208 lines
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208 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729" ID-GBIF-Dataset="84c8a2ac-d7b8-46f3-9888-ce6c1485ac65" ID-PMC="PMC3088436" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-68-1" ID-PubMed="21594036" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2010" ModsDocID="1313-2970-68-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 68" ModsDocTitle="Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho–)calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)" checkinTime="1451250894870" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Van Soest, Rob W. M., Beglinger, Elly J. & De Voogd, Nicole J." docDate="2010" docId="4C57A544149A5B4D4C4BBBF379A75F4C" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 68: 1-88" docOrigin="ZooKeys 68" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729" docTitle="Calthropella (Calthropella) pathologica Schmidt 1868" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="53" masterDocId="5D0AFFB7C87613675E79FFF7DA38AE2E" masterDocTitle="Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="52" updateTime="1668164561298" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Skeletons in confusion: a review of astrophorid sponges with (dicho-) calthrops as structural megascleres (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Van Soest, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Beglinger, Elly J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>De Voogd, Nicole J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>68</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>88</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.68.729</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-68-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159360738" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C57A544149A5B4D4C4BBBF379A75F4C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C57A544149A5B4D4C4BBBF379A75F4C" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<subSubSection pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<taxonomicName authority="Schmidt, 1868" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1868" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella Calthropella pathologica (Schmidt, 1868)</taxonomicName>
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Figs 26
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stelletta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stelletta pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica">Stelletta pathologica</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt, O" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" title="Die Spongien der Kueste von Algier" volumeTitle="Mit Nachtraegen zu den Spongien des Adriatischen Meeres (Drittes Supplement)" year="1868">Schmidt 1868</bibRefCitation>
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: 19, pl. III figs 3-4.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica">Calthropella pathologica</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 32" title="Contribution nouvelle a la connaissance des Eponges des cotes d'Algerie. Les especes nouvelles d'O. Schmidt, 1868" volume="758" year="1938">Topsent 1938</bibRefCitation>
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: 24;
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<bibRefCitation author="Vacelet, J" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="145 - 219" title="Eponges de la Roche du Large et de l'etage bathyal de Mediterranee (Recoltes de la soucoupe plongeante Cousteau et dragages)" volume="59" year="1969">Vacelet 1969</bibRefCitation>
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: 166, fig. 3;
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<bibRefCitation author="Pouliquen, L" journalOrPublisher="Tethys" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="717 - 758" title="Les spongiaires des grottes sous-marines de la region de Marseille: Ecologie et systematique." volume="3" year="1972">Pouliquen 1972</bibRefCitation>
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: 746, pl. 7 fig. 3;
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<bibRefCitation author="Maldonado, M" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1131 - 1161" title="Demosponges of the red coral bottoms from the Alboran Sea." volume="26" year="1992">Maldonado 1992</bibRefCitation>
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: table 1.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Pachastrissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachastrissa pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica">Pachastrissa pathologica</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Voultsiadou, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="593 - 598" title="Rare sponge (Porifera: Demospongiae) species from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="2004">Voultsiadou and Vafidis 2004</bibRefCitation>
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: 593.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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Lectotype (designation herein), MNHN DT 753, Coast of Algiers,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Expédition">Expedition</normalizedToken>
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Scientifique de
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<normalizedToken originalValue="l’Algérie">l'Algerie</normalizedToken>
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, nr. 66, 1842. Paralectotype MNHN DT 754, from same locality.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="redescription">
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<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Redescription</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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(partly from Topsent, 1938). Two specimens are present in the Schmidt collection of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Muséum">Museum</normalizedToken>
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National
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<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Histoire">d'Histoire</normalizedToken>
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Naturelle, Paris, the largest (MNHN DT 753) of which is 4.5 cm in widest size and 2-2.5 cm high, here chosen as the lectotype. The smaller specimen (MNHN DT 754), here designated paralectotype, size 1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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3 cm (now apparently reduced to 1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.5 cm) was examined by us and we made SEM photos of the spicules. Both specimens have a rough surface (Fig. 26A). According to Vaclelet (1969) living specimens are white, but the type specimens we examined were yellowish in alcohol.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Spicules: Calthrops, tuberculated spherasters, oxyasters.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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Calthrops (Figs 26
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<normalizedToken originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
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): According to Topsent the skeleton includes calthrops with cladi up to 550
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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75
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(but widely different sizes are present, including
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘microcalthropes’">'microcalthropes'</normalizedToken>
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). We measured a size range of the cladi of 32-366
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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5-72
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(cladomes 48-480
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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) but no clear separation in smaller and larger size categories was apparent. The shapes of the calthrops was very variable with many 'short-shafted
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<normalizedToken originalValue="triaenes’">triaenes'</normalizedToken>
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, mesotriaene modifications, curved and stunted cladi. No dichocalthrops are reported from this species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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The megasclere complement also comprised thin oxeas of 15
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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thickness (Fig. 26B). Cross sections of the type specimens examined by P.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Cárdenas">Cardenas</normalizedToken>
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show scattered bundles of the thin oxeas running vertically to the surface, but their length still is difficult to determine. We are indebted to P.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Cárdenas">Cardenas</normalizedToken>
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for this information. The largest unbroken piece we found in preparations of DT 754 was 2000
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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12
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, which is in accordance with findings of
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<bibRefCitation author="Voultsiadou, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="593 - 598" title="Rare sponge (Porifera: Demospongiae) species from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="2004">Voultsiadou and Vafidis (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
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Asters (Figs 26
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<normalizedToken originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
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) occurred in three distinct categories: thick-centred with spined-tuberculated rays, asters with thick pointed rays lighly spined, and small smooth oxyasters.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="52" pageNumber="53" start="start">Lightly</pageBreakToken>
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spined oxyasters (Fig. 26E) with swollen pointed rays, often with bifid rays, not very common, diameter 23
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–24.9–">-24.9-</normalizedToken>
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27
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
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Small, smooth oxyasters (Fig. 26F), often slightly irregular in ray length, diameter 9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–10.2–">-10.2-</normalizedToken>
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12
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
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Tuberculated asters with ornamented rays (Fig. 26D); compared to
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) geodioides</taxonomicName>
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the rays were relatively long; sizes highly variable, but overlapping without clear separation in smaller and larger asters, diameter 9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–18.4–">-18.4-</normalizedToken>
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24
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
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<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
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Figure 26.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella (Calthropella) pathologica" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="pathologica" subGenus="Calthropella">Calthropella (Calthropella) pathologica</taxonomicName>
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, lectotype MNHN DT 753 and paralectotype MNHN DT 754, from Algiers, A habit of lectotype (grid is 1 cm)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="B–F">B-F</normalizedToken>
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SEM images made from the paralectotype, B overview of spicules C various calthrops including a pentactinal modification D tuberculated spheraster E large irregular oxyspheraster F small oxyaster.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="habitat">
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<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
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Deep water, and in caves in more shallow water, depth occurrence at least 13-250 m.
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<bibRefCitation author="Vacelet, J" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="145 - 219" title="Eponges de la Roche du Large et de l'etage bathyal de Mediterranee (Recoltes de la soucoupe plongeante Cousteau et dragages)" volume="59" year="1969">Vacelet (1969)</bibRefCitation>
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reported that his specimen was insinuating in calcareous algae.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Off the coast of Algeria, no further data; Cassidaigne, Marseille region; Sicily-Tunis region; Alboran Sea, 39°N -3°W; Rhodos, Aegean Sea, 36°N; 28°E.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
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<bibRefCitation author="Topsent, E" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique Monaco" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 32" title="Contribution nouvelle a la connaissance des Eponges des cotes d'Algerie. Les especes nouvelles d'O. Schmidt, 1868" volume="758" year="1938">Topsent (1938)</bibRefCitation>
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remarked that the specimens are similar in most aspects to
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Calthropella geodioides" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="geodioides">Calthropella geodioides</taxonomicName>
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but differ in the tendency of the calthrops to develop extra
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<pageBreakToken pageId="53" pageNumber="54" start="start">cladi</pageBreakToken>
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. In addition the tuberculated asters of that species have shorter rays (almost entirely consisting of tubercles). Oxeas are stated in
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<bibRefCitation author="Voultsiadou, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="593 - 598" title="Rare sponge (Porifera: Demospongiae) species from the Mediterranean Sea." volume="84" year="2004">Voultsiadou and Vafidis (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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to be all broken, whereas
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<bibRefCitation author="Vacelet, J" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (A, Zoologie)" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" pagination="145 - 219" title="Eponges de la Roche du Large et de l'etage bathyal de Mediterranee (Recoltes de la soucoupe plongeante Cousteau et dragages)" volume="59" year="1969">Vacelet (1969)</bibRefCitation>
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notes 'wide axial
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<normalizedToken originalValue="canals’">canals'</normalizedToken>
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, adding to the conclusion that they are not of structural significance. Nevertheless, the bundles reported by P.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Cárdenas">Cardenas</normalizedToken>
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(in litteris) appear to indicate these oxeas are proper to the sponge. Possibly, they are a remnant of ancestral radiating oxeas.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |