treatments-xml/data/03/D4/32/03D432553A61FFFFFF4CC106E40A5ABD.xml

<document id="33D252C02FB320A4F0E8FA5FA81D7870" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.177524" ID-GBIF-Dataset="283b3c7d-726b-4354-ae75-d67367d58b5e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="177524" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459863195840" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Iii, Thomas Shannon &amp; Achatz, Johannes G." docDate="2007" docId="03D432553A61FFFFFF4CC106E40A5ABD" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01525p017.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1525" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Convolutriloba macropyga Iii &amp; Achatz, 2007, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="FFED4A2D3A62FFF3FFDBC061E6305F7B" masterDocTitle="Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov., an uncommonly fecund acoel (Acoelomorpha) discovered in tropical aquaria" masterLastPageNumber="17" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1698226263657" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="250EFDB08BEDCD9B74F91AE84C4A79B5">Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov., an uncommonly fecund acoel (Acoelomorpha) discovered in tropical aquaria</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E06F166925040EDBEFB8BF987DA05BF8">Iii, Thomas Shannon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1EA3C92C5171A649ED57927DD1F2C8E9">Achatz, Johannes G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="9AAB9FDB236B5DE780B5921AD6AF8022">2007</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="8BC283433A61FFF0FF4CC106E40F5EFA" blockId="3.[151,575,359,385]" box="[151,575,359,385]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<heading id="D08A342F3A61FFF0FF4CC106E40F5EFA" bold="true" box="[151,575,359,385]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A61FFF0FF4CC106E40F5EFA" bold="true" box="[151,575,359,385]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A61FFF0FF4CC106E7E95EFA" box="[151,473,359,385]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="macropyga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A61FFF0FF4CC106E7E95EFA" bold="true" box="[151,473,359,385]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Convolutriloba macropyga</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23AE22A3A61FFF0FE3AC106E40F5EFA" box="[481,575,359,385]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C367D0C83A61FFF0FF4CC1D3E2145DEF" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BC283433A61FFF0FF4CC1D3E2145DEF" blockId="3.[151,1437,434,2020]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A61FFF0FF4CC1D3E7275EB7" bold="true" box="[151,279,434,460]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A61FFF0FEC6C1D3E7E05EB0" box="[285,464,434,459]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A61FFF0FEC6C1D3E7E05EB0" box="[285,464,434,459]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Convolutriloba</emphasis>
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with sparsely but widely distributed concrements on the dorsal surface; one 
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of rhabdoid gland cell with 3-µm long rhabdoids. Male copulatory organ consists of paired, lateral, sclerotized canals leading into a seminal vesicle. Seminal vesicle opens into a vesicula granulorum, which is filled with prostate secretion in its proximal part and cyanophilic vesicles in its distal part. Animals have 1 to 3 bursal nozzles. The mouth is positioned at 31 U of total body length (percent, measured from anterior tip to edge of posterior lobe); the female gonopore is at 52 U; the male gonopore is at 75 U.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BC283433A61FFF0FF1CC2C3E56F5C77" blockId="3.[151,1437,434,2020]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A61FFF0FF1CC2C3E7B55DC7" bold="true" box="[199,389,674,700]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<typeStatus id="54C63DE13A61FFF0FF1CC2C3E7345DC7" box="[199,260,674,700]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="54C63DE13A61FFF0FE4FC2C3E4365DC7" box="[404,518,674,700]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: 
<collectionCode id="ED6C1B863A61FFF0FDC2C2C3E45E5DC7" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[537,622,674,700]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">USNM</collectionCode>
1100318, one complete set of 2-µm-thick serial cross sections. 
<typeStatus id="54C63DE13A61FFF0FF4CC2ABE73E5D9F" box="[151,270,714,740]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
: 
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1100329, one partial set of 2-µm-thick serial sagittal sections, 
<collectionCode id="ED6C1B863A61FFF0FBAAC2ABE2F65D9F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1137,1222,714,740]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">USNM</collectionCode>
1100330, 
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1100331, two partial sets of 2-µm-thick serial cross sections.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B9095F513A61FFF0FF1CC37BE7AA5C4F" bold="true" box="[199,410,794,820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<typeStatus id="54C63DE13A61FFF0FF1CC37BE7345C4F" box="[199,260,794,820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
Repository.
</emphasis>
Smithsonian Natural History Museum, Washington D.C., 
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.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B9095F513A61FFF0FF1CC323E7475C27" bold="true" box="[199,375,834,860]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<typeStatus id="54C63DE13A61FFF0FF1CC323E7345C27" box="[199,260,834,860]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
Locality.
</emphasis>
Tropical marine aquarium at Cappuccino Bay Aquarium, Marietta, GA, 
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C367D0C83A61FFF0FF1CC30BE2615CD7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="etymology">
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<emphasis id="B9095F513A61FFF0FF1CC30BE7645CFF" bold="true" box="[199,340,874,900]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Etymology.</emphasis>
Specific epithet is a derivation of the Greek 
<emphasis id="B9095F513A61FFF0FCBFC30BE59E5CF8" box="[868,942,874,899]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">macro</emphasis>
- (large) and 
<emphasis id="B9095F513A61FFF0FB9CC30BE2B05CF8" box="[1095,1152,874,899]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">pyga</emphasis>
(rump), and reflects the extensive expansion of the posterior region of the body, especially while basking.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BC283433A61FFF0FF1CC3DBE29F5C87" blockId="3.[151,1437,434,2020]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A61FFF0FF1CC3DBE43D5CAF" bold="true" box="[199,525,954,980]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Other material examined.</emphasis>
Living specimens and eggs in squeeze preparations; 12 whole-mount specimens for fluorescence microscopy; four partial serial sections stained with toluidine blue.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A61FFF0FF1CC46BE7645A1F" blockId="3.[151,1437,434,2020]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A61FFF0FF1CC46BE44B5B5F" bold="true" box="[199,635,1034,1060]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">External morphology &amp; behavior.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A61FFF0FD5CC46BE5F95B58" box="[647,969,1034,1059]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="macropyga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A61FFF0FD5CC46BE5F95B58" box="[647,969,1034,1059]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Convolutriloba macropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23AE22A3A61FFF0FC0FC46BE2075B5F" box="[980,1079,1034,1060]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is flat and shield-shaped, its body rounded anteriorly and indented at the anterior tip, broadening to auricular apices set off by a transverse constriction ~ 
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behind the anterior tip, and broadening toward two rounded lateral caudal lobes and a longer, slender median caudal lobe (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A61FFF0FD91C4E3E4A85BE7" box="[586,664,1154,1180]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1488,1512]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,194,1463]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1464]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living, non-anaesthetized, non-squeezed specimens. A. Dorsal view of a large sub-adult with asexual buds and multiple median caudal lobes. B. Ventral view of smaller sub-adult exhibiting the characteristic “ capturing funnel ” leading to the mouth. Visible are the maturing false seminal vesicles terminating at the male gonopore forward of the central red-pigment spot. C. Dorsal view of an immature, asexually-produced progeny showing the characteristic two rounded lateral caudal lobes and single, longer, slender median caudal lobe." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177525/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
A–C, 2A). Immature specimens always possess the three caudal lobes (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A61FFF0FF3EC4CBE7175BBF" box="[229,295,1194,1220]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1488,1512]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,194,1463]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1464]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living, non-anaesthetized, non-squeezed specimens. A. Dorsal view of a large sub-adult with asexual buds and multiple median caudal lobes. B. Ventral view of smaller sub-adult exhibiting the characteristic “ capturing funnel ” leading to the mouth. Visible are the maturing false seminal vesicles terminating at the male gonopore forward of the central red-pigment spot. C. Dorsal view of an immature, asexually-produced progeny showing the characteristic two rounded lateral caudal lobes and single, longer, slender median caudal lobe." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177525/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C), but adults often develop multiple median lobes ― usually 2 or 3, and up to 9 (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A61FFF0FB34C4CBE3015BBF" box="[1263,1329,1194,1220]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1488,1512]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,194,1463]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1464]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living, non-anaesthetized, non-squeezed specimens. A. Dorsal view of a large sub-adult with asexual buds and multiple median caudal lobes. B. Ventral view of smaller sub-adult exhibiting the characteristic “ capturing funnel ” leading to the mouth. Visible are the maturing false seminal vesicles terminating at the male gonopore forward of the central red-pigment spot. C. Dorsal view of an immature, asexually-produced progeny showing the characteristic two rounded lateral caudal lobes and single, longer, slender median caudal lobe." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177525/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A). Individuals are often observed lying stationary with their anterior end erected into the water column in well-illuminated areas. When basking like this, the body is dorso-ventrally flattened to a thickness of 200–360 µm along the lateral margins and 550 µm along the median line. Mature basking specimens are up to 
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long and 
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wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A61FFF0FF1CC513E3155AA7" blockId="3.[151,1437,434,2020]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
When motile, adult specimens measure up to 
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in length and, apart from slight indentations in the lateral margins at the transverse constriction, are uniformly 
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wide along the entire length as the body is held tube-like, with the lateral margins curled ventrally. The animal glides by ciliary action.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A61FFF0FF1CC58BE3AB592F" blockId="3.[151,1437,434,2020]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A sudden increase in light intensity triggers a negatively phototactic, or photophobic, behavior. Mechanical disturbance of specimens in glass culture dishes trigger rapid, forward motion. Similar disturbances in more natural environments cause the animal to move to the shaded undersides of objects or into the substrate.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A61FFF0FF1CC603E2AA5817" blockId="3.[151,1437,434,2020]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
When food is present, as when 
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A61FFF0FD9DC602E4945907" box="[582,676,1635,1660]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Artemiidae" genus="Artemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anostraca" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A61FFF0FD9DC602E4945907" box="[582,676,1635,1660]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Artemia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. are added to the cultures, animals lift the anterior body tip from the substrate and curl the lateral edges and the two ventral flaps (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A61FFF0FC08C6EBE22959DF" box="[979,1049,1674,1700]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1416,1440]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,208,1392]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,194,1392]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimens. A. Dorsal view of whole anaesthetized specimen. Black arrowhead points to eyespot, black arrow to diamond-shaped spot of pigment cells. B. Ventral view of whole anaesthetized specimen. White arrowhead indicates mouth, white arrow seminal bursa and bursal nozzle tissue, black arrowhead ventral flap, and black arrow male gonopore. C. Dorsal view of cluster of three specimens showing refractive blue sheen. D. Dorsal body surface with blue concrements in incident light. E. Dorsal body surface with concrements in transmitted light. F. Rhabdoid glands of dorsal body wall. Arrow indicates refractile, uncolored rhabdoids; asterisk marks red rhabdoid gland cell; arrowhead indicates symbiotic algal cell." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177526/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B) anterior to the transverse constriction ventrally, forming a “capturing funnel” (
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B) 
<emphasis id="B9095F513A61FFF0FC89C6D2E5A359B7" box="[850,915,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFECFEB23A61FFF0FC47C6D3E33D59B7" author="Hendelberg" box="[924,1293,1714,1740]" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" refString="Hendelberg, J. &amp; Akesson, B. (1988) Convolutriloba retrogemma gen. et sp. n., a turbellarian (Acoela, Platyhelminthes) with reversed polarity of reproductive buds. Fortschritte der Zoologie, 36, 321 - 327." type="journal article" year="1988">Hendelberg &amp; Åkesson (1988)</bibRefCitation>
. The funnel leads to the mouth, which is located medially on the ventral side ~ 
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behind the anterior tip (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A61FFF0FB2EC6BBE377598F" box="[1269,1351,1754,1780]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1416,1440]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,208,1392]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,194,1392]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimens. A. Dorsal view of whole anaesthetized specimen. Black arrowhead points to eyespot, black arrow to diamond-shaped spot of pigment cells. B. Ventral view of whole anaesthetized specimen. White arrowhead indicates mouth, white arrow seminal bursa and bursal nozzle tissue, black arrowhead ventral flap, and black arrow male gonopore. C. Dorsal view of cluster of three specimens showing refractive blue sheen. D. Dorsal body surface with blue concrements in incident light. E. Dorsal body surface with concrements in transmitted light. F. Rhabdoid glands of dorsal body wall. Arrow indicates refractile, uncolored rhabdoids; asterisk marks red rhabdoid gland cell; arrowhead indicates symbiotic algal cell." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177526/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
B, 3A). Though some animals will move in the direction of the prey, most remain relatively motionless with their posterior lateral margins attached to the substrate. When prey moves into the funnel, the animal traps it by pressing down flat against the substrate and moving forward to bring the prey into its mouth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A61FFF0FF1CC71BE29F589F" blockId="3.[151,1437,434,2020]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Body coloration is green, tinged with red, due to symbiotic zoochlorellae and scattered, red rhabdoid gland cells and a diamond-shaped red spot comprised of pigment cells in front of the caudal lobe. The dorsal body surface appears bluish in reflected light due to refractive concrements (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A61FFF0FBC3C7ABE259589F" box="[1048,1129,1994,2020]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1416,1440]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,208,1392]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,194,1392]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimens. A. Dorsal view of whole anaesthetized specimen. Black arrowhead points to eyespot, black arrow to diamond-shaped spot of pigment cells. B. Ventral view of whole anaesthetized specimen. White arrowhead indicates mouth, white arrow seminal bursa and bursal nozzle tissue, black arrowhead ventral flap, and black arrow male gonopore. C. Dorsal view of cluster of three specimens showing refractive blue sheen. D. Dorsal body surface with blue concrements in incident light. E. Dorsal body surface with concrements in transmitted light. F. Rhabdoid glands of dorsal body wall. Arrow indicates refractile, uncolored rhabdoids; asterisk marks red rhabdoid gland cell; arrowhead indicates symbiotic algal cell." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177526/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
A–F).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF02D3CB3A66FFF7FF4CC5B1E75D59EE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177525/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[151,1434,194,1463]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BC283433A66FFF7FF4CC5B1E75D59EE" blockId="4.[151,1436,1488,1685]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A66FFF7FF4CC5B1E72B5A93" bold="true" box="[151,283,1488,1512]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A66FFF7FEFFC5B0E4775A93" box="[292,583,1489,1512]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="macropyga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A66FFF7FEFFC5B0E4775A93" box="[292,583,1489,1512]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Convolutriloba macropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9095F513A66FFF7FD8BC5B1E4985A93" bold="true" box="[592,680,1488,1512]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23AE22A3A66FFF7FD8BC5B1E4985A93" box="[592,680,1488,1512]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
; photomicrographs of living, non-anaesthetized, non-squeezed specimens. A. Dorsal view of a large sub-adult with asexual buds and multiple median caudal lobes. B. Ventral view of smaller sub-adult exhibiting the characteristic “capturing funnel” leading to the mouth. Visible are the maturing false seminal vesicles terminating at the male gonopore forward of the central red-pigment spot. C. Dorsal view of an immature, asexually-produced progeny showing the characteristic two rounded lateral caudal lobes and single, longer, slender median caudal lobe.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A66FFF7FF1CC6A2E455588E" blockId="4.[151,1436,1731,2037]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A66FFF7FF1CC6A2E76059A6" bold="true" box="[199,336,1731,1757]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Epidermis.</emphasis>
The epidermis is entirely ciliated. The cilia are commonly ~8 µm long, but can measure up to 12 µm in some areas. On the ventral side of the capturing funnel, the cilia are often sparse or shorter. The epidermal nuclei are sunken beneath the body-wall musculature. Small refractive epidermal concrements occur in large fields. The density of these fields increases gradually from the anterior to the posterior end. The concrements give the surface a bluish sheen under incident light and appear dark purple in transmitted light (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A66FFF7FABAC702E69658DE" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1416,1440]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,208,1392]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,194,1392]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimens. A. Dorsal view of whole anaesthetized specimen. Black arrowhead points to eyespot, black arrow to diamond-shaped spot of pigment cells. B. Ventral view of whole anaesthetized specimen. White arrowhead indicates mouth, white arrow seminal bursa and bursal nozzle tissue, black arrowhead ventral flap, and black arrow male gonopore. C. Dorsal view of cluster of three specimens showing refractive blue sheen. D. Dorsal body surface with blue concrements in incident light. E. Dorsal body surface with concrements in transmitted light. F. Rhabdoid glands of dorsal body wall. Arrow indicates refractile, uncolored rhabdoids; asterisk marks red rhabdoid gland cell; arrowhead indicates symbiotic algal cell." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177526/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
C–E). The sheen vanishes when animals are relaxed in magnesium sulfate. Dorsally at the transverse constriction, three to five small white spots of concrements occur in a transverse row. Similar spots occur along the lateral margins in some individuals.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF02D3CB3A67FFF6FF4CC5E9E2085914" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177526/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[151,1434,208,1392]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BC283433A67FFF6FF4CC5E9E2085914" blockId="5.[151,1436,1416,1647]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A67FFF6FF4CC5E9E7285ADB" bold="true" box="[151,280,1416,1440]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A67FFF6FEC4C5E8E40F5ADB" box="[287,575,1417,1440]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="macropyga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A67FFF6FEC4C5E8E40F5ADB" box="[287,575,1417,1440]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Convolutriloba macropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9095F513A67FFF6FD9EC5E9E4AA5ADB" bold="true" box="[581,666,1416,1440]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23AE22A3A67FFF6FD9EC5E9E4AA5ADB" box="[581,666,1416,1440]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
; photomicrographs of living specimens. A. Dorsal view of whole anaesthetized specimen. Black arrowhead points to eyespot, black arrow to diamond-shaped spot of pigment cells. B. Ventral view of whole anaesthetized specimen. White arrowhead indicates mouth, white arrow seminal bursa and bursal nozzle tissue, black arrowhead ventral flap, and black arrow male gonopore. C. Dorsal view of cluster of three specimens showing refractive blue sheen. D. Dorsal body surface with blue concrements in incident light. E. Dorsal body surface with concrements in transmitted light. F. Rhabdoid glands of dorsal body wall. Arrow indicates refractile, uncolored rhabdoids; asterisk marks red rhabdoid gland cell; arrowhead indicates symbiotic algal cell.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C367D0C83A67FFFFFF1CC6C2E40A5ABD" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC283433A67FFF6FF1CC6C2E2E258FE" blockId="5.[151,1436,1699,2005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A67FFF6FF1CC6C2E44459C6" bold="true" box="[199,628,1699,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Sensory organs &amp; nervous system.</emphasis>
A pair of eye fields (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A67FFF6FCB5C6C2E58459C6" box="[878,948,1699,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1416,1440]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,208,1392]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,194,1392]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimens. A. Dorsal view of whole anaesthetized specimen. Black arrowhead points to eyespot, black arrow to diamond-shaped spot of pigment cells. B. Ventral view of whole anaesthetized specimen. White arrowhead indicates mouth, white arrow seminal bursa and bursal nozzle tissue, black arrowhead ventral flap, and black arrow male gonopore. C. Dorsal view of cluster of three specimens showing refractive blue sheen. D. Dorsal body surface with blue concrements in incident light. E. Dorsal body surface with concrements in transmitted light. F. Rhabdoid glands of dorsal body wall. Arrow indicates refractile, uncolored rhabdoids; asterisk marks red rhabdoid gland cell; arrowhead indicates symbiotic algal cell." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177526/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A) appearing colorless due to the absence of symbiotic algae occurs ~650 µm behind the anterior tip. Paired, insunk ganglia lie ventral to them. The ganglia are connected transversally by a commissure. From each ganglion, two nerve cords run frontally, one runs laterally and one runs latero-caudally. A pair of median longitudinal nerve cords originates at the commissure (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A67FFF6FF44C722E6D35826" box="[159,227,1859,1885]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1651,1675]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,641,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,634,1627]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired but for clarity just the left testis and right ovary are shown. Arrows point to buds on lateral caudal lobes, arrowheads to paired ganglia and eyefields. B. Sagittal reconstruction of male copulatory organ. Peripheral parenchyma not shown. C. Sagittal reconstruction of female copulatory organ. Arrow points to female gonopore. Peripheral parenchyma not shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177527/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A) and can sometimes be seen in live animals as two colorless stripes due to the absence of zoochlorellae. A statocyst is absent in all adult specimens examined, but present in juveniles (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A67FFF6FBBDC70AE29C58FE" box="[1126,1196,1899,1925]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1935,1959]" captionTargetBox="[165,1434,903,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,903,1911]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; photomicrographs of live juvenile. A. Dorsal view of whole specimen. Arrow points to statocyst, arrowhead to frontal pore. B. Frontal organ. Arrow points to frontal pore. C. Statocyst. Arrowheads point to nuclei of parietal cells; asterisk marks statolith. D. Rhabdoid gland cell." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177531/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A67FFF5FF1CC7F2E2DD5D39" blockId="5.[151,1436,1699,2005]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,578]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A67FFF6FF1CC7F2E75D58D6" bold="true" box="[199,365,1939,1965]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Musculature.</emphasis>
The body-wall musculature is stronger on the ventral than on the dorsal side. The dorsal musculature consists of outermost circular, diagonal, and longitudinal muscles. The ventral musculature consists of outermost circular muscles (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A64FFF5FDE0C0F9E4B15FC9" box="[571,641,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1003,1027]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,599,978]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,594,979]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; reconstructions to show ventral body-wall musculature. For clarity just a few muscles are shown. Scale bar: 1 mm. A. All muscle components. B. Circular muscles. C. U-shaped muscles and longitudinal cross-over muscles. D. Special pore muscles and longitudinal muscles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177529/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
B), a layer of muscles that arc across the body in curves centered on the mouth (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A64FFF5FEFAC0A1E7595FA1" box="[289,361,192,218]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1003,1027]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,599,978]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,594,979]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; reconstructions to show ventral body-wall musculature. For clarity just a few muscles are shown. Scale bar: 1 mm. A. All muscle components. B. Circular muscles. C. U-shaped muscles and longitudinal cross-over muscles. D. Special pore muscles and longitudinal muscles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177529/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
C), and an innermost layer of longitudinal muscles and muscles radiating from the mouth (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A64FFF5FF44C089E6D75E79" box="[159,231,232,258]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1003,1027]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,599,978]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,594,979]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; reconstructions to show ventral body-wall musculature. For clarity just a few muscles are shown. Scale bar: 1 mm. A. All muscle components. B. Circular muscles. C. U-shaped muscles and longitudinal cross-over muscles. D. Special pore muscles and longitudinal muscles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177529/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
D). Circular muscles near the lateral posterior edge of the mouth bend around its anterior rim in a Ushaped path. Some of these do not bend fully around the mouth but run anteriorly and terminate lateral to it. The next layer inward consists of muscles surrounding the mouth and constituting the wall of the capturing funnel. They bend around the posterior rim of the mouth and run straight and oblique anteriad, crossing each other in front of the mouth (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A64FFF5FE36C1E9E4705ED9" box="[493,576,392,418]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1499,1523]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,634,1474]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,634,1476]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; whole mount stained with Alexa- 488 - labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. A. Optical section of ventral body-wall musculature. Anterior toward upper left corner. White arrows point to longitudinal muscles, white arrowheads to radial muscles, black arrowheads to U-shaped muscles. B. Projection of ventral and lateral body-wall musculature adjacent to the mouth (in upper left corner)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177528/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
A, 5C). In the posterior half of the body are corresponding longitudinal cross-over muscles (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A64FFF5FE53C1D1E7EC5EB1" box="[392,476,432,458]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1499,1523]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,634,1474]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,634,1476]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; whole mount stained with Alexa- 488 - labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. A. Optical section of ventral body-wall musculature. Anterior toward upper left corner. White arrows point to longitudinal muscles, white arrowheads to radial muscles, black arrowheads to U-shaped muscles. B. Projection of ventral and lateral body-wall musculature adjacent to the mouth (in upper left corner)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177528/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
B, 5C). The innermost layer consists of special pore muscles, which fan out from the mouth to the anterior rim and the lateral edges of the capturing funnel (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A64FFF5FBF9C1B9E2465E89" box="[1058,1142,472,498]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1499,1523]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,634,1474]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,634,1476]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; whole mount stained with Alexa- 488 - labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. A. Optical section of ventral body-wall musculature. Anterior toward upper left corner. White arrows point to longitudinal muscles, white arrowheads to radial muscles, black arrowheads to U-shaped muscles. B. Projection of ventral and lateral body-wall musculature adjacent to the mouth (in upper left corner)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177528/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
A, 5D), and longitudinal muscles at the posterior end (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A64FFF5FE36C261E40F5D61" box="[493,575,512,538]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1499,1523]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,634,1474]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,634,1476]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; whole mount stained with Alexa- 488 - labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. A. Optical section of ventral body-wall musculature. Anterior toward upper left corner. White arrows point to longitudinal muscles, white arrowheads to radial muscles, black arrowheads to U-shaped muscles. B. Projection of ventral and lateral body-wall musculature adjacent to the mouth (in upper left corner)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177528/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
B, 5D). These longitudinal muscles insert slightly in front of the posterior rim of the capturing funnel (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A64FFF5FE39C249E4195D39" box="[482,553,552,578]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1499,1523]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,634,1474]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,634,1476]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; whole mount stained with Alexa- 488 - labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. A. Optical section of ventral body-wall musculature. Anterior toward upper left corner. White arrows point to longitudinal muscles, white arrowheads to radial muscles, black arrowheads to U-shaped muscles. B. Projection of ventral and lateral body-wall musculature adjacent to the mouth (in upper left corner)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177528/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A). Dorso-ventral muscles are abundant, especially laterally.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF02D3CB3A64FFF5FF4CC612E7A6586E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177527/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[151,1434,641,1626]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BC283433A64FFF5FF4CC612E7A6586E" blockId="6.[151,1436,1651,1813]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A64FFF5FF4CC612E72A59F0" bold="true" box="[151,282,1651,1675]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A64FFF5FEF8C615E47559F0" box="[291,581,1652,1675]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="macropyga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A64FFF5FEF8C615E47559F0" box="[291,581,1652,1675]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Convolutriloba macropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9095F513A64FFF5FD95C612E49559F0" bold="true" box="[590,677,1651,1675]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23AE22A3A64FFF5FD95C612E49559F0" box="[590,677,1651,1675]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired but for clarity just the left testis and right ovary are shown. Arrows point to buds on lateral caudal lobes, arrowheads to paired ganglia and eyefields. B. Sagittal reconstruction of male copulatory organ. Peripheral parenchyma not shown. C. Sagittal reconstruction of female copulatory organ. Arrow points to female gonopore. Peripheral parenchyma not shown.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A64FFF5FF1CC729E32F58F0" blockId="6.[151,1436,1864,2011]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A64FFF5FF1CC729E76C5819" bold="true" box="[199,348,1864,1890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Gland cells.</emphasis>
Numerous adhesive papillae are distributed along the posterior lateral margin. They comprise the distal tips of glands protruding through the body wall and are ~5 µm long and 2 µm wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A64FFF4FF1CC7F8E7175D39" blockId="6.[151,1436,1864,2011]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,152,578]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Two sorts of rhabdoid gland cells, whose cell bodies lie in the parenchyma, protrude on the body surface. The cells of the first 
<typeStatus id="54C63DE13A64FFF5FE54C7A0E7F258A0" box="[399,450,1985,2011]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
are highly flexible in shape but are commonly ~45 µm long and ~15 µm wide and contain ~250 rhabdoids measuring 2–3 µm long and ~1 µm wide, the contents of which are reddish-orange (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A65FFF4FF44C0A1E6D85FA1" box="[159,232,192,218]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1416,1440]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,208,1392]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,194,1392]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimens. A. Dorsal view of whole anaesthetized specimen. Black arrowhead points to eyespot, black arrow to diamond-shaped spot of pigment cells. B. Ventral view of whole anaesthetized specimen. White arrowhead indicates mouth, white arrow seminal bursa and bursal nozzle tissue, black arrowhead ventral flap, and black arrow male gonopore. C. Dorsal view of cluster of three specimens showing refractive blue sheen. D. Dorsal body surface with blue concrements in incident light. E. Dorsal body surface with concrements in transmitted light. F. Rhabdoid glands of dorsal body wall. Arrow indicates refractile, uncolored rhabdoids; asterisk marks red rhabdoid gland cell; arrowhead indicates symbiotic algal cell." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177526/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
F). Some of these rhabdoid gland cells bear similarly shaped translucent rhabdoids instead. The rhabdoids and the cytoplasm of these cells are cyanophilic. The cells are distributed on the dorsal and ventral side, with the exception of the ventral side of the capturing funnel, including the inner side of the ventral flaps. In non-sexual juvenile specimens the red rhabdoid gland cells are sparsely distributed. As an animal matures, cell densities increase body-wide with higher densities emerging both dorsally and ventrally adjacent to the developing ovaries. In sexually mature adults rhabdoid gland cells are highly numerous along the posterior, lateral margins, the lobes, around the male copulatory organ, and in the region of the gonads on the ventral side (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A65FFF4FF03C1B9E71B5E89" box="[216,299,472,498]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1416,1440]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,208,1392]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,194,1392]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimens. A. Dorsal view of whole anaesthetized specimen. Black arrowhead points to eyespot, black arrow to diamond-shaped spot of pigment cells. B. Ventral view of whole anaesthetized specimen. White arrowhead indicates mouth, white arrow seminal bursa and bursal nozzle tissue, black arrowhead ventral flap, and black arrow male gonopore. C. Dorsal view of cluster of three specimens showing refractive blue sheen. D. Dorsal body surface with blue concrements in incident light. E. Dorsal body surface with concrements in transmitted light. F. Rhabdoid glands of dorsal body wall. Arrow indicates refractile, uncolored rhabdoids; asterisk marks red rhabdoid gland cell; arrowhead indicates symbiotic algal cell." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177526/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
A, B). The second rhabdoid gland cell 
<typeStatus id="54C63DE13A65FFF4FD26C1B9E5005E89" box="[765,816,472,498]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
occurs solely on the dorsal side, about 20 cells in a specimen. Each cell contains ~18 refractive rods, which are ~20 µm long, 1 µm wide (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A65FFF4FB42C261E2D15D61" box="[1177,1249,512,538]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1416,1440]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,208,1392]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,194,1392]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimens. A. Dorsal view of whole anaesthetized specimen. Black arrowhead points to eyespot, black arrow to diamond-shaped spot of pigment cells. B. Ventral view of whole anaesthetized specimen. White arrowhead indicates mouth, white arrow seminal bursa and bursal nozzle tissue, black arrowhead ventral flap, and black arrow male gonopore. C. Dorsal view of cluster of three specimens showing refractive blue sheen. D. Dorsal body surface with blue concrements in incident light. E. Dorsal body surface with concrements in transmitted light. F. Rhabdoid glands of dorsal body wall. Arrow indicates refractile, uncolored rhabdoids; asterisk marks red rhabdoid gland cell; arrowhead indicates symbiotic algal cell." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177526/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
F), and strongly cyanophilic.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF02D3CB3A65FFF4FF4CC5BAE28E5920" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177528/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[151,1434,634,1474]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BC283433A65FFF4FF4CC5BAE28E5920" blockId="7.[151,1436,1499,1627]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A65FFF4FF4CC5BAE72B5A88" bold="true" box="[151,283,1499,1523]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A65FFF4FEFFC5BDE4775A88" box="[292,583,1500,1523]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="macropyga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A65FFF4FEFFC5BDE4775A88" box="[292,583,1500,1523]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Convolutriloba macropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9095F513A65FFF4FD8BC5BAE4975A88" bold="true" box="[592,679,1499,1523]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23AE22A3A65FFF4FD8BC5BAE4975A88" box="[592,679,1499,1523]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
; whole mount stained with Alexa-488-labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. A. Optical section of ventral body-wall musculature. Anterior toward upper left corner. White arrows point to longitudinal muscles, white arrowheads to radial muscles, black arrowheads to U-shaped muscles. B. Projection of ventral and lateral body-wall musculature adjacent to the mouth (in upper left corner).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A65FFF4FF1CC6EEE29B59AA" blockId="7.[151,1436,1679,2025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Mucous gland cells are absent. Adults lack a frontal organ, but freshly hatched juveniles have an easily recognized frontal organ with a reservoir, all lying in front of the statocyst (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A65FFF4FBD1C6D6E26C59AA" box="[1034,1116,1719,1745]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1935,1959]" captionTargetBox="[165,1434,903,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,903,1911]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; photomicrographs of live juvenile. A. Dorsal view of whole specimen. Arrow points to statocyst, arrowhead to frontal pore. B. Frontal organ. Arrow points to frontal pore. C. Statocyst. Arrowheads point to nuclei of parietal cells; asterisk marks statolith. D. Rhabdoid gland cell." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177531/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
A, B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A65FFF4FF1CC6BEE49958E2" blockId="7.[151,1436,1679,2025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Red pigment cells are densely packed on the dorsal side in a diamond-shaped red spot ~ 
<quantity id="4C852EA63A65FFF4FB08C6BEE31E5982" box="[1235,1326,1759,1785]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
long and ~ 
<quantity id="4C852EA63A65FFF4FF7EC766E730585A" box="[165,256,1799,1825]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
wide in front of the median caudal lobe (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A65FFF4FD39C766E51E585A" box="[738,814,1799,1825]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1488,1512]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,194,1463]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1464]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living, non-anaesthetized, non-squeezed specimens. A. Dorsal view of a large sub-adult with asexual buds and multiple median caudal lobes. B. Ventral view of smaller sub-adult exhibiting the characteristic “ capturing funnel ” leading to the mouth. Visible are the maturing false seminal vesicles terminating at the male gonopore forward of the central red-pigment spot. C. Dorsal view of an immature, asexually-produced progeny showing the characteristic two rounded lateral caudal lobes and single, longer, slender median caudal lobe." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177525/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
C, 2A, B). The cells lie dorsal to the male copulatory organ and ventral to the body-wall musculature and the rhabdoid gland cells, they do not protrude to the surface, and measure 40–50 µm in diameter (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A65FFF4FD57C736E4E3580A" box="[652,723,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1651,1675]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,641,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,634,1627]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired but for clarity just the left testis and right ovary are shown. Arrows point to buds on lateral caudal lobes, arrowheads to paired ganglia and eyefields. B. Sagittal reconstruction of male copulatory organ. Peripheral parenchyma not shown. C. Sagittal reconstruction of female copulatory organ. Arrow points to female gonopore. Peripheral parenchyma not shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177527/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B). In histological sections the cells are filled with a grayish meshwork and their cytoplasm is not stained.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A65FFFBFF1CC7C6E79D5D61" blockId="7.[151,1436,1679,2025]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,152,538]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Sagittocysts occur in two sizes. Large sagittocysts occur in abundance and measure ~40 µm long and ~2.5 µm wide. Small sagittocysts, distributed mainly at the anterior lateral margins, measure ~20 µm long and ~1 µm wide. The sagittocysts are formed in sagittocytes which lie ventral to the dorsal body-wall musculature and rhabdoid gland cells. The sagittocytes generally contain a bundle of 8–12 sagittocysts. Each sagittocyst moves towards the distal tip of the sagittocyte, which lies within the body wall. A muscle cell, or muscle mantle, enwraps the sagittocyst within the distal tip of the sagittocyte. This arrangement is connected with a sensory cell and altogether is called an extrusion apparatus 
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6AFFFBFCF3C159E5595E2A" box="[808,873,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFECFEB23A6AFFFBFCABC159E2975E29" box="[880,1191,312,338]" pageId="8" pageNumber="16" refString="Gschwentner, R., Baric, S. &amp; Rieger, R. (2002) New model for the formation and function of sagittocysts: Symsagittifera corsicae n. sp (Acoela). Invertebrate Biology, 121, 95 - 103." type="journal article">
Gschwentner 
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6AFFFBFBC8C159E27D5E2A" box="[1043,1101,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al.</emphasis>
(2002)
</bibRefCitation>
. The muscle mantles enwrapping the small sagittocysts are ~50 µm long and ~6 µm wide, those enwrapping the large sagittocysts are ~75 µm long and ~9 µm wide. The extrusion apparatus are distributed over the entire dorsal surface and the lateral sides of the ventral flaps, with higher densities found on the lateral margins. Ventral distribution is limited to the area between the female gonopore and the caudal end with high densities in a broad region between the gonopores.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF02D3CB3A6AFFFBFF4CC38AE2215B3C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177529/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[151,1436,599,978]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BC283433A6AFFFBFF4CC38AE2215B3C" blockId="8.[151,1436,1003,1095]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6AFFFBFF4CC38AE7295B78" bold="true" box="[151,281,1003,1027]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A6AFFFBFEC4C38AE4705B79" box="[287,576,1003,1026]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="macropyga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6AFFFBFEC4C38AE4705B79" box="[287,576,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Convolutriloba macropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23AE22A3A6AFFFBFD9DC38AE4AC5B78" box="[582,668,1003,1027]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6AFFFBFD9DC38AE4AC5B78" bold="true" box="[582,668,1003,1027]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
; reconstructions to show ventral body-wall musculature. For clarity just a few muscles are shown. Scale bar: 1 mm. A. All muscle components. B. Circular muscles. C. U-shaped muscles and longitudinal cross-over muscles. D. Special pore muscles and longitudinal muscles.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A6AFFFBFF1CC41AE5AE5ACB" blockId="8.[151,1436,1147,2016]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6AFFFBFF1CC41AE4705BEE" bold="true" box="[199,576,1147,1173]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Parenchyma &amp; zoochlorellae.</emphasis>
The parenchyma consists of dense peripheral parenchyma and parenchyma cells with large vacuolated spaces. The dense parenchyma occurs primarily in the periphery of the body, but is also found centrally surrounding nervous tissue and often forms extensions into the vacuolated parenchyma. Numerous zoochlorellae, 5–14 µm wide, are distributed throughout the parenchyma. In squeeze preparations and motile specimens, zoochlorellae appear to be arranged in rows, mirroring the overlying musculature (and sometimes the longitudinal nerves, as well); a random distribution is observed in specimens at rest. The algal endosymbiont has been isolated using the CO2 bubbling method of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFECFEB23A6AFFFBFBBAC50AE35A5AFE" author="Boyle" box="[1121,1386,1387,1413]" pageId="8" pageNumber="16" refString="Boyle, J. E. &amp; Smith, D. C. (1975) Biochemical interactions between the symbionts of Convoluta roscoffensis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 189 (1094), 121 - 135." type="journal article" year="1975">Boyle &amp; Smith (1975)</bibRefCitation>
and cultured in L1 media. We have not yet identified the algal species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A6AFFFBFF1CC5DFE522592B" blockId="8.[151,1436,1147,2016]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6AFFFBFF1CC5DFE4B35AA3" bold="true" box="[199,643,1470,1496]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Testes &amp; male reproductive system.</emphasis>
The paired testes lie dorsal and lateral to the ovaries. Follicles and sperm pass caudally and sperm accumulate in paired false seminal vesicles, which measure ~170 µm in diameter and converge toward the body-midline (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A6AFFFBFD6BC66FE4C75953" box="[688,759,1550,1576]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1651,1675]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,641,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,634,1627]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired but for clarity just the left testis and right ovary are shown. Arrows point to buds on lateral caudal lobes, arrowheads to paired ganglia and eyefields. B. Sagittal reconstruction of male copulatory organ. Peripheral parenchyma not shown. C. Sagittal reconstruction of female copulatory organ. Arrow points to female gonopore. Peripheral parenchyma not shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177527/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A). Mature spermatozoa measure ~280 µm long, have a thin ~50 µm long tail, and a stepped, ~20 µm long tip.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A6AFFFAFF1CC63FE2325FA1" blockId="8.[151,1436,1147,2016]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1435,152,218]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The male gonopore lies about 
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in front of the posterior end, slightly less than 
<quantity id="4C852EA63A6AFFFBFB10C63FE3235903" box="[1227,1299,1630,1656]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
behind the female gonopore, and opens into a vesicula granulorum. The vesicula granulorum, ~50 µm in diameter and ~75 µm high, lies within a plug of peripheral parenchyma, which is 450 µm long, 300 µm wide, and 150 µm high. Dorso-ventral muscles, sagittocytes, extrusion apparatus, and two 
<typeStatus id="54C63DE13A6AFFFBFC31C6B7E218598B" box="[1002,1064,1750,1776]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">types</typeStatus>
of gland cells are embedded in this plug. The first 
<typeStatus id="54C63DE13A6AFFFBFEA3C69FE79A5863" box="[376,426,1790,1816]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
of gland cell contains small cyanophilic vesicles with a diameter of 
<quantity id="4C852EA63A6AFFFBFB14C69FE3555863" box="[1231,1381,1790,1816]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="nm" value="400.0" valueMax="500.0" valueMin="300.0">300–500 nm</quantity>
, and protrudes through the body wall around the male gonopore and into the distal part of the vesicula granulorum. The second 
<typeStatus id="54C63DE13A6AFFFBFEFEC72FE76A5813" box="[293,346,1870,1896]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
, prostate gland cells 
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6AFFFBFD8AC72FE4A2581C" box="[593,658,1870,1895]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFECFEB23A6AFFFBFD41C72FE5785813" author="Winsor" box="[666,840,1870,1896]" pageId="8" pageNumber="17" refString="Winsor, L. (1990) Marine Turbellaria (Acoela) from North Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 28, 785 - 800." type="journal article" year="1990">Winsor (1990)</bibRefCitation>
, produce basophilic vesicles with a diameter of ~1 µm, and protrude exclusively into the proximal part of the vesicula granulorum. A seminal vesicle, measuring ~100 µm in diameter when filled with sperm, opens into the proximal end of the vesicula granulorum (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A6AFFFBFAB6C7FFE696589B" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1651,1675]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,641,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,634,1627]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired but for clarity just the left testis and right ovary are shown. Arrows point to buds on lateral caudal lobes, arrowheads to paired ganglia and eyefields. B. Sagittal reconstruction of male copulatory organ. Peripheral parenchyma not shown. C. Sagittal reconstruction of female copulatory organ. Arrow points to female gonopore. Peripheral parenchyma not shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177527/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B). One lateral canal on each side connects the seminal vesicle with the caudal end of the corresponding false seminal vesicle. Each canal is ~ 300 µm long and has a diameter of 22 µm. The paired canals and the seminal vesicle are surrounded by sclerotized tissue and parenchymal musculature.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF02D3CB3A6BFFFAFF4CC29FE59F5C20" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177530/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[151,1434,262,742]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BC283433A6BFFFAFF4CC29FE59F5C20" blockId="9.[151,1436,766,859]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6BFFFAFF4CC29FE7285C6D" bold="true" box="[151,280,766,790]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A6BFFFAFEC4C29FE40F5C6E" box="[287,575,766,789]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="macropyga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6BFFFAFEC4C29FE40F5C6E" box="[287,575,766,789]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Convolutriloba macropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6BFFFAFD9EC29FE4AA5C6D" bold="true" box="[581,666,766,790]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23AE22A3A6BFFFAFD9EC29FE4AA5C6D" box="[581,666,766,790]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
; photomicrographs of living specimens. A. Dorsal view of female copulatory organ with two bursal nozzles. Black arrowheads point to bursal nozzles. B. Dorsal view of female copulatory organ with three bursal nozzles. Black arrowheads point to bursal nozzles.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF02D3CB3A6BFFFAFF4CC7EEE21F5890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177531/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[165,1434,903,1909]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BC283433A6BFFFAFF4CC7EEE21F5890" blockId="9.[151,1437,1935,2027]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6BFFFAFF4CC7EEE72958DC" bold="true" box="[151,281,1935,1959]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A6BFFFAFEFBC7EEE47158DD" box="[288,577,1935,1958]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="macropyga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6BFFFAFEFBC7EEE47158DD" box="[288,577,1935,1958]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Convolutriloba macropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6BFFFAFD9CC7EEE4AD58DC" bold="true" box="[583,669,1935,1959]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23AE22A3A6BFFFAFD9CC7EEE4AD58DC" box="[583,669,1935,1959]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
; photomicrographs of live juvenile. A. Dorsal view of whole specimen. Arrow points to statocyst, arrowhead to frontal pore. B. Frontal organ. Arrow points to frontal pore. C. Statocyst. Arrowheads point to nuclei of parietal cells; asterisk marks statolith. D. Rhabdoid gland cell.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF02D3CB3A68FFF9FF4CC358E2905B4B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177532/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[165,1420,194,800]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BC283433A68FFF9FF4CC358E2905B4B" blockId="10.[151,1436,825,1072]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A68FFF9FF4CC358E72A5C2A" bold="true" box="[151,282,825,849]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Light experiments in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A68FFF9FDDEC358E5155C2B" box="[517,805,825,848]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="macropyga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A68FFF9FDDEC358E5155C2B" box="[517,805,825,848]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Convolutriloba macropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9095F513A68FFF9FCF7C358E5B15C2A" bold="true" box="[812,897,825,849]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23AE22A3A68FFF9FCF7C358E5B15C2A" box="[812,897,825,849]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and the 
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A68FFF9FC07C358E24F5C2B" box="[988,1151,825,848]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A68FFF9FC07C358E24F5C2B" box="[988,1151,825,848]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Convolutriloba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genus. A. Progeny release rates of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A68FFF9FF34C338E4215C0B" box="[239,529,857,880]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="macropyga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A68FFF9FF34C338E4215C0B" box="[239,529,857,880]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Convolutriloba macropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9095F513A68FFF9FDC2C338E45F5C0A" bold="true" box="[537,623,857,881]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23AE22A3A68FFF9FDC2C338E45F5C0A" box="[537,623,857,881]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
in response to light intensity. The experiment involved 24 adult specimens each in one of three light treatments: dark, low light, and high light. Trials ran for 15 days. Results are presented as average number of asexual progeny released per individual per day. Error bars are 95% confidence intervals. B. Comparison of dark-survival of species within the genus. Twenty-four adult animals of each species (
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A68FFF9FB91C3D8E2D95CAB" box="[1098,1257,953,976]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="retrogemma">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A68FFF9FB91C3D8E2D95CAB" box="[1098,1257,953,976]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. retrogemma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A68FFF9FB2CC3D8E3A55CAB" box="[1271,1429,953,976]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="longifissura">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A68FFF9FB2CC3D8E3A55CAB" box="[1271,1429,953,976]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. longifissura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A68FFF9FF4CC3B8E7275C8B" box="[151,279,985,1008]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="hastifera">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A68FFF9FF4CC3B8E7275C8B" box="[151,279,985,1008]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. hastifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A68FFF9FE8EC3B8E7DD5C8B" box="[341,493,985,1008]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="macropyga">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A68FFF9FE8EC3B8E7DD5C8B" box="[341,493,985,1008]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. macropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) were subjected to total darkness to determine and compare the extent of the obligate nature of algal symbiosis between the different host species. 
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A68FFF9FCF3C398E54E5B6B" box="[808,894,1017,1040]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Artemiidae" genus="Artemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anostraca" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A68FFF9FCF3C398E54E5B6B" box="[808,894,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Artemia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. prey was provided daily in superabundance to minimize the variable of holozoic starvation. Results are presented as percent survival over time.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A68FFF9FF1CC400E4EB5AE8" blockId="10.[151,1436,1121,2027]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A68FFF9FF1CC400E49B5B00" bold="true" box="[199,683,1121,1147]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ovaries &amp; female reproductive system.</emphasis>
The paired ovaries lie ventral and medial to the testes (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A68FFF9FAEAC400E3455B00" box="[1329,1397,1121,1147]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1651,1675]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,641,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,634,1627]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired but for clarity just the left testis and right ovary are shown. Arrows point to buds on lateral caudal lobes, arrowheads to paired ganglia and eyefields. B. Sagittal reconstruction of male copulatory organ. Peripheral parenchyma not shown. C. Sagittal reconstruction of female copulatory organ. Arrow points to female gonopore. Peripheral parenchyma not shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177527/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A). Early oocytes contain numerous translucent granules, have a cell diameter of ~50 µm, a nucleus measuring ~10 µm, and a nucleolus measuring 2–5 µm in diameter. The nucleus is surrounded by dense homogeneous cytoplasm measuring 25 µm in diameter. During cellular growth the size and morphology of the nucleus and nucleolus remain constant as the cell becomes larger and lobulated. In living specimens one can observe the appearance of orange-brown granules in the cytoplasm of oocytes at about the level of the mouth. At the same level, basophilic granules with a diameter of 
<quantity id="4C852EA63A68FFF9FD75C530E5725A10" box="[686,834,1361,1387]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="nm" value="650.0" valueMax="800.0" valueMin="500.0">500–800 nm</quantity>
start to appear in histological sections. As oocytes mature the cytoplasm stains progressively darker.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A68FFF9FF1CC5C0E34E59A8" blockId="10.[151,1436,1121,2027]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The female gonopore lies ~ 
<quantity id="4C852EA63A68FFF9FDDCC5C0E4515AC0" box="[519,609,1441,1467]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
behind the mouth (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A68FFF9FC9FC5C0E5B95AC0" box="[836,905,1441,1467]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1651,1675]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,641,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,634,1627]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired but for clarity just the left testis and right ovary are shown. Arrows point to buds on lateral caudal lobes, arrowheads to paired ganglia and eyefields. B. Sagittal reconstruction of male copulatory organ. Peripheral parenchyma not shown. C. Sagittal reconstruction of female copulatory organ. Arrow points to female gonopore. Peripheral parenchyma not shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177527/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A). The vagina is an invagination of the body wall ~100 µm long, ciliated, and lined with weak musculature (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A68FFF9FC5DC5A8E5FD5A98" box="[902,973,1481,1507]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1651,1675]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,641,1626]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,634,1627]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired but for clarity just the left testis and right ovary are shown. Arrows point to buds on lateral caudal lobes, arrowheads to paired ganglia and eyefields. B. Sagittal reconstruction of male copulatory organ. Peripheral parenchyma not shown. C. Sagittal reconstruction of female copulatory organ. Arrow points to female gonopore. Peripheral parenchyma not shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177527/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
C). The vagina connects with the distal part of the seminal bursa, which is lined with weakly sclerotized tissue and often filled with spongy tissue. The proximal part is surrounded by bursal nozzle tissue. Bursal nozzles range in size from 55 µm to 150 µm and vary in number from 1 to 3 (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A68FFF9FDC2C620E45B5920" box="[537,619,1601,1627]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,255,766,790]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,262,742]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,262,742]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living specimens. A. Dorsal view of female copulatory organ with two bursal nozzles. Black arrowheads point to bursal nozzles. B. Dorsal view of female copulatory organ with three bursal nozzles. Black arrowheads point to bursal nozzles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177530/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
A, B). Of 
<specimenCount id="9D7B48CA3A68FFF9FD39C620E5B15920" box="[738,897,1601,1627]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="generic">26 specimens</specimenCount>
examined, 15 had one nozzle, 7 had two, and 4 had three. All sectioned animals had two bursal nozzles lying in close proximity, sharing one common seminal bursa. The bursal nozzles are directed antero-ventrally, and curve frontally. The vestibula are extraordinarily large and contain many rounded nuclei, cyanophilic vacuoles, and a weakly stained granular plasma.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A68FFF9FF1CC680E5C758E0" blockId="10.[151,1436,1121,2027]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A68FFF9FF1CC680E7FD5980" bold="true" box="[199,461,1761,1787]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Sexual reproduction.</emphasis>
Although we have not yet witnessed copulation, sexual reproduction is evident in our populations and sexually mature animals routinely produce eggs. One third of the adults in the 
<emphasis id="B9095F513A68FFF9FAE8C768E6DA5831" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">progenyrelease</emphasis>
trials laid eggs after being individually isolated at the onset of the experiment. Egg laying was most common in the first five days but continued until the ninth day of isolation. Most animals laid eggs on three or four different days; one animal produced eggs on seven consecutive days.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A68FFF8FF1CC7C8E5CE5DC1" blockId="10.[151,1436,1121,2027]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Eggs are commonly laid in a flat cluster measuring no more than 
<quantity id="4C852EA63A68FFF9FC1BC7C8E23358B8" box="[960,1027,1961,1987]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
in diameter and are suspended in a transparent matrix that adheres the cluster to the substrate. Of fifty clusters collected for egg counts, average number of eggs per cluster was 78; the smallest cluster contained 
<specimenCount id="9D7B48CA3A69FFF8FC4EC0F9E5C35FC9" box="[917,1011,152,178]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="egg">31 eggs</specimenCount>
, and the largest contained 181. Eggs are ovoid in shape with a thin, transparent shell ~170 x 130 µm. Embryos in freshly laid eggs bear a reddishorange color, have no readily identifiable morphological features, and occupy ~90% of the egg. After 36–48 hours, a darkening, dense, red spot appears within each embryo. The embryos’ surfaces are entirely ciliated, and they rotate within the eggs. By the third day the embryos are folded over ventrally, continue to rotate, have fully developed red rhabdoid gland cells concentrated centro-caudally and laterally, and a statocyst. Juveniles begin to hatch on the third day and most have emerged by the end of the fourth. Hatchlings are ~230 µm long and ~120 µm wide, dorso-ventrally flattened, rounded anteriorly and taper caudally to a rounded point (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A69FFF8FF3DC1B9E71E5E89" box="[230,302,472,498]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1935,1959]" captionTargetBox="[165,1434,903,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,903,1911]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; photomicrographs of live juvenile. A. Dorsal view of whole specimen. Arrow points to statocyst, arrowhead to frontal pore. B. Frontal organ. Arrow points to frontal pore. C. Statocyst. Arrowheads point to nuclei of parietal cells; asterisk marks statolith. D. Rhabdoid gland cell." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177531/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A). They harbor no algal symbionts, but have a frontal organ, a statocyst with a statolith, and approximately 100 red rhabdoid gland cells (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A69FFF8FD76C261E4CE5D61" box="[685,766,512,538]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1935,1959]" captionTargetBox="[165,1434,903,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,903,1911]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; photomicrographs of live juvenile. A. Dorsal view of whole specimen. Arrow points to statocyst, arrowhead to frontal pore. B. Frontal organ. Arrow points to frontal pore. C. Statocyst. Arrowheads point to nuclei of parietal cells; asterisk marks statolith. D. Rhabdoid gland cell." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177531/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
A–D). The statocyst is ~22 µm and the statolith ~12 µm wide (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A69FFF8FF3FC249E71F5D39" box="[228,303,552,578]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1935,1959]" captionTargetBox="[165,1434,903,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,903,1911]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; photomicrographs of live juvenile. A. Dorsal view of whole specimen. Arrow points to statocyst, arrowhead to frontal pore. B. Frontal organ. Arrow points to frontal pore. C. Statocyst. Arrowheads point to nuclei of parietal cells; asterisk marks statolith. D. Rhabdoid gland cell." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177531/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
C). Four-day-old hatchlings already possess small sagittocysts at the anterior end. Hatchlings glide along the substrate using their cilia; unlike adult animals they routinely swim freely in the water column by cilia. They appear to consume bacteria, as evidenced by large numbers of live bacterial cells sequestered in the central parenchyma, and have been observed preying on small ciliates.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A69FFF8FF1CC2A6E24C5B09" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A69FFF8FF1CC2A6E7EF5D9A" bold="true" box="[199,479,711,737]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Asexual reproduction.</emphasis>
This species reproduces asexually by reverse budding (
<bibRefCitation id="EFECFEB23A69FFF8FB5AC2A9E6E35C71" author="Hendelberg" pageId="11" pageNumber="16" refString="Hendelberg, J. &amp; Akesson, B. (1988) Convolutriloba retrogemma gen. et sp. n., a turbellarian (Acoela, Platyhelminthes) with reversed polarity of reproductive buds. Fortschritte der Zoologie, 36, 321 - 327." type="journal article" year="1988">Hendelberg &amp; Åkesson 1988</bibRefCitation>
) whereby the main axis of the progeny is reversed 180° relative to that of the mother. Budding begins as a thickening, slight protrusion anywhere along the caudal margin lateral to the median lobe(s), up to and including the lateral lobes. Concomitant with the thickening is a migration of zoochlorellae to the protrusion rendering it a darker green, and the emergence of red pigment cells medial to, and forward of the protrusion in the mother. Within 24 hours the bud has elongated disto-caudally from the mother and the newly formed red pigment spot has expanded and elongated to span the marginal interface between mother and daughter as can be seen in 
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A69FFF8FECDC381E7465C81" box="[278,374,992,1018]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1488,1512]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,194,1463]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1464]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov.; photomicrographs of living, non-anaesthetized, non-squeezed specimens. A. Dorsal view of a large sub-adult with asexual buds and multiple median caudal lobes. B. Ventral view of smaller sub-adult exhibiting the characteristic “ capturing funnel ” leading to the mouth. Visible are the maturing false seminal vesicles terminating at the male gonopore forward of the central red-pigment spot. C. Dorsal view of an immature, asexually-produced progeny showing the characteristic two rounded lateral caudal lobes and single, longer, slender median caudal lobe." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177525/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 1</figureCitation>
A. Within the following 24–36 hours a head has developed, eye fields are evident, and in some cases the daughter begins feeding holozoically. Shortly thereafter, the bud is not released but torn from the mother when it attaches itself to the substrate and pulls away. At any one time, we have observed upwards of 4–5 daughter individuals in various stages of development on a mother individual.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A69FFF8FF1CC4E1E5525AF1" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Released progeny size is directly proportional to the size of the mother animal. Newly released progeny ranges from 
<quantity id="4C852EA63A69FFF8FEEFC4C9E7895BB9" box="[308,441,1192,1218]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1 to 3 mm</quantity>
in length. Larger progeny can produce buds within 24 hours. Sexual maturity is reached within 8–10 days under optimal environmental conditions. Growing buds and newly released progeny exhibit the characteristic refractive blue sheen of their mother. Soon after release, however, the concrement densities decrease to a sparse distribution primarily in the caudal half of the juvenile animal. As the animal matures the concrement distribution expands and becomes denser such that sexually mature adults have the refractive blue sheen over the entirety of their dorsal surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A69FFF8FF1CC5F6E5F35929" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A69FFF8FF1CC5F6E7E75ACA" bold="true" box="[199,471,1431,1457]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Progeny release rates.</emphasis>
Rates appear to vary in response to many environmental factors including, but not limited to, prey availability, diversity of prey, water quality, water flow, and light quality. Of the abiotic variables, light intensity appears to have the greatest influence on asexual budding (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A69FFF8FBEDC589E24A5979" box="[1078,1146,1512,1538]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,255,825,849]" captionTargetBox="[165,1420,194,800]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[164,1424,194,801]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Light experiments in Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov. and the Convolutriloba genus. A. Progeny release rates of Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov. in response to light intensity. The experiment involved 24 adult specimens each in one of three light treatments: dark, low light, and high light. Trials ran for 15 days. Results are presented as average number of asexual progeny released per individual per day. Error bars are 95 % confidence intervals. B. Comparison of dark-survival of species within the genus. Twenty-four adult animals of each species (C. retrogemma, C. longifissura, C. hastifera, and C. macropyga) were subjected to total darkness to determine and compare the extent of the obligate nature of algal symbiosis between the different host species. Artemia sp. prey was provided daily in superabundance to minimize the variable of holozoic starvation. Results are presented as percent survival over time." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177532/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
A). Control animals kept in darkness released about one bud every 10 days; those in high light released one bud every 6.4 days; and those under optimal light conditions released one bud every 2.9 days.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A69FFF8FF1CC63EE4495861" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A69FFF8FF1CC63EE42B5902" bold="true" box="[199,539,1631,1657]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Environmental limitations.</emphasis>
Salinity-tolerance experiments on adult specimens revealed 50% lethality concentrations at 24 ppt and 44 ppt over a three-day exposure with an optimal salinity (100% survival) of 34 ppt (Fig. 9A). Temperature experiments showed a 100% survival range of 18–28°C. Unlike the relatively gradual decreases in survival observed in the salinity experiments, abrupt drops to zero-survival occurred immediately outside this range (Fig. 9B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A69FFFFFF1CC746E5F45E29" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,152,578]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A69FFF8FF1CC746E781583A" bold="true" box="[199,433,1831,1857]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Comparative data.</emphasis>
We found few pronounced differences among species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A69FFF8FB8EC749E338583A" box="[1109,1288,1832,1857]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A69FFF8FB8EC749E338583A" box="[1109,1288,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Convolutriloba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in their sexual reproduction. Egg size was statistically larger in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A69FFF8FD25C731E5B85812" box="[766,904,1872,1897]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="hastifera">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A69FFF8FD25C731E5B85812" box="[766,904,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. hastifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than in the three other species (180 x 125µm in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A69FFF8FF6DC719E77258EA" box="[182,322,1912,1937]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="hastifera">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A69FFF8FF6DC719E77258EA" box="[182,322,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. hastifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vs. 170 x 130 µm; one-way ANOVA with length:width ratio as the independent variable, α = 0.05, p &lt;0.001, post-hoc Tukey HSD test verified statistical difference of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A69FFF8FC20C7C1E2B458C2" box="[1019,1156,1952,1977]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="hastifera">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A69FFF8FC20C7C1E2B458C2" box="[1019,1156,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. hastifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
egg size), but there was no difference in embryo size. Embryos developed similarly in all species and hatched within the same 3-to-4- day window. All species’ hatchlings were aposymbiotic and possessed a frontal organ and statocyst. Aposymbiotic hatchlings maintained their size for about one week, then gradually decreased in size and died within two weeks. We do not know how any of the species obtains algal symbionts in the wild, but one-day-old hatchlings of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A6EFFFFFEE2C171E7D05E52" box="[313,480,272,297]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="macropyga">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6EFFFFFEE2C171E7D05E52" box="[313,480,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. macropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were successfully infected with symbionts when algal (previously isolated from 
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A6EFFFFFF4CC159E70B5E2A" box="[151,315,312,337]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="macropyga">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6EFFFFFF4CC159E70B5E2A" box="[151,315,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. macropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) culture was added to dishes containing the hatchlings.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A6EFFFFFF1CC101E7FE5D39" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,578]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Our comparative dark-survival data (
<figureCitation id="13469FC63A6EFFFFFD56C101E4E85E01" box="[653,728,352,378]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,255,825,849]" captionTargetBox="[165,1420,194,800]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[164,1424,194,801]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Light experiments in Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov. and the Convolutriloba genus. A. Progeny release rates of Convolutriloba macropyga sp. nov. in response to light intensity. The experiment involved 24 adult specimens each in one of three light treatments: dark, low light, and high light. Trials ran for 15 days. Results are presented as average number of asexual progeny released per individual per day. Error bars are 95 % confidence intervals. B. Comparison of dark-survival of species within the genus. Twenty-four adult animals of each species (C. retrogemma, C. longifissura, C. hastifera, and C. macropyga) were subjected to total darkness to determine and compare the extent of the obligate nature of algal symbiosis between the different host species. Artemia sp. prey was provided daily in superabundance to minimize the variable of holozoic starvation. Results are presented as percent survival over time." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177532/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
B) show that 
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A6EFFFFFC5EC101E2F85E02" box="[901,1224,352,377]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="macropyga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6EFFFFFC5EC101E2F85E02" box="[901,1224,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Convolutriloba macropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6EFFFFFB0FC13EE3075E02" bold="true" box="[1236,1335,351,377]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23AE22A3A6EFFFFFB0FC13EE3075E02" box="[1236,1335,351,377]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A6EFFFFFA90C101E7345EDA" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="retrogemma">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6EFFFFFA90C101E7345EDA" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. retrogemma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A6EFFFFFE92C1E9E7C95EDA" box="[329,505,392,417]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="longifissura">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6EFFFFFE92C1E9E7C95EDA" box="[329,505,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. longifissura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, experience 100% mortality after approximately 23–26 days in total darkness with access to prey. 
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A6EFFFFFE5AC1D1E4935EB2" box="[385,675,432,457]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="hastifera">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6EFFFFFE5AC1D1E4935EB2" box="[385,675,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Convolutriloba hastifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, however, survives for 8 days more. In all species, as zoochlorellae density decreased, density of red rhabdoid gland cells increased. Prior to death, all animals, regardless of species, were primarily red-orange in color and were a fraction of their original size despite having captured and consumed 
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A6EFFFFFE9DC249E7955D3A" box="[326,421,552,577]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Artemiidae" genus="Artemia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anostraca" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6EFFFFFE9DC249E7955D3A" box="[326,421,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Artemia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC283433A6EFFFFFF4CC49EE40A5ABD" blockId="12.[151,1436,1279,1478]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6EFFFFFF4CC49EE72A5A6C" bold="true" box="[151,282,1279,1303]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
Environmental tolerances of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7DF8C03A6EFFFFFD83C49EE5495A6D" box="[600,889,1279,1302]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Sagittiferidae" genus="Convolutriloba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="macropyga" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6EFFFFFD83C49EE5495A6D" box="[600,889,1279,1302]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Convolutriloba macropyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6EFFFFFC5AC49EE5E75A6C" bold="true" box="[897,983,1279,1303]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23AE22A3A6EFFFFFC5AC49EE5E75A6C" box="[897,983,1279,1303]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
; A. Salinity tolerance. Animals were subjected to a range of artificial seawater salinities, 
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6EFFFFFD44C543E49C5A42" box="[671,684,1314,1337]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">n</emphasis>
= 6 per salinity. Surviving numbers were recorded every 12 hours for three days. No change in survival percentages was noted after 60 hours. Second order polynomial regressions were fit to each data set; r2 = 0.81 for 60-hour regression line. Fifty percent lethality occurred at 24 and 44 ppt. B. Thermal tolerance. Animals were subjected to a range of temperatures, 
<emphasis id="B9095F513A6EFFFFFCCFC5ECE5115ADF" box="[788,801,1421,1444]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">n</emphasis>
= 20 at each temperature tested. Surviving numbers were recorded every 24 hours for three days.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>