plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/03/80/87/038087CBFFE70700FF7592FBFBA0A4AA.xml
maintenance bc2564723d added 03
2024-06-21 12:22:17 +02:00

818 lines
214 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="05CD5DA650234931ADFBD87A545CF090" ID-CLB-Dataset="7393" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4944.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8adfa0f6-06a7-44b5-a3be-351d0bdc7a62" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4681813" ID-ZooBank="380D2F75-D4F9-4974-97E2-25E0C62CB3B0" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1615997073071" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kobayashi, Shigeki, Johns, Chris A. &amp; Kawahara, Akito Y." docDate="2021" docId="038087CBFFE70700FF7592FBFBA0A4AA" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4944.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4944 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Philodoria Walsingham 1907" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="FFB9FFB3FFEE070FFFE29409FF89A136" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Hawaiian endemic leaf-mining moth genus Philodoria Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): its conservation status, host plants and descriptions of thirteen new species" masterLastPageNumber="175" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="10" updateTime="1698933850732" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="23C6FEF8BA991C832BDE6B6B87F11466" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="210382FB27C1D2D36C494EEB79D9FBB1">
<mods:title id="263153DD4583014BA1A28034A1790503">Revision of the Hawaiian endemic leaf-mining moth genus Philodoria Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): its conservation status, host plants and descriptions of thirteen new species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="E0816EE46F54FF012423DBC09426D579" type="personal">
<mods:role id="F90AD7F2995567CF80FCCB1FA53A1058">
<mods:roleTerm id="077FB5E2A472A8E27E7D3F1E3FA9DF03">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="B26A7D4E1FCF4D546235F1F5A91BD2C8">Kobayashi, Shigeki</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="EE91FD6DED337970B926FF4623B4A61E" type="ORCID">0000-0002-1336-4730</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="3639192A97318356FD7DFA28110CA765" type="email">crossroad1994@hotmail.co.jp</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="205E74926944E036B879CB8ACE1B233F" type="personal">
<mods:role id="F7236539831BAD4B2A6DCD9F7CFDF904">
<mods:roleTerm id="CC09024531CEF45015FACB2CD6DC9FFD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="0FB44726D2BB6B220701C3E16D6F485A">Johns, Chris A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="E24BDA4A6536D6B050E2991978D16F0F" type="ORCID">0000-0002-1749-3847</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="28B32F31B95C698B0AFF10A66B993019" type="personal">
<mods:role id="F24469C8DBAD6EA285A9ED8E0C86DECA">
<mods:roleTerm id="E1A79EF1F63951010CDB38CFC21FF01A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="1AFFCC82619099A0517D369F12160F2C">Kawahara, Akito Y.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="B09A294508B1CC9B7D05EEBA135C487C" type="ORCID">0000-0002-1749-3847</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="A6AE3BAE94AB275EC6B1A0A3B7239460">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="6E097C550DC5219B5CB7F7045A47ADD7" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="24912771C13B3B1D971E4F8105DE0ED0">
<mods:title id="020C46CC43F510C6B529F6A822E11F66">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="1698EC085BD4EB49D976C9E32A2821B3">
<mods:date id="E7AE09237265FA7F94474B830740283E">2021</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="87B95387F51938520E92D75079BF7126" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="7B7E2421B0607EA6D3CF503EBE29D486">2021-03-17</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="1FF75549C43CB3CA4BA852232C8890C3" type="volume">
<mods:number id="4A4EB5724A27113A2FECAC9C4843A3AF">4944</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="8B1FC3F7256470D1AE85AE70F1E70BBF" type="issue">
<mods:number id="D52D1369C01C3CBD7240932B08D8C0B6">1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="4737DB41A8D916B680AC36BFD02DEF8C" unit="page">
<mods:start id="7F8EF8E31D3A8B63B6620D56D72B0969">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="2FA3DE3290072EE9AE713FB9FB1A8200">175</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="9CA9B25021E450000CD3B6E4556BADAA">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="59FF3727D55C07277709D3B38E730BFA" type="CLB-Dataset">7393</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D10BDCDF0008C7B6016589CD1A2A6FBF" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4944.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="19A8CA6F1BF3C0F27A86971959ACE197" type="GBIF-Dataset">8adfa0f6-06a7-44b5-a3be-351d0bdc7a62</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3D5F88CFA5984D6FCA169B827978CEA0" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3F006C912411674A8AD1E6C629A410DC" type="Zenodo-Dep">4681813</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="2765CFE0D250981A2360EC90FA84A34B" type="ZooBank">380D2F75-D4F9-4974-97E2-25E0C62CB3B0</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="038087CBFFE70700FF7592FBFBA0A4AA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4683210" ID-GBIF-Taxon="181002374" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4683210" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038087CBFFE70700FF7592FBFBA0A4AA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038087CBFFE70700FF7592FBFBA0A4AA" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFE70706FF7592FBFD1BA63A" box="[151,658,1778,1805]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE70706FF7592FBFD1BA63A" blockId="9.[151,658,1778,1877]" box="[151,658,1778,1805]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE70706FF7592FBFD1BA63A" bold="true" box="[151,658,1778,1805]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE70706FF0C92FAFD1BA63A" ID-CoL="8V6FQ" authority="Walsingham, 1907" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[238,658,1778,1805]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE70706FF0C92FAFE2CA63B" bold="true" box="[238,421,1779,1805]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">PHILODORIA</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE70706FE4E92FBFD1BA63A" author="Walsingham, Thomas" box="[428,658,1778,1804]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="469 - 759" refId="ref102986" refString="Walsingham, Thomas, de Grey (Lord) (1907) Microlepidoptera. In: Sharp, D. (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis. 1 (5). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 469 - 759." type="book chapter" year="1907">Walsingham, 1907</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFE70706FF75931EFD9EA607" box="[151,535,1814,1841]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE70706FF75931EFD9EA607" blockId="9.[151,658,1778,1877]" box="[151,535,1814,1841]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Hawaiian Name:
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE70706FEB9931FFD9EA607" bold="true" box="[347,535,1814,1841]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Hunelele ‘elilau</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFE70706FF759332FEB6A663" box="[151,319,1850,1877]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE70706FF759332FEB6A663" blockId="9.[151,658,1778,1877]" box="[151,319,1850,1877]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE70706FF759332FE99A663" box="[151,272,1850,1877]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-10="FIGURE 13" captionStart-11="FIGURE 14" captionStart-12="FIGURE 15" captionStart-13="FIGURE 16" captionStart-14="FIGURE 17" captionStart-15="FIGURE 18" captionStart-16="FIGURE 19" captionStart-17="FIGURE 20" captionStart-18="FIGURE 21" captionStart-19="FIGURE 22" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStart-20="FIGURE 23" captionStart-21="FIGURE 24" captionStart-22="FIGURE 25" captionStart-23="FIGURE 26" captionStart-24="FIGURE 27" captionStart-25="FIGURE 28" captionStart-26="FIGURE 29" captionStart-27="FIGURE 30" captionStart-28="FIGURE 31" captionStart-29="FIGURE 32" captionStart-3="FIGURE 6" captionStart-30="FIGURE 33" captionStart-31="FIGURE 34" captionStart-32="FIGURE 35" captionStart-33="FIGURE 36" captionStart-34="FIGURE 37" captionStart-35="FIGURE 38" captionStart-36="FIGURE 39" captionStart-37="FIGURE 40" captionStart-38="FIGURE 41" captionStart-39="FIGURE 42" captionStart-4="FIGURE 7" captionStart-40="FIGURE 43" captionStart-41="FIGURE 44" captionStart-42="FIGURE 45" captionStart-43="FIGURE 46" captionStart-44="FIGURE 47" captionStart-45="FIGURE 48" captionStart-46="FIGURE 49" captionStart-47="FIGURE 50" captionStart-48="FIGURE 51" captionStart-49="FIGURE 52" captionStart-5="FIGURE 8" captionStart-50="FIGURE 53" captionStart-51="FIGURE 54" captionStart-52="FIGURE 55" captionStart-53="FIGURE 56" captionStart-54="FIGURE 57" captionStart-55="FIGURE 58" captionStart-56="FIGURE 59" captionStart-57="FIGURE 60" captionStart-58="FIGURE 61" captionStart-59="FIGURE 62" captionStart-6="FIGURE 9" captionStart-60="FIGURE 63" captionStart-61="FIGURE 64" captionStart-62="FIGURE 65" captionStart-63="FIGURE 66" captionStart-64="FIGURE 67" captionStart-65="FIGURE 68" captionStart-66="FIGURE 69" captionStart-67="FIGURE 70" captionStart-68="FIGURE 71" captionStart-69="FIGURE 72" captionStart-7="FIGURE 10" captionStart-70="FIGURE 73" captionStart-71="FIGURE 74" captionStart-72="FIGURE 75" captionStart-73="FIGURE 76" captionStart-74="FIGURE 77" captionStart-75="FIGURE 78" captionStart-76="FIGURE 79" captionStart-77="FIGURE 80" captionStart-78="FIGURE 81" captionStart-79="FIGURE 82" captionStart-8="FIGURE 11" captionStart-80="FIGURE 83" captionStart-81="FIGURE 84" captionStart-82="FIGURE 85" captionStart-83="FIGURE 86" captionStart-84="FIGURE 87" captionStart-85="FIGURE 88" captionStart-86="FIGURE 89" captionStart-87="FIGURE 90" captionStart-88="FIGURE 91" captionStart-89="FIGURE 92" captionStart-9="FIGURE 12" captionStart-90="FIGURE 93" captionStart-91="FIGURE 94" captionStart-92="FIGURE 95" captionStartId-0="11.[151,250,1821,1845]" captionStartId-1="12.[151,250,1861,1885]" captionStartId-10="28.[151,250,1178,1202]" captionStartId-11="29.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionStartId-12="30.[151,250,1656,1680]" captionStartId-13="31.[151,250,1152,1176]" captionStartId-14="33.[151,250,1656,1680]" captionStartId-15="34.[151,250,1735,1759]" captionStartId-16="37.[151,250,1661,1685]" captionStartId-17="38.[151,250,1653,1677]" captionStartId-18="40.[151,250,1622,1646]" captionStartId-19="41.[151,250,1199,1223]" captionStartId-2="13.[151,250,1667,1691]" captionStartId-20="43.[151,250,1658,1682]" captionStartId-21="44.[151,250,1652,1676]" captionStartId-22="46.[151,250,1637,1661]" captionStartId-23="49.[151,250,1720,1744]" captionStartId-24="50.[151,250,1701,1725]" captionStartId-25="51.[151,250,1709,1733]" captionStartId-26="52.[151,250,1696,1720]" captionStartId-27="53.[151,250,660,684]" captionStartId-28="61.[151,250,1953,1977]" captionStartId-29="62.[151,250,1685,1709]" captionStartId-3="14.[151,250,1193,1217]" captionStartId-30="64.[151,250,1776,1800]" captionStartId-31="65.[151,250,848,872]" captionStartId-32="66.[151,250,1651,1675]" captionStartId-33="68.[151,250,1570,1594]" captionStartId-34="69.[151,250,1589,1613]" captionStartId-35="70.[151,250,1601,1625]" captionStartId-36="74.[151,250,1665,1689]" captionStartId-37="75.[151,250,1791,1815]" captionStartId-38="76.[151,250,1685,1709]" captionStartId-39="77.[151,250,1773,1797]" captionStartId-4="22.[151,250,1577,1601]" captionStartId-40="78.[151,250,1790,1814]" captionStartId-41="79.[151,250,1362,1386]" captionStartId-42="80.[151,250,1277,1301]" captionStartId-43="81.[151,250,1867,1891]" captionStartId-44="82.[151,250,1590,1614]" captionStartId-45="90.[151,250,1868,1892]" captionStartId-46="91.[151,250,1892,1916]" captionStartId-47="92.[151,250,1673,1697]" captionStartId-48="93.[151,250,1899,1923]" captionStartId-49="94.[151,250,1717,1741]" captionStartId-5="23.[151,250,1616,1640]" captionStartId-50="104.[151,250,749,773]" captionStartId-51="104.[151,250,1844,1868]" captionStartId-52="105.[151,250,1383,1407]" captionStartId-53="106.[151,250,1881,1905]" captionStartId-54="107.[151,250,1554,1578]" captionStartId-55="109.[151,250,1622,1646]" captionStartId-56="110.[151,250,1714,1738]" captionStartId-57="111.[151,250,921,945]" captionStartId-58="112.[151,250,1587,1611]" captionStartId-59="113.[151,250,1437,1461]" captionStartId-6="24.[151,250,1194,1218]" captionStartId-60="114.[151,250,1583,1607]" captionStartId-61="115.[151,250,1375,1399]" captionStartId-62="116.[151,250,1758,1782]" captionStartId-63="118.[151,250,1829,1853]" captionStartId-64="119.[151,250,1370,1394]" captionStartId-65="120.[151,250,1748,1772]" captionStartId-66="121.[151,250,1688,1712]" captionStartId-67="123.[151,250,150,174]" captionStartId-68="123.[151,250,1234,1258]" captionStartId-69="124.[151,250,1279,1303]" captionStartId-7="25.[151,250,1659,1683]" captionStartId-70="125.[151,250,1698,1722]" captionStartId-71="126.[151,250,714,738]" captionStartId-72="137.[151,250,1489,1513]" captionStartId-73="138.[151,250,1174,1198]" captionStartId-74="139.[151,250,1654,1678]" captionStartId-75="140.[151,250,1631,1655]" captionStartId-76="141.[151,250,1708,1732]" captionStartId-77="142.[151,250,1699,1723]" captionStartId-78="143.[151,250,1836,1860]" captionStartId-79="144.[151,250,1255,1279]" captionStartId-8="26.[151,250,1651,1675]" captionStartId-80="145.[151,250,1446,1470]" captionStartId-81="146.[151,250,1826,1850]" captionStartId-82="147.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionStartId-83="148.[151,250,1146,1170]" captionStartId-84="149.[151,250,1898,1922]" captionStartId-85="150.[151,250,1491,1515]" captionStartId-86="151.[151,250,1882,1906]" captionStartId-87="152.[151,250,1575,1599]" captionStartId-88="153.[151,250,1924,1948]" captionStartId-89="154.[151,250,1485,1509]" captionStartId-9="27.[151,250,1913,1937]" captionStartId-90="155.[151,250,1435,1459]" captionStartId-91="156.[151,250,1507,1531]" captionStartId-92="157.[151,250,1813,1837]" captionTargetBox-0="[352,1247,199,1785]" captionTargetBox-1="[208,1375,186,1836]" captionTargetBox-10="[155,1436,185,1149]" captionTargetBox-11="[160,1430,187,1620]" captionTargetBox-12="[155,1433,185,1627]" captionTargetBox-13="[170,1417,186,1124]" captionTargetBox-14="[181,1406,709,1630]" captionTargetBox-15="[155,1431,746,1706]" captionTargetBox-16="[162,1424,206,1630]" captionTargetBox-17="[153,1432,186,1625]" captionTargetBox-18="[169,1418,184,1593]" captionTargetBox-19="[155,1432,186,1146]" captionTargetBox-2="[165,1421,184,1640]" captionTargetBox-20="[154,1431,187,1628]" captionTargetBox-21="[158,1429,187,1621]" captionTargetBox-22="[163,1424,187,1607]" captionTargetBox-23="[195,1392,185,1692]" captionTargetBox-24="[202,1385,186,1668]" captionTargetBox-25="[202,1388,189,1678]" captionTargetBox-26="[199,1382,185,1665]" captionTargetBox-27="[152,1435,188,632]" captionTargetBox-28="[164,1422,186,1924]" captionTargetBox-29="[156,1426,187,1654]" captionTargetBox-3="[169,1418,186,1146]" captionTargetBox-30="[202,1387,185,1746]" captionTargetBox-31="[155,1429,187,820]" captionTargetBox-32="[155,1428,185,1622]" captionTargetBox-33="[196,1393,187,1540]" captionTargetBox-34="[157,1429,199,1566]" captionTargetBox-35="[155,1430,998,1572]" captionTargetBox-36="[175,1416,191,1628]" captionTargetBox-37="[201,1379,192,1757]" captionTargetBox-38="[161,1426,183,1654]" captionTargetBox-39="[168,1421,187,1741]" captionTargetBox-4="[188,1397,184,1549]" captionTargetBox-40="[159,1418,191,1759]" captionTargetBox-41="[164,1431,191,1329]" captionTargetBox-42="[156,1429,567,1234]" captionTargetBox-43="[161,1431,1179,1840]" captionTargetBox-44="[159,1426,191,1557]" captionTargetBox-45="[162,1427,187,1835]" captionTargetBox-46="[162,1421,189,1858]" captionTargetBox-47="[158,1427,187,1641]" captionTargetBox-48="[224,1359,203,1861]" captionTargetBox-49="[169,1419,190,1687]" captionTargetBox-5="[171,1415,185,1587]" captionTargetBox-50="[157,1430,282,721]" captionTargetBox-51="[160,1434,842,1815]" captionTargetBox-52="[249,1345,190,1349]" captionTargetBox-53="[170,1411,192,1821]" captionTargetBox-54="[181,1405,189,1520]" captionTargetBox-55="[164,1427,193,1591]" captionTargetBox-56="[166,1426,193,1682]" captionTargetBox-57="[157,1433,191,891]" captionTargetBox-58="[151,1430,185,1560]" captionTargetBox-59="[151,1428,186,1407]" captionTargetBox-6="[155,1433,204,1166]" captionTargetBox-60="[170,1420,185,1556]" captionTargetBox-61="[167,1422,200,1348]" captionTargetBox-62="[158,1429,457,1727]" captionTargetBox-63="[158,1430,528,1803]" captionTargetBox-64="[161,1430,493,1342]" captionTargetBox-65="[181,1408,388,1717]" captionTargetBox-66="[149,1435,423,1657]" captionTargetBox-68="[155,1432,241,1202]" captionTargetBox-69="[159,1430,245,1251]" captionTargetBox-7="[156,1433,187,1631]" captionTargetBox-70="[159,1429,241,1669]" captionTargetBox-71="[155,1431,205,683]" captionTargetBox-72="[155,1432,185,1464]" captionTargetBox-73="[153,1435,184,1145]" captionTargetBox-74="[155,1431,185,1624]" captionTargetBox-75="[163,1425,184,1604]" captionTargetBox-76="[157,1428,191,1681]" captionTargetBox-77="[161,1421,189,1671]" captionTargetBox-78="[160,1427,189,1804]" captionTargetBox-79="[159,1425,187,1227]" captionTargetBox-8="[155,1431,185,1624]" captionTargetBox-80="[161,1397,187,1418]" captionTargetBox-81="[174,1422,190,1794]" captionTargetBox-82="[184,1393,198,1850]" captionTargetBox-83="[160,1420,181,1121]" captionTargetBox-84="[226,1414,190,1870]" captionTargetBox-85="[155,1432,186,1461]" captionTargetBox-86="[161,1429,195,1852]" captionTargetBox-87="[354,1238,189,1538]" captionTargetBox-88="[160,1414,189,1888]" captionTargetBox-89="[160,1428,185,1460]" captionTargetBox-9="[155,1435,924,1885]" captionTargetBox-90="[155,1429,189,1406]" captionTargetBox-91="[244,1338,195,1477]" captionTargetBox-92="[160,1432,196,1778]" captionTargetId-0="figure-20@11.[326,1262,181,1798]" captionTargetId-1="figure-23@12.[206,1381,181,1838]" captionTargetId-10="figure-23@28.[151,1436,181,1154]" captionTargetId-11="figure-20@29.[151,1436,181,1623]" captionTargetId-12="figure-23@30.[151,1435,181,1632]" captionTargetId-13="figure-20@31.[165,1423,181,1128]" captionTargetId-14="figure-198@33.[177,1411,705,1633]" captionTargetId-15="figure-263@34.[151,1435,741,1712]" captionTargetId-16="figure-20@37.[159,1429,201,1638]" captionTargetId-17="figure-23@38.[147,1440,181,1630]" captionTargetId-18="figure-23@40.[167,1421,181,1598]" captionTargetId-19="figure-20@41.[151,1435,181,1152]" captionTargetId-2="figure-20@13.[161,1426,181,1643]" captionTargetId-20="figure-20@43.[151,1436,181,1635]" captionTargetId-21="figure-23@44.[151,1436,181,1629]" captionTargetId-22="figure-23@46.[160,1427,181,1613]" captionTargetId-23="figure-20@49.[191,1395,181,1696]" captionTargetId-24="figure-23@50.[201,1387,181,1677]" captionTargetId-25="figure-20@51.[196,1392,181,1685]" captionTargetId-26="figure-23@52.[199,1389,181,1672]" captionTargetId-27="figure-20@53.[144,1442,181,636]" captionTargetId-28="figure-20@61.[162,1425,181,1929]" captionTargetId-29="figure-23@62.[151,1436,181,1661]" captionTargetId-3="figure-23@14.[164,1424,181,1152]" captionTargetId-30="figure-23@64.[195,1393,181,1752]" captionTargetId-31="figure-20@65.[154,1434,181,825]" captionTargetId-32="figure-23@66.[151,1436,181,1627]" captionTargetId-33="figure-23@68.[189,1398,181,1546]" captionTargetId-34="figure-20@69.[157,1429,199,1566]" captionTargetId-35="figure-380@70.[151,1435,993,1577]" captionTargetId-36="figure-23@74.[164,1423,181,1641]" captionTargetId-37="figure-20@75.[194,1392,181,1766]" captionTargetId-38="figure-23@76.[151,1436,181,1662]" captionTargetId-39="figure-20@77.[158,1430,181,1748]" captionTargetId-4="figure-23@22.[185,1402,181,1553]" captionTargetId-40="figure-23@78.[151,1436,181,1766]" captionTargetId-41="figure-20@79.[151,1436,181,1338]" captionTargetId-42="figure-193@80.[151,1436,561,1239]" captionTargetId-43="figure-477@81.[155,1433,1173,1844]" captionTargetId-44="figure-23@82.[151,1436,181,1566]" captionTargetId-45="figure-23@90.[151,1436,181,1844]" captionTargetId-46="figure-20@91.[151,1436,181,1868]" captionTargetId-47="figure-23@92.[151,1436,181,1650]" captionTargetId-48="figure-20@93.[207,1381,181,1876]" captionTargetId-49="figure-23@94.[160,1427,181,1693]" captionTargetId-5="figure-20@23.[168,1420,181,1592]" captionTargetId-50="figure-70@104.[151,1437,273,726]" captionTargetId-51="figure-120@104.[150,1438,834,1820]" captionTargetId-52="figure-20@105.[238,1350,181,1358]" captionTargetId-53="figure-23@106.[165,1422,181,1857]" captionTargetId-54="figure-20@107.[176,1411,181,1530]" captionTargetId-55="figure-20@109.[152,1435,181,1598]" captionTargetId-56="figure-23@110.[151,1436,181,1690]" captionTargetId-57="figure-20@111.[151,1437,181,897]" captionTargetId-58="figure-23@112.[151,1436,181,1563]" captionTargetId-59="figure-20@113.[151,1436,181,1413]" captionTargetId-6="figure-23@24.[151,1437,200,1170]" captionTargetId-60="figure-23@114.[164,1423,181,1559]" captionTargetId-61="figure-20@115.[162,1425,198,1351]" captionTargetId-62="figure-161@116.[156,1432,453,1735]" captionTargetId-63="figure-197@118.[154,1433,524,1805]" captionTargetId-64="figure-127@119.[153,1435,489,1346]" captionTargetId-65="figure-127@120.[177,1411,381,1725]" captionTargetId-66="figure-136@121.[145,1442,417,1665]" captionTargetId-67="figure-135@122.[175,1412,381,2029]" captionTargetId-68="figure-43@123.[151,1436,234,1211]" captionTargetId-69="figure-50@124.[151,1435,237,1255]" captionTargetId-7="figure-20@25.[151,1436,181,1636]" captionTargetId-70="figure-57@125.[151,1436,237,1675]" captionTargetId-71="figure-23@126.[151,1435,199,690]" captionTargetId-72="figure-20@137.[151,1436,181,1465]" captionTargetId-73="figure-23@138.[151,1437,181,1150]" captionTargetId-74="figure-20@139.[151,1436,181,1631]" captionTargetId-75="figure-23@140.[158,1430,181,1607]" captionTargetId-76="figure-20@141.[152,1435,181,1684]" captionTargetId-77="figure-23@142.[156,1431,181,1675]" captionTargetId-78="figure-20@143.[154,1433,181,1812]" captionTargetId-79="figure-23@144.[155,1432,181,1230]" captionTargetId-8="figure-23@26.[151,1436,181,1627]" captionTargetId-80="figure-20@145.[156,1431,181,1423]" captionTargetId-81="figure-23@146.[151,1436,181,1803]" captionTargetId-82="figure-20@147.[173,1414,181,1863]" captionTargetId-83="figure-23@148.[160,1427,181,1121]" captionTargetId-84="figure-20@149.[158,1429,181,1875]" captionTargetId-85="figure-23@150.[149,1439,181,1467]" captionTargetId-86="figure-20@151.[150,1438,181,1858]" captionTargetId-87="figure-23@152.[342,1246,181,1551]" captionTargetId-88="figure-20@153.[151,1436,181,1900]" captionTargetId-89="figure-23@154.[155,1432,181,1462]" captionTargetId-9="figure-296@27.[151,1437,920,1889]" captionTargetId-90="figure-20@155.[151,1435,181,1411]" captionTargetId-91="figure-23@156.[239,1348,181,1483]" captionTargetId-92="figure-20@157.[151,1436,181,1788]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-10="28" captionTargetPageId-11="29" captionTargetPageId-12="30" captionTargetPageId-13="31" captionTargetPageId-14="33" captionTargetPageId-15="34" captionTargetPageId-16="37" captionTargetPageId-17="38" captionTargetPageId-18="40" captionTargetPageId-19="41" captionTargetPageId-2="13" captionTargetPageId-20="43" captionTargetPageId-21="44" captionTargetPageId-22="46" captionTargetPageId-23="49" captionTargetPageId-24="50" captionTargetPageId-25="51" captionTargetPageId-26="52" captionTargetPageId-27="53" captionTargetPageId-28="61" captionTargetPageId-29="62" captionTargetPageId-3="14" captionTargetPageId-30="64" captionTargetPageId-31="65" captionTargetPageId-32="66" captionTargetPageId-33="68" captionTargetPageId-34="69" captionTargetPageId-35="70" captionTargetPageId-36="74" captionTargetPageId-37="75" captionTargetPageId-38="76" captionTargetPageId-39="77" captionTargetPageId-4="22" captionTargetPageId-40="78" captionTargetPageId-41="79" captionTargetPageId-42="80" captionTargetPageId-43="81" captionTargetPageId-44="82" captionTargetPageId-45="90" captionTargetPageId-46="91" captionTargetPageId-47="92" captionTargetPageId-48="93" captionTargetPageId-49="94" captionTargetPageId-5="23" captionTargetPageId-50="104" captionTargetPageId-51="104" captionTargetPageId-52="105" captionTargetPageId-53="106" captionTargetPageId-54="107" captionTargetPageId-55="109" captionTargetPageId-56="110" captionTargetPageId-57="111" captionTargetPageId-58="112" captionTargetPageId-59="113" captionTargetPageId-6="24" captionTargetPageId-60="114" captionTargetPageId-61="115" captionTargetPageId-62="116" captionTargetPageId-63="118" captionTargetPageId-64="119" captionTargetPageId-65="120" captionTargetPageId-66="121" captionTargetPageId-67="122" captionTargetPageId-68="123" captionTargetPageId-69="124" captionTargetPageId-7="25" captionTargetPageId-70="125" captionTargetPageId-71="126" captionTargetPageId-72="137" captionTargetPageId-73="138" captionTargetPageId-74="139" captionTargetPageId-75="140" captionTargetPageId-76="141" captionTargetPageId-77="142" captionTargetPageId-78="143" captionTargetPageId-79="144" captionTargetPageId-8="26" captionTargetPageId-80="145" captionTargetPageId-81="146" captionTargetPageId-82="147" captionTargetPageId-83="148" captionTargetPageId-84="149" captionTargetPageId-85="150" captionTargetPageId-86="151" captionTargetPageId-87="152" captionTargetPageId-88="153" captionTargetPageId-89="154" captionTargetPageId-9="27" captionTargetPageId-90="155" captionTargetPageId-91="156" captionTargetPageId-92="157" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Nomenclature adopted in this study for the characterization of the four major Philodoria forewing pattern types (A-D). After Kobayashi et al. (2018). A tf and tp present, B wp present at the middle, tf absent and tp obscure, C cs 1~3 and three ds present, D cp and dp present and cs and ds indistinct. a, b, c: white line on costal cilia, as: apical spot, bb(1–3): bronze color band, bp: basal patch, bl(1–2): basal line, cl: costal line, cs (1–3): costal streak, cp: costal patch, ds(1–3): dorsal streak, dp(1–3): dorsal patch, op: orange patch, mp: median patch, tf: transverse fascia, tp: transverse patch, us: uplight spot, w: white color band, (1–5) ws: white spot." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Forewing pattern of Philodoria species that have a reduced maxillary palpus (Forewing pattern typeA and B of Fig. 3). Numbers at the bottom right of each moth image refer to the corresponding species below the image. Additional species that have similar forewing pattern are listed below each moth wing morph type, but not illustrated. A Species with forewing pattern type A, those with orange tp are numbered 1–12. B Forewing pattern type B those with ws and obscure tp are numbered 13–19. Arrows indicate diagnostic characters of species. These are: bp or base (1, 3, 9, 10), tf (5, 8), ws (13–15)." captionText-10="FIGURE 13. Adults of Philodoria species. A P. epibathra (Walsingham, 1907) holotype female, B Same, left forewing, host Dubautia sp., CJ492, Molokai, C Same, right forewing, D P. nigrella (Walsingham, 1907) lectotype male, E Paralectotype male. Scale bar 1 mm." captionText-11="FIGURE 14. Adults of Philodoria species that have two costal streaks (cs1 and cs2). A P. dubauticola Swezey, 1940 lectotype female, B P. dubautiella (Swezey, 1913) lectotype male one of two cotypes on the same mount (upper specimen), C Paralecto- type female (lower specimen), D Female, Oahu, E P. sp. nr. P. dubautiella male, Kauai, F P. alakaiensis sp. n. holotype male. Scale bar 1 mm." captionText-12="FIGURE 15. Adults of Philodoria species that have two costal streaks (cs1 and cs2). A Forewings of P. alakaiensis sp. n. holotype male, B Paratype male, C Same as B, forewings, D Paratype male (BMNH(E)1621107) in NHMUK, E Paratype female" captionText-13="FIGURE 16. Adults of Philodoria species. A P. hibiscella (Swezey, 1913) lectotype male, one of two cotypes on the same mount (upper specimen), B Paralectotype female (lower specimen on mount), C P. naenaeiella (Swezey, 1940) lectotype male, one of two cotypes on the same mount (upper specimen), D Paralectotype female (below holotype specimen on mount). Scale bar 1 mm." captionText-14="FIGURE 17. Adults of Philodoria knudseniiella sp. n. A holotype lateral view (CJ480/SK862), B Same, dorsal view, C Same, right wings, D Paratype female right wings (CJ480/SK863), E Paratype female (34241 BPBM slide Z-I-10-66-A). Scale bar 1 mm." captionText-15="FIGURE 18. Adults of Philodoria hesperomanniella sp. n. A Wings of holotype male, B Same, head and thorax, dorsal view, C Same, head lateral view, D Paratype female, Maui, collected by O. H. Swezey, E Paratype female, Oahu (BPBM no.34224). Scale bar 1 mm." captionText-16="FIGURE 19. Adults of Philodoria neraudicola (Swezey, 1920) and P. obamaorum sp. n. A P. neraudicola lectotype male, B Forewings of lectotype female, host Pipturus albidus, Maui, C P. obamaorum holotype male, D Paratype female, E Female (CLV017). Scale bar 1 mm." captionText-17="FIGURE 20. Adults of Philodoria species. A P. urerana (Swezey, 1915) lectotype female, one of two cotypes on the same mount (upper specimen), B Paralectotype (sex unknown, lower specimen on same mount as A), C P. hauicola (Swezey, 1910) lectotype male, D P. keahii sp. n. holotype male, E Wings of holotype, F Left forewing of paratype female. Scale bar 1 mm." captionText-18="FIGURE 21. Adults of Philodoria species. A Wings of P. funkae sp n., holotype female, B Right forewing of holotype shown in A, C Wings of paratype female, D P. pittosporella (Swezey, 1928) holotype male, E P. touchardiella (Swezey, 1928) lectotype female. Scale bar 1 mm." captionText-19="FIGURE 22. Adults of Philodoria species. A P. keaensis sp. n. holotype female, lateral view, B Forewings of holotype, C P. nigrelloides (Swezey, 1946) holotype female, D Forewings of P. platyphylliella sp. n. holotype male. Scale bar 1 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Philodoria species with forewing pattern type C. These species have white streaks and a developed maxillary palpus. Numbers at the bottom right of each moth image refer to the corresponding species below the image. Additional species that have similar forewing pattern are listed below each moth wing morph type, but not illustrated. Arrows indicate diagnostic characters: cs (25, 28), ds1 (29), lemon-yellow streak (36)." captionText-20="FIGURE 23. Adults of Philodoria species. A P. marginestrigata (Walsingham, 1907) paralectotype male (BPBM 34197), B P. marginestrigata (Walsingham, 1907) Lectotype female, left wings, C Same specimen, right wings, D P. lipochaetaella (Swezey, 1940) paralectotype male, one of four cotypes on the same mount (upper left specimen on mount), E Lectotype male (upper right specimen on mount), F Paralectotype female (lower left specimen on mount), G Paralectotype (sex unknown, lower right specimen on mount). Scale bar 1 mm." captionText-21="FIGURE 24. Adults of Philodoria species. A P. lipochaetaella, specimens originally described as Parectopa lipochaetae Swezey, 1946, syntype male B P. sciallactis (Meyrick, 1928) lectotype male C Paralectotype male D Paralectotype female E Male left forewing of specimen CJ164, host: Melanthera kamolensis, Maui F Same specimen, right forewing G Male right forewing of specimen CJ189, host: Melanthera kamolensis, Maui H Philodoria sp. B nr. P. sciallactis (specimen CJ483, sex unknown) right forewing, host: Lipochaeta acris, Kauai. Scale bar 1 mm." captionText-22="FIGURE 25. Adults of Philodoria ureraella (Swezey, 1915) and P. opuhe sp. n. A P. ureraella paralectotype (sex unknown) one of four cotypes on the same mount (upper left specimen on mount), B lectotype male (lower left specimen on mount), C P. opuhe holotype male (upper right specimen on mount), D P. opuhe paratype (sex unknown, lower right specimen on mount), E Types of P. ureraella and P. opihe on type mount 213 (BPBM) (= four cotypes of ‘P. ureraella’ by Swezey). Scale bar 1 mm." captionText-23="FIGURE 26. Forewing pattern variation in Philodoria. Specimens from recent collection efforts that were preserved in ethanol or RNA stabilization reagent, originally for molecular studies. Wings were placed without mountant under a coverslip. A P. succedanea (sex unknown, CJ419), B P. auromagnifica, male (CJ148/SK689), C P. basalis, female (CJ410), D P. splendida, female (CJ488a), host: Syzygium sp., E P. splendida (sex unknown, CJ488b), host: Syzygium sp., F P. molokaiensis, male (CJ509b/ SK667), G P. sp. A nr. P. lysimachiella, female (CJ346a/SK753), H P. lysimachiella, female (CJ530), lateral view, I P. pipturiella, female (CJ529), J Same species, male (CJ529), K P. haelaauensis, female (CJ209), L Same species, female (CJ216), M P. floscula, female (CJ426/SK845), N P. wilkesiella, male (CJ009/SK649), O P. epibathra, male (CJ506a/SK678), P Same species, female (CJ506b/SK681). Arrows point to diagnostic characters of species: black patch at base (A), basal fascia (D), transverse fasciae (tf) (F, G), white spot (ws) (I, J), white patch (K–M). Scale bar 1 mm." captionText-24="FIGURE 27. Forewing pattern variation in Philodoria. Specimens from recent collection efforts that were preserved in ethanol or RNA stabilization reagent, originally for molecular studies. A P. dubauticola, male (CJ402/SK812), B P. dubautiella, male CJ524a/SK686), C P. hibiscella, female (CJ399/SK723), D Same species, male (CJ089/SK724), lateral view, E Same species, dorsal view, F Philodoria sp., male, host: Dubautia plantaginea, Maui (CJ352c/SK770), G Philodoria sp., female (CJ500), host: Dubautia plantaginea, Oahu, H P. naenaeiella (CJ188), abdomen missing, I P. neraudicola, female (CJ336/SK838), host: Pipturus albidus, J Same species, female (CJ369), host: Pipturus sp., K P. obamaorum, female (CJ423/SK844), L Same species, left forewing, M Same species, female (CJ403a/SK735), N P. touchardiella, female (CJ401a/SK764), O Same species, male (CJ401b/SK765), P P. marginestrigata, male (CJ165/SK760), host: Lipochaeta rockii, Q Same species, male (CJ187/SK771), host: Abutilon menziesii, R Same species, male (CJ379c), host: Sida fallax. Scale bar 1 mm." captionText-25="FIGURE 28. Labels and pupal exuvia of Philodoria type specimens. A P. succedanea Walsingham, 1907, lectotype female, B P. auromagnifica Walsingham, 1907, holotype male, C P. basalis Walsingham, 1907, lectotype male, D Paralectotype male, E P. splendida Walsingham, 1907, lectotype male, F P. lysimachiella Swezey, 1928 lectotype male, G P. molokaiensis Swezey, 1928 lectotype male, H Same as G, additional label, I P. costalis Swezey, 1934 lectotype male, J P. pipturiella Swezey, 1923 lectotype male, two types on the same mount, K Pupal exuvia of P. pipturiella lectotype, L P. pipturicola Swezey, 1915 lectotype male, four cotypes on the same mount, M P. floscula Walsingham, 1907, lectotype female, N Paralectotype male, O P. micropetala Walsingham, 1907 holotype female, P P. pipturiana Swezey, 1923 holotype male, left lateral view, Q P. wilkesiella Swezey, 1940 lectotype male, R P. epibathra (Walsingham, 1907) holotype female, S P. nigrella (Walsingham, 1907) lectotype male." captionText-26="FIGURE 29. Labels of Philodoria type specimens. A P. nigrella (Walsingham, 1907), paralectotype male, B P. dubauticola Swezey, 1940, lectotype female, C P. dubautiella (Swezey, 1913), lectotype male (two cotypes on the same mount), D P. hibiscella (Swezey, 1913), lectotype male (two cotypes on the same mount), E P. naenaeiella (Swezey, 1940) lectotype male (two cotypes on the same mount), F P. neraudicola (Swezey, 1920), lectotype male, G P. urerana (Swezey, 1915) lectotype female, two cotypes on the same mount (this one is the upper specimen), H P. hauicola (Swezey, 1910), lectotype male, I P. pittosporella (Swezey, 1928), holotype male, J P. touchardiella (Swezey, 1928), lectotype female, K P. nigrelloides (Swezey, 1946), holotype female, L P. marginestrigata (Walsingham, 1907), lectotype, M Same species, paratype female, N P. lipochaetaella (Swezey, 1940), lectotype male (one of four cotypes on the same mount, this one is the upper left specimen on mount), O Parectopa lipochaetae Swezey, 1946 (= synonym of P. lipochaetaella), syntype male, P P. sciallactis (Meyrick, 1928), lectotype male." captionText-27="FIGURE 30. Labels of Philodoria type specimens. A P. sciallactis (Meyrick, 1928), paralectotype male, B Same species, paralectotype female, C P. ureraella (Swezey, 1915), paralectotype (sex unknown), one of four cotypes on the same mount (these are the labels of the upper left specimen on mount)." captionText-28="FIGURE 31. Distribution of Philodoria species that have a reduced maxillary palpus. A star indicates a species’ type locality. Data based on recent fieldwork and historical museum specimen labels. Insert A is based on Kobayashi et al. (2018)." captionText-29="FIGURE 32. Distribution of Philodoria species. A star indicates a species’ type locality. Data based on recent fieldwork and historical museum specimen labels." captionText-3="FIGURE 6. Philodoria species with forewing pattern type D. These species have a brown patch and developed maxillary palpus. Numbers to the bottom right of each moth image refer to the corresponding species below the image. Additional species that have similar forewing pattern are listed below each moth wing morph type, but not illustrated. Arrows indicate diagnostic characters: cs1–3 (46)." captionText-30="FIGURE 33. Distribution of Urera-mining Philodoria species and their forewing coloration and pattern. A Distribution of Urera-mining Philodoria species, stars indicate type localities, B P. opuhe paratype, female, right bottom specimen on mount, one of four types (including SK742), ex Urera, blotch mine, USNM, C Same species, paratype male, left bottom specimen on same mount as B, D P. ureraella, paralectotype male (SK742), E, F P. opuhe, male (SK682), ex blotch mine (USNM), G P. urerana male (SK670), H, I P. ureraella male (PHIL0005), Iao Valley, Maui, J, K Same species and locality, female (PHIL0006), L, M P. ureraella male (SK815), Waikamoi, Maui. Localities of B–D are Mt. Tantalus, E–G are Waianae Mts, Oahu. Data based on recent fieldwork and historical museum specimen labels. Scale bar 1 mm." captionText-31="FIGURE 34. Adult female head of five species of Philodoria, showing their maxillary palpus. A P. succedanea, B, C P. kolea, paratype, D P. basalis, E P. dubauticola, F P. hauicola. lp: labial palpus, pf: pilifer, pr: proboscis. Arrows point to the maxillary palpus. Scale bar 0.1 mm." captionText-32="FIGURE 35. SEM scan of the head of Philodoria kolea, male (SK869). A, B Left lateral view, C–E Right lateral view, F Frontal view. an: antenna, ey: eye, fr: fron, lp: labial palpus, pf: pilifer, pr: proboscis. Scale bar 100 µm (A–D, F), 50 µm (E)." captionText-33="FIGURE 36. SEM scan of the head of Philodoria alakaiensis, paratype female (SK870). A Anterior view of head from front, B Left palpus, C Right side of head, frontal view, D Right side of head, lateral view, E Anterolateral view of head, F Ventral view. an: antenna, ey: eye, fr: fron, lp: labial palpus, mp: maxillary palpus, pf: pilifer, pr: proboscis, vt: vertex. Scale bar 100 µm (A, C–F), 50 µm (B)." captionText-34="FIGURE 37. Illustrations of the head of Philodoria. A P. basalis, female, Hawaii (Big Island) (SKH09-1, SK615), host: Metrosideros polymorpha, B P. lysimachiella, male, Oahu (CJ530a/SK749), host: Lysimachia hillebrandii, C P. marginestrigata (sex unknown), Molokai (CJ186), host: Abutilon grandiflorum, D P. hauicola, female, Oahu (SKH08-9/SK750), host: Hibiscus tiliaceus. ey: eye, lp: labial palpus, mp: maxillary palpus, sc: scape, pd: pedicel, pf: pilifer, pr: proboscis." captionText-35="FIGURE 38. Schematic illustration of Philodoria wing veins, this image showing veins of P. lysimachiella, male, Oahu (CJ530a/SK751), host: Lysimachia hillebrandii. A forewing, B hindwing." captionText-36="FIGURE 39. Philodoria male posterior end of abdomen. A P. succedanea, male, Hawaii (Big Island [SKH-13/SK633]), host: Myrsine lessertiana, B P. sp. 7 of Johns et al. (2018), male, Kauai (CJ451a/SK754), host: Lysimachia kalalauensis, C P. haelaauensis, male, Maui (34254/SK828), host Pipturus sp., D P. alakaiensis, holotype male, Kauai (CJ473/ SK836), host Dubautia sp. co: coecum, cm: coremata, cr: cornuti, df: dorsal flap, gn: gnathos, pb: phallobase, ph: phallus, sa: saccus, si: signum, ss: subscaphium, ta: tuba analis, te: tegumen, va: valva, vi: vinculum." captionText-37="FIGURE 40. Genitalia of Philodoria. A–D: Male genitalia of P. marginestrigata, Kauai (CJ521/SK784), host: Sida fallax, E–H: Female genitalia of P. basalis, Hawaii (Big Island [SKH09-1]), host: Metrosideros polymorpha, E–G: SK617, H: SK616. A Phallus, lateral view, B Genitalia except right valva and phallus, ventral view, C Right valva, inside view, D Dorsal flap, inside view, E, G Female genitalia, lateral view, F, H Same, ventral view. aa: apophysis anterioris, an: antrum, ap: apophysis posterioris, cb: corpus bursae, co: coecum, cr: cornuti, db: ductus bursae, de: ductus ejaculatorius, ds: ductus seminalis, la: lamella antevaginalis, ob: ostium bursae, ph: phallus, phb: phallobase, sa: saccus, si: signum, ta: tuba analis, te: tegumen, va: valva, vi: vinculum." captionText-38="FIGURE 41. Male valva of Philodoria, inner view. A–F, H–J, L, M: Left valva, G, K, N: Right valva. A P. succedanea, Maui, SK641, B P. auromagnifica, Hawaii (Big Island), SK800, C P. auromagnifica, Kauai, SK689, D P. kolea, holotype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK851, E P. lysimachiella, Oahu, SK656, F, G P. sp. 7, Kauai, SK754, H P. molokaiensis, Molokai, SK666, I P. basalis, Hawaii (Big Island), SK614, J P. splendida, Maui, SK696, K Same species, Oahu, SK747, host Syzygium sp., L P. lama, holotype, Maui SK744, M P. napaliensis, paratype, Kauai, SK767, N Same as L, paratype, Kauai, SK745." captionText-39="FIGURE 42. Genital capsule of Philodoria, excluding right portion of male genitalia, ventral view. A P. succedanea, Maui, SK641, B P. auromagnifica, Hawaii (Big Island), SK800, C P. auromagnifica, Kauai, SK689, D P. kolea, holotype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK851, E P. lysimachiella, Oahu, SK656, F P. sp. 7, Kauai, SK754, G P. molokaiensis, Molokai, SK666, H P. basalis, Hawaii (Big Island), SK614, I P. splendida, Maui, SK696, J Same species, Oahu, SK747, host Syzygium sp., K P. lama, holotype, Maui, SK744, L P. napaliensis, paratype, Kauai, SK745. Abbreviation: ta: tuba analis." captionText-4="FIGURE 7. Adults of Philodoria species. A P. succedanea Walsingham, 1907 lectotype female, B Paralectotype male, C P. kauaulaensis Kobayashi, Johns &amp; Kawahara, 2018 holotype female, D Philodoria sp. nr. P. auromagnifica male Kauai, E P. auromagnifica Walsingham, 1907 holotype male, F P. kolea Kobayashi, Johns &amp; Kawahara, 2018 holotype male. Scale bar 1 mm." captionText-40="FIGURE 43. Phallus of Philodoria, lateral view. A P. succedanea, Maui, SK641, B P. auromagnifica, Hawaii (Big Island), SK800, C P. auromagnifica, Kauai, SK689, D P. kolea, holotype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK851, E P. lysimachiella, Oahu, SK656, F P. sp. 7, Kauai, SK755, G P. molokaiensis, Molokai, SK666, H P. basalis, Hawaii (Big Island), SK614, I P. splendida, Maui, SK696, J Same species, Oahu, SK747, host Syzygium sp., K P. lama, holotype, Maui, SK744, L P. napaliensis, paratype, Kauai, SK767." captionText-41="FIGURE 44. Valva of Philodoria, inner view. A, C, E, G, I: Left valva, B, D, F, H, J: Right valva. A, B P. pipturiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK719, C, D P. pipturicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK715, E, F P. Haelaauensis, holotype, Maui, SK718, G, H P. haelaauensis, Molokai, SK704 I P. floscula, Hawaii (Big Island), SK818, J P. floscula, Hawaii (Big Island), PHIL0001." captionText-42="FIGURE 45. Genital capsule of Philodoria, excluding right portion of male genitalia, ventral view. A P. pipturiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK719, B P. pipturicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK715 C P. haelaauensis, holotype, Maui, SK718, D P. haelaauensis, Molokai, SK704, E P. floscula, Hawaii (Big Island), SK818, F Saccus, P. floscula, Hawaii (Big Island), PHIL0002." captionText-43="FIGURE 46. Phallus of Philodoria, lateral view. A P. pipturiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK719, B P. pipturicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK715, C P. haelaauensis, holotype, Maui, SK718, D P. haelaauensis, Molokai, SK704, E P. floscula, Hawaii (Big Island), SK818." captionText-44="FIGURE 47. Left valva of Philodoria, inner view. A P. wilkesiella, Maui, PHIL0007, B P. epibathra, Molokai, SK678, C P. dubauticola, Maui, SK646, D P. dubautiella, paralectotype, Oahu SK726, E P. alakaiensis, paratype, Kauai, SK660, F P. limahuliensis, holotype, Kauai, SK731, G P. hibiscella, Oahu, SK684, H P. naenaeiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK691, I P. knudseniiella, holotype Kauai, SK862, J P. hesperomanniella, holotype, Maui, SK831." captionText-45="FIGURE 48. Genital capsule of Philodoria, excluding right portion of male genitalia, ventral view. A P. wilkesiella, Maui, PHIL0007, B P. epibathra, Molokai, SK678, C P. dubauticola, Maui SK646, D P. dubautiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK733, E P. alakaiensis, paratype, Kauai, SK660, F P. limahuliensis, holotype, Kauai, SK731, G P. hibiscella Oahu SK684, H P. naenaeiella paralectotype, Oahu, SK691, I P. knudseniiella, holotype, Kauai, SK862, J P. hesperomanniella, holotype, Maui, SK831." captionText-46="FIGURE 49. Phallus of Philodoria, lateral view. A P. wilkesiella, Maui, PHIL0007, B P. epibathra, Molokai, SK678, C P. dubauticola, Maui, SK812, D P. dubautiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK733 E P. alakaiensis, paratype, Kauai, SK660, F P. limahuliensis, holotype, Kauai, SK731, G P. hibiscella, Oahu, SK684, H P. naenaeiella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK691, I P. knudseniiella, holotype, Kauai, SK862, J P. hesperomanniella, holotype, Maui, SK831." captionText-47="FIGURE 50. Valva of Philodoria, inner view. A, C, E–J, L: Left valva, B, D, K, M: Right valva. A, B P. neraudicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK707, C, D P. obamaorum, paratype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK709, E P. urerana, Oahu, paralectotype, SK671, F P. hauicola, Oahu, SK694, G P. keahii, holotype, Oahu, SK758, H P. touchardiella Maui, SK643, I P. platyphylliella, holotype, Maui, SK833, J, K P. marginestrigata, Oahu, SK662, host: unknown, L Same species, Molokai, SK771, host: Abutilon menziesii, M Same species, Kauai, SK784, host: Sida, fallax." captionText-48="FIGURE 51. Genital capsule of Philodoria, excluding right portion of male genitalia, ventral view. A P. neraudicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK707, B P. obamaorum, paratype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK709, C P. urerana, paralectotype, Oahu, SK671, D P. hauicola, Oahu, SK694, E P. keahii, holotype, Oahu, SK758, F P. touchardiella Maui, SK643, G P. platyphylliella, holotype, Maui, SK833, H P. marginestrigata, Oahu, SK662 host: unknown." captionText-49="FIGURE 52. Phallus of Philodoria, lateral view.A P. neraudicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK707, B P. obamaorum, paratype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK709, C P. urerana, paralectotype, Oahu, SK671, D P. hauicola, Oahu, SK695, E P. keahii, holotype, Oahu, SK758, F P. touchardiella Maui, SK643, G P. platyphylliella, holotype, Maui, SK833, H P. marginestrigata, Oahu, PHIL0029 host: Abutilon incanum." captionText-5="FIGURE 8. Adults of Philodoria species. A P. lysimachiella Swezey, 1928 lectotype male, B P. molokaiensis Swezey, 1928 lectotype male, C P. basalis Walsingham, 1907 lectotype male, D Paralectotype male, E Female, Hawaii (Big Island), F Male, Hawaii (Big Island). Scale bar 1 mm." captionText-50="FIGURE 53. Valva of Philodoria. A, C, D: Left valva, B: Right valva. A P. sciallactis (syntype of Parectopa lipochaetae), Maui, SK699, B P. sciallactis, paralectotype, C P. ureraella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK676, D P. opuhe, paratype, Oahu, SK674." captionText-51="FIGURE 54. Genital capsule of Philodoria, excluding right portion of male genitalia, ventral view. A P. sciallactis (syntype of Parectopa lipochaetae), Maui, SK699, B P. ureraella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK676, C P. opuhe, paratype, Oahu, SK682, D Same as C, paratype, Oahu, SK674." captionText-52="FIGURE 55. Phallus of Philodoria, lateral view. A P. sciallactis (syntype of Parectopa lipochaetae), Maui, SK699, B P. ureraella, paralectotype, Oahu, SK676, C P. opuhe, paratype, Oahu, SK674." captionText-53="FIGURE 56. Female genitalia of Philodoria. A P. succedanea, paralectotype, Maui, SK714, B Same species, Hawaii (Big Island), SK624, C P. auromagnifica, Hawaii (Big Island), SK623, D P. kauaulaensis, holotype, SK690, E Same species, lateral view, F P. kolea, paratype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK634, G P. lysimachiella, SK654, H P. sp. A, SK753, I P. molokaiensis, SK668, lateral view, J Same ventral view, K P. splendida, SK621, L P. lama, paratype, SK813." captionText-54="FIGURE 57. Female genitalia of Pipturus-mining Philodoria. A P. costalis, paralectotype, SK653 B Same species, paratype, SK652 C P. pipturiella, SK722 D P. pipturicola, paralectotype, lateral view, SK717 E Same species, paralectotype, SK716 F P. haelaauensis, SK792 G P. floscula, SK819." captionText-55="FIGURE 58. Female genitalia of Philodoria. A P. wilkesiella, SK761, B P. epibathra, SK679, C P. dubauticola, SK645, D Same species, PHIL0008, E P. dubautiella, SK692, F P. alakaiensis, paratype, SK659, G Same species, lateral view, H P. hibiscella, SK723, I P. naenaeiella, SK703, J Same species, SK834, K P. knudseniiella, paratype, SK863, L P. hesperomanniella, paratype, SK832, M Same species, SK620." captionText-56="FIGURE 59. Female genitalia of Philodoria. A P. neraudicola, paralectotype, Oahu, SK708, host: Neraudia melastomifalia, B Same species, Maui, SK838, host: Pipturus albidus, C P. obamaorum, paratype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK710, host: Pipturus albidus, D Same species, Hawaii (Big Island), SK844 host: Pipturus sp., E P. urerana, paralectotype, SK672, F Philodoria sp. 1, SK835, G Same species, PHIL0021, H P. keahii, paratype, SK756, I P. funkae, holotype, SK761, J P. touchardiella, SK764, K P. keaensis, holotype, Hawaii (Big Island), SK777, L P. hauicola, Oahu, SK618." captionText-57="FIGURE 60. Female genitalia of Philodoria. A P. marginestrigata, SK665, B Same species, SK772, host: Abutilon menziesi, C Same species, SK787, host: Sida fallax, D P. sciallactis, paralectotype, SK713, E P. ureraella, paralectotype, SK677, F P. opuhe, paratype, SK675." captionText-58="FIGURE 61. Images of genitalia slides prepared by E. C. Zimmerman. A–D: P. auromagnifica, male, Oahu, Z-XII-20-62-5, E–G: P. auromagnifica, female, Oahu, Z-XII-20-62-6, H: P. basalis, female, Hawaii (Big Island), Z-XII-20-62-4, I–N: P. costalis, paralectotype male, Oahu, Z-XII-20-62-2. A, M Phallus, lateral view, B Entire genitalia except phallus, ventral view, C Coremata, D Abdominal segments II–III, E Abdominal segments II–VI, F Tergum II, G, H Entire female genitalia, I Abdominal segments II–V, J Right valva, K Genital capsule, ventral view, L Left valva, N Abdominal segment VIII with dorsal flap and coremata." captionText-59="FIGURE 62. Images of genitalia and wing vein mounts prepared by E. C. Zimmerman. A–E: P. lysimachiella, male, Oahu, Z- XII-20-62-1, F–H: P. molokaiensis, paralectotype female, Molokai, I, J: P. knudseniiella, paratype female, Kauai, Z-I-10-66-A. A Phallus, lateral view, B Entire genitalia except phallus, ventral view, C Dorsal flap, D Pair of coremata, E, G J Abdominal segments, F, G Z-XII-19-62-26, F, I Female genitalia, ventral view, H Same species, left wing veins, Z-XII-20-65." captionText-6="FIGURE 9. Adults of Philodoria species. A P. splendida Walsingham, 1907 lectotype male, B Female, Oahu, C P. lama sp. n. holotype male, D P. napaliensis sp. n. holotype (sex unknown). Scale bar 1 mm." captionText-60="FIGURE 63. BPBM paratype, genitalia slides prepared by E. C. Zimmerman. A, B: P. hesperomanniella paratype female, Oahu, Z-V-17-61 C, D: P. obamaorum paratype female, Hawaii (Big Island), Z-V-18-61, E–G: P. obamaorum paratype male, Hawaii (Big Island), Z-1-26-61(3), H: P. haelaauensis, paratype female, Maui, Z-XII-19-62-24. A, C, H Female genitalia, ventral view, B, D, G Abdominal segments, E Male genitalia excluding phallus, ventral view, F Phallus, lateral view." captionText-61="FIGURE 64. BPBM genitalia slides prepared by E. C. Zimmerman. A–D: P. haelaauensis, paratype male, Maui, Z-XII-19-62- 23, E, F: P. pipturiella paratype female, Oahu, Z-XII-1962-22, G–I: P. splendida, male, Oahu, Z-XII-19-62-20. A Vinculum and valvae, tegumen broken, B, H Phallus, C Tegumen? D, I Abdominal segments, E Genitalia opened from left lateral side, F Abdominal segments II–VI, G Genitalia excluding phallus, ventral view." captionText-62="FIGURE 65. Habitats and host plants of Philodoria species on Kauai. A–C: Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserve, D, E: Waimea Canyon State Park. A Habitat, B Philodoria leaf mines on Dubautia, C Philodoria leaf mines on Pipturus, D, E Wilkesia gymnoxiphium. Arrows point to mines." captionText-63="FIGURE 66. Habitats and host plants of Philodoria on Kauai. A–D: Upper Limahuli, E, F: Waimea Canyon. A Mountains of Limahuli, B Habitat with senior (last) author collecting specimens, C Same location as B, leaves with mines, D Metrosideros polymorpha leaves with mine on the ground with active larva, E Hibiscus waimeae subsp. hannerae flowers and leaf mines, F Leaf mine on same host plant as E. Arrows point to mines or larvae." captionText-64="FIGURE 67. Habitats and host plants of Philodoria on Oahu and Molokai. A, B: Nuuanu Pali, Oahu, C: Mt. Kaala, Oahu, D: Mokio, Molokai A, C, D Habitat B Hibiscus tiliaceus trees, the host plant of P. hauicola." captionText-65="FIGURE 68. Habitats of Philodoria on Maui. A Eke, B Waihee Valley, C Hana Forest Reserve, D Iao Valley, E Haelaau." captionText-66="FIGURE 69. Habitats and host plants of Philodoria on Maui. A Kauaula, type locality of P. keahii, shown is its host plant Remya mauiensis, B Same as A, flowers, C Nakula Natural Area Reserve, type locality of P. platyphylliella, shown is its host plant Dubautia platyphylla, D Same as C, flowers." captionText-67="FIGURE 70. Habitats and host plants of Philodoria, Puu Makaala Natural Area Reserve, Hawaii (Big Island). A Habitat, B–D Pipturus sp." captionText-68="FIGURE 71. Habitat and host plant of Philodoria, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii (Big Island). A, B Habitat, C, D Myrsine lessertiana trees." captionText-69="FIGURE 72. Habitat and host plant of Philodoria basalis on Hawaii (Big Island). A Pahoa Kilauea Cardera, B Napau Trail, C Flowers and leaves of host plant." captionText-7="FIGURE 10. Adults of Pipturus feeding Philodoria species. A P. costalis Swezey, 1934 lectotype male, B P. pipturiella Swezey, 1923 lectotype male, one of two cotypes (upper specimen) on the same mount, C Paralectotype male on the same mount as of lectotype (lower specimen), D P. floscula Walsingham, 1907 lectotype female, E Paralectotype male, F P. micropetala Walsingham, 1907 holotype female. Scale bar 1 mm." captionText-70="FIGURE 73. Resting posture of adult Philodoria and Caloptilia. A P. molokaiensis, Molokai, CJ229, host: Lysimachia hillebrandii, B P. splendida, Oahu, CJ319, host: Metrosideros polymorpha, C Same species, Oahu, D Caloptilia mabaella, Lanai, CJ333, host: Diospyros sandwicensis, E P. lama, Maui, CJ190, F Same species, Maui, CJ194." captionText-71="FIGURE 74. Resting posture of adult P. haelaauensis, male, Makawao Forest Reserve, Maui, CJ227/PHIL0019, host: Pipturus rockii. A lateral view, B dorsolateral view." captionText-72="FIGURE 75. Resting posture of adult Philodoria. A Philodoria sp. nr. P dubauticola, Maui, CJ315, host: Dubautia platyphylla, B P. hesperomanniella, Maui, CJ367, host: Hesperomannia arborescens, C Same moth species and host plant, West Maui, CJ362, D, E P. platyphylliella, Maui, CJ368, host: Dubautia platyphylla, F, G Same moth species and host plant, male, Maui, CJ358." captionText-73="FIGURE 76. Resting posture of adult Philodoria sp. 1 on Dubautia menzesii, Maui (CJ334). A dorsolateral view, B dorsal view, C lateral view, D lateral view with wings held open." captionText-74="FIGURE 77. Resting posture of adult Philodoria. A P. hauicola, Oahu, CJ270, host: Hibiscus tilaceus, B–D P. hibiscella, Oahu, CJ238, host: Hibisucs arnottianus, E P. marginestrigata, Molokai, CJ150, host: Lipochaeta rockii, F Same species, Molokai. CJ168/169, host: Sida fallax." captionText-75="FIGURE 78. Resting posture of adult Philodoria on their larval host A P. sciallactis, Maui, CJ195, host: Melanthera kamolensis, B, C P. sciallactis, Maui, CJ164, 189, host: M. kamolensis, D P. ureraella, Maui, CJ316, host: Urera glabra, E, F P. urerana, Oahu, CJ307, host: U. glabra." captionText-76="FIGURE 79. Philodoria species on the host plant, Myrsine. A–D, F, G: P. succedanea, E: P. kauaulaensis, H: P. auromagnifica. A–C, F–K host: Myrsine lessertiana, D M. Linearifolia, E M. lanaiensis. A–C: Molokai, D: Kauai, E: Maui, A–E Leaf mine and later larva F–K: Hawaii (Big Island). F, I, J Host plants and leaf mines, G Fallen leaf and leaf mine with larva, H Developing mine, K Near complete mine of late instar larva." captionText-77="FIGURE 80. Philodoria species on the host plant, Lysimachia. A, B, D, E: P. molokaiensis, Molokai, host: L. hillebrandii, C, F: Philodoria sp., Maui, host: L. remyi. A–C Leaf mine, D, F Late instar larva, E Cocoon." captionText-78="FIGURE 81. Philodoria basalis and its host plant, Metrosideros polymorpha. A, B, D–M: Hawaii (Big Island), C: Kauai. A Leaf mine of late instar larva, B Fallen cocoons in rolled leaf disc “tacos”, C Fallen leaf and leaf mine with cocoon, D Cocoon and mine, E, F Old mine, G Mine made by late instar larva, H, I Late instar larva, J Final instar larva cutting out disc to create oval “taco” shelter with silk, K, L Cocoon and mine showing the “taco” cut out on the leaf, M Cocoon “taco”, similar to B." captionText-79="FIGURE 82. Philodoria splendida and its host plants. A, D, E: Metrosideros polymorpha, B, C, F: Syzigium sandwicensis. A: Maui, B–F: Oahu. A, B Leaf mine, C Cocoon and old mine, D, E Host plant with leaf mines, F Mine of late instar larva." captionText-8="FIGURE 11. Adults of Pipturus feeding Philodoria species. A P. pipturicola Swezey, 1915 paralectotype male, one of four cotypes (upper left specimen) on the same mount, B Lectotype male (upper right specimen on mount), C Paralectotype female (lower left specimen on mount), D Paralectotype female (lower right specimen on mount), E P. haelaauensis sp. n. male, F Paratype female. Scale bar 1 mm." captionText-80="FIGURE 83. Philodoria lama with its host plant Diospyros sandiwensis. A–C Leaf mine with taco cocoon cut outs, D Old mine without taco, E Close-up view of “taco” cocoon, F Dead adult, lateral view (CJ161). A, F: East Maui, B, C, E: Lanai, D: Oahu." captionText-81="FIGURE 84. Mines of P. haelaauensis on leaves of its host plant, Pipturus rockii, Makawao Forest Reserve, East Maui, same series as CJ209, 216. A, D, F: Abaxial side of leaf, B, C, E, G: Adaxial side of leaf." captionText-82="FIGURE 85. Philodoria species on leaves of the host plant, Pipturus. A–D: Philodoria sp. nr. P. haelaauensis or P. floscula, E: P. neraudicola A: Molokai, B, D: Hawaii (Big Island), C, E: West Maui, B: Kohala Forest Reserve, C: Waihe'e Forest Reserve D: Puu Makaala Natural Area Reserve, E: Iao Valley, same series of CJ336, 360, 361, 369. Host plants: A Pipturus sp. 1, B Pipturus sp. 4, C, D Pipturus sp. 2, E Pipturus albidus. Arrows point to cocoons." captionText-83="FIGURE 86. Philodoria species on leaves of the host plant, Pipturus. A, D: Unidentified Philodoria species, B: Philodoria sp. nr. P. haelaauensis or P. floscula, C: P. neraudicola. A West Oahu, B, C: Waihee Valley, West Maui, D: Kula Forest Reserve, East Maui, same series of CJ219, 222, 224, 230. Host plants: A: Pipturus albidus, B: Pipturus sp. 5, C: Pipturus sp. 4, D: Pipturus rockii. A Young mines, B Mine of late instar larva, C Cocoons on abaxial side of leaf, D Cocoon by final instar larva.Arrows show late instar larva (B) and cocoon (C)." captionText-84="FIGURE 87. Philodoria species on leaves of the host plant, Dubautia. A–D: Unidentified Philodoria species, nr. P. naenaeiella or related species. E, F: P. sp. 1 of Johns et al. (2018), Maui, host: Dubautia menziesii G–I: P. platyphylliella, Maui, host: Dubautia platyphylla. A D. plantaginea Waihee Valley, Maui, CJ371, one adult (sex unknown) did not emerge, B–D D. laxa Konahuanui, Oahu, all larvae were consumed by parasitoids, CJ208, 242, 248." captionText-85="FIGURE 88. Asteraceae-mining Philodoria with thier host plants. A: P. wilkesiella, West Maui, host: Argyroxiphium grayanum, B–F: P. dubauticola, Haelaau, Maui, same series as CJ073, 074, 077 079, 080, 082–084, 094,111, 255, 256, host: Dubautia laxa, G, H: P. naenaeiella Poamoho, Oahu, same series as CJ130, 131, 140, 142, host: Dubautia sp. 1, I–L: Unidentified Philodoria species, J, K: East Oahu, host: Dubautia sp. 2, I: Eke, Maui, host: D. laxa, L: Kamakou, Molokai. A Old mines and cocoons, B, L Young mine, C, H, J, K Mine of late instar larva, G, D, E, I Mature mine, F Cocoon by final instar larva.Arrows point to cocoon (A) and mine (I)." captionText-86="FIGURE 89. Philodoria hesperomanniella leaf mines on its host plant, Hesperomannia arborescens subsp. opuhe, West Maui. A, C Mines of latar larva, B Old mines and cocoon, D Young mine, E Mine of late instar larva, F Cocoon.Arrows point to mine (D) and cocoon (F)." captionText-87="FIGURE 90. Mines of Philodoria sp. 2 on its host plant, Hesperomannia lydgateyi, Kauai. A, B Old mine." captionText-88="FIGURE 91. Philodoria species on leaves of Asteraceae host plants. A–G: P. sciallactis, H, I: P. keahii. Host plants: A–C Melanthera integrifolia, West Oahu, D–F Lipochaeta rockii, East Maui, G Melanthera kamolensis, East Maui, H, I Remya mauiensis, Maui." captionText-89="FIGURE 92. Philodoria hauicola and its host plant, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Nuuanu Pali, Oahu. A–C Host plant leaves and mines, D, E Young mine, F Later mine, G Mine of young instar larva, H, I Mine of late instar larva, J Late instar with parasitoid larva, K, L Cocoon spinning by final instar larva." captionText-9="FIGURE 12. Adults of Philodoria species. A P. pipturiana Swezey, 1923 lectotype male, left lateral view, B Same right lateral view, C Same dorsal view, D P. wilkesiella Swezey, 1940 lectotype male. Scale bar 1 mm." captionText-90="FIGURE 93. Mines of Philodoria species with thier Malvaceae host plants, Oahu. A, B, D, E: P. hibiscella, host: Hibiscus arnottianus, C P. marginestrigata, host: Sida fallax, F P. hauicola, host: Hibiscus tilaceus, D Mine of late instar larva, E Cocoon on the adaxial side of leaf, F Old mine." captionText-91="FIGURE 94. Mines of Philodoria touchardiella on the leaf of its host plant, Touchardia latifolia. A, B Mine of late instar larva." captionText-92="FIGURE 95. Mines of Philodoria on Urera glabra. A–C: P. urerana, Oahu, D–F: P. ureraella, Maui, CJ307, A, D Mines of late instar larvae, B, E Mines and cocoon, C, F Cocoon." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681819" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681821" figureDoi-10="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681839" figureDoi-11="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681841" figureDoi-12="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681843" figureDoi-13="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681845" figureDoi-14="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681847" figureDoi-15="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681849" figureDoi-16="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681851" figureDoi-17="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681853" figureDoi-18="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681855" figureDoi-19="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681857" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681823" figureDoi-20="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681859" figureDoi-21="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681861" figureDoi-22="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681863" figureDoi-23="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681867" figureDoi-24="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681869" figureDoi-25="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681873" figureDoi-26="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681875" figureDoi-27="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681877" figureDoi-28="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681879" figureDoi-29="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681881" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681825" figureDoi-30="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681885" figureDoi-31="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681887" figureDoi-32="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681889" figureDoi-33="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681891" figureDoi-34="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681893" figureDoi-35="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681895" figureDoi-36="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681897" figureDoi-37="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681899" figureDoi-38="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681901" figureDoi-39="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681903" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681827" figureDoi-40="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681905" figureDoi-41="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681907" figureDoi-42="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681909" figureDoi-43="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681911" figureDoi-44="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681913" figureDoi-45="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681915" figureDoi-46="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681917" figureDoi-47="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681919" figureDoi-48="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681921" figureDoi-49="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681923" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681829" figureDoi-50="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681925" figureDoi-51="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681927" figureDoi-52="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681929" figureDoi-53="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681931" figureDoi-54="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681933" figureDoi-55="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681935" figureDoi-56="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681937" figureDoi-57="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681939" figureDoi-58="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681941" figureDoi-59="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681943" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681831" figureDoi-60="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681945" figureDoi-61="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681949" figureDoi-62="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681951" figureDoi-63="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681953" figureDoi-64="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681955" figureDoi-65="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681957" figureDoi-66="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681959" figureDoi-67="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681961" figureDoi-68="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681963" figureDoi-69="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681965" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681833" figureDoi-70="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681967" figureDoi-71="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681969" figureDoi-72="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681971" figureDoi-73="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681973" figureDoi-74="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681975" figureDoi-75="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681977" figureDoi-76="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681979" figureDoi-77="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681982" figureDoi-78="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681984" figureDoi-79="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681986" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681835" figureDoi-80="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681988" figureDoi-81="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681992" figureDoi-82="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681994" figureDoi-83="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681996" figureDoi-84="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681998" figureDoi-85="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682000" figureDoi-86="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682004" figureDoi-87="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682006" figureDoi-88="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682012" figureDoi-89="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682015" figureDoi-9="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681837" figureDoi-90="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682017" figureDoi-91="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682019" figureDoi-92="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682021" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4681819/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4681821/files/figure.png" httpUri-10="https://zenodo.org/record/4681839/files/figure.png" httpUri-11="https://zenodo.org/record/4681841/files/figure.png" httpUri-12="https://zenodo.org/record/4681843/files/figure.png" httpUri-13="https://zenodo.org/record/4681845/files/figure.png" httpUri-14="https://zenodo.org/record/4681847/files/figure.png" httpUri-15="https://zenodo.org/record/4681849/files/figure.png" httpUri-16="https://zenodo.org/record/4681851/files/figure.png" httpUri-17="https://zenodo.org/record/4681853/files/figure.png" httpUri-18="https://zenodo.org/record/4681855/files/figure.png" httpUri-19="https://zenodo.org/record/4681857/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4681823/files/figure.png" httpUri-20="https://zenodo.org/record/4681859/files/figure.png" httpUri-21="https://zenodo.org/record/4681861/files/figure.png" httpUri-22="https://zenodo.org/record/4681863/files/figure.png" httpUri-23="https://zenodo.org/record/4681867/files/figure.png" httpUri-24="https://zenodo.org/record/4681869/files/figure.png" httpUri-25="https://zenodo.org/record/4681873/files/figure.png" httpUri-26="https://zenodo.org/record/4681875/files/figure.png" httpUri-27="https://zenodo.org/record/4681877/files/figure.png" httpUri-28="https://zenodo.org/record/4681879/files/figure.png" httpUri-29="https://zenodo.org/record/4681881/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4681825/files/figure.png" httpUri-30="https://zenodo.org/record/4681885/files/figure.png" httpUri-31="https://zenodo.org/record/4681887/files/figure.png" httpUri-32="https://zenodo.org/record/4681889/files/figure.png" httpUri-33="https://zenodo.org/record/4681891/files/figure.png" httpUri-34="https://zenodo.org/record/4681893/files/figure.png" httpUri-35="https://zenodo.org/record/4681895/files/figure.png" httpUri-36="https://zenodo.org/record/4681897/files/figure.png" httpUri-37="https://zenodo.org/record/4681899/files/figure.png" httpUri-38="https://zenodo.org/record/4681901/files/figure.png" httpUri-39="https://zenodo.org/record/4681903/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/4681827/files/figure.png" httpUri-40="https://zenodo.org/record/4681905/files/figure.png" httpUri-41="https://zenodo.org/record/4681907/files/figure.png" httpUri-42="https://zenodo.org/record/4681909/files/figure.png" httpUri-43="https://zenodo.org/record/4681911/files/figure.png" httpUri-44="https://zenodo.org/record/4681913/files/figure.png" httpUri-45="https://zenodo.org/record/4681915/files/figure.png" httpUri-46="https://zenodo.org/record/4681917/files/figure.png" httpUri-47="https://zenodo.org/record/4681919/files/figure.png" httpUri-48="https://zenodo.org/record/4681921/files/figure.png" httpUri-49="https://zenodo.org/record/4681923/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/4681829/files/figure.png" httpUri-50="https://zenodo.org/record/4681925/files/figure.png" httpUri-51="https://zenodo.org/record/4681927/files/figure.png" httpUri-52="https://zenodo.org/record/4681929/files/figure.png" httpUri-53="https://zenodo.org/record/4681931/files/figure.png" httpUri-54="https://zenodo.org/record/4681933/files/figure.png" httpUri-55="https://zenodo.org/record/4681935/files/figure.png" httpUri-56="https://zenodo.org/record/4681937/files/figure.png" httpUri-57="https://zenodo.org/record/4681939/files/figure.png" httpUri-58="https://zenodo.org/record/4681941/files/figure.png" httpUri-59="https://zenodo.org/record/4681943/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/4681831/files/figure.png" httpUri-60="https://zenodo.org/record/4681945/files/figure.png" httpUri-61="https://zenodo.org/record/4681949/files/figure.png" httpUri-62="https://zenodo.org/record/4681951/files/figure.png" httpUri-63="https://zenodo.org/record/4681953/files/figure.png" httpUri-64="https://zenodo.org/record/4681955/files/figure.png" httpUri-65="https://zenodo.org/record/4681957/files/figure.png" httpUri-66="https://zenodo.org/record/4681959/files/figure.png" httpUri-67="https://zenodo.org/record/4681961/files/figure.png" httpUri-68="https://zenodo.org/record/4681963/files/figure.png" httpUri-69="https://zenodo.org/record/4681965/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/4681833/files/figure.png" httpUri-70="https://zenodo.org/record/4681967/files/figure.png" httpUri-71="https://zenodo.org/record/4681969/files/figure.png" httpUri-72="https://zenodo.org/record/4681971/files/figure.png" httpUri-73="https://zenodo.org/record/4681973/files/figure.png" httpUri-74="https://zenodo.org/record/4681975/files/figure.png" httpUri-75="https://zenodo.org/record/4681977/files/figure.png" httpUri-76="https://zenodo.org/record/4681979/files/figure.png" httpUri-77="https://zenodo.org/record/4681982/files/figure.png" httpUri-78="https://zenodo.org/record/4681984/files/figure.png" httpUri-79="https://zenodo.org/record/4681986/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/4681835/files/figure.png" httpUri-80="https://zenodo.org/record/4681988/files/figure.png" httpUri-81="https://zenodo.org/record/4681992/files/figure.png" httpUri-82="https://zenodo.org/record/4681994/files/figure.png" httpUri-83="https://zenodo.org/record/4681996/files/figure.png" httpUri-84="https://zenodo.org/record/4681998/files/figure.png" httpUri-85="https://zenodo.org/record/4682000/files/figure.png" httpUri-86="https://zenodo.org/record/4682004/files/figure.png" httpUri-87="https://zenodo.org/record/4682006/files/figure.png" httpUri-88="https://zenodo.org/record/4682012/files/figure.png" httpUri-89="https://zenodo.org/record/4682015/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/4681837/files/figure.png" httpUri-90="https://zenodo.org/record/4682017/files/figure.png" httpUri-91="https://zenodo.org/record/4682019/files/figure.png" httpUri-92="https://zenodo.org/record/4682021/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 3–95</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE70706FEF99332FEB3A663" box="[283,314,1851,1877]" captionStart="FIGURE 97" captionStartId="159.[151,250,1472,1496]" captionTargetBox="[174,1414,185,1439]" captionTargetId="figure-20@159.[174,1414,181,1448]" captionTargetPageId="159" captionText="FIGURE 97. Dated evolutionary tree of Philodoria from Johns et al. (2018) based on 507 loci, with exemplar morphological traits and larval host plants mapped. Based on the morphology examined in the present study, we hypothesize that the following species, not in the study of Johns et al. (2018), belong to the following clades: K: P. dubauticola, P. dubautiella, P. knudseniella, P. naenaeiella, L: P. kauaulaensis, P. kolea, M: P. sp. A, N: P. costalis, P. micropetala, P. pipturiella, P. pipturicola, P. spilota, O: P. opuhe, P: P. lipochaetaella, P. sp. B, Q: P. pittosporella, P. keaensis, P. nigrelloides. There were 15 unnamed Philodoria species in the tree of Johns et al. (2018), these are noted in parentheses after their approprite names, at tree tips. The five species that remain unnamed in the tree are: “sp. 1–3” (codes: CJ344, CJ149/AHE_016, CJ494 respectively), which have no available adult specimens as they were all sacrificed for molecular analysis in the study of Johns et al. Species 5 (“sp. 5”) is an unknown species that feeds on Dubautia, collected from a larval specimen from Tantalus, Oahu (code: CJ051), which lacks a morphological voucher. Species 7 (“sp. 7”) is an unknown species (code: CJ451/AHE_20) in which the forewing is in poor condition and therefore could not be formally described in the present study." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4682025/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">97</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFE70706FF759376FB5CA6A1" box="[151,1237,1919,1943]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE70706FF759376FB5CA6A1" blockId="9.[151,1237,1919,1974]" box="[151,1237,1919,1943]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3911F3FFE70706FF759376FB5CA6A1" box="[151,1237,1919,1943]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<treatmentCitation id="0A8810CCFFE70706FF759376FE76A6A1" author="Walsingham, Thomas" box="[151,511,1919,1943]" page="717" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1907">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE70706FF759376FE76A6A1" ID-CoL="8V6FQ" authority="Walsingham, 1907: 717" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityPageNumber="717" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,511,1919,1943]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE70706FF759376FE8CA6A1" box="[151,261,1919,1943]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Philodoria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE70706FEE99376FE76A6A1" author="Walsingham, Thomas" box="[267,511,1919,1943]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="469 - 759" refId="ref102986" refString="Walsingham, Thomas, de Grey (Lord) (1907) Microlepidoptera. In: Sharp, D. (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis. 1 (5). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 469 - 759." type="book chapter" year="1907">Walsingham, 1907: 717</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<treatmentCitation id="0A8810CCFFE70706FDEB9376FCBAA6A1" author="Zimmerman, E. C." box="[521,819,1919,1943]" page="644" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="1978">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE70706FDEB9376FCBAA6A1" author="Zimmerman, E. C." box="[521,819,1919,1943]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref103182" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978 a) Gracillarioidea. In: Microlepidoptera. Part 1. Insects of Hawaii, Vol. 9. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, pp. 644 - 718." type="book" year="1978">Zimmerman 1978a: 644–718</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. 427–481;
<treatmentCitation id="0A8810CCFFE70706FC349376FB58A6A1" author="Johns, C. A. &amp; Moore, M. R. &amp; Kawahara, A. Y." box="[982,1233,1919,1943]" page="66" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" year="2016">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE70706FC349376FB58A6A1" author="Johns, C. A. &amp; Moore, M. R. &amp; Kawahara, A. Y." box="[982,1233,1919,1943]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="361 - 372" refId="ref101228" refString="Johns, C. A., Moore, M. R. &amp; Kawahara, A. Y. (2016) Molecular phylogeny, revised higher classification, and implications for conservation of endangered Hawaiian leaf-mining moths (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Philodoria). Pacific Science, 70 (3), 361 - 372. https: // doi. org / 10.2984 / 70.3.7" type="journal article" year="2016">
Johns
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE70706FBF49389FBCBA6A1" box="[1046,1090,1919,1943]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 2016: 66–67
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFE70706FF759397FE8CA680" box="[151,261,1950,1974]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE70706FF759397FE8CA680" blockId="9.[151,1237,1919,1974]" box="[151,261,1950,1974]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Synonymy</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFE40705FF75949EFA18A1FB" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="synonymic_list">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE40705FF75949EFAA0A199" blockId="10.[151,1425,150,206]" box="[151,1321,150,175]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FEE2949EFDF6A198" authority="Zimmerman, 1978: 659" authorityName="Zimmerman" authorityPageNumber="659" authorityYear="1978" box="[256,639,150,175]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eophilodoria">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FEE2949EFE0EA199" box="[256,391,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Eophilodoria</emphasis>
Zimmerman, 1978: 659
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 432.
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFE40705FD07949EFC9EA199" box="[741,791,151,175]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FC96949EFAACA199" authority="Walsingham, 1907" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[884,1317,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="succedanea">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FC96949EFBD7A199" box="[884,1118,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philodoria succedanea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE40705FB86949EFAACA199" author="Walsingham, Thomas" box="[1124,1317,151,175]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="469 - 759" refId="ref102986" refString="Walsingham, Thomas, de Grey (Lord) (1907) Microlepidoptera. In: Sharp, D. (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis. 1 (5). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 469 - 759." type="book chapter" year="1907">Walsingham, 1907</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE40705FF7594BCFA18A1FB" blockId="10.[151,1425,150,206]" box="[151,1425,181,206]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FEE294BCFDEFA1FB" authority="Zimmerman, 1978: 659" authorityName="Zimmerman" authorityPageNumber="659" authorityYear="1978" box="[256,614,181,205]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FEE294BCFEE7A1FB" box="[256,366,181,205]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philodoria</emphasis>
Zimmerman, 1978: 659
</taxonomicName>
, figs. 433–434.
<typeStatus id="5492887FFFE40705FCEA94BFFCB3A1F8" box="[776,826,182,206]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FC7594BCFA04A1FB" authority="(Walsingham, 1907)" baseAuthorityName="Walsingham" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[919,1421,181,205]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginiestrigata">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FC7594BCFB3CA1FB" box="[919,1205,181,205]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philodoria marginiestrigata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE40705FB2094BCFA0CA1FB" author="Walsingham, Thomas" box="[1218,1413,181,205]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="469 - 759" refId="ref102986" refString="Walsingham, Thomas, de Grey (Lord) (1907) Microlepidoptera. In: Sharp, D. (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis. 1 (5). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 469 - 759." type="book chapter" year="1907">Walsingham, 1907</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFE40705FF7594FFFE90A33A" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE40705FF7594FFFD98A0F2" blockId="10.[151,1437,246,2001]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FF7594FFFEF2A026" box="[151,379,246,272]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Original description</emphasis>
: “Antennae a little longer than the forewings, simple, without pecten. Labial Palpi long, curved, drooping, divergent, smooth; terminal joint almost as long as the median. Maxillary Palpi obsolete. Haustellum well-developed. Ocelli present. Head and thorax smooth. Forewings narrow, elongate, lanceolate: neuration 12 veins all separate; 2, 5 and 6 weak; 7 to costa. Hindwings narrow, lanceolate, acute; cilia 3 1/2: neuration 7 veins (3 and 4 coincident); 2 and (3 +4) stalked; cell open between 4 and 5; 5 and 6 stalked out of 7; 8 short. Abdomen slender. Legs, hind tibiae smooth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE40705FF2595C7FE90A33A" blockId="10.[151,1437,246,2001]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
This genus is closely allied to
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FDF895C7FD59A0DF" authority=", Hw." authorityName="Hw." box="[538,720,462,489]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracilaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FDF895C7FD1BA0DE" box="[538,658,462,488]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gracilaria</emphasis>
, Hw.
</taxonomicName>
, but differs in the absence of the maxillary palpi.” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE40705FAED95C7FE85A33A" author="Walsingham, Thomas" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="469 - 759" refId="ref102986" refString="Walsingham, Thomas, de Grey (Lord) (1907) Microlepidoptera. In: Sharp, D. (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis. 1 (5). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 469 - 759." type="book chapter" year="1907">Walsingham 1907: 717</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFE40705FF25961FFBD9A306" box="[199,1104,534,561]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE40705FF25961FFBD9A306" blockId="10.[151,1437,246,2001]" box="[199,1104,534,561]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FF25961FFED2A306" bold="true" box="[199,347,534,560]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Type species</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FE8B961FFCCDA306" ID-CoL="4G8NZ" authority="Walsingham, 1907" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[361,836,534,560]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="succedanea">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FE8B961FFDE4A306" box="[361,621,534,560]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philodoria succedanea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE40705FD91961FFCCDA306" author="Walsingham, Thomas" box="[627,836,534,560]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="469 - 759" refId="ref102986" refString="Walsingham, Thomas, de Grey (Lord) (1907) Microlepidoptera. In: Sharp, D. (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis. 1 (5). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 469 - 759." type="book chapter" year="1907">Walsingham, 1907</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by original description.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFE40705FF259633FDB1A412" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE40705FF259633FDB1A412" blockId="10.[151,1437,246,2001]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FF259633FE20A362" bold="true" box="[199,425,570,596]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Systematic history.</emphasis>
The systematic history of the genus was reviewed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE40705FBEA9633FB55A363" author="Johns, C. A. &amp; Moore, M. R. &amp; Kawahara, A. Y." box="[1032,1244,570,597]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="361 - 372" refId="ref101228" refString="Johns, C. A., Moore, M. R. &amp; Kawahara, A. Y. (2016) Molecular phylogeny, revised higher classification, and implications for conservation of endangered Hawaiian leaf-mining moths (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Philodoria). Pacific Science, 70 (3), 361 - 372. https: // doi. org / 10.2984 / 70.3.7" type="journal article" year="2016">
Johns
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FBAD9632FB01A362" box="[1103,1160,570,596]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
(2016)
</bibRefCitation>
. In summary, the genus was placed originally in the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FDFD9657FD09A34E" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1810" box="[543,640,606,632]" class="Insecta" family="Tineidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tineidae</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE40705FD489657FC03A34E" author="Walsingham, Thomas" box="[682,906,606,632]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="469 - 759" refId="ref102986" refString="Walsingham, Thomas, de Grey (Lord) (1907) Microlepidoptera. In: Sharp, D. (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis. 1 (5). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 469 - 759." type="book chapter" year="1907">Walsingham (1907)</bibRefCitation>
, and incorrectly assigned to the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FB149657FF37A3AA" class="Insecta" family="Glyphipterygidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Glyphipterygidae</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE40705FF05968BFE2EA3AA" author="Meyrick, E." box="[231,423,642,668]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="36" refId="ref102044" refString="Meyrick, E. (1912 a) Lepidoptera, Heterocera, Fam. Gracilariadae. In: Wystman, P. (Ed.), Genera insectorum. Vol. 128. L. Desmet-Verteneuil, Bruxelles, pp. 36." type="book chapter" year="1912">Meyrick (1912a)</bibRefCitation>
. Walsingham characterized the genus from others as lacking a maxillary palpus. Genera he thought were closely related,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FE0396AFFDE8A3F6" authorityName="Haworth" authorityYear="1828" box="[481,609,678,704]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracillaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FE0396AFFDE8A3F6" box="[481,609,678,704]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gracillaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FD7596AFFC8EA3F6" box="[663,775,678,704]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FD7596AFFC8DA3F6" box="[663,772,678,704]" class="Insecta" family="Elachistidae" genus="Elachista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Elachista</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
have a maxillary palpus and/or blackish forewing.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE40705FAA796AFFF60A3D2" author="Swezey, O. H." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="106" refId="ref102309" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1910 b) Some new species of Hawaiian Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 2 (3), 106." type="journal article" year="1910">Swezey (1910b</bibRefCitation>
, 1913bc, 1915, 1920, 1928, 1940 &amp; 1946) and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE40705FD1496C3FC2FA3D2" author="Meyrick, E." box="[758,934,714,740]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="104" refId="ref102144" refString="Meyrick, E. (1928) Some new species of Hawaiian Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 7 (1), 104." type="journal article" year="1928">Meyrick (1928)</bibRefCitation>
similarly assigned species within
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FAC196C3FA15A3D2" authorityName="Zimmerman" authorityYear="1978" box="[1315,1436,714,740]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FAC196C3FA15A3D2" box="[1315,1436,714,740]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a developed maxillary palpus to other genera, i.e.
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FCF696E6FC01A23E" box="[788,904,751,776]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Parectopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FCF696E6FC01A23E" box="[788,904,751,776]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Parectopa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FC2196E7FBCAA23E" authorityName="Haworth" authorityYear="1828" box="[963,1091,750,776]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracillaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FC2196E7FBCAA23E" box="[963,1091,750,776]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gracillaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE40705FBB196E7FA8CA23E" author="Meyrick, E." box="[1107,1285,750,776]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="104" refId="ref102144" refString="Meyrick, E. (1928) Some new species of Hawaiian Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 7 (1), 104." type="journal article" year="1928">Meyrick (1928)</bibRefCitation>
placed some
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FF75971BFE99A21A" authorityName="Zimmerman" authorityYear="1978" box="[151,272,786,812]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FF75971BFE99A21A" box="[151,272,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species described by Walsingham as
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FD5F971BFCB4A21A" authorityName="Haworth" authorityYear="1828" box="[701,829,786,812]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Gracillaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FD5F971BFCB4A21A" box="[701,829,786,812]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Gracillaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FC6C971BFBA5A21A" authorityName="Stainton" authorityYear="1854" box="[910,1068,786,812]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gracillariidae</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE40705FBD5971BFAA8A21A" author="Zimmerman, E. C." box="[1079,1313,786,812]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref103182" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978 a) Gracillarioidea. In: Microlepidoptera. Part 1. Insects of Hawaii, Vol. 9. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, pp. 644 - 718." type="book" year="1978">Zimmerman (1978a)</bibRefCitation>
taxonomically reviewed Hawaiian
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FE5A973FFDDBA266" authorityName="Stainton" authorityYear="1854" box="[440,594,822,848]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gracillariidae</taxonomicName>
and placed some species assigned to other genera in
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FB53973FFAA3A266" authorityName="Zimmerman" authorityYear="1978" box="[1201,1322,822,848]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FB53973FFAA3A266" box="[1201,1322,822,848]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Zimmerman also divided the genus into two subgenera,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FD5C9753FC61A243" authority="" authorityName="Zimmerman" authorityYear="1978" box="[702,1000,858,885]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eophilodoria">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FD5C9753FCBEA242" box="[702,823,858,884]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philodoria</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FCAB9753FC57A242" box="[841,990,858,884]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Eophilodoria</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FBC09753FAA6A243" authority="(Philodoria)" box="[1058,1327,858,885]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Philodoria">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FBC09753FB12A242" box="[1058,1179,858,884]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philodoria</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FB4F9753FAAFA242" box="[1197,1318,858,884]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philodoria</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
based on the length of the maxillary palpus. Recently,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE40705FD6D9777FCE9A2AF" author="Johns, C. A. &amp; Moore, M. R. &amp; Kawahara, A. Y." box="[655,864,894,921]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="361 - 372" refId="ref101228" refString="Johns, C. A., Moore, M. R. &amp; Kawahara, A. Y. (2016) Molecular phylogeny, revised higher classification, and implications for conservation of endangered Hawaiian leaf-mining moths (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Philodoria). Pacific Science, 70 (3), 361 - 372. https: // doi. org / 10.2984 / 70.3.7" type="journal article" year="2016">
Johns
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FD349776FC81A2AE" box="[726,776,894,920]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. (2016)
</bibRefCitation>
synonymized the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FB7F9777FE81A28A" authority="Zimmerman 1978" authorityName="Zimmerman" authorityYear="1978" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eophilodoria">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FB7F9777FABBA2AE" box="[1181,1330,894,920]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Eophilodoria</emphasis>
Zimmerman 1978
</taxonomicName>
with the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FE5C97ABFC9DA28A" authority="Walsingham, 1907" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[446,788,930,956]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FE5C97ABFDBEA28A" box="[446,567,930,956]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philodoria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE40705FDDD97ABFC9DA28A" author="Walsingham, Thomas" box="[575,788,930,956]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="469 - 759" refId="ref102986" refString="Walsingham, Thomas, de Grey (Lord) (1907) Microlepidoptera. In: Sharp, D. (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis. 1 (5). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 469 - 759." type="book chapter" year="1907">Walsingham, 1907</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FCC297ABFC10A28A" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[800,921,930,956]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FCC297ABFC10A28A" box="[800,921,930,956]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been treated as a genus of the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FACB97AAFA14A28A" box="[1321,1437,931,956]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Parectopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FACB97AAFA14A28A" box="[1321,1437,931,956]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Parectopa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FEB997CFFE7CA2D6" authorityName="Stainton" authorityYear="1854" box="[347,501,966,992]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gracillariinae">Gracillariinae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE40705FDE097CFFD53A2D6" author="Kumata, T. &amp; Kuroko, H. &amp; Ermolaev, V. P." box="[514,730,966,993]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref101891" refString="Kumata, T., Kuroko, H. &amp; Ermolaev, V. P. (1988) Japanese species of the Acrocercops - group (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Part I. Insecta Matsumurana, New Series 38, 1 - 111." type="book chapter" year="1988">
Kumata
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FD8197CEFD1AA2D6" box="[611,659,966,992]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. 1988
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE40705FD0797CFFC7DA2D6" author="Davis, D. R. &amp; Robinson, G. S." box="[741,1012,966,992]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1" refId="ref100519" refString="Davis, D. R. &amp; Robinson, G. S. (1998) The Tineoidea and Gracillarioidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. 1. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbook of Zoology. Vol. 4. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 91 - 117. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110804744.91" type="book chapter" year="1998">Davis &amp; Robinson 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE40705FC1C97CEFAABA2D7" author="De Prins, W. &amp; De Prins, J." box="[1022,1314,966,993]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref100598" refString="De Prins, W. &amp; De Prins, J. (2005) Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera). In: Landry, B. (Ed.), World Catalogue of Insects. Vol. 6. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 1 - 502." type="book" year="2005">De Prins &amp; De Prins 2005</bibRefCitation>
). Recently,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE40705FF7597E3FE29A532" author="Kawahara, A. Y. &amp; Plotkin, D. &amp; Ohshima, I. &amp; Lopez-Vaamonde, C. &amp; Houlihan, P. &amp; Breinholt, J. W. &amp; Kawakita, A. &amp; Xiao, L. &amp; Regier, J. C. &amp; Davis, D. R. &amp; Kumata, T. &amp; Sohn, J. - C. &amp; De Prins, J. &amp; Mitter, C." box="[151,416,1002,1029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="60 - 81" refId="ref101523" refString="Kawahara, A. Y., Plotkin, D., Ohshima, I., Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Houlihan, P., Breinholt, J. W., Kawakita, A., Xiao, L., Regier, J. C., Davis, D. R., Kumata, T., Sohn, J. - C., De Prins, J. &amp; Mitter, C. (2017) A molecular phylogeny and revised higher-level classification for the leaf-mining moth family Gracillariidae and its implications for larval host-use evolution. Systematic Entomology, 42, 60 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12210" type="journal article" year="2017">
Kawahara
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FEF097E2FECCA532" box="[274,325,1002,1028]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
</bibRefCitation>
placed
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FE1997E3FDFDA532" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[507,628,1002,1028]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FE1997E3FDFDA532" box="[507,628,1002,1028]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FCA297E3FADAA532" authority="Kuznetzov &amp; Baryshnikova, 2001" authorityName="Kuznetzov &amp; Baryshnikova" authorityYear="2001" box="[832,1363,1002,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ornixolinae">Ornixolinae Kuznetzov &amp; Baryshnikova, 2001</taxonomicName>
based on a phylogeny that utilized 22 genes and 94 gracillariid species.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE40705FC9F9007FBD8A51E" author="Johns, C. A. &amp; Toussaint, E. F. A. &amp; Breinholt, J. W. &amp; Kawahara, A. Y." box="[893,1105,1038,1064]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="20181047" refId="ref101297" refString="Johns, C. A., Toussaint, E. F. A., Breinholt, J. W. &amp; Kawahara, A. Y. (2018) Origin and macroevolution of micro-moths on sunken Hawaiian Islands. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 285, 20181047. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2018.1047" type="journal article" year="2018">
Johns
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FC279006FC77A51E" box="[965,1022,1038,1064]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
published the first molecular phylogeny of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FED5903BFE39A57A" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[311,432,1074,1100]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FED5903BFE39A57A" box="[311,432,1074,1100]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
utilizing 507 loci and 33
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FD3C903BFCDEA57A" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[734,855,1074,1100]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FD3C903BFCDEA57A" box="[734,855,1074,1100]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. They estimated the origin of the genus to the now partially sunken Hawaiian islands of Laysan or Lisianski, approximately 21 Ma, and hypothesized that the ancestral moth was likely associated with host plants in the families
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FC789073FB9CA5A2" box="[922,1045,1146,1172]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ebenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ebenaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FBC29073FB10A5A2" box="[1056,1177,1146,1172]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FB229073FAC7A5A2" box="[1216,1358,1146,1172]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Primulaceae</taxonomicName>
. While the study of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE40705FEC39097FE78A58E" author="Johns, C. A. &amp; Toussaint, E. F. A. &amp; Breinholt, J. W. &amp; Kawahara, A. Y." box="[289,497,1182,1208]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="20181047" refId="ref101297" refString="Johns, C. A., Toussaint, E. F. A., Breinholt, J. W. &amp; Kawahara, A. Y. (2018) Origin and macroevolution of micro-moths on sunken Hawaiian Islands. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 285, 20181047. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2018.1047" type="journal article" year="2018">
Johns
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FE8A9096FE29A58E" box="[360,416,1182,1208]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
was a major breakthrough in understanding the evolutionary patterns of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FAFE9097FA1CA58E" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[1308,1429,1182,1208]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FAFE9097FA1CA58E" box="[1308,1429,1182,1208]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, many of the species included in that study did not have formally assigned names and species boundaries were never formally examined. Two species of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FDC790EFFD17A436" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[549,670,1254,1280]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FDC790EFFD17A436" box="[549,670,1254,1280]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE40705FC9590EFFBF7A436" author="Kobayashi, S. &amp; Johns, C. A. &amp; Lopez-Vaamonde, C. &amp; Doorenweerd, C. &amp; Kawakita, A. &amp; Ohshima, I. &amp; Lees, D. C. &amp; Hanabergh, S. &amp; Kawahara, A. Y." box="[887,1150,1254,1280]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="109 - 141" refId="ref101709" refString="Kobayashi, S., Johns, C. A., Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Doorenweerd, C., Kawakita, A., Ohshima, I., Lees, D. C., Hanabergh, S. &amp; Kawahara, A. Y. (2018) Hawaiian Philodoria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Ornixolinae) leaf mining moths on Myrsine (Primulaceae): two new species and biological data. ZooKeys, 773, 109 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 773.21690" type="journal article" year="2018">
Kobayashi
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FC1790EEFBA4A436" box="[1013,1069,1254,1280]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
but many more remained undecribed until the present revision.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFE40705FF259127FC18A786" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE40705FF259127FE3EA4CB" blockId="10.[151,1437,246,2001]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FF259127FECBA47E" bold="true" box="[199,322,1326,1352]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FEA59127FE06A47E" box="[327,399,1326,1352]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Adults</emphasis>
. The association of this genus to
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FD1C9127FC0DA47E" authorityName="Kuznetzov &amp; Baryshnikova" authorityYear="2001" box="[766,900,1326,1352]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ornixolinae">Ornixolinae</taxonomicName>
is substantiated by the presence of three autapomorphies for the subfamily: 1) the presence of moderately long, four-segmented maxillary palpi; 2) forewing with three branches of the medial vein and two branches of the cubital vein (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE40705FC52917FFB8AA4A6" box="[944,1027,1398,1424]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="70.[151,250,1601,1625]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,998,1572]" captionTargetId="figure-380@70.[151,1435,993,1577]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 38. Schematic illustration of Philodoria wing veins, this image showing veins of P. lysimachiella, male, Oahu (CJ530a/SK751), host: Lysimachia hillebrandii. A forewing, B hindwing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681895/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 38</figureCitation>
); and 3) an ostium bursae opening at the seventh sternum in female (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE40705FE149193FDF1A483" box="[502,632,1434,1461]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="75.[151,250,1791,1815]" captionTargetBox="[201,1379,192,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-20@75.[194,1392,181,1766]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="FIGURE 40. Genitalia of Philodoria. A–D: Male genitalia of P. marginestrigata, Kauai (CJ521/SK784), host: Sida fallax, E–H: Female genitalia of P. basalis, Hawaii (Big Island [SKH09-1]), host: Metrosideros polymorpha, E–G: SK617, H: SK616. A Phallus, lateral view, B Genitalia except right valva and phallus, ventral view, C Right valva, inside view, D Dorsal flap, inside view, E, G Female genitalia, lateral view, F, H Same, ventral view. aa: apophysis anterioris, an: antrum, ap: apophysis posterioris, cb: corpus bursae, co: coecum, cr: cornuti, db: ductus bursae, de: ductus ejaculatorius, ds: ductus seminalis, la: lamella antevaginalis, ob: ostium bursae, ph: phallus, phb: phallobase, sa: saccus, si: signum, ta: tuba analis, te: tegumen, va: valva, vi: vinculum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681899/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 40E, F</figureCitation>
). However, 17
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FCC09193FC12A482" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[802,923,1434,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FCC09193FC12A482" box="[802,923,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species possess very reduced four-segmented maxillary palpi, of which the apical two segments are very small and indistinct (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE40705FBD691B7FB4BA4EE" box="[1076,1218,1470,1496]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,848,872]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,187,820]" captionTargetId="figure-20@65.[154,1434,181,825]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Adult female head of five species of Philodoria, showing their maxillary palpus. A P. succedanea, B, C P. kolea, paratype, D P. basalis, E P. dubauticola, F P. hauicola. lp: labial palpus, pf: pilifer, pr: proboscis. Arrows point to the maxillary palpus. Scale bar 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681887/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 34A,D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE40705FB3391B7FAADA4EF" box="[1233,1316,1470,1497]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="69.[151,250,1589,1613]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,199,1566]" captionTargetId="figure-20@69.[157,1429,199,1566]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 37. Illustrations of the head of Philodoria. A P. basalis, female, Hawaii (Big Island) (SKH09-1, SK615), host: Metrosideros polymorpha, B P. lysimachiella, male, Oahu (CJ530a/SK749), host: Lysimachia hillebrandii, C P. marginestrigata (sex unknown), Molokai (CJ186), host: Abutilon grandiflorum, D P. hauicola, female, Oahu (SKH08-9/SK750), host: Hibiscus tiliaceus. ey: eye, lp: labial palpus, mp: maxillary palpus, sc: scape, pd: pedicel, pf: pilifer, pr: proboscis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681893/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">37A, B</figureCitation>
) or nearly absent (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE40705FF0C91EBFEF6A4CA" box="[238,383,1506,1532]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,848,872]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,187,820]" captionTargetId="figure-20@65.[154,1434,181,825]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Adult female head of five species of Philodoria, showing their maxillary palpus. A P. succedanea, B, C P. kolea, paratype, D P. basalis, E P. dubauticola, F P. hauicola. lp: labial palpus, pf: pilifer, pr: proboscis. Arrows point to the maxillary palpus. Scale bar 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681887/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 34B, C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE40705FE6991EBFE23A4CB" box="[395,426,1506,1533]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1651,1675]" captionTargetBox="[155,1428,185,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-23@66.[151,1436,181,1627]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 35. SEM scan of the head of Philodoria kolea, male (SK869). A, B Left lateral view, C–E Right lateral view, F Frontal view. an: antenna, ey: eye, fr: fron, lp: labial palpus, pf: pilifer, pr: proboscis. Scale bar 100 µm (A–D, F), 50 µm (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681889/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">35</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE40705FF25920FFC18A786" blockId="10.[151,1437,246,2001]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Diagnostic features of the genus include: forewing with lustrous and metallic apical portion; hindwing with small frenular costal bristles; in the male, a dorsal flap extending tergum VIII; in the female, terminus of ductus bursae tubular and sclerotized; corpus bursae with a pair of lateral signa that are either a pair of spines or series of small spines; inception of ductus seminalis at the posterior part of corpus bursae. Larvae and pupae were not examined in the present study and therefore do not include a diagnosis for them..</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFE40701FF2592B3FAADA6CF" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE40705FF2592B3FD0EA6E6" blockId="10.[151,1437,246,2001]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FF2592B3FE4DA7E2" bold="true" box="[199,452,1722,1748]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Redescription: Adult</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE40705FE3A92B3FDC1A7E2" box="[472,584,1722,1748]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStart-3="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="11.[151,250,1821,1845]" captionStartId-1="12.[151,250,1861,1885]" captionStartId-2="13.[151,250,1667,1691]" captionStartId-3="14.[151,250,1193,1217]" captionTargetBox-0="[352,1247,199,1785]" captionTargetBox-1="[208,1375,186,1836]" captionTargetBox-2="[165,1421,184,1640]" captionTargetBox-3="[169,1418,186,1146]" captionTargetId-0="figure-20@11.[326,1262,181,1798]" captionTargetId-1="figure-23@12.[206,1381,181,1838]" captionTargetId-2="figure-20@13.[161,1426,181,1643]" captionTargetId-3="figure-23@14.[164,1424,181,1152]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="13" captionTargetPageId-3="14" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Nomenclature adopted in this study for the characterization of the four major Philodoria forewing pattern types (A-D). After Kobayashi et al. (2018). A tf and tp present, B wp present at the middle, tf absent and tp obscure, C cs 1~3 and three ds present, D cp and dp present and cs and ds indistinct. a, b, c: white line on costal cilia, as: apical spot, bb(1–3): bronze color band, bp: basal patch, bl(1–2): basal line, cl: costal line, cs (1–3): costal streak, cp: costal patch, ds(1–3): dorsal streak, dp(1–3): dorsal patch, op: orange patch, mp: median patch, tf: transverse fascia, tp: transverse patch, us: uplight spot, w: white color band, (1–5) ws: white spot." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Forewing pattern of Philodoria species that have a reduced maxillary palpus (Forewing pattern typeA and B of Fig. 3). Numbers at the bottom right of each moth image refer to the corresponding species below the image. Additional species that have similar forewing pattern are listed below each moth wing morph type, but not illustrated. A Species with forewing pattern type A, those with orange tp are numbered 1–12. B Forewing pattern type B those with ws and obscure tp are numbered 13–19. Arrows indicate diagnostic characters of species. These are: bp or base (1, 3, 9, 10), tf (5, 8), ws (13–15)." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Philodoria species with forewing pattern type C. These species have white streaks and a developed maxillary palpus. Numbers at the bottom right of each moth image refer to the corresponding species below the image. Additional species that have similar forewing pattern are listed below each moth wing morph type, but not illustrated. Arrows indicate diagnostic characters: cs (25, 28), ds1 (29), lemon-yellow streak (36)." captionText-3="FIGURE 6. Philodoria species with forewing pattern type D. These species have a brown patch and developed maxillary palpus. Numbers to the bottom right of each moth image refer to the corresponding species below the image. Additional species that have similar forewing pattern are listed below each moth wing morph type, but not illustrated. Arrows indicate diagnostic characters: cs1–3 (46)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681819" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681821" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681823" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681825" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4681819/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4681821/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4681823/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4681825/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 3–6</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE40705FDB592B3FD2BA7E2" box="[599,674,1722,1748]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 34" captionStart-1="FIGURE 35" captionStart-2="FIGURE 36" captionStart-3="FIGURE 37" captionStart-4="FIGURE 38" captionStart-5="FIGURE 39" captionStart-6="FIGURE 40" captionStartId-0="65.[151,250,848,872]" captionStartId-1="66.[151,250,1651,1675]" captionStartId-2="68.[151,250,1570,1594]" captionStartId-3="69.[151,250,1589,1613]" captionStartId-4="70.[151,250,1601,1625]" captionStartId-5="74.[151,250,1665,1689]" captionStartId-6="75.[151,250,1791,1815]" captionTargetBox-0="[155,1429,187,820]" captionTargetBox-1="[155,1428,185,1622]" captionTargetBox-2="[196,1393,187,1540]" captionTargetBox-3="[157,1429,199,1566]" captionTargetBox-4="[155,1430,998,1572]" captionTargetBox-5="[175,1416,191,1628]" captionTargetBox-6="[201,1379,192,1757]" captionTargetId-0="figure-20@65.[154,1434,181,825]" captionTargetId-1="figure-23@66.[151,1436,181,1627]" captionTargetId-2="figure-23@68.[189,1398,181,1546]" captionTargetId-3="figure-20@69.[157,1429,199,1566]" captionTargetId-4="figure-380@70.[151,1435,993,1577]" captionTargetId-5="figure-23@74.[164,1423,181,1641]" captionTargetId-6="figure-20@75.[194,1392,181,1766]" captionTargetPageId-0="65" captionTargetPageId-1="66" captionTargetPageId-2="68" captionTargetPageId-3="69" captionTargetPageId-4="70" captionTargetPageId-5="74" captionTargetPageId-6="75" captionText-0="FIGURE 34. Adult female head of five species of Philodoria, showing their maxillary palpus. A P. succedanea, B, C P. kolea, paratype, D P. basalis, E P. dubauticola, F P. hauicola. lp: labial palpus, pf: pilifer, pr: proboscis. Arrows point to the maxillary palpus. Scale bar 0.1 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 35. SEM scan of the head of Philodoria kolea, male (SK869). A, B Left lateral view, C–E Right lateral view, F Frontal view. an: antenna, ey: eye, fr: fron, lp: labial palpus, pf: pilifer, pr: proboscis. Scale bar 100 µm (A–D, F), 50 µm (E)." captionText-2="FIGURE 36. SEM scan of the head of Philodoria alakaiensis, paratype female (SK870). A Anterior view of head from front, B Left palpus, C Right side of head, frontal view, D Right side of head, lateral view, E Anterolateral view of head, F Ventral view. an: antenna, ey: eye, fr: fron, lp: labial palpus, mp: maxillary palpus, pf: pilifer, pr: proboscis, vt: vertex. Scale bar 100 µm (A, C–F), 50 µm (B)." captionText-3="FIGURE 37. Illustrations of the head of Philodoria. A P. basalis, female, Hawaii (Big Island) (SKH09-1, SK615), host: Metrosideros polymorpha, B P. lysimachiella, male, Oahu (CJ530a/SK749), host: Lysimachia hillebrandii, C P. marginestrigata (sex unknown), Molokai (CJ186), host: Abutilon grandiflorum, D P. hauicola, female, Oahu (SKH08-9/SK750), host: Hibiscus tiliaceus. ey: eye, lp: labial palpus, mp: maxillary palpus, sc: scape, pd: pedicel, pf: pilifer, pr: proboscis." captionText-4="FIGURE 38. Schematic illustration of Philodoria wing veins, this image showing veins of P. lysimachiella, male, Oahu (CJ530a/SK751), host: Lysimachia hillebrandii. A forewing, B hindwing." captionText-5="FIGURE 39. Philodoria male posterior end of abdomen. A P. succedanea, male, Hawaii (Big Island [SKH-13/SK633]), host: Myrsine lessertiana, B P. sp. 7 of Johns et al. (2018), male, Kauai (CJ451a/SK754), host: Lysimachia kalalauensis, C P. haelaauensis, male, Maui (34254/SK828), host Pipturus sp., D P. alakaiensis, holotype male, Kauai (CJ473/ SK836), host Dubautia sp. co: coecum, cm: coremata, cr: cornuti, df: dorsal flap, gn: gnathos, pb: phallobase, ph: phallus, sa: saccus, si: signum, ss: subscaphium, ta: tuba analis, te: tegumen, va: valva, vi: vinculum." captionText-6="FIGURE 40. Genitalia of Philodoria. A–D: Male genitalia of P. marginestrigata, Kauai (CJ521/SK784), host: Sida fallax, E–H: Female genitalia of P. basalis, Hawaii (Big Island [SKH09-1]), host: Metrosideros polymorpha, E–G: SK617, H: SK616. A Phallus, lateral view, B Genitalia except right valva and phallus, ventral view, C Right valva, inside view, D Dorsal flap, inside view, E, G Female genitalia, lateral view, F, H Same, ventral view. aa: apophysis anterioris, an: antrum, ap: apophysis posterioris, cb: corpus bursae, co: coecum, cr: cornuti, db: ductus bursae, de: ductus ejaculatorius, ds: ductus seminalis, la: lamella antevaginalis, ob: ostium bursae, ph: phallus, phb: phallobase, sa: saccus, si: signum, ta: tuba analis, te: tegumen, va: valva, vi: vinculum." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681887" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681889" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681891" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681893" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681895" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681897" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681899" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4681887/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4681889/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4681891/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4681893/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/4681895/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/4681897/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/4681899/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">34–40</figureCitation>
). Head and frons smooth. Haustellum well-developed. Ocelli and chaetocemata absent (despite
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE40705FE0792D7FD5CA7CF" author="Walsingham, Thomas" box="[485,725,1758,1785]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="469 - 759" refId="ref102986" refString="Walsingham, Thomas, de Grey (Lord) (1907) Microlepidoptera. In: Sharp, D. (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis. 1 (5). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 469 - 759." type="book chapter" year="1907">Walsingham’s [1907]</bibRefCitation>
claim that ocelli are present,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE40705FBC392D7FB13A7CE" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[1057,1178,1758,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FBC392D7FB13A7CE" box="[1057,1178,1758,1784]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lack ocelli). Maxillary palpus developed, 4-segmented (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE40705FDE5930BFD18A62B" box="[519,657,1794,1821]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,848,872]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,187,820]" captionTargetId="figure-20@65.[154,1434,181,825]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Adult female head of five species of Philodoria, showing their maxillary palpus. A P. succedanea, B, C P. kolea, paratype, D P. basalis, E P. dubauticola, F P. hauicola. lp: labial palpus, pf: pilifer, pr: proboscis. Arrows point to the maxillary palpus. Scale bar 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681887/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 34E, F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE40705FD7E930BFD30A62B" box="[668,697,1794,1821]" captionStart="FIGURE 36" captionStartId="68.[151,250,1570,1594]" captionTargetBox="[196,1393,187,1540]" captionTargetId="figure-23@68.[189,1398,181,1546]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="FIGURE 36. SEM scan of the head of Philodoria alakaiensis, paratype female (SK870). A Anterior view of head from front, B Left palpus, C Right side of head, frontal view, D Right side of head, lateral view, E Anterolateral view of head, F Ventral view. an: antenna, ey: eye, fr: fron, lp: labial palpus, mp: maxillary palpus, pf: pilifer, pr: proboscis, vt: vertex. Scale bar 100 µm (A, C–F), 50 µm (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681891/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">36</figureCitation>
) or reduced 2-segmented and obscure small 3rd and 4th segments (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE40705FF42932FFEAFA677" box="[160,294,1830,1857]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,848,872]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,187,820]" captionTargetId="figure-20@65.[154,1434,181,825]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Adult female head of five species of Philodoria, showing their maxillary palpus. A P. succedanea, B, C P. kolea, paratype, D P. basalis, E P. dubauticola, F P. hauicola. lp: labial palpus, pf: pilifer, pr: proboscis. Arrows point to the maxillary palpus. Scale bar 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681887/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 34A, D</figureCitation>
), sometimes greatly reduced, vestigial, obsolete (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE40705FCA5932FFC5CA676" box="[839,981,1830,1856]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="65.[151,250,848,872]" captionTargetBox="[155,1429,187,820]" captionTargetId="figure-20@65.[154,1434,181,825]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 34. Adult female head of five species of Philodoria, showing their maxillary palpus. A P. succedanea, B, C P. kolea, paratype, D P. basalis, E P. dubauticola, F P. hauicola. lp: labial palpus, pf: pilifer, pr: proboscis. Arrows point to the maxillary palpus. Scale bar 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681887/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 34B, C</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE40705FC3D932FFC77A677" box="[991,1022,1830,1857]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1651,1675]" captionTargetBox="[155,1428,185,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-23@66.[151,1436,181,1627]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 35. SEM scan of the head of Philodoria kolea, male (SK869). A, B Left lateral view, C–E Right lateral view, F Frontal view. an: antenna, ey: eye, fr: fron, lp: labial palpus, pf: pilifer, pr: proboscis. Scale bar 100 µm (A–D, F), 50 µm (E)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681889/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">35</figureCitation>
). Labial palpus developed, upcurved, 3-segmented. Antenna about 1.0–1.5 length of forewing. Thorax smooth. Legs slender, smooth. Basal color of forewing dark lustrous and metallic, fuscous or brown. Forewing pattern (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE40705FC0F9367FBBBA6BE" box="[1005,1074,1902,1928]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1821,1845]" captionTargetBox="[352,1247,199,1785]" captionTargetId="figure-20@11.[326,1262,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Nomenclature adopted in this study for the characterization of the four major Philodoria forewing pattern types (A-D). After Kobayashi et al. (2018). A tf and tp present, B wp present at the middle, tf absent and tp obscure, C cs 1~3 and three ds present, D cp and dp present and cs and ds indistinct. a, b, c: white line on costal cilia, as: apical spot, bb(1–3): bronze color band, bp: basal patch, bl(1–2): basal line, cl: costal line, cs (1–3): costal streak, cp: costal patch, ds(1–3): dorsal streak, dp(1–3): dorsal patch, op: orange patch, mp: median patch, tf: transverse fascia, tp: transverse patch, us: uplight spot, w: white color band, (1–5) ws: white spot." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681819/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) consisting of orange ocherous patches with white bands or spots (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE40705FDF8939BFD06A69B" box="[538,655,1938,1965]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1821,1845]" captionTargetBox="[352,1247,199,1785]" captionTargetId="figure-20@11.[326,1262,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Nomenclature adopted in this study for the characterization of the four major Philodoria forewing pattern types (A-D). After Kobayashi et al. (2018). A tf and tp present, B wp present at the middle, tf absent and tp obscure, C cs 1~3 and three ds present, D cp and dp present and cs and ds indistinct. a, b, c: white line on costal cilia, as: apical spot, bb(1–3): bronze color band, bp: basal patch, bl(1–2): basal line, cl: costal line, cs (1–3): costal streak, cp: costal patch, ds(1–3): dorsal streak, dp(1–3): dorsal patch, op: orange patch, mp: median patch, tf: transverse fascia, tp: transverse patch, us: uplight spot, w: white color band, (1–5) ws: white spot." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681819/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
) or oblique white to brown streaks (
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FBC2939BFBD9A684" bold="true" box="[1056,1104,1938,1970]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
cs
<subScript id="17AD3498FFE40705FBDA93ADFBD9A684" attach="left" box="[1080,1104,1956,1970]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1–3</subScript>
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE40705FB67939BFB3EA684" bold="true" box="[1157,1207,1938,1970]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
ds
<subScript id="17AD3498FFE40705FB7D93ADFB3EA684" attach="left" box="[1183,1207,1956,1970]" fontSize="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1–3</subScript>
</emphasis>
) (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE40705FB2D939BFAC1A69B" box="[1231,1352,1938,1965]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1821,1845]" captionTargetBox="[352,1247,199,1785]" captionTargetId="figure-20@11.[326,1262,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Nomenclature adopted in this study for the characterization of the four major Philodoria forewing pattern types (A-D). After Kobayashi et al. (2018). A tf and tp present, B wp present at the middle, tf absent and tp obscure, C cs 1~3 and three ds present, D cp and dp present and cs and ds indistinct. a, b, c: white line on costal cilia, as: apical spot, bb(1–3): bronze color band, bp: basal patch, bl(1–2): basal line, cl: costal line, cs (1–3): costal streak, cp: costal patch, ds(1–3): dorsal streak, dp(1–3): dorsal patch, op: orange patch, mp: median patch, tf: transverse fascia, tp: transverse patch, us: uplight spot, w: white color band, (1–5) ws: white spot." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681819/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3C, D</figureCitation>
). Hindwing a little shorter in length than forewing.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF566655FFE50704FF759314FEB8A6DF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681819" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4681819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681819/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[151,250,1821,1845]" targetBox="[352,1247,199,1785]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE50704FF759314FEB8A6DF" blockId="11.[151,1437,1821,2026]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE50704FF759314FE9DA600" bold="true" box="[151,276,1821,1846]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Nomenclature adopted in this study for the characterization of the four major
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE50704FBA29317FB27A600" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[1088,1198,1822,1846]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE50704FBA29317FB27A600" box="[1088,1198,1822,1846]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forewing pattern types (A-D). After
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE50704FEFE934BFD85A66C" author="Kobayashi, S. &amp; Johns, C. A. &amp; Lopez-Vaamonde, C. &amp; Doorenweerd, C. &amp; Kawakita, A. &amp; Ohshima, I. &amp; Lees, D. C. &amp; Hanabergh, S. &amp; Kawahara, A. Y." box="[284,524,1858,1882]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="109 - 141" refId="ref101709" refString="Kobayashi, S., Johns, C. A., Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Doorenweerd, C., Kawakita, A., Ohshima, I., Lees, D. C., Hanabergh, S. &amp; Kawahara, A. Y. (2018) Hawaiian Philodoria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Ornixolinae) leaf mining moths on Myrsine (Primulaceae): two new species and biological data. ZooKeys, 773, 109 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 773.21690" type="journal article" year="2018">
Kobayashi
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE50704FE6C934BFE48A66C" box="[398,449,1858,1882]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
(2018)
</bibRefCitation>
.
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE50704FDF49348FDA1A66F" bold="true" box="[534,552,1857,1881]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A</emphasis>
tf and tp present,
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE50704FD3C934BFD66A66C" bold="true" box="[734,751,1858,1882]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B</emphasis>
wp present at the middle, tf absent and tp obscure,
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE50704FB179348FA8EA66F" bold="true" box="[1269,1287,1857,1881]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C</emphasis>
cs
<subScript id="17AD3498FFE50704FAC0935BFAB0A656" attach="left" box="[1314,1337,1874,1888]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1~3</subScript>
and three ds present,
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE50704FEEE936FFE97A648" bold="true" box="[268,286,1894,1918]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">D</emphasis>
cp and dp present and cs and ds indistinct. a, b, c: white line on costal cilia, as: apical spot, bb
<subScript id="17AD3498FFE50704FB0C937FFA87A6B2" attach="right" box="[1262,1294,1910,1924]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">(1–3)</subScript>
: bronze color band, bp: basal patch, bl
<subScript id="17AD3498FFE50704FE739393FE3BA69E" attach="left" box="[401,434,1946,1960]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">(1–2)</subScript>
: basal line, cl: costal line, cs
<subScript id="17AD3498FFE50704FD389393FD73A69E" attach="left" box="[730,762,1946,1960]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">(1–3)</subScript>
: costal streak, cp: costal patch, ds
<subScript id="17AD3498FFE50704FBBB9393FBF0A69E" attach="left" box="[1113,1145,1946,1960]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">(1–3)</subScript>
: dorsal streak, dp
<subScript id="17AD3498FFE50704FAD29393FAD9A69E" attach="left" box="[1328,1360,1946,1960]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">(1–3)</subScript>
: dorsal patch, op: orange patch, mp: median patch, tf: transverse fascia, tp: transverse patch, us: uplight spot, w: white color band, (1–5) ws: white spot.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF566655FFE20703FF75934CFB49A6D8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681821" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4681821" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681821/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[151,250,1861,1885]" targetBox="[208,1375,186,1836]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE20703FF75934CFB49A6D8" blockId="12.[151,1437,1861,2030]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE20703FF75934CFE9BA668" bold="true" box="[151,274,1861,1886]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Forewing pattern of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE20703FE06934FFDDBA668" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[484,594,1862,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE20703FE06934FFDDBA668" box="[484,594,1862,1886]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species that have a reduced maxillary palpus (Forewing pattern type A and B of Fig. 3). Numbers at the bottom right of each moth image refer to the corresponding species below the image. Additional species that have similar forewing pattern are listed below each moth wing morph type, but not illustrated.
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE20703FBB79384FBEEA693" bold="true" box="[1109,1127,1933,1957]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
Species with forewing pattern type A, those with orange tp are numbered 1–12.
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE20703FD6B93BBFD13A6FC" bold="true" box="[649,666,1970,1994]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B</emphasis>
Forewing pattern type B those with ws and obscure tp are numbered 13–19. Arrows indicate diagnostic characters of species. These are: bp or base (1, 3, 9, 10), tf (5, 8), ws (13–15).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF566655FFE30702FF75928AFD6FA631" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681823" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4681823" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681823/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[151,250,1667,1691]" targetBox="[165,1421,184,1640]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE30702FF75928AFD6FA631" blockId="13.[151,1436,1667,1805]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE30702FF75928AFE9AA7AD" bold="true" box="[151,275,1667,1691]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE30702FEFB928AFE0EA7AD" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[281,391,1667,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE30702FEFB928AFE0EA7AD" box="[281,391,1667,1691]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species with forewing pattern type C. These species have white streaks and a developed maxillary palpus. Numbers at the bottom right of each moth image refer to the corresponding species below the image. Additional species that have similar forewing pattern are listed below each moth wing morph type, but not illustrated. Arrows indicate diagnostic characters: cs (25, 28), ds
<subScript id="17AD3498FFE30702FE7892F6FE28A63B" attach="left" box="[410,417,1791,1805]" fontSize="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</subScript>
(29), lemon-yellow streak (36).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE30701FF25933CFD93A48E" blockId="13.[151,1437,1845,2016]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1436,1366,2041]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Wing venation (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE30702FE9E933CFE50A679" box="[380,473,1845,1871]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="70.[151,250,1601,1625]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,998,1572]" captionTargetId="figure-380@70.[151,1435,993,1577]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 38. Schematic illustration of Philodoria wing veins, this image showing veins of P. lysimachiella, male, Oahu (CJ530a/SK751), host: Lysimachia hillebrandii. A forewing, B hindwing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681895/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 38</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE30702FE04933CFD93A666" box="[486,538,1845,1872]" captionStart="FIGURE 62" captionStartId="113.[151,250,1437,1461]" captionTargetBox="[151,1428,186,1407]" captionTargetId="figure-20@113.[151,1436,181,1413]" captionTargetPageId="113" captionText="FIGURE 62. Images of genitalia and wing vein mounts prepared by E. C. Zimmerman. A–E: P. lysimachiella, male, Oahu, Z- XII-20-62-1, F–H: P. molokaiensis, paralectotype female, Molokai, I, J: P. knudseniiella, paratype female, Kauai, Z-I-10-66-A. A Phallus, lateral view, B Entire genitalia except phallus, ventral view, C Dorsal flap, D Pair of coremata, E, G J Abdominal segments, F, G Z-XII-19-62-26, F, I Female genitalia, ventral view, H Same species, left wing veins, Z-XII-20-65." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681943" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681943/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">62H</figureCitation>
). Forewing lanceolate, with thirteen veins (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE30702FBE3933CFBE3A679" box="[1025,1130,1845,1871]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="70.[151,250,1601,1625]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,998,1572]" captionTargetId="figure-380@70.[151,1435,993,1577]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 38. Schematic illustration of Philodoria wing veins, this image showing veins of P. lysimachiella, male, Oahu (CJ530a/SK751), host: Lysimachia hillebrandii. A forewing, B hindwing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681895/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 38A</figureCitation>
). Sc along costal fold, ending at one-third of costa; R1 from base to ending at the middle of costa; branched R2 at two-third of the wing; R3, R4 and R5 from end of cell to costa; M1, M2, M3 and CuA1 from end of cell to tornus; CuA2 rather week, at about two-thirds of the wing; CuP weak, from base and reaching dorsal area; A1+2 from base to beyond midde of dorsum. Hindwing lanceolate, with eight veins (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE30702FDA893CCFD39A6E9" box="[586,688,1989,2015]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="70.[151,250,1601,1625]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,998,1572]" captionTargetId="figure-380@70.[151,1435,993,1577]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 38. Schematic illustration of Philodoria wing veins, this image showing veins of P. lysimachiella, male, Oahu (CJ530a/SK751), host: Lysimachia hillebrandii. A forewing, B hindwing." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681895/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 38B</figureCitation>
); Sc along anterior margin, ending at one-fourth of costa with about four small frenulums; R1 weak, along anterior margin, ending at near the middle of the wing; RS from base to reaching apex; branched M1 and M2; CuA from base to ending at the middle of dorsum; branched M3; CuP from base to ending at one-fourth of dorsum.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF566655FFE00701FF7590A0FEE7A41B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681825" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4681825" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681825/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" startId="14.[151,250,1193,1217]" targetBox="[169,1418,186,1146]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE00701FF7590A0FEE7A41B" blockId="14.[151,1436,1193,1331]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE00701FF7590A0FE9AA5F7" bold="true" box="[151,275,1193,1217]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE00701FEF890A0FE01A5F7" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[282,392,1193,1217]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE00701FEF890A0FE01A5F7" box="[282,392,1193,1217]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species with forewing pattern type D. These species have a brown patch and developed maxillary palpus. Numbers to the bottom right of each moth image refer to the corresponding species below the image. Additional species that have similar forewing pattern are listed below each moth wing morph type, but not illustrated. Arrows indicate diagnostic characters: cs
<subScript id="17AD3498FFE00701FEC2912CFEBFA405" attach="left" box="[288,310,1317,1331]" fontSize="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">1–3</subScript>
(46).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE00701FF2591CBFE00A712" blockId="14.[151,1436,1366,2041]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Abdomen. Tergum smooth without spiniform setae. Male 8th abdominal segment (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE00701FB9C91CBFB5BA4EA" box="[1150,1234,1474,1500]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[175,1416,191,1628]" captionTargetId="figure-23@74.[164,1423,181,1641]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 39. Philodoria male posterior end of abdomen. A P. succedanea, male, Hawaii (Big Island [SKH-13/SK633]), host: Myrsine lessertiana, B P. sp. 7 of Johns et al. (2018), male, Kauai (CJ451a/SK754), host: Lysimachia kalalauensis, C P. haelaauensis, male, Maui (34254/SK828), host Pipturus sp., D P. alakaiensis, holotype male, Kauai (CJ473/ SK836), host Dubautia sp. co: coecum, cm: coremata, cr: cornuti, df: dorsal flap, gn: gnathos, pb: phallobase, ph: phallus, sa: saccus, si: signum, ss: subscaphium, ta: tuba analis, te: tegumen, va: valva, vi: vinculum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681897/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
) with one or two pairs of coremata; a dorsal flap extending tergum VIII, elongate, triangular, covered with slender, round and flat scales (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE00701FF0B9203FEB5A712" box="[233,316,1546,1572]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1665,1689]" captionTargetBox="[175,1416,191,1628]" captionTargetId="figure-23@74.[164,1423,181,1641]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 39. Philodoria male posterior end of abdomen. A P. succedanea, male, Hawaii (Big Island [SKH-13/SK633]), host: Myrsine lessertiana, B P. sp. 7 of Johns et al. (2018), male, Kauai (CJ451a/SK754), host: Lysimachia kalalauensis, C P. haelaauensis, male, Maui (34254/SK828), host Pipturus sp., D P. alakaiensis, holotype male, Kauai (CJ473/ SK836), host Dubautia sp. co: coecum, cm: coremata, cr: cornuti, df: dorsal flap, gn: gnathos, pb: phallobase, ph: phallus, sa: saccus, si: signum, ss: subscaphium, ta: tuba analis, te: tegumen, va: valva, vi: vinculum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681897/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE00701FEAA9203FEF4A712" box="[328,381,1546,1572]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="75.[151,250,1791,1815]" captionTargetBox="[201,1379,192,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-20@75.[194,1392,181,1766]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="FIGURE 40. Genitalia of Philodoria. A–D: Male genitalia of P. marginestrigata, Kauai (CJ521/SK784), host: Sida fallax, E–H: Female genitalia of P. basalis, Hawaii (Big Island [SKH09-1]), host: Metrosideros polymorpha, E–G: SK617, H: SK616. A Phallus, lateral view, B Genitalia except right valva and phallus, ventral view, C Right valva, inside view, D Dorsal flap, inside view, E, G Female genitalia, lateral view, F, H Same, ventral view. aa: apophysis anterioris, an: antrum, ap: apophysis posterioris, cb: corpus bursae, co: coecum, cr: cornuti, db: ductus bursae, de: ductus ejaculatorius, ds: ductus seminalis, la: lamella antevaginalis, ob: ostium bursae, ph: phallus, phb: phallobase, sa: saccus, si: signum, ta: tuba analis, te: tegumen, va: valva, vi: vinculum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681899/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">40D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE00701FF259227FB3EA7CA" blockId="14.[151,1436,1366,2041]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE00701FF259227FEFBA77E" bold="true" box="[199,370,1582,1608]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Male genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE00701FE639227FD80A77E" box="[385,521,1582,1608]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="75.[151,250,1791,1815]" captionTargetBox="[201,1379,192,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-20@75.[194,1392,181,1766]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="FIGURE 40. Genitalia of Philodoria. A–D: Male genitalia of P. marginestrigata, Kauai (CJ521/SK784), host: Sida fallax, E–H: Female genitalia of P. basalis, Hawaii (Big Island [SKH09-1]), host: Metrosideros polymorpha, E–G: SK617, H: SK616. A Phallus, lateral view, B Genitalia except right valva and phallus, ventral view, C Right valva, inside view, D Dorsal flap, inside view, E, G Female genitalia, lateral view, F, H Same, ventral view. aa: apophysis anterioris, an: antrum, ap: apophysis posterioris, cb: corpus bursae, co: coecum, cr: cornuti, db: ductus bursae, de: ductus ejaculatorius, ds: ductus seminalis, la: lamella antevaginalis, ob: ostium bursae, ph: phallus, phb: phallobase, sa: saccus, si: signum, ta: tuba analis, te: tegumen, va: valva, vi: vinculum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681899/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 40A–C</figureCitation>
) Uncus absent. Tegumen as long as valva in length (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE00701FBBA9227FB36A77E" box="[1112,1215,1582,1608]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="75.[151,250,1791,1815]" captionTargetBox="[201,1379,192,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-20@75.[194,1392,181,1766]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="FIGURE 40. Genitalia of Philodoria. A–D: Male genitalia of P. marginestrigata, Kauai (CJ521/SK784), host: Sida fallax, E–H: Female genitalia of P. basalis, Hawaii (Big Island [SKH09-1]), host: Metrosideros polymorpha, E–G: SK617, H: SK616. A Phallus, lateral view, B Genitalia except right valva and phallus, ventral view, C Right valva, inside view, D Dorsal flap, inside view, E, G Female genitalia, lateral view, F, H Same, ventral view. aa: apophysis anterioris, an: antrum, ap: apophysis posterioris, cb: corpus bursae, co: coecum, cr: cornuti, db: ductus bursae, de: ductus ejaculatorius, ds: ductus seminalis, la: lamella antevaginalis, ob: ostium bursae, ph: phallus, phb: phallobase, sa: saccus, si: signum, ta: tuba analis, te: tegumen, va: valva, vi: vinculum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681899/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 40B</figureCitation>
). Tuba analis membranous with weakly sclerotized subscaphium; gnathos V-shaped transverse band, terminal margin weakly joining subscaphium and anterior process connecting ventral base of tegumen (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE00701FC2B927FFBBBA7A6" box="[969,1074,1654,1680]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="75.[151,250,1791,1815]" captionTargetBox="[201,1379,192,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-20@75.[194,1392,181,1766]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="FIGURE 40. Genitalia of Philodoria. A–D: Male genitalia of P. marginestrigata, Kauai (CJ521/SK784), host: Sida fallax, E–H: Female genitalia of P. basalis, Hawaii (Big Island [SKH09-1]), host: Metrosideros polymorpha, E–G: SK617, H: SK616. A Phallus, lateral view, B Genitalia except right valva and phallus, ventral view, C Right valva, inside view, D Dorsal flap, inside view, E, G Female genitalia, lateral view, F, H Same, ventral view. aa: apophysis anterioris, an: antrum, ap: apophysis posterioris, cb: corpus bursae, co: coecum, cr: cornuti, db: ductus bursae, de: ductus ejaculatorius, ds: ductus seminalis, la: lamella antevaginalis, ob: ostium bursae, ph: phallus, phb: phallobase, sa: saccus, si: signum, ta: tuba analis, te: tegumen, va: valva, vi: vinculum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681899/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 40B</figureCitation>
). Valva elongate, at the middle, tapering along costal margin (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE00701FE039293FDCFA782" box="[481,582,1690,1716]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="75.[151,250,1791,1815]" captionTargetBox="[201,1379,192,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-20@75.[194,1392,181,1766]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="FIGURE 40. Genitalia of Philodoria. A–D: Male genitalia of P. marginestrigata, Kauai (CJ521/SK784), host: Sida fallax, E–H: Female genitalia of P. basalis, Hawaii (Big Island [SKH09-1]), host: Metrosideros polymorpha, E–G: SK617, H: SK616. A Phallus, lateral view, B Genitalia except right valva and phallus, ventral view, C Right valva, inside view, D Dorsal flap, inside view, E, G Female genitalia, lateral view, F, H Same, ventral view. aa: apophysis anterioris, an: antrum, ap: apophysis posterioris, cb: corpus bursae, co: coecum, cr: cornuti, db: ductus bursae, de: ductus ejaculatorius, ds: ductus seminalis, la: lamella antevaginalis, ob: ostium bursae, ph: phallus, phb: phallobase, sa: saccus, si: signum, ta: tuba analis, te: tegumen, va: valva, vi: vinculum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681899/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 40C</figureCitation>
), some species have broad valva with a process; small spines at the apex, surrounded by a set of long setae; a set of short median sized spines arranged on the basal region. Vinculum U-shaped; saccus developed. Phallus tubular, slender; vesica with cornuti; coecum developed (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE00701FBA092EBFB22A7CA" box="[1090,1195,1762,1788]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="75.[151,250,1791,1815]" captionTargetBox="[201,1379,192,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-20@75.[194,1392,181,1766]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="FIGURE 40. Genitalia of Philodoria. A–D: Male genitalia of P. marginestrigata, Kauai (CJ521/SK784), host: Sida fallax, E–H: Female genitalia of P. basalis, Hawaii (Big Island [SKH09-1]), host: Metrosideros polymorpha, E–G: SK617, H: SK616. A Phallus, lateral view, B Genitalia except right valva and phallus, ventral view, C Right valva, inside view, D Dorsal flap, inside view, E, G Female genitalia, lateral view, F, H Same, ventral view. aa: apophysis anterioris, an: antrum, ap: apophysis posterioris, cb: corpus bursae, co: coecum, cr: cornuti, db: ductus bursae, de: ductus ejaculatorius, ds: ductus seminalis, la: lamella antevaginalis, ob: ostium bursae, ph: phallus, phb: phallobase, sa: saccus, si: signum, ta: tuba analis, te: tegumen, va: valva, vi: vinculum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681899/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 40A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE00701FF25930FFAADA6CF" blockId="14.[151,1436,1366,2041]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE00701FF25930FFE05A616" bold="true" box="[199,396,1798,1824]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Female genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE00701FE78930FFD96A616" box="[410,543,1798,1824]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="75.[151,250,1791,1815]" captionTargetBox="[201,1379,192,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-20@75.[194,1392,181,1766]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="FIGURE 40. Genitalia of Philodoria. A–D: Male genitalia of P. marginestrigata, Kauai (CJ521/SK784), host: Sida fallax, E–H: Female genitalia of P. basalis, Hawaii (Big Island [SKH09-1]), host: Metrosideros polymorpha, E–G: SK617, H: SK616. A Phallus, lateral view, B Genitalia except right valva and phallus, ventral view, C Right valva, inside view, D Dorsal flap, inside view, E, G Female genitalia, lateral view, F, H Same, ventral view. aa: apophysis anterioris, an: antrum, ap: apophysis posterioris, cb: corpus bursae, co: coecum, cr: cornuti, db: ductus bursae, de: ductus ejaculatorius, ds: ductus seminalis, la: lamella antevaginalis, ob: ostium bursae, ph: phallus, phb: phallobase, sa: saccus, si: signum, ta: tuba analis, te: tegumen, va: valva, vi: vinculum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681899/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 40E–H</figureCitation>
) Apophyses anteriores and apophyses posteriores slender. Ostium bursae broad, opening at the middle of 7th abdominal segment (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE00701FD209323FCA1A672" box="[706,808,1834,1860]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="75.[151,250,1791,1815]" captionTargetBox="[201,1379,192,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-20@75.[194,1392,181,1766]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="FIGURE 40. Genitalia of Philodoria. A–D: Male genitalia of P. marginestrigata, Kauai (CJ521/SK784), host: Sida fallax, E–H: Female genitalia of P. basalis, Hawaii (Big Island [SKH09-1]), host: Metrosideros polymorpha, E–G: SK617, H: SK616. A Phallus, lateral view, B Genitalia except right valva and phallus, ventral view, C Right valva, inside view, D Dorsal flap, inside view, E, G Female genitalia, lateral view, F, H Same, ventral view. aa: apophysis anterioris, an: antrum, ap: apophysis posterioris, cb: corpus bursae, co: coecum, cr: cornuti, db: ductus bursae, de: ductus ejaculatorius, ds: ductus seminalis, la: lamella antevaginalis, ob: ostium bursae, ph: phallus, phb: phallobase, sa: saccus, si: signum, ta: tuba analis, te: tegumen, va: valva, vi: vinculum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681899/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 40E</figureCitation>
); antrum cup-shaped with a pair of lateral lobes; lamella antevaginalis semicircular and sometimes sclerotized; ductus bursae slender, tubular, posterior section very slender and membranous, curved inside of body and median section weakly sclerotized and flattened (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE00701FB2B937BFAC7A6BB" box="[1225,1358,1906,1933]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="75.[151,250,1791,1815]" captionTargetBox="[201,1379,192,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-20@75.[194,1392,181,1766]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="FIGURE 40. Genitalia of Philodoria. A–D: Male genitalia of P. marginestrigata, Kauai (CJ521/SK784), host: Sida fallax, E–H: Female genitalia of P. basalis, Hawaii (Big Island [SKH09-1]), host: Metrosideros polymorpha, E–G: SK617, H: SK616. A Phallus, lateral view, B Genitalia except right valva and phallus, ventral view, C Right valva, inside view, D Dorsal flap, inside view, E, G Female genitalia, lateral view, F, H Same, ventral view. aa: apophysis anterioris, an: antrum, ap: apophysis posterioris, cb: corpus bursae, co: coecum, cr: cornuti, db: ductus bursae, de: ductus ejaculatorius, ds: ductus seminalis, la: lamella antevaginalis, ob: ostium bursae, ph: phallus, phb: phallobase, sa: saccus, si: signum, ta: tuba analis, te: tegumen, va: valva, vi: vinculum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681899/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 40E, F</figureCitation>
); anterior section tubular sclerotized, terminus of ductus bursae biforked in ventral view and flanked pairs of sclerotized wrinkles reaching anterior end of corpus bursae; inception of ductus seminalis on the posterior part of ductus bursae; corpus bursae pyriform; signa both lateral, a pair of spines or many series of small spines (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE00701FB6F93D7FA91A6CF" box="[1165,1304,2014,2041]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="75.[151,250,1791,1815]" captionTargetBox="[201,1379,192,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-20@75.[194,1392,181,1766]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="FIGURE 40. Genitalia of Philodoria. A–D: Male genitalia of P. marginestrigata, Kauai (CJ521/SK784), host: Sida fallax, E–H: Female genitalia of P. basalis, Hawaii (Big Island [SKH09-1]), host: Metrosideros polymorpha, E–G: SK617, H: SK616. A Phallus, lateral view, B Genitalia except right valva and phallus, ventral view, C Right valva, inside view, D Dorsal flap, inside view, E, G Female genitalia, lateral view, F, H Same, ventral view. aa: apophysis anterioris, an: antrum, ap: apophysis posterioris, cb: corpus bursae, co: coecum, cr: cornuti, db: ductus bursae, de: ductus ejaculatorius, ds: ductus seminalis, la: lamella antevaginalis, ob: ostium bursae, ph: phallus, phb: phallobase, sa: saccus, si: signum, ta: tuba analis, te: tegumen, va: valva, vi: vinculum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681899" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4681899/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 40G, H</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFE10700FF25949FFF7FA1E3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE10700FF25949FFF7FA1E3" blockId="15.[151,1437,150,1437]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FF25949FFEE8A186" bold="true" box="[199,353,150,176]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F33E764DFFE10700FE8B949FFD8FA186" box="[361,518,150,176]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">United States</collectingCountry>
: Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui and
<collectingRegion id="49EDF83FFFE10700FAF3949FFAEBA186" box="[1297,1378,150,176]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
[Big Island]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFE10700FF2594D7FDE1A20E" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE10700FF2594D7FB31A1CE" blockId="15.[151,1437,150,1437]" box="[199,1208,222,249]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FF2594D7FEDFA1CE" bold="true" box="[199,342,222,248]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Host plants.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FEBF94D7FE52A1CE" box="[349,475,222,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
, Ebanaceae,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FD8E94D7FD61A1CE" box="[620,744,222,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FD1194D6FCE5A1CF" box="[755,876,223,249]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FC9594D7FB88A1CE" box="[887,1025,222,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Primulaceae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FBDA94D7FB3AA1CE" box="[1080,1203,222,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE10700FF25950BFDBFA30B" blockId="15.[151,1437,150,1437]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FF25950BFEAEA02A" bold="true" box="[199,295,258,284]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Biology.</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE10700FED4950BFE49A02B" box="[310,448,258,285]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 79" captionStart-1="FIGURE 80" captionStart-10="FIGURE 89" captionStart-11="FIGURE 90" captionStart-12="FIGURE 91" captionStart-13="FIGURE 92" captionStart-14="FIGURE 93" captionStart-15="FIGURE 94" captionStart-16="FIGURE 95" captionStart-2="FIGURE 81" captionStart-3="FIGURE 82" captionStart-4="FIGURE 83" captionStart-5="FIGURE 84" captionStart-6="FIGURE 85" captionStart-7="FIGURE 86" captionStart-8="FIGURE 87" captionStart-9="FIGURE 88" captionStartId-0="141.[151,250,1708,1732]" captionStartId-1="142.[151,250,1699,1723]" captionStartId-10="151.[151,250,1882,1906]" captionStartId-11="152.[151,250,1575,1599]" captionStartId-12="153.[151,250,1924,1948]" captionStartId-13="154.[151,250,1485,1509]" captionStartId-14="155.[151,250,1435,1459]" captionStartId-15="156.[151,250,1507,1531]" captionStartId-16="157.[151,250,1813,1837]" captionStartId-2="143.[151,250,1836,1860]" captionStartId-3="144.[151,250,1255,1279]" captionStartId-4="145.[151,250,1446,1470]" captionStartId-5="146.[151,250,1826,1850]" captionStartId-6="147.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionStartId-7="148.[151,250,1146,1170]" captionStartId-8="149.[151,250,1898,1922]" captionStartId-9="150.[151,250,1491,1515]" captionTargetBox-0="[157,1428,191,1681]" captionTargetBox-1="[161,1421,189,1671]" captionTargetBox-10="[161,1429,195,1852]" captionTargetBox-11="[354,1238,189,1538]" captionTargetBox-12="[160,1414,189,1888]" captionTargetBox-13="[160,1428,185,1460]" captionTargetBox-14="[155,1429,189,1406]" captionTargetBox-15="[244,1338,195,1477]" captionTargetBox-16="[160,1432,196,1778]" captionTargetBox-2="[160,1427,189,1804]" captionTargetBox-3="[159,1425,187,1227]" captionTargetBox-4="[161,1397,187,1418]" captionTargetBox-5="[174,1422,190,1794]" captionTargetBox-6="[184,1393,198,1850]" captionTargetBox-7="[160,1420,181,1121]" captionTargetBox-8="[226,1414,190,1870]" captionTargetBox-9="[155,1432,186,1461]" captionTargetId-0="figure-20@141.[152,1435,181,1684]" captionTargetId-1="figure-23@142.[156,1431,181,1675]" captionTargetId-10="figure-20@151.[150,1438,181,1858]" captionTargetId-11="figure-23@152.[342,1246,181,1551]" captionTargetId-12="figure-20@153.[151,1436,181,1900]" captionTargetId-13="figure-23@154.[155,1432,181,1462]" captionTargetId-14="figure-20@155.[151,1435,181,1411]" captionTargetId-15="figure-23@156.[239,1348,181,1483]" captionTargetId-16="figure-20@157.[151,1436,181,1788]" captionTargetId-2="figure-20@143.[154,1433,181,1812]" captionTargetId-3="figure-23@144.[155,1432,181,1230]" captionTargetId-4="figure-20@145.[156,1431,181,1423]" captionTargetId-5="figure-23@146.[151,1436,181,1803]" captionTargetId-6="figure-20@147.[173,1414,181,1863]" captionTargetId-7="figure-23@148.[160,1427,181,1121]" captionTargetId-8="figure-20@149.[158,1429,181,1875]" captionTargetId-9="figure-23@150.[149,1439,181,1467]" captionTargetPageId-0="141" captionTargetPageId-1="142" captionTargetPageId-10="151" captionTargetPageId-11="152" captionTargetPageId-12="153" captionTargetPageId-13="154" captionTargetPageId-14="155" captionTargetPageId-15="156" captionTargetPageId-16="157" captionTargetPageId-2="143" captionTargetPageId-3="144" captionTargetPageId-4="145" captionTargetPageId-5="146" captionTargetPageId-6="147" captionTargetPageId-7="148" captionTargetPageId-8="149" captionTargetPageId-9="150" captionText-0="FIGURE 79. Philodoria species on the host plant, Myrsine. A–D, F, G: P. succedanea, E: P. kauaulaensis, H: P. auromagnifica. A–C, F–K host: Myrsine lessertiana, D M. Linearifolia, E M. lanaiensis. A–C: Molokai, D: Kauai, E: Maui, A–E Leaf mine and later larva F–K: Hawaii (Big Island). F, I, J Host plants and leaf mines, G Fallen leaf and leaf mine with larva, H Developing mine, K Near complete mine of late instar larva." captionText-1="FIGURE 80. Philodoria species on the host plant, Lysimachia. A, B, D, E: P. molokaiensis, Molokai, host: L. hillebrandii, C, F: Philodoria sp., Maui, host: L. remyi. A–C Leaf mine, D, F Late instar larva, E Cocoon." captionText-10="FIGURE 89. Philodoria hesperomanniella leaf mines on its host plant, Hesperomannia arborescens subsp. opuhe, West Maui. A, C Mines of latar larva, B Old mines and cocoon, D Young mine, E Mine of late instar larva, F Cocoon.Arrows point to mine (D) and cocoon (F)." captionText-11="FIGURE 90. Mines of Philodoria sp. 2 on its host plant, Hesperomannia lydgateyi, Kauai. A, B Old mine." captionText-12="FIGURE 91. Philodoria species on leaves of Asteraceae host plants. A–G: P. sciallactis, H, I: P. keahii. Host plants: A–C Melanthera integrifolia, West Oahu, D–F Lipochaeta rockii, East Maui, G Melanthera kamolensis, East Maui, H, I Remya mauiensis, Maui." captionText-13="FIGURE 92. Philodoria hauicola and its host plant, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Nuuanu Pali, Oahu. A–C Host plant leaves and mines, D, E Young mine, F Later mine, G Mine of young instar larva, H, I Mine of late instar larva, J Late instar with parasitoid larva, K, L Cocoon spinning by final instar larva." captionText-14="FIGURE 93. Mines of Philodoria species with thier Malvaceae host plants, Oahu. A, B, D, E: P. hibiscella, host: Hibiscus arnottianus, C P. marginestrigata, host: Sida fallax, F P. hauicola, host: Hibiscus tilaceus, D Mine of late instar larva, E Cocoon on the adaxial side of leaf, F Old mine." captionText-15="FIGURE 94. Mines of Philodoria touchardiella on the leaf of its host plant, Touchardia latifolia. A, B Mine of late instar larva." captionText-16="FIGURE 95. Mines of Philodoria on Urera glabra. A–C: P. urerana, Oahu, D–F: P. ureraella, Maui, CJ307, A, D Mines of late instar larvae, B, E Mines and cocoon, C, F Cocoon." captionText-2="FIGURE 81. Philodoria basalis and its host plant, Metrosideros polymorpha. A, B, D–M: Hawaii (Big Island), C: Kauai. A Leaf mine of late instar larva, B Fallen cocoons in rolled leaf disc “tacos”, C Fallen leaf and leaf mine with cocoon, D Cocoon and mine, E, F Old mine, G Mine made by late instar larva, H, I Late instar larva, J Final instar larva cutting out disc to create oval “taco” shelter with silk, K, L Cocoon and mine showing the “taco” cut out on the leaf, M Cocoon “taco”, similar to B." captionText-3="FIGURE 82. Philodoria splendida and its host plants. A, D, E: Metrosideros polymorpha, B, C, F: Syzigium sandwicensis. A: Maui, B–F: Oahu. A, B Leaf mine, C Cocoon and old mine, D, E Host plant with leaf mines, F Mine of late instar larva." captionText-4="FIGURE 83. Philodoria lama with its host plant Diospyros sandiwensis. A–C Leaf mine with taco cocoon cut outs, D Old mine without taco, E Close-up view of “taco” cocoon, F Dead adult, lateral view (CJ161). A, F: East Maui, B, C, E: Lanai, D: Oahu." captionText-5="FIGURE 84. Mines of P. haelaauensis on leaves of its host plant, Pipturus rockii, Makawao Forest Reserve, East Maui, same series as CJ209, 216. A, D, F: Abaxial side of leaf, B, C, E, G: Adaxial side of leaf." captionText-6="FIGURE 85. Philodoria species on leaves of the host plant, Pipturus. A–D: Philodoria sp. nr. P. haelaauensis or P. floscula, E: P. neraudicola A: Molokai, B, D: Hawaii (Big Island), C, E: West Maui, B: Kohala Forest Reserve, C: Waihe'e Forest Reserve D: Puu Makaala Natural Area Reserve, E: Iao Valley, same series of CJ336, 360, 361, 369. Host plants: A Pipturus sp. 1, B Pipturus sp. 4, C, D Pipturus sp. 2, E Pipturus albidus. Arrows point to cocoons." captionText-7="FIGURE 86. Philodoria species on leaves of the host plant, Pipturus. A, D: Unidentified Philodoria species, B: Philodoria sp. nr. P. haelaauensis or P. floscula, C: P. neraudicola. A West Oahu, B, C: Waihee Valley, West Maui, D: Kula Forest Reserve, East Maui, same series of CJ219, 222, 224, 230. Host plants: A: Pipturus albidus, B: Pipturus sp. 5, C: Pipturus sp. 4, D: Pipturus rockii. A Young mines, B Mine of late instar larva, C Cocoons on abaxial side of leaf, D Cocoon by final instar larva.Arrows show late instar larva (B) and cocoon (C)." captionText-8="FIGURE 87. Philodoria species on leaves of the host plant, Dubautia. A–D: Unidentified Philodoria species, nr. P. naenaeiella or related species. E, F: P. sp. 1 of Johns et al. (2018), Maui, host: Dubautia menziesii G–I: P. platyphylliella, Maui, host: Dubautia platyphylla. A D. plantaginea Waihee Valley, Maui, CJ371, one adult (sex unknown) did not emerge, B–D D. laxa Konahuanui, Oahu, all larvae were consumed by parasitoids, CJ208, 242, 248." captionText-9="FIGURE 88. Asteraceae-mining Philodoria with thier host plants. A: P. wilkesiella, West Maui, host: Argyroxiphium grayanum, B–F: P. dubauticola, Haelaau, Maui, same series as CJ073, 074, 077 079, 080, 082–084, 094,111, 255, 256, host: Dubautia laxa, G, H: P. naenaeiella Poamoho, Oahu, same series as CJ130, 131, 140, 142, host: Dubautia sp. 1, I–L: Unidentified Philodoria species, J, K: East Oahu, host: Dubautia sp. 2, I: Eke, Maui, host: D. laxa, L: Kamakou, Molokai. A Old mines and cocoons, B, L Young mine, C, H, J, K Mine of late instar larva, G, D, E, I Mature mine, F Cocoon by final instar larva.Arrows point to cocoon (A) and mine (I)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681979" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681982" figureDoi-10="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682004" figureDoi-11="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682006" figureDoi-12="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682012" figureDoi-13="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682015" figureDoi-14="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682017" figureDoi-15="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682019" figureDoi-16="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682021" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681984" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681986" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681988" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681992" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681994" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681996" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4681998" figureDoi-9="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682000" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4681979/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4681982/files/figure.png" httpUri-10="https://zenodo.org/record/4682004/files/figure.png" httpUri-11="https://zenodo.org/record/4682006/files/figure.png" httpUri-12="https://zenodo.org/record/4682012/files/figure.png" httpUri-13="https://zenodo.org/record/4682015/files/figure.png" httpUri-14="https://zenodo.org/record/4682017/files/figure.png" httpUri-15="https://zenodo.org/record/4682019/files/figure.png" httpUri-16="https://zenodo.org/record/4682021/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4681984/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4681986/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/4681988/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/4681992/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/4681994/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/4681996/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/4681998/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/4682000/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs. 79–95</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FE31950BFDC5A02A" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[467,588,258,284]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FE31950BFDC5A02A" box="[467,588,258,284]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae mine leaves of Hawaiian endemic plants in at least 20 genera and 52 species. Of these, 16 plant species are herbaceous. The larva forms a slender linear or serpentine mine on the adaxial side of the host leaf, and gradually expands its mine as it feeds and the mine later becomes the form of a blotch. Larvae of nearly all
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FE979567FE67A0BE" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[373,494,366,392]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FE979567FE67A0BE" box="[373,494,366,392]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are presumed specialists on one plant genus (for example, 16
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FB0D9567FAE1A0BE" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[1263,1384,366,392]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FB0D9567FAE1A0BE" box="[1263,1384,366,392]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species were recorded from one plant species), except for
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FD13959AFC1FA09A" baseAuthorityName="Swezey" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[753,918,402,429]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neraudicola">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FD13959AFC8BA09A" box="[753,770,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FCED959BFC1FA09A" box="[783,918,402,428]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">neraudicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FC7E959AFBA5A09A" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[924,1068,402,429]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sciallactis">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FC7E959AFC24A09A" box="[924,941,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FC58959BFBA5A09A" box="[954,1068,402,428]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">sciallactis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FBBD959AFB63A09A" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[1119,1258,402,429]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendida">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FBBD959AFBF9A09A" box="[1119,1136,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FB9F959BFB63A09A" box="[1149,1258,402,428]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">splendida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, that utilize two genera in one plant family.
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FE2795BFFD71A0E6" baseAuthorityName="Walsingham" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[453,760,438,464]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginestrigata">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FE2795BFFD71A0E6" box="[453,760,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Philodoria marginestrigata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unusual in that it utilizes five genera in two plant families. Twenty-seven species are known to create a cocoon outside of the mine, usually pupating on the surface of the leaf. Three species,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FEDC95F6FE56A32E" baseAuthorityName="Swezey" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[318,479,510,537]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubautiella">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FEDC95F6FEC6A32E" box="[318,335,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FEBF95F7FE56A32E" box="[349,479,510,536]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">dubautiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FE0295F7FE6DA32E" box="[480,484,510,536]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FE0995F6FD34A32E" baseAuthorityName="Walsingham" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[491,701,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginestrigata">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FE0995F6FE75A32E" box="[491,508,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FDE895F6FD34A32E" box="[522,701,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">marginestrigata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FD1995F6FC1BA32E" authorityName="Sweszey" authorityYear="1940" box="[763,914,510,537]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilkesiella">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FD1995F6FC85A32E" box="[763,780,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FCF895F7FC1BA32E" box="[794,914,510,536]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">wilkesiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pupate within larval mines (
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE10700FB3095F7FAB3A32E" box="[1234,1338,510,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 88" captionStartId="150.[151,250,1491,1515]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,186,1461]" captionTargetId="figure-23@150.[149,1439,181,1467]" captionTargetPageId="150" captionText="FIGURE 88. Asteraceae-mining Philodoria with thier host plants. A: P. wilkesiella, West Maui, host: Argyroxiphium grayanum, B–F: P. dubauticola, Haelaau, Maui, same series as CJ073, 074, 077 079, 080, 082–084, 094,111, 255, 256, host: Dubautia laxa, G, H: P. naenaeiella Poamoho, Oahu, same series as CJ130, 131, 140, 142, host: Dubautia sp. 1, I–L: Unidentified Philodoria species, J, K: East Oahu, host: Dubautia sp. 2, I: Eke, Maui, host: D. laxa, L: Kamakou, Molokai. A Old mines and cocoons, B, L Young mine, C, H, J, K Mine of late instar larva, G, D, E, I Mature mine, F Cocoon by final instar larva.Arrows point to cocoon (A) and mine (I)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682000" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4682000/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 88A</figureCitation>
; Swezey 1913: 279;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE10700FEF5962BFDA0A30B" author="Zimmerman, E. C." box="[279,553,546,573]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref103182" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978 a) Gracillarioidea. In: Microlepidoptera. Part 1. Insects of Hawaii, Vol. 9. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, pp. 644 - 718." type="book" year="1978">Zimmerman 1978a: 685</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE10700FF25964FFDE1A20E" blockId="15.[151,1437,150,1437]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FF25964FFE1BA356" bold="true" box="[199,402,582,608]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Natural enemies.</emphasis>
(
<tableCitation id="C6AB0366FFE10700FE43964FFE7EA356" box="[417,503,582,608]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="127.[150,238,475,501]" captionTargetBox="[164,1995,551,1662]" captionText="TABLE 3. Parasitoid wasps that emerged from Philodoria leaf mines or cocoons. “No.” refers to the assigned parasitoid number. There were a few instances where the parasitoid" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF566655FF910770FF7495D2FCE1A32F" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" tableUuid="DF566655FF910770FF7495D2FCE1A32F">Table 3</tableCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A58FFE10700FDE7964FFD15A356" box="[517,668,582,608]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 98" captionStart-1="FIGURE 99" captionStart-10="FIGURE 108" captionStart-11="FIGURE 109" captionStart-12="FIGURE 110" captionStart-2="FIGURE 100" captionStart-3="FIGURE 101" captionStart-4="FIGURE 102" captionStart-5="FIGURE 103" captionStart-6="FIGURE 104" captionStart-7="FIGURE 105" captionStart-8="FIGURE 106" captionStart-9="FIGURE 107" captionStartId-0="160.[151,250,1465,1489]" captionStartId-1="161.[151,250,1473,1497]" captionStartId-10="170.[151,250,1478,1502]" captionStartId-11="171.[151,250,1475,1499]" captionStartId-12="172.[151,250,1049,1073]" captionStartId-2="162.[151,250,1483,1507]" captionStartId-3="163.[151,250,1042,1066]" captionStartId-4="164.[151,250,1860,1884]" captionStartId-5="165.[151,250,1129,1153]" captionStartId-6="166.[151,250,1892,1916]" captionStartId-7="167.[151,250,1906,1930]" captionStartId-8="168.[151,250,1396,1420]" captionStartId-9="169.[151,250,1710,1734]" captionTargetBox-0="[155,1430,184,1435]" captionTargetBox-1="[156,1431,187,1444]" captionTargetBox-10="[151,1436,185,1452]" captionTargetBox-11="[154,1430,185,1444]" captionTargetBox-12="[155,1427,185,1023]" captionTargetBox-2="[150,1438,185,1453]" captionTargetBox-3="[157,1429,184,1016]" captionTargetBox-4="[166,1423,185,1833]" captionTargetBox-5="[172,1414,181,1100]" captionTargetBox-6="[154,1430,184,1862]" captionTargetBox-7="[150,1436,186,1876]" captionTargetBox-8="[157,1432,183,1369]" captionTargetBox-9="[236,1353,193,1666]" captionTargetId-0="figure-23@160.[151,1435,181,1441]" captionTargetId-1="figure-20@161.[151,1436,181,1450]" captionTargetId-10="figure-23@170.[149,1439,181,1454]" captionTargetId-11="figure-20@171.[151,1435,181,1451]" captionTargetId-12="figure-23@172.[151,1435,181,1025]" captionTargetId-2="figure-23@162.[145,1443,181,1459]" captionTargetId-3="figure-20@163.[151,1437,181,1018]" captionTargetId-4="figure-23@164.[162,1426,181,1836]" captionTargetId-5="figure-20@165.[166,1422,181,1105]" captionTargetId-6="figure-23@166.[151,1436,181,1869]" captionTargetId-7="figure-20@167.[146,1441,181,1882]" captionTargetId-8="figure-23@168.[151,1436,181,1373]" captionTargetId-9="figure-20@169.[159,1429,179,1689]" captionTargetPageId-0="160" captionTargetPageId-1="161" captionTargetPageId-10="170" captionTargetPageId-11="171" captionTargetPageId-12="172" captionTargetPageId-2="162" captionTargetPageId-3="163" captionTargetPageId-4="164" captionTargetPageId-5="165" captionTargetPageId-6="166" captionTargetPageId-7="167" captionTargetPageId-8="168" captionTargetPageId-9="169" captionText-0="FIGURE 98. Parasitoid wasps that emerged from Philodoria that mine Myrsine lessertiana. A–F: Chalcidoidea from P. auromagnifica or P. succedanea, Oahu, G–N: unidentified species from P. auromagnifica, P. kolea or P. succedanea, Hawaii (Big Island). A, B CJ062-1, C, D CJ062-2, E, F CJ062-3, G–I SKH-10A, J, K SKH-10B, L, M SKH-10C, N SKH-1/SKH-15, Hawaii (Big Island)." captionText-1="FIGURE 99. Parasitoid wasps that emerged from Philodoria that mine Primulaceae. A–D: unidentified wasps from Philodoria species (possibly P. succedanea) on Myrsine linearifolia, Kauai, E–L: Chalcidoidea from P. molokaiensis on Lysimachia hillebrandii, Molokai. A, B 511-1, 2/CJ511, C, D 511-3, 4/CJ511, E, F CJ201, G, H CJ203-1, I, J CJ203-2, K, L CJ203-3." captionText-10="FIGURE 108. Parasitoid wasps (Chalcidoidea) that emerged from Philodoria marginestrigata on Sida fallax, Kaena point, Oahu. A CJ137-1, B CJ137-2, C CJ137-3, D CJ137-4, E CJ137-5, F CJ137-6, G CJ137-7, H CJ137-8, I CJ137-9, J CJ137-10, K CJ137-11." captionText-11="FIGURE 109. Parasitoid wasps that emerged from Philodoria marginestrigata on Sida fallax. A: Chalcidoidea, B–M: Eulophidae. A CJ055 Maui, B, C CJ056 Maui, D, E CJ193, Maui, F, G CJ205, Maui, H, I CJ378, Lanai, J, K CJ407-1, Hawaii (Big Island), L, M CJ407-2." captionText-12="FIGURE 110. Parasitoid wasps that emerged from Philodoria sciallactis or P. marginestrigata on Lipochaeta rockii, Mokio, Molokai. A, B CJ180-1, C, D, E CJ180-2, F, G CJ196, H, I CJ207." captionText-2="FIGURE 100. Parasitoid wasps (Chalcidoidea) that emerged from Philodoria basalis or P. splendida on Metrosideros polymorpha, Oahu. A–C CJ044, D, E CJ113, F, G CJ298, H, I CJ290, J–L CJ292." captionText-3="FIGURE 101. Parasitoid wasps (Chalcidoidea) that emerged from Philodoria basalis or P. splendida. A–F: from P. basalis or P. splendida on Metrosideros polymorpha. A, B CJ123-1, Maui, C, D CJ123-2, E, F CJ417, Hawaii (Big Island), G, H CJ515 from P. splendida on Syzygium sp., Kauai." captionText-4="FIGURE 102. Parasitoid wasps that emerged from Philodoria that mine Pipturus. A–F, I–Q: Chalcidoidea, G, H Ichneumonidae, N, O Braconidae, P, Q Bethylidae male. A, B CJ206 from Philodoria sp. on Pipturus rockii, Maui, C, D CJ224-1 from Philodoria sp. on P. rockii, Maui, E, F CJ224-2, G, H CJ235 from Philodoria sp. on Pipturus hawaiiensis, Maui, I, J CJ289-1 from Philodoria sp. on Pipturus sp., Oahu, K–M CJ289-2, N, O CJ295 from Philodoria sp. on P. albidus, Oahu, P, Q CJ415 from Philodoria sp. on Pipturus sp., Hawaii (Big Island)." captionText-5="FIGURE 103. Parasitoid wasps that emerged from Philodoria that mine Pipturus, Hawaii (Big Island). A–C Chalcidoidea (CJ420) from Philodoria sp. on Pipturus sp., D–G: unidenitified species from P. obamaorum or P. floscula on Pipturus sp., D, E CLV017-1, 2, F, G CLV017-3, 4." captionText-6="FIGURE 104. Parasitoid wasps that emerged from Philodoria that mine Dubautia, Oahu. A–L: Braconidae, M–P: Chalcidoidea, A–H: from P. naenaeiella or closely related species, I–N: from Philodoria sp., A–D, M–P: on Dubautia plantaginea, E–L: on Dubautia sp. A, B CJ208 C, D CJ242, same data as CJ208, E, F CJ248-1, G, H CJ248-2, I, J CJ140, K, L CJ313, M, N CJ502-1, O, P CJ502-2." captionText-7="FIGURE 105. Parasitoid wasps that emerged from Philodoria that mine Asteraceae, Kauai. A–H, M, N: Braconidae, I, J: unidentified species, M–O: Bethylidae. A–L: from P. alakaiensis? on Dubautia sp. [laxa?], Kauai. A, B CJ453, C, D CJ458-1, E, F CJ458-2, G, H CJ458-3, I, J CJ458-4, K, L CJ458-5, M–O CJ522 from P. funkae on Wilkesia gymnoxiphium." captionText-8="FIGURE 106. Parasitoid wasps that emerged from Philodoria that mine Hibiscus. A–D, G, H: unidentified species, E, F: Braconidae, I–N: Chalcidoidea. A SKH8-3-A from P. hauicola on Hibiscus tilaceus, Oahu, B SKH-8-3-B, C, D SKH-8-3-C, E, F SKH-8-11-A, same data as SKH-8-3, G, H CJ272 from P. hauicola or P. hibiscella on H. tilaceus, Oahu, I, J CJ236-1 from P. hibiscella on H. arnottianus, Oahu, K CJ236-2, L CJ236-3, M, N CJ469 from P. limahuliensis on H. waimaeae subsp. haneri, Kauai." captionText-9="FIGURE 107. Parasitoid wasps (possibly family Scelionidae) that emerged from Philodoria sp. 3 of Johns et al. (2018) on Touchardia latifolia, Kauai. A, B CJ449-1, C, D CJ449-2, E, F CJ449-3, G, H CJ449-4, I, J CJ449-5, K CJ449-6, L, M CJ449-7, N CJ449-8." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682027" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682029" figureDoi-10="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682049" figureDoi-11="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682051" figureDoi-12="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682053" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682031" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682033" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682035" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682037" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682039" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682041" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682045" figureDoi-9="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4682047" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4682027/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4682029/files/figure.png" httpUri-10="https://zenodo.org/record/4682049/files/figure.png" httpUri-11="https://zenodo.org/record/4682051/files/figure.png" httpUri-12="https://zenodo.org/record/4682053/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4682031/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4682033/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/4682035/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/4682037/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/4682039/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/4682041/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/4682045/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/4682047/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs. 98–110</figureCitation>
). Natural enemies, other than parasitoids, are not well known. Eighteen parasitoid species from four families have been recorded from 14
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FC5A9663FBB8A3B2" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[952,1073,618,644]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FC5A9663FBB8A3B2" box="[952,1073,618,644]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE10700FB7B9663FAD1A3B3" author="Yoshimoto, C. M." box="[1177,1368,618,645]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="665 - 699" refId="ref103100" refString="Yoshimoto, C. M. (1965) Synopsis of Hawaiian Eulophidae including Aphelininae (Hym.: Chalcidoidea). Pacific Insects, 7 (4), 665 - 699." type="journal article" year="1965">Yoshimoto 1965</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE10700FA869663FEC8A39E" author="Zimmerman, E. C." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref103182" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978 a) Gracillarioidea. In: Microlepidoptera. Part 1. Insects of Hawaii, Vol. 9. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, pp. 644 - 718." type="book" year="1978">Zimmerman 1978a</bibRefCitation>
), these are:
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FE279687FDCAA39E" box="[453,579,654,680]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bethylidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FDAE9687FC84A39E" authorityName="Fullaway" authorityYear="1920" box="[588,781,654,680]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Sierola" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="planiceps">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FDAE9687FC84A39E" box="[588,781,654,680]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sierola planiceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FCF99686FC30A39E" authorityName="Fullaway" authorityYear="1920" box="[795,953,654,681]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Sierola" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="philodoriae">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FCF99686FCA0A39F" box="[795,809,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FCD49687FC30A39E" box="[822,953,654,680]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">philodoriae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FC249686FBB0A39E" authorityName="Fullaway" authorityYear="1920" box="[966,1081,654,681]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Sierola" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchra">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FC249686FC5DA39F" box="[966,980,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FC009687FBB0A39E" box="[994,1081,654,680]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">pulchra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FBA49687FB1FA39E" authorityName="Cameron" authorityYear="1881" box="[1094,1174,654,680]" class="Insecta" family="Bethylidae" genus="Sierola" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FBA49687FB1FA39E" box="[1094,1174,654,680]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sierola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FB289687FAC7A39E" box="[1226,1358,654,680]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Braconidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FABA9686FA15A39E" box="[1368,1436,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Mirax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FABA9686FA15A39E" box="[1368,1436,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mirax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FF2796BBFE25A3FA" baseAuthorityName="Viereck" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[197,428,690,716]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Pholetesor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bedelliae">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FF2796BBFE25A3FA" box="[197,428,690,716]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pholetesor bedelliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FE5896BBFDB7A3FA" baseAuthorityName="Haliday" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[442,574,690,716]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FDAA96BBFD4EA3FA" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1832" box="[584,711,690,716]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Cirrospilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FDAA96BBFD4EA3FA" box="[584,711,690,716]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cirrospilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FD1896BBFC1FA3FA" box="[762,918,690,716]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Closterocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FD1896BBFC1FA3FA" box="[762,918,690,716]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Closterocerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FC2896BBFB03A3FA" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[970,1162,690,716]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Diglyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="begini">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FC2896BBFB03A3FA" box="[970,1162,690,716]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Diglyphus begini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FB7A96BBFA82A3FA" box="[1176,1291,690,716]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Diglyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FB7A96BBFA82A3FA" box="[1176,1291,690,716]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Diglyphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FADD96BBFE83A3C6" authorityName="Zimmerman" authorityYear="1978" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="metallicus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FADD96BBFE83A3C6" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Euderus metallicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FEF996DFFDC0A3C6" authorityName="Zimmerman" authorityYear="1978" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[283,585,726,752]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Neochrysocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FEF996DFFDC0A3C6" box="[283,585,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Neochrysocharis formosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FDB896DFFC03A3C6" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[602,906,726,752]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pauahiana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maculatipennis">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FDB896DFFC03A3C6" box="[602,906,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pauahiana maculatipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FC7896DEFBA8A3C6" authorityName="Yoshimoto" authorityYear="1965" box="[922,1057,726,752]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pauahiana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="metallica">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FC7896DEFBA8A3C6" box="[922,1057,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. metallica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FBD396DFFB79A3C6" authorityName="Zimmerman" authorityYear="1978" baseAuthorityName="Timberlake" baseAuthorityYear="1927" box="[1073,1264,726,752]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pnigalio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="externa">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FBD396DFFB79A3C6" box="[1073,1264,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pnigalio externa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FAE296DEFF45A222" authorityName="Zimmerman" authorityYear="1978" baseAuthorityName="Timberlake" baseAuthorityYear="1926" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Sympiesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagans">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FAE296DEFF45A222" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sympiesis vagans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FF3B96F2FDA6A222" baseAuthorityName="Crawford" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[217,559,762,788]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Zagrammosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavolineatum">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FF3B96F2FDA6A222" box="[217,559,762,788]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Zagrammosoma flavolineatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FDDE96F3FD5DA222" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" box="[572,724,762,788]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FD3C96F2FC17A222" authorityName="Zimmerman" authorityYear="1978" baseAuthorityName="Crawford" baseAuthorityYear="1921" box="[734,926,762,788]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Lyrcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tortricidis">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FD3C96F2FC17A222" box="[734,926,762,788]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Lyrcus tortricidis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We reared and examined 98 parasitoid wasps that emerged from 15
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FE6D9717FD81A20E" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[399,520,798,824]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FE6D9717FD81A20E" box="[399,520,798,824]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFE10700FF25974BFBEEA54A" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE10700FF25974BFBEEA54A" blockId="15.[151,1437,150,1437]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FF25974BFEB2A26A" bold="true" box="[199,315,834,860]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Remarks.</emphasis>
A total of 51 species are described or redescribed in the present study (See
<tableCitation id="C6AB0366FFE10700FB6F974BFB69A26A" box="[1165,1248,834,860]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="132.[150,238,462,488]" captionText="TABLE 4. Checklist of Philodoria species including their host plants and maxillary palpus morphology." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Table 4</tableCitation>
and discussion). In addition, some potentially unnamed species have been reported, for example, a “
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FBB4976FFAEDA2B7" authority="(Philodoria)" box="[1110,1380,870,897]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Philodoria">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FBB4976FFB46A2B6" box="[1110,1231,870,896]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Philodoria</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FB00976FFAD2A2B6" box="[1250,1371,870,896]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Philodoria</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
species” on Maui associated with
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FE0A9783FCB8A293" box="[488,817,906,933]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Clermontia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FE0A9783FDE1A292" box="[488,616,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Clermontia</emphasis>
(Campanulaceae)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE10700FCDC9783FB90A292" author="Zimmerman, E. C." box="[830,1049,906,932]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref103182" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978 a) Gracillarioidea. In: Microlepidoptera. Part 1. Insects of Hawaii, Vol. 9. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, pp. 644 - 718." type="book" year="1978">Zimmerman 1978a</bibRefCitation>
), and two unidentified “
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FAC19783FEB6A2FF" authority="" authorityName="Zimmerman" authorityYear="1978" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eophilodoria">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FAC19783FA15A292" box="[1315,1436,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Philodoria</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FF4397A7FEBFA2FE" box="[161,310,942,968]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Eophilodoria</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
species” on the island of
<collectingRegion id="49EDF83FFFE10700FDBE97A7FD24A2FE" box="[604,685,942,968]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
(Big Island) associated with
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FC1097A6FACFA2FF" box="[1010,1350,942,969]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Myoporum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FC1097A6FBE4A2FE" box="[1010,1133,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Myoporum</emphasis>
(Scrophulariaceae)
</taxonomicName>
(Mines by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE10700FF5897DBFE0AA2DB" author="Swezey, O. H." box="[186,387,978,1005]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref102790" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1954) Forest entomology in Hawaii. An annotated check-list of the insect faunas of the various components of the Hawaiian forests. Bishop Museum Special Publication 44. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, 266 pp." type="book" year="1954">Swezey 1954:136</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FE2397DAFD5CA2DB" box="[449,725,978,1005]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyctaginaceae" genus="Pisonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FE2397DAFD9EA2DA" box="[449,535,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pisonia</emphasis>
(Nyctaginaceae)
</taxonomicName>
(See
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE10700FCF797DBFC57A2DB" author="Swezey, O. H." box="[789,990,978,1005]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref102790" refString="Swezey, O. H. (1954) Forest entomology in Hawaii. An annotated check-list of the insect faunas of the various components of the Hawaiian forests. Bishop Museum Special Publication 44. University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, 266 pp." type="book" year="1954">Swezey 1954:167</bibRefCitation>
) respectively. We observed small minelike markings on
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FEBA97FEFE27A526" box="[344,430,1015,1040]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyctaginaceae" genus="Pisonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FEBA97FEFE27A526" box="[344,430,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pisonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on Maui and Oahu, and window-like leaf mines in
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FC0597FFFBEEA526" box="[999,1127,1014,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Clermontia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FC0597FFFBEEA526" box="[999,1127,1014,1040]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Clermontia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on East and West Maui, but these mines contained no larvae and it is unclear whether these are made by
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FC0C9013FBE6A502" box="[1006,1135,1050,1076]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FC0C9013FBE2A502" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[1006,1131,1050,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philodoria</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
We also could not observe
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FF759037FE99A56E" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,272,1086,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FF759037FE99A56E" box="[151,272,1086,1112]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
leaf mines on
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FE539036FDA5A56E" box="[433,556,1087,1112]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Myoporum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FE539036FDA5A56E" box="[433,556,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Myoporum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, despite there being records of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FC679037FC77A56E" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[901,1022,1086,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FC679037FC77A56E" box="[901,1022,1086,1112]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on this plant.
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FB7B9036FA9DA56E" box="[1177,1300,1087,1112]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Myoporum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FB7B9036FA9DA56E" box="[1177,1300,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Myoporum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
leaves from Maui and
<collectingRegion id="49EDF83FFFE10700FEEB906BFED3A54A" box="[265,346,1122,1148]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
(Big Island) had leaf mines, but those were made by agromyzid flies.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3336556FFE10700FF25908FFBA0A4AA" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B9636DDFFE10700FF25908FFBA0A4AA" blockId="15.[151,1437,150,1437]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FF25908FFEDBA596" bold="true" box="[199,338,1158,1184]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Etymology:</emphasis>
According to
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B2CFFE10700FE16908FFD5AA596" author="Walsingham, Thomas" box="[500,723,1158,1184]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="469 - 759" refId="ref102986" refString="Walsingham, Thomas, de Grey (Lord) (1907) Microlepidoptera. In: Sharp, D. (Ed.), Fauna Hawaiiensis. 1 (5). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 469 - 759." type="book chapter" year="1907">Walsingham (1907)</bibRefCitation>
, the scientific name “
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FC2A908FFBC8A596" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[968,1089,1158,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FC2A908FFBC8A596" box="[968,1089,1158,1184]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” has the meaning “bounteousness.” It remains unknown what aspect of the moths this word refers to. We present a Hawaiian common name because there are many Hawaiian names for endemic plants and animals, yet this group of moths lacks one. Early Western entomologists in
<collectingRegion id="49EDF83FFFE10700FE2390FBFD9BA43A" box="[449,530,1266,1292]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
did not record Hawaiian names of the many living plants and animals nor did they often take advantage of native guides in their entomological explorations. Roughly translated,
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FB0D911FFAC7A406" box="[1263,1358,1302,1328]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">hunelele</emphasis>
means &quot;tiny flier&quot; (
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FEFD9133FEDCA462" box="[287,341,1338,1364]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">hune</emphasis>
+
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FE919133FE12A462" box="[371,411,1338,1364]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">lele</emphasis>
) which reflects the microlepidopteran nature of these moths. The second part
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FAE79135FAC7A461" box="[1285,1358,1340,1367]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">ʻelilau</emphasis>
means &quot;leaf excavator&quot; and alludes to the leaf mining habits of the larval form. We encourage anyone who works with
<taxonomicName id="4C294D5EFFE10700FF75918BFE99A4AA" authorityName="Walsingham" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,272,1410,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEACFFFE10700FF75918BFE99A4AA" box="[151,272,1410,1436]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Philodoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species to use this name when referring to the genus in the vernacular.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink