317 lines
36 KiB
XML
317 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document id="05DB0004A5D7D235E96DCE9F52CE6271" ID-DOI="10.1649/072.066.0213" ID-ISSN="1938-4394" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10108027" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1630188071823" checkinUser="diego" docAuthor="Gültekin, Levent & Korotyaev, Boris A." docDate="2012" docId="03C187B4C526085FFF4F4D063E0DF928" docLanguage="en" docName="072.066.0213.pdf.imf" docOrigin="The Coleopterists Bulletin 66 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/072.066.0213" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0305A7CAC51C960DDA50A7292A4D3620.8:TheColeopBull.2010-2016.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="0305A7CAC51C960DDA50A7292A4D3620" docStyleName="TheColeopBull.2010-2016.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="8" docTitle="Mononychus punctumalbum" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="159" masterDocId="FFF8FFCCC522085BFF8E49183A08FFE9" masterDocTitle="Ecological Description of Two Seed-Feeding Weevils of the GenusMononychusGermar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) onIris ibericaHoffmann andIris spuriaL. in Northeastern Turkey" masterLastPageNumber="161" masterPageNumber="155" pageNumber="159" updateTime="1699643717652" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="B3ED7A76EF601F257919135FABA0C1D0">Ecological Description of Two Seed-Feeding Weevils of the GenusMononychusGermar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) onIris ibericaHoffmann andIris spuriaL. in Northeastern Turkey</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4DCA60F9F417DFD67DB0F12D92F21A4C">Gültekin, Levent</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7E5DC9F099986EE0D6D918DCA6C9C6DE">Korotyaev, Boris A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A892EF20C7B633DB9D2F800F393D7E89">The Coleopterists Bulletin</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="BA06FB03AC93DC1F7487CF174DFACB7E">
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<mods:date id="39154902281FBA06E8AB026661EE80E0">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B41470B2B02195DAF8E294F7D7B63D17">66</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="6CDC09A042E64096989CFA2EE3A16576" type="ISSN">1938-4394</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C187B4C526085FFF4F4D063E0DF928" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5417724" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5417724" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C187B4C526085FFF4F4D063E0DF928" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C187B4C526085FFF4F4D063E0DF928" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">
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<subSubSection id="C3726529C526085FFF4F4D063877FBDD" box="[193,639,1054,1076]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD736A2C526085FFF4F4D063877FBDD" blockId="4.[193,639,1054,1076]" box="[193,639,1054,1076]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">
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<heading id="D09F81CEC526085FFF4F4D063877FBDD" box="[193,639,1054,1076]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D21C526085FFF4F4D063877FBDD" ID-CoL="73PYL" authority="(Herbst, 1784)" baseAuthorityName="Herbst" baseAuthorityYear="1784" box="[193,639,1054,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Mononychus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctumalbum">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFF4F4D063877FBDD" bold="true" box="[193,639,1054,1076]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFF4F4D063BD6FBDD" bold="true" box="[193,478,1054,1076]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Mononychus punctumalbum</emphasis>
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(Herbst, 1784)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3726529C526085FFF4B4D513987FCEC" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BD736A2C526085FFF4B4D513962FF1B" blockId="4.[173,660,1097,1730]" lastBlockId="4.[707,1194,194,1729]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFF4B4D513B1EFBB7" bold="true" box="[197,278,1097,1118]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Biology.</emphasis>
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Adults feed mainly on flowers of
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D21C526085FFF234D7B3AF4FB91" box="[173,252,1123,1144]" class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" genus="Iris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spuria">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFF234D7B3AF4FB91" box="[173,252,1123,1144]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">I. spuria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. They were very active during sunny days, on which they gnawed on young fruits and pierced them with their rostrum. During cloudy weather, adults rested individually or in pairs at the junctions between leaves in the upper parts of the plant (
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<figureCitation id="13532A27C526085FFF7E4DF13B38FB17" box="[240,304,1257,1278]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[175,215,1609,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1167,195,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-0@3.[151,1171,193,1586]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 6–12. 6) Iris spuria; 7) Habitat of I. spuria; 8) Adult of Mononychus punctumalbum and an ant following the adult; 9) Pair of adults resting on the host plant; 10) Feeding and ovipositing holes on a seed capsule; 11) Seeds damaged by adults; 12) Larva feeding on a seed and a pupa of M. punctumalbum resting in a seed capsule of the host plant." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10108031" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10108031/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
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). The beetles usually copulated at this same place on the plants. Adults were seen in highest numbers in the middle of June. Females laid pearl-white eggs in holes in the seeds that were drilled by the rostrum. Oviposition holes were sealed by the female to protect the eggs from desiccation and predators. Usually two or
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<specimenCount id="9D6EFD2BC526085FFDEC4C903AD0FA51" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" type="egg">three eggs</specimenCount>
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were laid in a seed capsule, but several oviposition and feeding sites were detected on one fruit (
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<figureCitation id="13532A27C526085FFF664CC03B3DFA04" box="[232,309,1496,1517]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[175,215,1609,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1167,195,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-0@3.[151,1171,193,1586]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 6–12. 6) Iris spuria; 7) Habitat of I. spuria; 8) Adult of Mononychus punctumalbum and an ant following the adult; 9) Pair of adults resting on the host plant; 10) Feeding and ovipositing holes on a seed capsule; 11) Seeds damaged by adults; 12) Larva feeding on a seed and a pupa of M. punctumalbum resting in a seed capsule of the host plant." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10108031" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10108031/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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). The holes where eggs were laid were not easily distinguishable from feeding holes, but on close examination the latter were not closed with secretions by the female. Seeds that were damaged externally by adults turned blackish brown and were somewhat shrunken (
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<figureCitation id="13532A27C526085FFE624F453830F99B" box="[492,568,1629,1650]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[175,215,1609,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1167,195,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-0@3.[151,1171,193,1586]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 6–12. 6) Iris spuria; 7) Habitat of I. spuria; 8) Adult of Mononychus punctumalbum and an ant following the adult; 9) Pair of adults resting on the host plant; 10) Feeding and ovipositing holes on a seed capsule; 11) Seeds damaged by adults; 12) Larva feeding on a seed and a pupa of M. punctumalbum resting in a seed capsule of the host plant." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10108031" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10108031/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
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). During feeding and oviposition, adult weevils were closely followed by ants which usually tried to grasp the tip of the weevil’ s abdomen (
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<figureCitation id="13532A27C526085FFE5F4FB43806F928" box="[465,526,1708,1729]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[175,215,1609,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1167,195,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-0@3.[151,1171,193,1586]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 6–12. 6) Iris spuria; 7) Habitat of I. spuria; 8) Adult of Mononychus punctumalbum and an ant following the adult; 9) Pair of adults resting on the host plant; 10) Feeding and ovipositing holes on a seed capsule; 11) Seeds damaged by adults; 12) Larva feeding on a seed and a pupa of M. punctumalbum resting in a seed capsule of the host plant." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10108031" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10108031/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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). Oviposition began in the first week of June and lasted until the end of the month.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD736A2C526085FFD5549EF3987FCEC" blockId="4.[707,1194,194,1729]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">
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The legless, white larvae with brown head capsules developed inside a seed and, after having consumed it, entered an adjacent one. In most cases, a larva completed development after consuming two seeds (
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<figureCitation id="13532A27C526085FFCFA487A39B0FE9E" box="[884,952,354,375]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[175,215,1609,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1167,195,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-0@3.[151,1171,193,1586]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 6–12. 6) Iris spuria; 7) Habitat of I. spuria; 8) Adult of Mononychus punctumalbum and an ant following the adult; 9) Pair of adults resting on the host plant; 10) Feeding and ovipositing holes on a seed capsule; 11) Seeds damaged by adults; 12) Larva feeding on a seed and a pupa of M. punctumalbum resting in a seed capsule of the host plant." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10108031" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10108031/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
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), occasionally three when the seeds were small. Two or
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<specimenCount id="9D6EFD2BC526085FFC6548643E54FE78" box="[1003,1116,380,401]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" type="larva">three larvae</specimenCount>
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usually developed in one seed capsule. A mature larva often passed through the pupal stage in vacant areas where two seeds were eaten (
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<figureCitation id="13532A27C526085FFC5048D43E2DFE08" box="[990,1061,460,481]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="3.[175,215,1609,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1167,195,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-0@3.[151,1171,193,1586]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs. 6–12. 6) Iris spuria; 7) Habitat of I. spuria; 8) Adult of Mononychus punctumalbum and an ant following the adult; 9) Pair of adults resting on the host plant; 10) Feeding and ovipositing holes on a seed capsule; 11) Seeds damaged by adults; 12) Larva feeding on a seed and a pupa of M. punctumalbum resting in a seed capsule of the host plant." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10108031" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10108031/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
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). Most larvae passed to the pupal stage by the middle of August. Both pupae and the seeds of
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D21C526085FFB8F4B183E55FDFC" box="[1025,1117,512,533]" class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" genus="Iris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spuria">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFB8F4B183E55FDFC" box="[1025,1117,512,533]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">I. spuria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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turned white in this period. As seed capsules ripened, they started to dry from the tip and turned completely brown towards the end of the season. From the first week of September, a new generation of adults appeared and emerged from the seed capsules by opening a hole after resting some days inside. The species produces one generation per year and adults hibernate under stones or in soil, displaying aggregation behavior.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3726529C526085FFD554A123941FC4D" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BD736A2C526085FFD554A123941FC4D" blockId="4.[707,1194,194,1729]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFD554A123955FCF6" bold="true" box="[731,861,778,799]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C684D21C526085FFCE54A123E77FCF6" baseAuthorityName="Herbst" baseAuthorityYear="1784" box="[875,1151,778,799]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Mononychus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctumalbum">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFCE54A123E77FCF6" box="[875,1151,778,799]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Mononychus punctumalbum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has a large distribution area in the western Palearctic region (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B53C526085FFC9C4A5839B3FCBC" author="Colonnelli" box="[786,955,832,853]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" refId="ref3495" refString="Colonnelli, E. 2004. Catalogue of Ceutorhynchinae of the world, with a key to genera (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Argania editio, Barcelona, Spain." type="book" year="2004">Colonnelli 2004</bibRefCitation>
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). In this study, weevils in association with the host plant were found in three Turkish provinces in the Aras and Karasu River valleys.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3726529C526085FFD554AB23EAEFBAD" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BD736A2C526085FFD554AB23EAEFBAD" blockId="4.[707,1194,194,1729]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">
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<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFD554AB239A1FC56" bold="true" box="[731,937,938,959]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Material Examined.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B003CFFC526085FFC384AB2395FFC1D" collectingDate="2003-06-23" elevation="1750" location="Aras River Valley" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-adult="3" stateProvince="Erzurum">
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<collectingRegion id="49ACF840C526085FFC384AB23E40FC56" box="[950,1096,938,959]" country="Turkey" name="Erzurum" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Erzurum Prov.</collectingRegion>
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:
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<quantity id="4C909B47C526085FFBDD4AB23E9AFC56" box="[1107,1170,938,959]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" unit="km" value="50.0">50 km</quantity>
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S of Köprüköy
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</locationDeviation>
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,
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<location id="8EB76079C526085FFCDF4ADC3E0DFC30" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C187B4C526085FFF4F4D063E0DF928:8EB76079C526085FFCDF4ADC3E0DFC30" box="[849,1029,964,985]" name="Aras River Valley" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" stateProvince="Erzurum">Aras River Valley</location>
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,
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<quantity id="4C909B47C526085FFB9C4ADC3E69FC30" box="[1042,1121,964,985]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" unit="m" value="1750.0">
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<elevation id="0045D191C526085FFB9C4ADC3E69FC30" box="[1042,1121,964,985]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" unit="m" value="1750.0">1750 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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,
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<date id="FFD61062C526085FFBE04ADC38FBFC1D" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" value="2003-06-23">
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<collectingDate id="EF92E98AC526085FFBE04ADC38FBFC1D" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" value="2003-06-23">23 VI 2003</collectingDate>
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</date>
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(
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<specimenCount id="9D6EFD2BC526085FFC8F4AC73958FC1D" box="[769,848,991,1012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" type="adult">3 adults</specimenCount>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="3B003CFFC526085FFCEC4AC739E0FBC0" collectingDate="2003-06-17" elevation="1389" latitude="39.765083" location="Karasu River Valley" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="40.299118" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" specimenCount="54" specimenCount-adult="54" stateProvince="Erzincan">
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<collectingRegion id="49ACF840C526085FFCEC4AC739FAFC1D" box="[866,1010,991,1012]" country="Turkey" name="Erzincan" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Erzincan Prov.</collectingRegion>
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:
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<quantity id="4C909B47C526085FFC754AC73E24FC1D" box="[1019,1068,991,1012]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" unit="km" value="6.0">6 km</quantity>
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E of Tercan
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</locationDeviation>
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,
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<location id="8EB76079C526085FFD4D4AE2399AFBE6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C187B4C526085FFF4F4D063E0DF928:8EB76079C526085FFD4D4AE2399AFBE6" box="[707,914,1018,1039]" latitude="39.765083" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="40.299118" name="Karasu River Valley" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" stateProvince="Erzincan">Karasu River Valley</location>
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,
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|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE5C5065C526085FFBA94AE23EADFBE6" box="[1063,1189,1017,1039]" degrees="40" direction="east" minutes="17.947" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" precision="1" value="40.299118">40°17.947′E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C909B47C526085FFD4D4D0C3903FBC0" box="[707,779,1044,1065]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.389" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" unit="m" value="1389.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0045D191C526085FFD4D4D0C3903FBC0" box="[707,779,1044,1065]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.389" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" unit="m" value="1389.0">1389 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFD61062C526085FFC9A4D0C3976FBC0" box="[788,894,1044,1065]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" value="2003-06-17">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF92E98AC526085FFC9A4D0C3976FBC0" box="[788,894,1044,1065]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" value="2003-06-17">17 VI 2003</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6EFD2BC526085FFC044D0C39E9FBC0" box="[906,993,1044,1065]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" type="adult">54 adults</specimenCount>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B003CFFC526085FFC7F4D0C3EAAFBAD" collectingDate="2003-06-10" elevation="850" location="Aras Valley" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" specimenCount="23" specimenCount-adult="23" stateProvince="Igdir">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49ACF840C526085FFC7F4D0C3E5FFBC0" box="[1009,1111,1044,1066]" country="Turkey" name="Igdir" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Iğdır Prov.</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<locationDeviation id="9A652F80C526085FFBD04D0C391EFBAD" location="Aralik" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<quantity id="4C909B47C526085FFBD04D0C3E85FBC0" box="[1118,1165,1044,1065]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||
W of Aralık
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EB76079C526085FFC904D373981FBAD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C187B4C526085FFF4F4D063E0DF928:8EB76079C526085FFC904D373981FBAD" box="[798,905,1071,1092]" name="Aras Valley" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" stateProvince="Igdir">Aras Valley</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C909B47C526085FFC1E4D3739C4FBAD" box="[912,972,1071,1092]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" unit="m" value="850.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0045D191C526085FFC1E4D3739C4FBAD" box="[912,972,1071,1092]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" unit="m" value="850.0">850 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFD61062C526085FFC5A4D373E33FBAD" box="[980,1083,1071,1092]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" value="2003-06-10">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF92E98AC526085FFC5A4D373E33FBAD" box="[980,1083,1071,1092]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" value="2003-06-10">10 VI 2003</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6EFD2BC526085FFBC84D373E94FBAD" box="[1094,1180,1071,1092]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" type="adult">23 adults</specimenCount>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3726529C526085FFD554D513E0DF928" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736A2C526085FFD554D5139A5F9EE" blockId="4.[707,1194,194,1729]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFD554D513950FBB7" bold="true" box="[731,856,1097,1118]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Host Plants.</emphasis>
|
||
According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B53C526085FFC604D513EADFBB7" author="Perju" box="[1006,1189,1097,1118]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" pagination="79 - 83" refId="ref4044" refString="Perju, T., I. Moldovan, and H. Bunescu. 1997. Gargarita semintelor de stanjenel - Mononychus punctum-album Hbst. (Curculionidae, Coleoptera) sin Mononychus pseudacori Fb. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 27 (1): 79 - 83." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Perju
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFBA74D513E5CFBB7" box="[1065,1108,1097,1118]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D21C526085FFD4D4D7B3973FB91" baseAuthorityName="Herbst" baseAuthorityYear="1784" box="[707,891,1123,1144]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Mononychus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctumalbum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFD4D4D7B3973FB91" box="[707,891,1123,1144]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">M. punctumalbum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
attacks
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D21C526085FFC574D7B3E59FB91" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" box="[985,1105,1123,1144]" class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" genus="Iris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFC574D7B3E59FB91" box="[985,1105,1123,1144]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Iris aphylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D21C526085FFB094D7B395FFB7D" authority="Pall." authorityName="Pall." class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" genus="Iris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dichotoma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFB094D7B392DFB7A" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Iris dichotoma</emphasis>
|
||
Pall.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D21C526085FFCEE4D663E19FB7D" authority="Dykes" authorityName="Dykes" box="[864,1041,1150,1172]" class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" genus="Iris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forrestii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFCEE4D6639C5FB7A" box="[864,973,1150,1171]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Iris forrestii</emphasis>
|
||
Dykes
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D21C526085FFB944D6638F5FB47" authority="Herb." authorityName="Herb." class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" genus="Iris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longipetala">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFB944D663EA1FB7A" box="[1050,1193,1150,1171]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Iris longipetala</emphasis>
|
||
Herb.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D21C526085FFC854D803E20FB47" authority="Baker ex Foster" authorityName="Foster" box="[779,1064,1176,1198]" class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" genus="Iris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="milesii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFC854D803970FB44" box="[779,888,1176,1197]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Iris milesii</emphasis>
|
||
Baker ex Foster
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D21C526085FFBB94D8038FFFB20" authority="Lam." authorityName="Lam." class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" genus="Iris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pallida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFBB94D803EA1FB44" box="[1079,1193,1176,1197]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Iris pallida</emphasis>
|
||
Lam.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D21C526085FFC8D4DAB397DFB21" box="[771,885,1203,1224]" class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" genus="Iris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sibirica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFC8D4DAB397DFB21" box="[771,885,1203,1224]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Iris sibirica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L., and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D21C526085FFC404DAB3EA1FB20" authority="Dykes" authorityName="Dykes" box="[974,1193,1203,1225]" class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" genus="Iris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sikkimensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFC404DAB3E6BFB21" box="[974,1123,1203,1224]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Iris sikkimensis</emphasis>
|
||
Dykes
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Botanical Garden of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49ACF840C526085FFC4D4DD63E32FB0A" box="[963,1082,1230,1251]" country="Romania" name="Cluj" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Cluj-Napoca</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37F7632C526085FFBC84DD63E97FB0A" box="[1094,1183,1230,1251]" name="Romania" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B53C526085FFD4D4DF13975FB17" author="Dieckmann" box="[707,893,1257,1278]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" pagination="3 - 128" refId="ref3528" refString="Dieckmann, L. 1972. Beitrage zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Coleoptera - Curculionidae: Ceutorhynchinae. Beitrage zur Entomologie 22 (1 / 2): 3 - 128." type="journal article" year="1972">Dieckmann (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D21C526085FFC6D4DF03E82FB14" box="[995,1162,1256,1277]" class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" genus="Iris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudacorus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFC6D4DF03E82FB14" box="[995,1162,1256,1277]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Iris pseudacorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. as a host.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B53C526085FFCA34C1B39BCFAF1" author="Scherf" box="[813,948,1283,1304]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" pagination="1 - 335" refId="ref4126" refString="Scherf, H. 1964. Die Entwicklungsstadien der mitteleuropaischen Curculioniden (Morphologie, Bionomie, Okologie). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 506: 1 - 335." type="journal article" year="1964">Scherf (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
indicated the same host and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D21C526085FFD7E4C05398DFADB" box="[752,901,1309,1330]" class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" genus="Iris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="germanica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFD7E4C05398DFADB" box="[752,901,1309,1330]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Iris germanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. in Europe, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D21C526085FFBDC4C053EA1FADB" box="[1106,1193,1309,1330]" class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" genus="Iris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spuria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFBDC4C053EA1FADB" box="[1106,1193,1309,1330]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">I. spuria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recorded as a host in northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37F7632C526085FFBCB4C203E80FAA4" box="[1093,1160,1336,1357]" name="Turkey" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B53C526085FFD4D4C4B3951FA81" author="Gultekin" box="[707,857,1363,1384]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" pagination="209 - 213" refId="ref3560" refString="Gultekin, L. 2008. Hibernation places and behavior of some weevil species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Caucasian Entomological Bulletin 4 (2): 209 - 213." type="journal article" year="2008">Gültekin (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In the plains of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49ACF840C526085FFC7D4C4B3E5AFA81" box="[1011,1106,1363,1384]" country="Russia" name="Krasnodar" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Krasnodar</collectingRegion>
|
||
Territory (Northwestern Caucasus,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37F7632C526085FFC3E4C7639F8FA6A" box="[944,1008,1390,1411]" name="Russia" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D21C526085FFB8E4C753EA1FA6B" baseAuthorityName="Herbst" baseAuthorityYear="1784" box="[1024,1193,1389,1410]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Mononychus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctumalbum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFB8E4C753EA1FA6B" box="[1024,1193,1389,1410]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">M. punctumalbum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is common on the semiaquatic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D21C526085FFB824C903EAAFA74" box="[1036,1186,1416,1437]" class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" genus="Iris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudacorus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFB824C903EAAFA74" box="[1036,1186,1416,1437]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">I. pseudacorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although it also occurs in urban environments in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49ACF840C526085FFD4D4CA5392FFA3B" box="[707,807,1469,1490]" country="Russia" name="Krasnodar" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Krasnodar</collectingRegion>
|
||
and on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D21C526085FFC0E4CA539C0FA3B" box="[896,968,1469,1490]" class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" genus="Iris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFC0E4CA539A9FA3B" box="[896,929,1469,1490]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Iris</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(with yellow flowers) in cemeteries (but not on other cultivated irises with large bicolored flowers).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD736A2C526085FFD554F143E0DF928" blockId="4.[707,1194,194,1729]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C684D21C526085FFD554F143948F9C8" box="[731,832,1548,1569]" class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" genus="Iris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spuria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFD554F143948F9C8" box="[731,832,1548,1569]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Iris spuria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a perennial plant occurring in wet meadows and sandy riparian plains at elevations of
|
||
<quantity id="4C909B47C526085FFD514F5A396DF9BE" box="[735,869,1602,1624]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" unit="m" value="1350.0" valueMax="1900.0" valueMin="800.0">800–1,900 m</quantity>
|
||
. It is distributed in northern and northwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37F7632C526085FFCB04F45396DF99B" box="[830,869,1629,1650]" name="Iran" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Caucasus, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37F7632C526085FFC7D4F453E4CF99B" box="[1011,1092,1629,1650]" name="Turkey" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Anatolia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37F7632C526085FFBED4F453EADF99B" box="[1123,1189,1629,1650]" name="Turkey" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it is known in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49ACF840C526085FFCEC4F6F399CF965" box="[866,916,1655,1677]" country="Turkey" name="Igdir" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Iğdır</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49ACF840C526085FFC2D4F6F39DCF965" box="[931,980,1655,1676]" country="Turkey" name="Kars" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Kars</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49ACF840C526085FFC6C4F6F3E35F965" box="[994,1085,1655,1676]" country="Turkey" name="Erzincan" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Erzincan</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49ACF840C526085FFBC24F6F3EADF965" box="[1100,1189,1655,1676]" country="Turkey" name="Erzurum" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Erzurum</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49ACF840C526085FFD4D4F8A38E4F94E" box="[707,748,1681,1703]" country="Turkey" name="Mus" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Muş</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49ACF840C526085FFD754F8A392AF94E" box="[763,802,1682,1703]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Van</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49ACF840C526085FFCA34F8A3972F94E" box="[813,890,1682,1703]" country="Turkey" name="Hakkari" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Hakkari</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49ACF840C526085FFC3E4F8A39E1F94E" box="[944,1001,1681,1703]" country="Turkey" name="Nigde" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">Niğde</collectingRegion>
|
||
Provinces (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B53C526085FFBD54F8A38FCF928" author="Mathew & Iris L." pageId="4" pageNumber="159" pagination="382 - 411" refId="ref3863" refString="Mathew, B. 1984. Iris L. [pp. 382 - 411]. In: Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 8 (P. H. Davis, editor). Edinburgh at the University Press, Edinburgh, UK." type="book chapter" year="1984">Mathew 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B53C526085FFC8E4FB43939F928" author="Mathew & Iris L." box="[768,817,1708,1729]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" pagination="227 - 228" refId="ref3914" refString="Mathew, B. 1988. Iris L. [227 - 228]. In: Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 10 (P. H. Davis, editor). Edinburgh at the University Press, Edinburgh, UK." type="book chapter" year="1988">1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF94B53C526085FFCB04FB439F2F928" author="Guvenc" box="[830,1018,1708,1729]" pageId="4" pageNumber="159" pagination="125 - 136" refId="ref3655" refString="Guvenc, A., S. Kurucu, M. Koyuncu, O. Arihan, and C. S. Erdurak. 2005. Investigation on the seeds of Iris spuria L. subsp. musulmanica (Fomin) Takht. (Iridaceae). Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2 (3): 125 - 136." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Güvenç
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CEAB0C526085FFC014FB439B2F928" box="[911,954,1708,1729]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="159">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |