413 lines
65 KiB
XML
413 lines
65 KiB
XML
<document id="7A16CA1652D1037DA62C92133E762C5A" ID-CLB-Dataset="20763" ID-DOI="10.37520/aemnp.2021.025" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0839d72f-9521-4f11-916a-4b4c8ea24e8f" ID-ISSN="1804-6487" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5821143" ID-ZooBank="85434EFF-F859-4BBF-8AB5-F50B9BA08771" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1641390032322" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Moctezuma, Victor, Halffter, Gonzalo & Lizardo, Viridiana" docDate="2021" docId="1B2B878A8A2DFFB5FF1BFAB4EE50F7A8" docLanguage="en" docName="ActaEntMusNatPra.61.2.447-482.pdf" docOrigin="Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 61 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:BA2C5C8540539042E893A65A182CEA85.8:ActaEntMusNatPra.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="BA2C5C8540539042E893A65A182CEA85" docStyleName="ActaEntMusNatPra.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="8" docTitle="Phanaeus balthasari Arnaud 2001, stat. rev." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="455" masterDocId="E712FFF28A2AFFBDFFD5FFAAEF26FFB2" masterDocTitle="The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche" masterLastPageNumber="482" masterPageNumber="447" pageNumber="454" updateTime="1699295799786" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-3.0">
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<mods:title id="2D95F6D7EB467A7547BE9B9CCBE21608">The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="722BEAFC9AD8B419C75FD4D7C40379C4">Moctezuma, Victor</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CB7FC56216E4FA79FFEA50C00075E5D1">Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl, Tlaxcala 90070, Mexico, Km 1.5 Carretera Tlaxcala-Puebla S / N, La Loma Xicohtencatl.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="ECFE8BF26685E1A594EF698A6E80DE95">Halffter, Gonzalo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C5B4F6ED021C20858A8DD47DE0B1037A">Emeritus Researcher, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico, Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CA290551A57A1DDE2B314089B92F66C2">Lizardo, Viridiana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A1F19B3B856CCBA4993C4E4ECB04B1F4">Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico, Apartado Postal 70 - 399.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D68BFE70BAF0157EAF9848D15B5E9C92">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="EEEE689A037061CE9B670FC54967E79A">Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="21113221ED237B767C2DF838B54EF565">
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<mods:date id="66FCCAA985E27A3C439F8657FE603E18">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="DD872B14E93171F2DD36FB3EB66CF437">2021-12-18</mods:number>
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<treatment id="1B2B878A8A2DFFB5FF1BFAB4EE50F7A8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6303354" ID-GBIF-Taxon="193278663" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6303354" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1B2B878A8A2DFFB5FF1BFAB4EE50F7A8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1B2B878A8A2DFFB5FF1BFAB4EE50F7A8" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="455" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
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<subSubSection id="DB9865178A2DFFBAFF1BFAB4EDE7FA87" box="[206,705,1310,1333]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="933D369C8A2DFFBAFF1BFAB4EDE7FA87" blockId="7.[206,705,1310,1333]" box="[206,705,1310,1333]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
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<heading id="C87581F08A2DFFBAFF1BFAB4EDE7FA87" box="[206,705,1310,1333]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A2DFFBAFF1BFAB4EDE7FA87" bold="true" box="[206,705,1310,1333]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
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<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A2DFFBAFF1BFAB4ED72FA87" ID-CoL="8TJRG" authority="Arnaud, 2001" authorityName="Arnaud" authorityYear="2001" box="[206,596,1310,1333]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balthasari" status="stat. nov.">
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<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A2DFFBAFF1BFAB4EE94FA87" bold="true" box="[206,434,1310,1333]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Phanaeus balthasari</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="F7134B6D8A2DFFBAFE62FAB4ED72FA87" author="Arnaud" box="[439,596,1310,1333]" firstAuthor="Arnaud" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" pagination="2 - 8" refId="ref24169" refString="ARNAUD P. 2001: Description de nouvelles especes de Phanaeides (Col. Scarabaeidae). Besoiro 6: 2 - 8." type="journal article" year="2001">Arnaud, 2001</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="BAC557F58A2DFFBAFDB5FAB4EDE7FA87" box="[608,705,1310,1333]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">stat. rev.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DB9865178A2DFFBAFEBEFA96ED05FAFD" box="[363,547,1340,1359]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="description">
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<paragraph id="933D369C8A2DFFBAFEBEFA96ED05FAFD" blockId="7.[151,761,1340,1420]" box="[363,547,1340,1359]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
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(
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<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFEA4FA96EE98FAFD" box="[369,446,1340,1359]" captionStart="Figs 8–9" captionStartId="8.[151,187,1301,1320]" captionTargetBox="[151,1395,200,1349]" captionTargetId="figure-13@8.[183,1405,189,1353]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 8–9.Phanaeus balthasari Arnaud,2001, stat.rev. 8 – male green phase;9 – holotype" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821156/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Figs 8–9</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFE12FA96EEF8FAFD" box="[455,478,1340,1359]" captionStart="Figs 32–42" captionStartId="21.[828,865,1898,1917]" captionTargetBox="[211,1440,197,2079]" captionTargetId="figure-13@21.[211,1376,189,2079]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figs 32–42. Posterior view of pronotum of major male. 32 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 33 – P. moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 34 – P. bal- thasari Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 35 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 36 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 37 – P.herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev.; 38 – P.furiosus Bates, 1887; 39 – P.pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 40 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863; 41 – P. victoriae Moctezuma sp. nov.; 42 – P. eximius Bates, 1887. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821182/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">34</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFE32FA96EED8FAFD" box="[487,510,1340,1359]" captionStart="Figs 43–54" captionStartId="22.[151,188,1979,1998]" captionTargetBox="[195,1407,189,1941]" captionTargetId="figure-13@22.[179,1408,189,1947]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figs 43–54. Lateral view of pronotum of major male. 43 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 44 – P. moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 45 – P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001; 46 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 47 – P. coeruleus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (holotype, by Keita Matsumoto, BMNH); 48 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 49 – P. herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (green-red phase); 50 – P. furiosus Bates, 1887 (green phase); 51 – P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 52 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863; 53 – P. victoriae Moctezuma sp. nov. (holotype); 54 – P. eximius Bates, 1887. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821186" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821186/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">45</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFDD2FA96ED3BFAFD" box="[519,541,1340,1359]" captionStart="Figs 55–62" captionStartId="23.[151,188,2010,2029]" captionTargetBox="[201,1359,189,1996]" captionTargetId="figure-13@23.[200,1387,189,1996]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figs 55–62. Pronotum of female. 55 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 56 – P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 57 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 58 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev. (dark blue-black phase); 59 – P.herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (green phase); 60 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863 (blue-green phase); 61 – P. furiosus Bates, 1887 (dark blue phase); 62 – P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821190" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821190/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">56</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DB9865178A2DFFBAFF42FAF5EE64FA3E" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="933D369C8A2DFFBAFF42FAF5EE64FA3E" blockId="7.[151,761,1340,1420]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="B39211B28A2DFFBAFF42FAF5EE64FA3E" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
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<treatmentCitation id="1223108D8A2DFFBAFF42FAF5ED30FAC0" author="ARNAUD P." box="[151,534,1375,1394]" page="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" year="2001">
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||
<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A2DFFBAFF42FAF5ED30FAC0" ID-CoL="8TJRG" authority="Arnaud, 2001: 6" authorityName="Arnaud" authorityPageNumber="6" authorityYear="2001" box="[151,534,1375,1394]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tridens" subSpecies="balthasari">
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<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A2DFFBAFF42FAF5EEA1FAC0" box="[151,391,1375,1394]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Phanaeus tridens balthasari</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="F7134B6D8A2DFFBAFE5FFAF5ED30FAC0" author="Arnaud" box="[394,534,1375,1394]" firstAuthor="Arnaud" page="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" pagination="2 - 8" refId="ref24169" refString="ARNAUD P. 2001: Description de nouvelles especes de Phanaeides (Col. Scarabaeidae). Besoiro 6: 2 - 8." type="journal article" year="2001">Arnaud, 2001: 6</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<typeStatus id="4C39883E8A2DFFBAFDC8FAF5ED61FAC0" box="[541,583,1375,1394]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Type</typeStatus>
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locality:
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<collectingCountry id="EB95760C8A2DFFBAFD43FAF5EDD3FAC0" box="[662,757,1375,1394]" name="Guatemala" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="5146F87E8A2DFFBAFF60FAD3EE18FA3E" box="[181,318,1401,1420]" country="Guatemala" name="Huehuetenango" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Huehuetenango</collectingRegion>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="DB9865178A2DFFBAFF42FA09ED16F8A3" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="933D369C8A2DFFBAFF42FA09ED10F9B4" blockId="7.[149,761,1443,1809]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
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<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A2DFFBAFF42FA09ED8CFA04" bold="true" box="[151,682,1443,1462]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
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<typeStatus id="4C39883E8A2DFFBAFF42FA09EFE5FA04" box="[151,195,1443,1462]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Type</typeStatus>
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||
material examined.
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||
<collectingCountry id="EB95760C8A2DFFBAFEA3FA09ED25FA04" box="[374,515,1443,1462]" name="Guatemala" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">GUATEMALA</collectingCountry>
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||
: H UEHUETENANGO:
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||
</emphasis>
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||
HOLOTYPE (originally designated by
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||
<bibRefCitation id="F7134B6D8A2DFFBAFE56FA14EED8FA63" author="ARNAUD" box="[387,510,1470,1489]" firstAuthor="ARNAUD" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" pagination="2 - 8" refId="ref24169" refString="ARNAUD P. 2001: Description de nouvelles especes de Phanaeides (Col. Scarabaeidae). Besoiro 6: 2 - 8." type="journal article" year="2001">ARNAUD 2001</bibRefCitation>
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||
, examined from photographs;
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFF42FA72EFECFA59" box="[151,202,1496,1515]" captionStart="Figs 8–9" captionStartId="8.[151,187,1301,1320]" captionTargetBox="[151,1395,200,1349]" captionTargetId="figure-13@8.[183,1405,189,1353]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 8–9.Phanaeus balthasari Arnaud,2001, stat.rev. 8 – male green phase;9 – holotype" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821156/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
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||
) 1 ♂ (
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||
<collectionCode id="F593AE598A2DFFBAFED1FA72EE61FA59" box="[260,327,1496,1515]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">PFASF</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A2DFFBAFE83FA72ED36FA59" bold="true" box="[342,528,1496,1515]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="EB95760C8A2DFFBAFE83FA72EE95FA59" box="[342,435,1496,1515]" name="Mexico" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">MEXICO</collectingCountry>
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||
:
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||
<collectingCountry id="EB95760C8A2DFFBAFE68FA72EEF1FA59" box="[445,471,1496,1515]" name="Switzerland" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">CH</collectingCountry>
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||
I APAS:
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||
</emphasis>
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||
P ARATYPE (examined from photographs): 1 ♂,
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||
<quantity id="547A9B798A2DFFBAFEE8FA59EE4EF9B4" box="[317,360,1523,1542]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
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||
S. Chicoasen (
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||
<collectionCode id="F593AE598A2DFFBAFE3CFA59ED0BF9B4" box="[489,557,1523,1542]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">CMNC</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="933D369C8A2DFFBAFF42F9A4ED16F8A3" blockId="7.[149,761,1443,1809]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A2DFFBAFF42F9A4EDEAF993" bold="true" box="[151,716,1550,1569]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
|
||
Non-type material studied.
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||
<collectingCountry id="EB95760C8A2DFFBAFE47F9A4ED07F993" box="[402,545,1550,1569]" name="Guatemala" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">GUATEMALA</collectingCountry>
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||
: H UEHUETENANGO:
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||
</emphasis>
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||
1 ♂, Nenton,Camino Nenton-San José Chaquial (
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||
<collectionCode id="F593AE598A2DFFBAFDD9F982ED6BF989" box="[524,589,1576,1595]" country="Guatemala" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/azap-ym2d" name="Collecion de Artropodos" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">UVGC</collectionCode>
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||
);
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||
<specimenCount id="8584FD158A2DFFBAFD8FF982ED51F989" box="[602,631,1570,1595]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
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||
, Nenton, Finca El Carmen (
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||
<collectionCode id="F593AE598A2DFFBAFF2EF9E9EE1AF9E4" box="[251,316,1603,1622]" country="Guatemala" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/azap-ym2d" name="Collecion de Artropodos" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">UVGC</collectionCode>
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||
); 2♂♂
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||
<specimenCount id="8584FD158A2DFFBAFEA9F9E9EEBFF9E4" box="[380,409,1597,1622]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
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||
, Nenton, Finca El Zapote, Río Lagarteros (
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||
<collectionCode id="F593AE598A2DFFBAFF48F9F4EFC5F9C3" box="[157,227,1630,1649]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">VMPM</collectionCode>
|
||
);
|
||
<specimenCount id="8584FD158A2DFFBAFF21F9F4EE30F9C2" box="[244,278,1623,1649]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Nenton, La Trinidad (
|
||
<collectionCode id="F593AE598A2DFFBAFE35F9F4ED07F9C3" box="[480,545,1630,1649]" country="Guatemala" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/azap-ym2d" name="Collecion de Artropodos" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">UVGC</collectionCode>
|
||
); 1 ♂, Nenton, San José Chaquial (
|
||
<collectionCode id="F593AE598A2DFFBAFF3BF9D2EE12F939" box="[238,308,1656,1675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">VMPM</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A2DFFBAFE94F9D2EEDEF939" bold="true" box="[321,504,1656,1675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="EB95760C8A2DFFBAFE94F9D2EEB8F939" box="[321,414,1656,1675]" name="Mexico" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">MEXICO</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="EB95760C8A2DFFBAFE73F9D2EE99F939" box="[422,447,1656,1675]" name="Switzerland" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">CH</collectingCountry>
|
||
I APAS:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="8584FD158A2DFFBAFE29F9D2ED3DF939" box="[508,539,1650,1675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Cerro Hueco (
|
||
<collectionCode id="F593AE598A2DFFBAFD4FF9D2EDC6F939" box="[666,736,1656,1675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">GHVM</collectionCode>
|
||
); 1 ♂
|
||
<specimenCount id="8584FD158A2DFFBAFF79F939EFEDF914" box="[172,203,1677,1702]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, El Pozuelo (
|
||
<collectionCode id="F593AE598A2DFFBAFEE9F939EEA4F914" box="[316,386,1683,1702]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">GHVM</collectionCode>
|
||
); 2 ♂♂
|
||
<specimenCount id="8584FD158A2DFFBAFE11F939EEC5F914" box="[452,483,1677,1702]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Las Delicias (
|
||
<collectionCode id="F593AE598A2DFFBAFDB7F939ED8EF914" box="[610,680,1683,1702]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">GHVM</collectionCode>
|
||
: 1 ♂
|
||
<specimenCount id="8584FD158A2DFFBAFD06F939EDD4F914" box="[723,754,1677,1702]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="F593AE598A2DFFBAFF42F904EFFAF973" box="[151,220,1710,1729]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">VMPM</collectionCode>
|
||
: 1 ♂); 1 ♂
|
||
<specimenCount id="8584FD158A2DFFBAFEEDF904EE40F972" box="[312,358,1703,1729]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="female">3 ♀♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Meseta de Copoya, Tuxtla Gutiérrez (
|
||
<collectionCode id="F593AE598A2DFFBAFD7AF904EDD3F973" box="[687,757,1710,1729]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">GHVM</collectionCode>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="8584FD158A2DFFBAFF42F962EFE0F969" box="[151,198,1730,1755]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="female">3 ♀♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="F593AE598A2DFFBAFF05F962EE33F969" box="[208,277,1736,1755]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">VMPM</collectionCode>
|
||
: 1 ♂); 2 ♂♂
|
||
<specimenCount id="8584FD158A2DFFBAFE54F962EEB9F969" box="[385,415,1730,1755]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, San Pedro (
|
||
<collectionCode id="F593AE598A2DFFBAFDDEF962ED77F969" box="[523,593,1736,1755]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">VMPM</collectionCode>
|
||
);
|
||
<specimenCount id="8584FD158A2DFFBAFDB5F962EDA8F969" box="[608,654,1730,1755]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Santa Rosa (
|
||
<collectionCode id="F593AE598A2DFFBAFF48F949EFC5F944" box="[157,227,1763,1782]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">GHVM</collectionCode>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="8584FD158A2DFFBAFF3EF949EE2AF944" box="[235,268,1757,1782]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="F593AE598A2DFFBAFEC3F949EE7DF944" box="[278,347,1763,1782]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">VMPM</collectionCode>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="8584FD158A2DFFBAFEB6F949EEA5F944" box="[355,387,1757,1782]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
); 3 ♂♂
|
||
<specimenCount id="8584FD158A2DFFBAFE18F949EECBF944" box="[461,493,1757,1782]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Vicente Guerrero (
|
||
<collectionCode id="F593AE598A2DFFBAFD4DF949EDF8F944" box="[664,734,1763,1782]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">VMPM</collectionCode>
|
||
);
|
||
<specimenCount id="8584FD158A2DFFBAFD38F949EF90F8A2" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="female">2 ♀♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, Vicente Guerrero, San Fernando (
|
||
<collectionCode id="F593AE598A2DFFBAFE35F954ED00F8A3" box="[480,550,1790,1809]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">VMPM</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DB9865178A2DFFBAFF42F883EBDDF8AD" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="933D369C8A2DFFBAFF42F883EA5FF98D" blockId="7.[151,760,1833,2080]" lastBlockId="7.[828,1440,1320,2079]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A2DFFBAFF42F883EE2AF8F2" bold="true" box="[151,268,1833,1856]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Metallic green species with yellow-red sheen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFF4AF8E3EFD9F8D2" box="[159,255,1865,1888]" captionStart="Figs 8–9" captionStartId="8.[151,187,1301,1320]" captionTargetBox="[151,1395,200,1349]" captionTargetId="figure-13@8.[183,1405,189,1353]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 8–9.Phanaeus balthasari Arnaud,2001, stat.rev. 8 – male green phase;9 – holotype" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821156/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Figs 8–9</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFEDFF8E3EE01F8D2" box="[266,295,1865,1888]" captionStart="Figs 43–54" captionStartId="22.[151,188,1979,1998]" captionTargetBox="[195,1407,189,1941]" captionTargetId="figure-13@22.[179,1408,189,1947]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figs 43–54. Lateral view of pronotum of major male. 43 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 44 – P. moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 45 – P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001; 46 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 47 – P. coeruleus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (holotype, by Keita Matsumoto, BMNH); 48 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 49 – P. herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (green-red phase); 50 – P. furiosus Bates, 1887 (green phase); 51 – P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 52 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863; 53 – P. victoriae Moctezuma sp. nov. (holotype); 54 – P. eximius Bates, 1887. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821186" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821186/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">45</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFEE7F8E3EE76F8D2" box="[306,336,1865,1888]" captionStart="Figs 55–62" captionStartId="23.[151,188,2010,2029]" captionTargetBox="[201,1359,189,1996]" captionTargetId="figure-13@23.[200,1387,189,1996]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figs 55–62. Pronotum of female. 55 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 56 – P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 57 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 58 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev. (dark blue-black phase); 59 – P.herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (green phase); 60 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863 (blue-green phase); 61 – P. furiosus Bates, 1887 (dark blue phase); 62 – P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821190" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821190/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">56</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sides of pronotal disc finely granulate and becoming granulorugose on raised outer margin of disc; disc weakly but coarsely rugose, more sparsely posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFECCF803EE5CF872" box="[281,378,1961,1984]" captionStart="Figs 8–9" captionStartId="8.[151,187,1301,1320]" captionTargetBox="[151,1395,200,1349]" captionTargetId="figure-13@8.[183,1405,189,1353]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 8–9.Phanaeus balthasari Arnaud,2001, stat.rev. 8 – male green phase;9 – holotype" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821156/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Figs 8–9</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFE53F803EE82F872" box="[390,420,1961,1984]" captionStart="Figs 43–54" captionStartId="22.[151,188,1979,1998]" captionTargetBox="[195,1407,189,1941]" captionTargetId="figure-13@22.[179,1408,189,1947]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figs 43–54. Lateral view of pronotum of major male. 43 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 44 – P. moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 45 – P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001; 46 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 47 – P. coeruleus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (holotype, by Keita Matsumoto, BMNH); 48 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 49 – P. herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (green-red phase); 50 – P. furiosus Bates, 1887 (green phase); 51 – P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 52 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863; 53 – P. victoriae Moctezuma sp. nov. (holotype); 54 – P. eximius Bates, 1887. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821186" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821186/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">45</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posteromedial process of pronotum produced into denticle, distinctly widened towards apex (not reaching anteromedial denticles), elongate, and apically bifurcated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFEBEF7A3EE9BF792" box="[363,445,2057,2080]" captionStart="Figs 32–42" captionStartId="21.[828,865,1898,1917]" captionTargetBox="[211,1440,197,2079]" captionTargetId="figure-13@21.[211,1376,189,2079]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figs 32–42. Posterior view of pronotum of major male. 32 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 33 – P. moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 34 – P. bal- thasari Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 35 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 36 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 37 – P.herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev.; 38 – P.furiosus Bates, 1887; 39 – P.pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 40 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863; 41 – P. victoriae Moctezuma sp. nov.; 42 – P. eximius Bates, 1887. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821182/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Figs 34</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFE12F7A3EEC3F792" box="[455,485,2057,2080]" captionStart="Figs 43–54" captionStartId="22.[151,188,1979,1998]" captionTargetBox="[195,1407,189,1941]" captionTargetId="figure-13@22.[179,1408,189,1947]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figs 43–54. Lateral view of pronotum of major male. 43 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 44 – P. moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 45 – P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001; 46 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 47 – P. coeruleus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (holotype, by Keita Matsumoto, BMNH); 48 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 49 – P. herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (green-red phase); 50 – P. furiosus Bates, 1887 (green phase); 51 – P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 52 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863; 53 – P. victoriae Moctezuma sp. nov. (holotype); 54 – P. eximius Bates, 1887. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821186" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821186/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">45</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anteromedial portion of pronotal disc with two denticles, distinctly separated by medial inconspicuous tubercle, this tubercle sometimes absent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFC44FAC2ECC2FACD" box="[913,996,1384,1407]" captionStart="Figs 43–54" captionStartId="22.[151,188,1979,1998]" captionTargetBox="[195,1407,189,1941]" captionTargetId="figure-13@22.[179,1408,189,1947]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figs 43–54. Lateral view of pronotum of major male. 43 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 44 – P. moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 45 – P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001; 46 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 47 – P. coeruleus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (holotype, by Keita Matsumoto, BMNH); 48 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 49 – P. herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (green-red phase); 50 – P. furiosus Bates, 1887 (green phase); 51 – P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 52 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863; 53 – P. victoriae Moctezuma sp. nov. (holotype); 54 – P. eximius Bates, 1887. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821186" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821186/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anterolateral margins of pronotal disc with distinctly developed ridge of tubercles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFAEFFA22EAB6FA2D" box="[1338,1424,1416,1439]" captionStart="Figs 43–54" captionStartId="22.[151,188,1979,1998]" captionTargetBox="[195,1407,189,1941]" captionTargetId="figure-13@22.[179,1408,189,1947]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figs 43–54. Lateral view of pronotum of major male. 43 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 44 – P. moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 45 – P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001; 46 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 47 – P. coeruleus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (holotype, by Keita Matsumoto, BMNH); 48 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 49 – P. herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (green-red phase); 50 – P. furiosus Bates, 1887 (green phase); 51 – P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 52 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863; 53 – P. victoriae Moctezuma sp. nov. (holotype); 54 – P. eximius Bates, 1887. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821186" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821186/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posterolateral angles of pronotum less developed than posteromedial process of pronotum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFB11FA62EA31FA6D" box="[1220,1303,1480,1503]" captionStart="Figs 32–42" captionStartId="21.[828,865,1898,1917]" captionTargetBox="[211,1440,197,2079]" captionTargetId="figure-13@21.[211,1376,189,2079]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figs 32–42. Posterior view of pronotum of major male. 32 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 33 – P. moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 34 – P. bal- thasari Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 35 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 36 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 37 – P.herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev.; 38 – P.furiosus Bates, 1887; 39 – P.pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 40 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863; 41 – P. victoriae Moctezuma sp. nov.; 42 – P. eximius Bates, 1887. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821182/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Figs 34</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFAF7FA62EA66FA6D" box="[1314,1344,1480,1503]" captionStart="Figs 43–54" captionStartId="22.[151,188,1979,1998]" captionTargetBox="[195,1407,189,1941]" captionTargetId="figure-13@22.[179,1408,189,1947]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figs 43–54. Lateral view of pronotum of major male. 43 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 44 – P. moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 45 – P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001; 46 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 47 – P. coeruleus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (holotype, by Keita Matsumoto, BMNH); 48 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 49 – P. herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (green-red phase); 50 – P. furiosus Bates, 1887 (green phase); 51 – P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 52 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863; 53 – P. victoriae Moctezuma sp. nov. (holotype); 54 – P. eximius Bates, 1887. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821186" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821186/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">45</figureCitation>
|
||
). Elytral striae scabriculous, distinctly impressed and superficially punctate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFC1BF9A2EB14F9AD" box="[974,1074,1544,1567]" captionStart="Figs 8–9" captionStartId="8.[151,187,1301,1320]" captionTargetBox="[151,1395,200,1349]" captionTargetId="figure-13@8.[183,1405,189,1353]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 8–9.Phanaeus balthasari Arnaud,2001, stat.rev. 8 – male green phase;9 – holotype" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821156/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Figs 8–9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Elytral interstriae scabriculous, smooth, superficially punctate and convex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFADEF982EA4BF98D" box="[1291,1389,1576,1599]" captionStart="Figs 8–9" captionStartId="8.[151,187,1301,1320]" captionTargetBox="[151,1395,200,1349]" captionTargetId="figure-13@8.[183,1405,189,1353]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 8–9.Phanaeus balthasari Arnaud,2001, stat.rev. 8 – male green phase;9 – holotype" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821156/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Figs 8–9</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="933D369C8A2DFFBAFCE9F9E2EBDDF8AD" blockId="7.[828,1440,1320,2079]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A2DFFBAFCE9F9E2EB6DF9ED" bold="true" box="[828,1099,1608,1631]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
|
||
Variability.
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A2DFFBAFC17F9E2EB6DF9ED" bold="true" box="[962,1099,1608,1631]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A2DFFBAFC17F9E2EB2EF9ED" authorityName="Greenslade P & Greenslade Pjm" authorityYear="1987" box="[962,1032,1608,1631]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Minor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Minor</taxonomicName>
|
||
male.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to major males, except for reduction of secondary sexual characters (i.e., cephalic horn, pronotal processes and posterolateral angles).
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A2DFFBAFA81F922EC70F90D" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Female.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to male, except for head showing trituberculate carina; pronotal sculpture granulate; pronotum with anteromedial black macula, and anteromedial trapezoidal carina followed by posterior concavity (
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFB4BF8A2EBC8F8AD" box="[1182,1262,1800,1823]" captionStart="Figs 55–62" captionStartId="23.[151,188,2010,2029]" captionTargetBox="[201,1359,189,1996]" captionTargetId="figure-13@23.[200,1387,189,1996]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figs 55–62. Pronotum of female. 55 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 56 – P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 57 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 58 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev. (dark blue-black phase); 59 – P.herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (green phase); 60 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863 (blue-green phase); 61 – P. furiosus Bates, 1887 (dark blue phase); 62 – P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821190" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821190/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Fig. 56</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DB9865178A2DFFB5FCE9F882EFD8F868" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="455" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="933D369C8A2DFFB5FCE9F882EE87FA48" blockId="7.[828,1440,1320,2079]" lastBlockId="8.[151,763,1411,2074]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="455" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A2DFFBAFCE9F882EC98F88D" bold="true" box="[828,958,1832,1855]" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Comments.</emphasis>
|
||
Specimens of this species were erroneously referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A2DFFBAFC1EF8E2EBAEF8ED" authorityName="Balthasar" authorityYear="1939" box="[971,1160,1864,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudofurcosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A2DFFBAFC1EF8E2EBAEF8ED" box="[971,1160,1864,1887]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">P. pseudofurcosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F7134B6D8A2DFFBAFB78F8E2EA43F8ED" author="EDMONDS" box="[1197,1381,1864,1887]" firstAuthor="EDMONDS" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref25450" refString="EDMONDS W. D. 1994: Revision of Phanaeus MacLeay, a New World genus of Scarabaeinae dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae). Contributions in Science of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 443: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1994">EDMONDS (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who considered it a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A2DFFBAFBA5F8C2EBF5F8CD" authorityName="Castelnau" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="CASTELNAU" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1136,1235,1896,1919]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tridens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A2DFFBAFBA5F8C2EBF5F8CD" box="[1136,1235,1896,1919]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">P. tridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFB34F8C2EA66F8CD" box="[1249,1344,1896,1919]" captionStart="Figs 1–5" captionStartId="5.[151,188,1699,1718]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,206,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-13@5.[151,1436,205,1678]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs 1–5. Phanaeus tridens Castelnau, 1840. 1 – male green phase; 2 – male green-red phase; 3 – neotype and labels, present designation (by Christophe Rivier, MNHN); 4 – P. frankenbergeri junior subjective synonymy, holotype and labels (by Jiří Hájek, NMPC); 5 – Eൽආඈඇൽඌ’ (1994) neotype of P. tridens and labels (by Simon Hinkley, NMVA). Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821151/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Figs 1–5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFA9EF8C2EA4EF8CD" box="[1355,1384,1896,1919]" captionStart="Figs 43–54" captionStartId="22.[151,188,1979,1998]" captionTargetBox="[195,1407,189,1941]" captionTargetId="figure-13@22.[179,1408,189,1947]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figs 43–54. Lateral view of pronotum of major male. 43 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 44 – P. moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 45 – P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001; 46 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 47 – P. coeruleus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (holotype, by Keita Matsumoto, BMNH); 48 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 49 – P. herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (green-red phase); 50 – P. furiosus Bates, 1887 (green phase); 51 – P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 52 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863; 53 – P. victoriae Moctezuma sp. nov. (holotype); 54 – P. eximius Bates, 1887. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821186" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821186/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">45</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFAA7F8C2EAB6F8CD" box="[1394,1424,1896,1919]" captionStart="Figs 55–62" captionStartId="23.[151,188,2010,2029]" captionTargetBox="[201,1359,189,1996]" captionTargetId="figure-13@23.[200,1387,189,1996]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figs 55–62. Pronotum of female. 55 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 56 – P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 57 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 58 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev. (dark blue-black phase); 59 – P.herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (green phase); 60 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863 (blue-green phase); 61 – P. furiosus Bates, 1887 (dark blue phase); 62 – P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821190" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821190/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">55</figureCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, specimens of the real
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A2DFFBAFB72F822EA47F82D" authorityName="Balthasar" authorityYear="1939" box="[1191,1377,1928,1951]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudofurcosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A2DFFBAFB72F822EA47F82D" box="[1191,1377,1928,1951]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">P. pseudofurcosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFAB8F822ECA7F80D" captionStart="Figs 22–23" captionStartId="16.[151,187,2059,2078]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,868,2002]" captionTargetId="figure-366@16.[151,1436,868,2014]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figs 22–23.Phanaeus pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat.rev.22 – male green phase;23 – holotype and labels (by Jiří Hájek,NMPC).Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821170" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821170/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Figs 22–23</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFC5FF802EC81F80D" box="[906,935,1960,1983]" captionStart="Figs 32–42" captionStartId="21.[828,865,1898,1917]" captionTargetBox="[211,1440,197,2079]" captionTargetId="figure-13@21.[211,1376,189,2079]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figs 32–42. Posterior view of pronotum of major male. 32 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 33 – P. moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 34 – P. bal- thasari Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 35 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 36 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 37 – P.herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev.; 38 – P.furiosus Bates, 1887; 39 – P.pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 40 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863; 41 – P. victoriae Moctezuma sp. nov.; 42 – P. eximius Bates, 1887. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821182/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">39</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFC65F802ECEBF80D" box="[944,973,1960,1983]" captionStart="Figs 43–54" captionStartId="22.[151,188,1979,1998]" captionTargetBox="[195,1407,189,1941]" captionTargetId="figure-13@22.[179,1408,189,1947]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figs 43–54. Lateral view of pronotum of major male. 43 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 44 – P. moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 45 – P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001; 46 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 47 – P. coeruleus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (holotype, by Keita Matsumoto, BMNH); 48 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 49 – P. herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (green-red phase); 50 – P. furiosus Bates, 1887 (green phase); 51 – P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 52 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863; 53 – P. victoriae Moctezuma sp. nov. (holotype); 54 – P. eximius Bates, 1887. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821186" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821186/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">51</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A2DFFBAFC03F802ECD4F80D" box="[982,1010,1960,1983]" captionStart="Figs 55–62" captionStartId="23.[151,188,2010,2029]" captionTargetBox="[201,1359,189,1996]" captionTargetId="figure-13@23.[200,1387,189,1996]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figs 55–62. Pronotum of female. 55 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 56 – P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 57 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 58 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev. (dark blue-black phase); 59 – P.herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (green phase); 60 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863 (blue-green phase); 61 – P. furiosus Bates, 1887 (dark blue phase); 62 – P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821190" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821190/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">62</figureCitation>
|
||
) were referred to as the “
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5146F87E8A2DFFBAFB20F802EA60F80D" box="[1269,1350,1960,1983]" country="Mexico" name="Colima" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">Colima</collectingRegion>
|
||
population” of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A2DFFBAFC44F862EBD9F86D" authority="tridens (EDMONDS 1994)" authorityName="tridens (EDMONDS" authorityYear="1994" baseAuthorityName="EDMONDS" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[913,1279,1992,2015]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tridens" subSpecies="tridens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A2DFFBAFC44F862EB65F86D" box="[913,1091,1992,2015]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">P. tridens tridens</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F7134B6D8A2DFFBAFB9AF862EBD1F86D" author="EDMONDS" box="[1103,1271,1992,2015]" firstAuthor="EDMONDS" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref25450" refString="EDMONDS W. D. 1994: Revision of Phanaeus MacLeay, a New World genus of Scarabaeinae dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae). Contributions in Science of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 443: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1994">EDMONDS 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Subsequently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F7134B6D8A2DFFBAFCE9F842ECC9F84D" author="ARNAUD" box="[828,1007,2024,2047]" firstAuthor="ARNAUD" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" pagination="2 - 8" refId="ref24169" refString="ARNAUD P. 2001: Description de nouvelles especes de Phanaeides (Col. Scarabaeidae). Besoiro 6: 2 - 8." type="journal article" year="2001">ARNAUD (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized the mistake by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F7134B6D8A2DFFBAFAE4F842ECA5F7AD" author="EDMONDS" firstAuthor="EDMONDS" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref25450" refString="EDMONDS W. D. 1994: Revision of Phanaeus MacLeay, a New World genus of Scarabaeinae dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae). Contributions in Science of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 443: 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1994">EDMONDS (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and described this taxon as a new subspecies,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A2DFFB5FA5CF7A2EE78FA28" authorityName="Arnaud" authorityYear="2001" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="455" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tridens" subSpecies="balthasari">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A2DFFB5FA5CF7A2EE78FA28" italics="true" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="455" pageId="7" pageNumber="454">P. tridens balthasari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Finally,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F7134B6D8A22FFB5FE18FA29EDDEFA28" author="EDMONDS & ZIDEK" box="[461,760,1411,1434]" firstAuthor="EDMONDS" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" pagination="1 - 108" refId="ref25590" refString="EDMONDS W. D. & ZIDEK J. 2012: Taxonomy of Phanaeus revisited: Revised keys to and comments on species of the New World dung beetle genus Phanaeus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini). Insecta Mundi 274: 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="2012">EDMONDS & ZÍDEK (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A22FFB5FF28FA09EEB0FA08" authorityName="Arnaud" authorityYear="2001" box="[253,406,1443,1466]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="tridens" subSpecies="balthasari">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A22FFB5FF28FA09EEB0FA08" box="[253,406,1443,1466]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. t. balthasari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a junior subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A22FFB5FF42FA69EFDDFA68" authorityName="Castelnau" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="CASTELNAU" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[151,251,1475,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tridens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A22FFB5FF42FA69EFDDFA68" box="[151,251,1475,1498]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. tridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, arguing that the entire
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A22FFB5FE2FFA69ED79FA68" authorityName="Castelnau" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="CASTELNAU" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[506,607,1475,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tridens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A22FFB5FE2FFA69ED79FA68" box="[506,607,1475,1498]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. tridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group needed to be scrutinized.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C7FD66148A22FFB5FF42FABFEC53FA9A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821156" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5821156" box="[151,885,1301,1320]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821156/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" startId="8.[151,187,1301,1320]" targetBox="[151,1395,200,1349]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="933D369C8A22FFB5FF42FABFEC53FA9A" blockId="8.[151,885,1301,1347]" box="[151,885,1301,1320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">
|
||
Figs 8–9.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A22FFB5FF32FABFED2CFA9A" authority="Arnaud, 2001" authorityName="Arnaud" authorityYear="2001" baseAuthorityName="Arnaud" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[231,522,1301,1320]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balthasari" status="stat. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A22FFB5FF32FABFEEB2FA9A" box="[231,404,1301,1320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Phanaeus balthasari</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F7134B6D8A22FFB5FE42FABFED2CFA9A" author="Arnaud" box="[407,522,1301,1320]" firstAuthor="Arnaud" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" pagination="2 - 8" refId="ref24169" refString="ARNAUD P. 2001: Description de nouvelles especes de Phanaeides (Col. Scarabaeidae). Besoiro 6: 2 - 8." type="journal article" year="2001">Arnaud,2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BAC557F58A22FFB5FDC4FABFED71FA9A" box="[529,599,1301,1320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">stat.rev.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
8 – male green phase;9 – holotype
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="933D369C8A22FFB5FF60F9A9EFD8F868" blockId="8.[151,763,1411,2074]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">
|
||
The results of the present study demonstrate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A22FFB5FD31F9A9EE20F988" authorityName="Arnaud" authorityYear="2001" baseAuthorityName="Arnaud" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balthasari">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A22FFB5FD31F9A9EE20F988" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. balthasari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
merits full species status, because it is distinctly distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A22FFB5FE44F9E9EEDDF9E8" authorityName="Castelnau" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="CASTELNAU" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[401,507,1603,1626]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tridens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A22FFB5FE44F9E9EEDDF9E8" box="[401,507,1603,1626]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. tridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by a unique character combination: the posteromedial process of pronotum distinctly narrowed medially in posterior view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A22FFB5FD77F929EDD5F928" box="[674,755,1667,1690]" captionStart="Figs 32–42" captionStartId="21.[828,865,1898,1917]" captionTargetBox="[211,1440,197,2079]" captionTargetId="figure-13@21.[211,1376,189,2079]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figs 32–42. Posterior view of pronotum of major male. 32 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 33 – P. moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 34 – P. bal- thasari Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 35 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 36 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 37 – P.herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev.; 38 – P.furiosus Bates, 1887; 39 – P.pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 40 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863; 41 – P. victoriae Moctezuma sp. nov.; 42 – P. eximius Bates, 1887. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821182/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
|
||
; not narrowed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A22FFB5FE9DF909EE88F908" authorityName="Castelnau" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="CASTELNAU" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[328,430,1699,1722]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tridens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A22FFB5FE9DF909EE88F908" box="[328,430,1699,1722]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. tridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A22FFB5FE6EF909ED2CF908" box="[443,522,1699,1722]" captionStart="Figs 32–42" captionStartId="21.[828,865,1898,1917]" captionTargetBox="[211,1440,197,2079]" captionTargetId="figure-13@21.[211,1376,189,2079]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figs 32–42. Posterior view of pronotum of major male. 32 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 33 – P. moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 34 – P. bal- thasari Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 35 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 36 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 37 – P.herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev.; 38 – P.furiosus Bates, 1887; 39 – P.pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 40 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863; 41 – P. victoriae Moctezuma sp. nov.; 42 – P. eximius Bates, 1887. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821182/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
|
||
), ridge of tubercles of anterolateral margins of pronotal disc more raised in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A22FFB5FD31F969EE21F948" authorityName="Arnaud" authorityYear="2001" baseAuthorityName="Arnaud" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balthasari">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A22FFB5FD31F969EE21F948" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. balthasari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A22FFB5FECDF949EE4AF948" box="[280,364,1763,1786]" captionStart="Figs 43–54" captionStartId="22.[151,188,1979,1998]" captionTargetBox="[195,1407,189,1941]" captionTargetId="figure-13@22.[179,1408,189,1947]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figs 43–54. Lateral view of pronotum of major male. 43 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 44 – P. moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 45 – P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001; 46 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 47 – P. coeruleus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (holotype, by Keita Matsumoto, BMNH); 48 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 49 – P. herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (green-red phase); 50 – P. furiosus Bates, 1887 (green phase); 51 – P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 52 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863; 53 – P. victoriae Moctezuma sp. nov. (holotype); 54 – P. eximius Bates, 1887. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821186" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821186/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
|
||
), posterolateral angles of pronotum parallel in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A22FFB5FEDBF8A9EEBDF8A8" authorityName="Arnaud" authorityYear="2001" baseAuthorityName="Arnaud" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[270,411,1795,1818]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balthasari">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A22FFB5FEDBF8A9EEBDF8A8" box="[270,411,1795,1818]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. balthasari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A22FFB5FE7FF8A9ED28F8A8" box="[426,526,1795,1818]" captionStart="Figs 8–9" captionStartId="8.[151,187,1301,1320]" captionTargetBox="[151,1395,200,1349]" captionTargetId="figure-13@8.[183,1405,189,1353]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 8–9.Phanaeus balthasari Arnaud,2001, stat.rev. 8 – male green phase;9 – holotype" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821156/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Figs 8–9</figureCitation>
|
||
; subparallel in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A22FFB5FD6CF8A9EFEFF888" authorityName="Castelnau" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="CASTELNAU" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tridens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A22FFB5FD6CF8A9EFEFF888" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. tridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A22FFB5FF0DF889EE11F888" box="[216,311,1827,1850]" captionStart="Figs 1–5" captionStartId="5.[151,188,1699,1718]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,206,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-13@5.[151,1436,205,1678]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs 1–5. Phanaeus tridens Castelnau, 1840. 1 – male green phase; 2 – male green-red phase; 3 – neotype and labels, present designation (by Christophe Rivier, MNHN); 4 – P. frankenbergeri junior subjective synonymy, holotype and labels (by Jiří Hájek, NMPC); 5 – Eൽආඈඇൽඌ’ (1994) neotype of P. tridens and labels (by Simon Hinkley, NMVA). Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821151/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Figs 1–5</figureCitation>
|
||
) and pronotal disc more coarsely rugose in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A22FFB5FF64F8E9EE1FF8E8" authorityName="Arnaud" authorityYear="2001" baseAuthorityName="Arnaud" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[177,313,1859,1882]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balthasari">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A22FFB5FF64F8E9EE1FF8E8" box="[177,313,1859,1882]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. balthasari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A22FFB5FE93F8E9EE83F8E8" box="[326,421,1859,1882]" captionStart="Figs 8–9" captionStartId="8.[151,187,1301,1320]" captionTargetBox="[151,1395,200,1349]" captionTargetId="figure-13@8.[183,1405,189,1353]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 8–9.Phanaeus balthasari Arnaud,2001, stat.rev. 8 – male green phase;9 – holotype" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821156" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821156/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Figs 8–9</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A22FFB5FE7AF8E9EEEBF8E8" box="[431,461,1859,1882]" captionStart="Figs 43–54" captionStartId="22.[151,188,1979,1998]" captionTargetBox="[195,1407,189,1941]" captionTargetId="figure-13@22.[179,1408,189,1947]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figs 43–54. Lateral view of pronotum of major male. 43 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 44 – P. moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 45 – P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001; 46 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 47 – P. coeruleus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (holotype, by Keita Matsumoto, BMNH); 48 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 49 – P. herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev. (green-red phase); 50 – P. furiosus Bates, 1887 (green phase); 51 – P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 52 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863; 53 – P. victoriae Moctezuma sp. nov. (holotype); 54 – P. eximius Bates, 1887. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821186" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821186/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">45</figureCitation>
|
||
). Putative hybrid specimens or populations between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A22FFB5FE4FF8C9ED26F8C8" authorityName="Castelnau" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="CASTELNAU" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[410,512,1891,1914]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tridens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A22FFB5FE4FF8C9ED26F8C8" box="[410,512,1891,1914]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. tridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A22FFB5FDE6F8C9ED9BF8C8" authorityName="Arnaud" authorityYear="2001" baseAuthorityName="Arnaud" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[563,701,1891,1914]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balthasari">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A22FFB5FDE6F8C9ED9BF8C8" box="[563,701,1891,1914]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. balthasari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were not found, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A22FFB5FE80F829EE9BF828" authorityName="Castelnau" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="CASTELNAU" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[341,445,1923,1946]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tridens">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A22FFB5FE80F829EE9BF828" box="[341,445,1923,1946]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. tridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to north-central Veracruz and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="54824D1F8A22FFB5FEE1F809EEE5F808" authorityName="Arnaud" authorityYear="2001" baseAuthorityName="Arnaud" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[308,451,1955,1978]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Phanaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balthasari">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A22FFB5FEE1F809EEE5F808" box="[308,451,1955,1978]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">P. balthasari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to Chiapas and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="EB95760C8A22FFB5FD57F809EDDEF808" box="[642,760,1955,1978]" name="Guatemala" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A22FFB5FF4AF869EFD7F868" box="[159,241,1987,2010]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[151,182,953,972]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,196,930]" captionTargetId="figure-13@28.[162,1425,196,930]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 64. Predicted distribution of P. tridens Castelnau, 1840, P. moroni Arnaud, 2001 and P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001. The distribution of P. coeruleus Bates, 1887 was not modelled because it is only known from a single locality that needs confirmation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821195" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821195/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Fig. 64</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DB9865178A22FFB5FF42F849EE50F7A8" pageId="8" pageNumber="455" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="933D369C8A22FFB5FF42F849EE50F7A8" blockId="8.[151,763,1411,2074]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1F6EA8E8A22FFB5FF42F849EE0CF848" bold="true" box="[151,298,2019,2042]" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
From
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5146F87E8A22FFB5FEA4F849EEECF848" box="[369,458,2019,2042]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="EB95760C8A22FFB5FE00F849ED00F848" box="[469,550,2019,2042]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5146F87E8A22FFB5FD9FF849EDD2F848" box="[586,756,2019,2042]" country="Guatemala" name="Huehuetenango" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Huehuetenango</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="EB95760C8A22FFB5FF42F7A9EE2DF7A8" box="[151,267,2051,2074]" name="Guatemala" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="0BB92A198A22FFB5FECCF7A9EE4FF7A8" box="[281,361,2051,2074]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[151,182,953,972]" captionTargetBox="[162,1425,196,930]" captionTargetId="figure-13@28.[162,1425,196,930]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 64. Predicted distribution of P. tridens Castelnau, 1840, P. moroni Arnaud, 2001 and P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001. The distribution of P. coeruleus Bates, 1887 was not modelled because it is only known from a single locality that needs confirmation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5821195" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5821195/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="455">Fig. 64</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |