichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="301" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA8BFFA5FF87FE03FB38C00BFB26" box="[455,562,1204,1227]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">Coleotichus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is broadly distributed in the Australian region, including continental Australia and the Melanesian subregion, with spectacular species in Samoa (
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA5FF87FE9BFAB7C3F8FABF" box="[351,449,1339,1362]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Coleotichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="301" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bulowi">
<emphasis id="B95DEA8BFFA5FF87FE9BFAB7C3F8FABF" box="[351,449,1339,1362]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">C. bulowi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and Hawaii (
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA5FF87FF67FAD1C346FA9F" authority="WHITE" authorityName="WHITE" box="[163,383,1373,1396]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Coleotichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="301" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blackburniae">
<emphasis id="B95DEA8BFFA5FF87FF67FAD1C30EFA99" box="[163,311,1373,1396]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">C. blackburniae</emphasis>
<smallCapsWord id="8D70A045FFA5FF87FEF9FAD1C346FA9F" baselines="1390,1390" box="[317,383,1373,1396]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="White" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">WHITE</smallCapsWord>
</taxonomicName>
); the nominotypical genus
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA5FF87FF13FAF3C31AFA7B" box="[215,291,1407,1430]" class="Insecta" genus="Elvisura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="301" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA8BFFA5FF87FF13FAF3C31AFA7B" box="[215,291,1407,1430]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">Elvisura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is endemic to the southern regions of the Afrotropical region, including Madagascar, to India (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B68FFA5FF87FEB0FA4EC02BFA34" author="KIRKALDY G. W." box="[372,530,1474,1497]" journalOrPublisher="Felix Dames, Berlin" pageId="26" pageNumber="301" pagination="1 - 392" refId="ref86002" refString="KIRKALDY G. W. (1909): Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) Vol. 1. Cimicidae. - Felix Dames, Berlin: xl, 1 - 392." title="Catalogue of the Hemiptera (Heteroptera) Vol. 1. Cimicidae" type="book chapter" year="1909">
<smallCapsWord id="8D70A045FFA5FF87FEB0FA4EC3EFFA34" baselines="1491,1493" box="[372,470,1474,1497]" lowerCaseFontSize="10" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Kirkaldy" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">KIRKALDY</smallCapsWord>
1909
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B963699FFA5FF86FF04FA7FC0DDFCAC" blockId="26.[154,588,110,1917]" lastBlockId="27.[532,966,110,1917]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="302" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA5FF87FE8CFA7FC391F9E7" box="[328,424,1523,1546]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Nesogenes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="301" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA8BFFA5FF87FE8CFA7FC391F9E7" box="[328,424,1523,1546]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">Nesogenes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a monotypic genus (
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA5FF87FF21F999C391F9C6" authority="FABRICIUS" authorityName="FABRICIUS" box="[229,424,1557,1580]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Nesogenes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="26" pageNumber="301" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="boscii">
<emphasis id="B95DEA8BFFA5FF87FF21F999C305F9C1" box="[229,316,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">N. boscii</emphasis>
<smallCapsWord id="8D70A045FFA5FF87FE82F999C391F9C6" baselines="1574,1575" box="[326,424,1557,1580]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Fabricius" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">FABRICIUS</smallCapsWord>
</taxonomicName>
), was described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B68FFA5FF87FF73F9BBC35DF9A3" author="HORVATH G." box="[183,356,1591,1614]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung." pageId="26" pageNumber="301" pagination="145 - 146" part="18" refId="ref85510" refString="HORVATH G. (1921): Genera duo nova Scutelleridarum. - Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. 18: 145 - 146." title="Genera duo nova Scutelleridarum" type="journal article" year="1921">
<smallCapsWord id="8D70A045FFA5FF87FF73F9BBC320F9A1" baselines="1608,1608" box="[183,281,1591,1614]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Horvath" pageId="26" pageNumber="301">HORVÁTH</smallCapsWord>
(1921)
</bibRefCitation>
, and is known from the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Haiti and St. Vincent). He placed this taxon in the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA5FF87FE3CF9F6C286F95E" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elvisurinae">Elvisurinae</taxonomicName>
, based on the conformity of the keel-like thoracic sterna with all the other members of the subfamily. We examined a single specimen of this taxon at the BMNH (label data as ‘St. Dom.’), and found that the species has elvisurine-type thoracic sterna, but possesses extensive stridulatory vittae (sublaterally on abdominal SIII-SVII), the latter being diagnostic for the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA4FF86FCFEFF03C1FBFF4B" box="[826,962,143,166]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="384" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachycorinae">Pachycorinae</taxonomicName>
. On these two character systems alone, this taxon is annectant between the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA4FF86FC93FF5EC1FDFF04" box="[855,964,210,233]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elvisurinae">Elvisurinae</taxonomicName>
and the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA4FF86FD46FF7FC133FEE7" box="[642,778,243,266]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="384" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pachycorinae">Pachycorinae</taxonomicName>
. Externally, this species is reminiscent of species of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA4FF86FDD0FEBAC046FEA0" box="[532,639,310,333]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Coleotichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA8BFFA4FF86FDD0FEBAC046FEA0" box="[532,639,310,333]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="302">Coleotichus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, having a rounded posterior margin of the pronotum, and densely punctate dorsum, with green iridescence (as in
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA4FF86FC6FFEF4C0B1FE5C" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Coleotichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blackburniae">
<emphasis id="B95DEA8BFFA4FF86FC6FFEF4C0B1FE5C" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="302">C. blackburniae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA4FF86FD07FE16C11CFE5C" box="[707,805,410,433]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Coleotichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="302" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bulowi">
<emphasis id="B95DEA8BFFA4FF86FD07FE16C11CFE5C" box="[707,805,410,433]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="302">C. bulowi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The external efferent system of metathoracic glands is extensive, with no peritreme evident, but with a prominent ostiole; a character state conforming to many Western Hemisphere pachycorine taxa. The external female genitalia are distinctive, with the medioposteri-or angles of the first gonocoxae narrowly excavate. There has been no examination of the male genitalia of this species. We regard this taxon as incertae sedis, pending examination of additional material, but exclude it from the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D1AFFA4FF86FDB4FCA6C0D8FCAC" box="[624,737,810,833]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="300" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elvisurinae">Elvisurinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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