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<document id="06E4D1B3C755AA9EE13F433703BC5E17" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3835.2.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ac974467-4f39-4b9b-ac45-197169c96e51" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="226652" ID-ZooBank="756F0BAC-8D78-48E3-9C07-FFA47FB9E2EA" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460456514775" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gross, Vladimir, Miller, William R. &amp; Hochberg, Rick" docDate="2014" docId="4E45BF75BE0CFFDBFB8C74E7FC05F801" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03835p272.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3835 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis Gross, Miller &amp; Hochberg, 2014, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="267" masterDocId="B27CC70DBE0FFFDFFB1B713AFFDBFF97" masterDocTitle="A new tardigrade, Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov. (Heterotardigrada: Arthrotardigrada), from the Southeastern United States" masterLastPageNumber="272" masterPageNumber="263" pageNumber="266" updateTime="1698302210366" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="2A578B97735F2C0DD9526B6A8FDF501E">A new tardigrade, Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov. (Heterotardigrada: Arthrotardigrada), from the Southeastern United States</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="85CD7697FC6413C268B503506ABB1294">Gross, Vladimir</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="4E45BF75BE0CFFDBFB8C74E7FC05F801" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5671195" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119511182" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5671195" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4E45BF75BE0CFFDBFB8C74E7FC05F801" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4E45BF75BE0CFFDBFB8C74E7FC05F801" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="267" pageId="3" pageNumber="266">
<subSubSection id="8EF65DE8BE0CFFDCFB8C74E7FEA6F98F" pageId="3" pageNumber="266" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C6530E63BE0CFFDCFB8C74E7FDB1FA60" blockId="3.[151,618,1501,1560]" box="[151,618,1501,1527]" pageId="3" pageNumber="266">
<heading id="9D1BB90FBE0CFFDCFB8C74E7FDB1FA60" bold="true" box="[151,618,1501,1527]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="266" reason="1">
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0CFFDCFB8C74E7FDB1FA60" bold="true" box="[151,618,1501,1527]" pageId="3" pageNumber="266">
<taxonomicName id="01EC75E0BE0CFFDCFB8C74E7FDDDFA60" ID-CoL="4f035329-3aff-45b1-9e8a-0ff4ca941ed0" box="[151,518,1501,1527]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Mutaparadoxipus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="3" pageNumber="266" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="duodigifinis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0CFFDCFB8C74E7FDDDFA60" bold="true" box="[151,518,1501,1527]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="266">Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="EFAB6F0ABE0CFFDCF91674E7FDB1FA60" box="[525,618,1501,1527]" pageId="3" pageNumber="266" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C6530E63BE0CFFDCFB8C74C5FEA6F98F" blockId="3.[151,618,1501,1560]" box="[151,381,1535,1560]" pageId="3" pageNumber="266">
<tableCitation id="8B6E3BD8BE0CFFDCFB8C74C5FF31F98F" box="[151,234,1535,1560]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,152,175]" captionTargetBox="[160,1330,266,1404]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Diagnostic characters of M. duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov. Body length measured from rostral margin to tip of posterior ala. Maximum width measured between legs III IV. All measurements in µm. Character selection and table format based on those in Table 1 from Kristensen &amp; Higgins (1989). S. D. = standard deviation." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/92935EEBBE0CFFDCFB8C71A2FB55FF78" pageId="3" pageNumber="266" tableUuid="92935EEBBE0CFFDCFB8C71A2FB55FF78">Table 1</tableCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="5ED712E6BE0CFFDCFBE374C5FEA6F98F" box="[248,381,1535,1560]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1868,1890]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1896,1918]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,240,1844]" captionTargetBox-1="[164,1436,194,1860]" captionTargetBox-2="[261,1325,193,1860]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[151,1436,235,1844]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[164,1449,193,1861]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[261,1325,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov., female. Illustration: ventral view." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov. Differential interference contrast optics. A. Anterior region showing full complement of cephalic appendages. Numerals I IV indicate toes, numbered from anterior to posterior or medial to lateral, depending on the specimen orientation. B. Posterior region. Note that leg IV is turned backwards, as is characteristic of all tardigrades. Scale bars: 10 µm." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov. A. Anterior region, ventral view. Scanning electron micrograph. Anterior is left. B. Foot of leg I, ventral view. Scanning electron micrograph. Note that each claw can be retracted into a claw sheath. C. Posterior region, ventral view. Differential interference contrast optics. Posterior is down. Scale bars: A and C, 10 µm; B, 2 µm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/226653/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/226654/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/226655/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="266">Figures 13</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8EF65DE8BE0CFFDCFB8C777DFDCEF9F7" box="[151,533,1607,1632]" pageId="3" pageNumber="266" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="C6530E63BE0CFFDCFB8C777DFDCEF9F7" blockId="3.[151,1437,1607,2029]" box="[151,533,1607,1632]" pageId="3" pageNumber="266">
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0CFFDCFB8C777DFECAF9F7" bold="true" box="[151,273,1607,1632]" pageId="3" pageNumber="266">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Same as for the genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8EF65DE8BE0CFFDBFBDC7756FAC5FD5B" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="267" pageId="3" pageNumber="266" type="description">
<paragraph id="C6530E63BE0CFFDCFBDC7756FB76F832" blockId="3.[151,1437,1607,2029]" pageId="3" pageNumber="266">
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0CFFDCFBDC7756FE82F912" bold="true" box="[199,345,1644,1669]" pageId="3" pageNumber="266">Description.</emphasis>
Body length of 108123 µm. Maximum width (between legs IIIIV) of 5053 µm. Cuticle without plates but with fine punctations, which are more prominent dorsally than ventrally. Indistinct segmentation is observable from both dorsal and ventral aspects. Caudal ala (12 µm long, 25 µm wide) is flap-like and extends posteriorly approximately one-third the length of legs IV (
<figureCitation id="5ED712E6BE0CFFDCF83077EDFCA2F967" box="[811,889,1751,1776]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1868,1890]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,240,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,235,1844]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov., female. Illustration: ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226653/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="266">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="5ED712E6BE0CFFDCF89377E2FC4CF967" box="[904,919,1752,1776]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1896,1918]" captionTargetBox="[164,1436,194,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[164,1449,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov. Differential interference contrast optics. A. Anterior region showing full complement of cephalic appendages. Numerals I IV indicate toes, numbered from anterior to posterior or medial to lateral, depending on the specimen orientation. B. Posterior region. Note that leg IV is turned backwards, as is characteristic of all tardigrades. Scale bars: 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226654/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="266">2</figureCitation>
B, 3C). Lateral alae (9 µm long, 13 µm wide) are less distinct and attach slightly anterior to leg IV. The female gonopore consists of six rosette cells and is midventral, approximately halfway between legs III and IV (
<figureCitation id="5ED712E6BE0CFFDCF82F7625FC5EF8AF" box="[820,901,1823,1848]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1868,1890]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,240,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,235,1844]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov., female. Illustration: ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226653/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="266">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="5ED712E6BE0CFFDCF88C761AFC7EF8AF" box="[919,933,1824,1848]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[261,1325,193,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[261,1325,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov. A. Anterior region, ventral view. Scanning electron micrograph. Anterior is left. B. Foot of leg I, ventral view. Scanning electron micrograph. Note that each claw can be retracted into a claw sheath. C. Posterior region, ventral view. Differential interference contrast optics. Posterior is down. Scale bars: A and C, 10 µm; B, 2 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226655/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="266">3</figureCitation>
C). The male gonopore is U-shaped, opens posteriorly, and is positioned slightly more posterior than the corresponding female gonopore. Seminal receptacles are kidney-shaped with a coiled, S-shaped duct as in
<taxonomicName id="01EC75E0BE0CFFDCF9F87653FB07F817" authority="Kristensen &amp; Higgins 1989" authorityName="Kristensen &amp; Higgins" authorityYear="1989" box="[739,1244,1895,1920]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Paradoxipus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="3" pageNumber="266" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="orzeliscoides">
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0CFFDCF9F87653FC4BF817" box="[739,912,1895,1920]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="266">P. orzeliscoides</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A27D7392BE0CFFDCF886765DFB0FF817" author="Kristensen" box="[925,1236,1895,1920]" pageId="3" pageNumber="266" refString="Kristensen, R. M. &amp; Higgins, R. P. (1989) Marine Tardigrada from the Southeastern United States Coastal Waters I. Paradoxipus orzeliscoides n. gen., n. sp. (Arthrotardigrada: Halechinisidae). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 108, 262 - 282. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3226344" type="journal article" year="1989">Kristensen &amp; Higgins 1989</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, located adjacent to lateral ala. The seminal receptacle ducts open to the outside on either side of the gonopore.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C6530E63BE0CFFDBFBDC7695FAB6FE3A" blockId="3.[151,1437,1607,2029]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,1293]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="267" pageId="3" pageNumber="266">
The mouth cone extends ventrally and is positioned approximately halfway between the rostral margin of the animal and leg I (
<figureCitation id="5ED712E6BE0CFFDCFA7976EEFE6AF87B" box="[354,433,2004,2029]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1868,1890]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,240,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,235,1844]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov., female. Illustration: ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226653/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="266">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="5ED712E6BE0CFFDCFADA76EEFE14F87B" box="[449,463,2004,2028]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[261,1325,193,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[261,1325,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov. A. Anterior region, ventral view. Scanning electron micrograph. Anterior is left. B. Foot of leg I, ventral view. Scanning electron micrograph. Note that each claw can be retracted into a claw sheath. C. Posterior region, ventral view. Differential interference contrast optics. Posterior is down. Scale bars: A and C, 10 µm; B, 2 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226655/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="266">3</figureCitation>
A). A typical heterotardigrade-type bucco-pharyngeal apparatus is present, with three placoids and a pair of straight stylets. Stylet supports could not be observed. The median cirrus (19 µm) is dorsal and, like all of the other cirri, consists of a scapus, a thick flagellum, and a thin flagellum (
<figureCitation id="5ED712E6BE0BFFDBFFBF7186FB29FF43" box="[1188,1266,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1868,1890]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,240,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,235,1844]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov., female. Illustration: ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226653/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="5ED712E6BE0BFFDBFE197186FACAFF43" box="[1282,1297,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1896,1918]" captionTargetBox="[164,1436,194,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[164,1449,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov. Differential interference contrast optics. A. Anterior region showing full complement of cephalic appendages. Numerals I IV indicate toes, numbered from anterior to posterior or medial to lateral, depending on the specimen orientation. B. Posterior region. Note that leg IV is turned backwards, as is characteristic of all tardigrades. Scale bars: 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226654/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">2</figureCitation>
A). The thin flagellum is approximately one-third the length of the thick flagellum. The internal cirri (30 µm) are anteroventral and attach via a cirrophore at the base (
<figureCitation id="5ED712E6BE0BFFDBF94F703EFD79FE8B" box="[596,674,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1868,1890]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,240,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,235,1844]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov., female. Illustration: ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226653/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="5ED712E6BE0BFFDBF9AA703EFD64FE8B" box="[689,703,260,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1896,1918]" captionTargetBox="[164,1436,194,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[164,1449,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov. Differential interference contrast optics. A. Anterior region showing full complement of cephalic appendages. Numerals I IV indicate toes, numbered from anterior to posterior or medial to lateral, depending on the specimen orientation. B. Posterior region. Note that leg IV is turned backwards, as is characteristic of all tardigrades. Scale bars: 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226654/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">2</figureCitation>
A, 3A). The external cirri (14 µm) are ventral and attach directly posterior to the internal cirri, almost exactly lateral to the lateral cirri/clavae, which share a common pedestal. The lateral cirri (27 µm) are longer than and dorsal to the primary clavae (20 µm), which lack constrictions but have a terminal pore (
<figureCitation id="5ED712E6BE0BFFDBFA5B7055FE4BFE1F" box="[320,400,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1868,1890]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,240,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,235,1844]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov., female. Illustration: ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226653/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="5ED712E6BE0BFFDBFABB704AFE75FE1F" box="[416,430,368,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1896,1918]" captionTargetBox="[164,1436,194,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[164,1449,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov. Differential interference contrast optics. A. Anterior region showing full complement of cephalic appendages. Numerals I IV indicate toes, numbered from anterior to posterior or medial to lateral, depending on the specimen orientation. B. Posterior region. Note that leg IV is turned backwards, as is characteristic of all tardigrades. Scale bars: 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226654/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">2</figureCitation>
A, 3A). The sausage-shaped secondary (buccal) clavae (20 µm) are lateral to the mouth cone and curve posteroventrally (
<figureCitation id="5ED712E6BE0BFFDBF91670AEFD81FE3B" box="[525,602,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1868,1890]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,240,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,235,1844]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov., female. Illustration: ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226653/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="5ED712E6BE0BFFDBF97370AEFDADFE3B" box="[616,630,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[261,1325,193,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[261,1325,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov. A. Anterior region, ventral view. Scanning electron micrograph. Anterior is left. B. Foot of leg I, ventral view. Scanning electron micrograph. Note that each claw can be retracted into a claw sheath. C. Posterior region, ventral view. Differential interference contrast optics. Posterior is down. Scale bars: A and C, 10 µm; B, 2 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226655/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">3</figureCitation>
A). There is no evidence of any buccal sensory plates at their bases.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C6530E63BE0BFFDBFBDC708DFAC5FD5B" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">
The cirrus E (20 µm) is located on the posterior dorsal trunk and consists of a cirrophore, scapus, and 3-part flagellum (
<figureCitation id="5ED712E6BE0BFFDBFA0870E6FEBAFE63" box="[275,353,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1868,1890]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,240,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,235,1844]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov., female. Illustration: ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226653/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="5ED712E6BE0BFFDBFA6A70E6FE5AFE63" box="[369,385,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1896,1918]" captionTargetBox="[164,1436,194,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[164,1449,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov. Differential interference contrast optics. A. Anterior region showing full complement of cephalic appendages. Numerals I IV indicate toes, numbered from anterior to posterior or medial to lateral, depending on the specimen orientation. B. Posterior region. Note that leg IV is turned backwards, as is characteristic of all tardigrades. Scale bars: 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226654/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">2</figureCitation>
B). Each telescopic leg consists of a coxa, femur, tibia, and tarsus. Attached to the tarsus are four digits (14 µm long), each of which bears a ventral proximal paddle-shaped adhesive pad (
<figureCitation id="5ED712E6BE0BFFDBFFCC70C5FAFDFD8F" box="[1239,1318,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1868,1890]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,240,1844]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,235,1844]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov., female. Illustration: ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226653/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="5ED712E6BE0BFFDBFE2C733AFA9EFD8F" box="[1335,1349,512,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[261,1325,193,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[261,1325,193,1860]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov. A. Anterior region, ventral view. Scanning electron micrograph. Anterior is left. B. Foot of leg I, ventral view. Scanning electron micrograph. Note that each claw can be retracted into a claw sheath. C. Posterior region, ventral view. Differential interference contrast optics. Posterior is down. Scale bars: A and C, 10 µm; B, 2 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226655/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">3</figureCitation>
B). The adhesive pads on the clawless digits are longer than those of the clawed digits (8 µm vs. 5 µm). Additionally, a distal sickle-shaped claw (5 µm) is present on digits IIII of legs IIII as well as digits II &amp; III of leg IV (see
<figureCitation id="5ED712E6BE0BFFDBFE6B737DFF7FFD13" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1896,1918]" captionTargetBox="[164,1436,194,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[164,1449,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov. Differential interference contrast optics. A. Anterior region showing full complement of cephalic appendages. Numerals I IV indicate toes, numbered from anterior to posterior or medial to lateral, depending on the specimen orientation. B. Posterior region. Note that leg IV is turned backwards, as is characteristic of all tardigrades. Scale bars: 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226654/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A for digit numbering scheme). Accessory points are present only on the claws of digits II &amp; III of each leg. A short sense organ consisting of two parts, a cylindrical base and a teardrop-shaped terminal structure (5 µm each, 10 µm total), is present on leg IV (
<figureCitation id="5ED712E6BE0BFFDBF901738EFD84FD5B" box="[538,607,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1896,1918]" captionTargetBox="[164,1436,194,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[164,1449,193,1861]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Mutaparadoxipus duodigifinis gen. nov., sp. nov. Differential interference contrast optics. A. Anterior region showing full complement of cephalic appendages. Numerals I IV indicate toes, numbered from anterior to posterior or medial to lateral, depending on the specimen orientation. B. Posterior region. Note that leg IV is turned backwards, as is characteristic of all tardigrades. Scale bars: 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226654/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B). The coxae of legs IIII each bear a single spine (910 µm).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8EF65DE8BE0BFFDBFBDC73EDFAE5FCAF" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="C6530E63BE0BFFDBFBDC73EDFAE5FCAF" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0BFFDBFBDC73EDFE51FD67" bold="true" box="[199,394,727,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">
<typeStatus id="1957B0C1BE0BFFDBFBDC73EDFED9FD67" box="[199,258,727,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">Type</typeStatus>
specimens.
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="1957B0C1BE0BFFDBFA8973EDFE21FD67" box="[402,506,727,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
female (
<collectionCode id="A0FD96A6BE0BFFDBF94473E2FD6AFD67" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[607,689,728,752]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">USNM</collectionCode>
1231540), 108 µm long, dorsoventral orientation, collected by V. Gross on
<date id="B25228A3BE0BFFDBFA1F73C6FE45FC83" box="[260,414,764,788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" value="2012-06-11">11 June 2012</date>
.
<typeStatus id="1957B0C1BE0BFFDBFAB273C7FDD0FC82" box="[425,523,765,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
male, 119 µm long. Digital photos and videos of the
<typeStatus id="1957B0C1BE0BFFDBFF7273C7FB12FC82" box="[1129,1225,765,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
were submitted to the Smithsonian Institution for archival. Second
<typeStatus id="1957B0C1BE0BFFDBF9AC721AFCCCFCAF" box="[695,791,800,824]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
male (
<collectionCode id="A0FD96A6BE0BFFDBF878721AFC6DFCAF" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[867,950,800,824]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">USNM</collectionCode>
1231541) submitted on SEM stub.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8EF65DE8BE0BFFDBFBDC727EFAE4FC17" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="C6530E63BE0BFFDBFBDC727EFAE4FC17" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0BFFDBFBDC727EFE95FCCA" bold="true" box="[199,334,836,861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species epithet,
<taxonomicName id="01EC75E0BE0BFFDBF920727EFD1AFCCA" box="[571,705,836,861]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Mutaparadoxipus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="duodigifinis">
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0BFFDBF920727EFD1AFCCA" box="[571,705,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">duodigifinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(“two toe ends”), is derived from
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0BFFDBFF5F727EFBB5FCCA" box="[1092,1134,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">duo</emphasis>
, “two”;
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0BFFDBFFD5727EFAC1FCCA" box="[1230,1306,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">digitus</emphasis>
, “toe”; and
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0BFFDBFB8C7252FF1CFC17" box="[151,199,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">finis</emphasis>
, “end,” referring to the two different
<typeStatus id="1957B0C1BE0BFFDBF9707252FD7DFC17" box="[619,678,872,896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">types</typeStatus>
of toes present in the species; either with or without claws.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8EF65DE8BE0BFFDBFBDC72B6FC05F801" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="C6530E63BE0BFFDBFBDC72B6FCD7FC5F" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0BFFDBFBDC72B6FEB2FC32" bold="true" box="[199,361,908,933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">
<typeStatus id="1957B0C1BE0BFFDBFBDC72B6FED9FC32" box="[199,258,908,933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
Approximately
<quantity id="0114A386BE0BFFDBF93372B7FDBEFC32" box="[552,613,908,933]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" unit="km" value="7.0">7 km</quantity>
east of Hutchinson Island near Fort Pierce, Florida (
<geoCoordinate id="A3D868A4BE0BFFDBFFCD72B6FABDFC32" box="[1238,1382,908,933]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" precision="9" value="27.481667">27° 28.90N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A3D868A4BE0BFFDBFE6E72B6FF27FC5F" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" precision="9" value="-80.22867">80° 13.72W</geoCoordinate>
). Depth of
<quantity id="0114A386BE0BFFDBFA6C7295FE23FC50" box="[375,504,943,968]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.03" metricValueMax="1.15" metricValueMin="0.9099999999999999" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" unit="m" value="10.3" valueMax="11.5" valueMin="9.1">9.111.5 m</quantity>
. Collected in
<date id="B25228A3BE0BFFDBF989728AFCD2FC5F" box="[658,777,944,968]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" value="2012-06">June 2012</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C6530E63BE0BFFDBFBDC72EEFE64FBEA" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0BFFDBFBDC72EEFEB6FC7A" bold="true" box="[199,365,980,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">Comparisons.</emphasis>
Additional species of
<taxonomicName id="01EC75E0BE0BFFDBF97D72EEFCF6FC7A" box="[614,813,980,1005]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Mutaparadoxipus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0BFFDBF97D72EEFCF6FC7A" box="[614,813,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">Mutaparadoxipus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="EFAB6F0ABE0BFFDBF82872EEFC47FC7A" box="[819,924,980,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0BFFDBF82872EEFC47FC7A" bold="true" box="[819,924,980,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">gen. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
have not been discovered. Thus, comparisons remain at the generic level.
<taxonomicName id="01EC75E0BE0BFFDBFACF72C3FD5BFB87" box="[468,640,1015,1040]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Mutaparadoxipus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="duodigifinis" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0BFFDBFACF72C3FD5BFB87" box="[468,640,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">M. duodigifinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0BFFDBF99372CDFC87FB87" bold="true" box="[648,860,1015,1040]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="EFAB6F0ABE0BFFDBF99372CDFD2FFB87" box="[648,756,1015,1040]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, sp. nov.
</emphasis>
differs from
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0BFFDBF8EF72C3FB72FB87" box="[1012,1193,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">
<taxonomicName id="01EC75E0BE0BFFDBF8EF72C3FB7EFB87" box="[1012,1189,1015,1040]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Paradoxipus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="orzeliscoides">P. orzeliscoides</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which has claws and adhesive pads on all digits of all legs;
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0BFFDBF9257526FCE8FBA3" box="[574,819,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">
<taxonomicName id="01EC75E0BE0BFFDBF9257526FCF4FBA3" box="[574,815,1052,1077]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Opydorscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="fonsecae">Opydorscus fonsecae</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which has adhesive pads and claws on all digits of legs I but lacks claws on all digits of legs IIIV; and
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0BFFDBF9B07505FC5DFBCF" box="[683,902,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">
<taxonomicName id="01EC75E0BE0BFFDBF9B07505FC59FBCF" box="[683,898,1087,1112]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Orzeliscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="belopus">Orzeliscus belopus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which has elongated adhesive pads on all digits but lacks claws altogether.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C6530E63BE0BFFDBFBDC75BDFE9DFA9A" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">
Additional meiofauna found in the same samples with the new species include: Tardigrada (
<taxonomicName id="01EC75E0BE0BFFDBFE3175BDFA4EFB37" box="[1322,1429,1159,1184]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Batillipedidae" genus="Batillipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0BFFDBFE3175BDFA4EFB37" box="[1322,1429,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">Batillipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="01EC75E0BE0BFFDBFB8C7597FED8FB53" box="[151,259,1197,1220]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Tanarctus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0BFFDBFB8C7597FED8FB53" box="[151,259,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">Tanarctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="01EC75E0BE0BFFDBFA027596FE04FB52" box="[281,479,1196,1221]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Wingstrandarctus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0BFFDBFA027596FE04FB52" box="[281,479,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">Wingstrandarctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="01EC75E0BE0BFFDBFAEE7596FD5FFB52" box="[501,644,1196,1221]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Paradoxipus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0BFFDBFAEE7596FD5FFB52" box="[501,644,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">Paradoxipus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="01EC75E0BE0BFFDBF9827596FCD4FB52" box="[665,783,1196,1221]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Orzeliscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0BFFDBF9827596FCD4FB52" box="[665,783,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">Orzeliscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="01EC75E0BE0BFFDBF8417596FC22FB52" box="[858,1017,1196,1221]" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Halechiniscidae" genus="Halechiniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Arthrotardigrada" pageId="4" pageNumber="267" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0BFFDBF8417596FC22FB52" box="[858,1017,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">Halechiniscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), Nematoda, Rotifera (Bdelloidea), Crustacea, Acoelomorpha, Kinorhyncha, Platyhelminthes (Kalyptorhynchia), and Gastrotricha (Chaetonotida and Macrodasyida).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C6530E63BE0BFFDBFBBA7462FBDDFAF9" blockId="4.[161,1259,1368,1942]" box="[161,1030,1368,1390]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">
<emphasis id="F498D271BE0BFFDBFBBA7462FE04FAF9" bold="true" box="[161,479,1368,1390]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">
<collectionCode id="A0FD96A6BE0BFFDBFBBA7462FF00FAF9" box="[161,219,1368,1390]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">LIST</collectionCode>
OF ABBREVIATIONS
</emphasis>
gp gonopore
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C6530E63BE0BFFDBF83C74B9FBD2FA54" blockId="4.[161,1259,1368,1942]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">ic internal cirrus la lateral ala</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C6530E63BE0BFFDBFBBA74E2FBFDFA7A" blockId="4.[161,1259,1368,1942]" box="[161,1062,1495,1517]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">an anus lc lateral cirrus</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C6530E63BE0BFFDBFBBA7738FBDAF98F" blockId="4.[161,1259,1368,1942]" box="[161,1025,1538,1560]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">ad adhesive pad ls leg spike</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C6530E63BE0BFFDBFBBA7717FBC5F9FA" blockId="4.[161,1259,1368,1942]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">ap accessory point mc median cirrus bc buccal clavae mo mouth cone</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C6530E63BE0BFFDBFBBA77BBFC21F97B" blockId="4.[161,1259,1368,1942]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">bt buccal tube op seminal receptacle duct opening ca caudal ala pc primary clava ce cirrus E ph pharynx</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C6530E63BE0BFFDBFBBA763AFC05F801" blockId="4.[161,1259,1368,1942]" pageId="4" pageNumber="267">cl claw sd seminal receptacle duct cs claw sheath so leg IV sense organ ec external cirrus sr seminal receptacle gl gut lumen st stylet</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>