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<mods:title id="E3C155CFDBBE7692A484AA6FECC0D4D9">An annotated checklist of the chaetonotidan Gastrotricha from India</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AA3985B01DA5EF2697E826AA9FD220D8">Chatterjee, Tapas</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="A497699607335F3B769B6D66E07FAF1D">Near Hari Mandir Road, Hirapur, Dhanbad 826001, Jharkhand, India.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="37ACEFF71D2B553CDA5EECB478C2E444">Todaro, M. Antonio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3765B18D2FF4F2CEF97E6AA81E54866B">Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 213 / D, I- 41125 Modena, Italy. antonio. todaro @ unimore. it; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6353 - 7281</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="5607204E5711FFAF55B8F8F7FC06DB0B" blockId="4.[151,902,1807,1834]" box="[151,902,1807,1834]" pageId="4" pageNumber="336">
<heading id="0D4F97225711FFAF55B8F8F7FC06DB0B" bold="true" box="[151,902,1807,1834]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="336" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5711FFAF55B8F8F7FC06DB0B" ID-CoL="5XPFK" authority="Greuter, 1917" authorityName="Greuter" authorityYear="1917" box="[151,902,1807,1834]" family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Chaetonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="4" pageNumber="336" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="novenarius" subGenus="Hystricochaetonotus">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5711FFAF55B8F8F7FC06DB0B" bold="true" box="[151,902,1807,1834]" pageId="4" pageNumber="336">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5711FFAF55B8F8F7FEB0DB08" bold="true" box="[151,304,1807,1834]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="336">Chaetonotus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5711FFAF546DF8F7FDBBDB08" bold="true" box="[322,571,1807,1834]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="336">Hystricochaetonotus</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5711FFAF5763F8F7FD53DB0B" bold="true" box="[588,723,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="336">novenarius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5711FFAF57F4F8F7FC06DB0B" author="Greuter, A." box="[731,902,1807,1833]" pageId="4" pageNumber="336" pagination="35 - 76" refId="ref11901" refString="Greuter, A. (1917) Beitrage zur Systematik der Gastrotrichen in der Schweiz. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 25, 35 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 31929" type="journal article" year="1917">Greuter, 1917</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5607204E5711FFAF55B8F8AFFE1EDBB7" blockId="4.[151,1436,1879,2014]" pageId="4" pageNumber="336">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5711FFAF55B8F8AFFE02DB53" bold="true" box="[151,386,1879,1905]" pageId="4" pageNumber="336">
Records from
<collectingCountry id="2EAF60DE5711FFAF546DF8AFFE02DB53" box="[322,386,1879,1905]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="336">India</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
.
<collectingRegion id="947CEEAC5711FFAF54A0F8AFFDD8DB53" box="[399,600,1879,1905]" country="India" name="Maharashtra" pageId="4" pageNumber="336">MAHARASTRA</collectingRegion>
: Nagpur
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5711FFAF57E4F8AFFC1ADB50" author="Visvesvara, G." box="[715,922,1879,1906]" pageId="4" pageNumber="336" pagination="209 - 216" refId="ref14243" refString="Visvesvara, G. (1964) On some Gastrotricha of genus Chaetonotus from India. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 209 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936408651460" type="journal article" year="1964">Visvesvara (1964)</bibRefCitation>
;
<collectingRegion id="947CEEAC5711FFAF5689F8AFFB24DB53" box="[934,1188,1879,1905]" country="India" name="GENERAL RECORD" pageId="4" pageNumber="336">GENERAL RECORD</collectingRegion>
:
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5711FFAF5180F8AFFA18DB53" author="Naidu, K. V. &amp; Rao, G. C." box="[1199,1432,1879,1906]" pageId="4" pageNumber="336" pagination="169" refId="ref12873" refString="Naidu, K. V. &amp; Rao, G. C. (2004) Gastrotricha. In: Fauna of India and the adjacent countries. Zoological Survey of India, Kol- kata, pp. 169." type="book chapter" year="2004">Naidu &amp; Rao (2004)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5711FFAF55B8F883FE1ADBB7" author="Purushothaman, J." box="[151,410,1915,1941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="336" pagination="8115 - 125" refId="ref12913" refString="Purushothaman, J. (2017) Gastrotricha. Chapter 8. In: Chandra, K., Gopi, K. C., Rao, D. V., Valarmathi, K. &amp; Alfred, J. R. B. (Eds.), Current Status of Freshwater Faunal Diversity in India. Published by the Director, Zoological. Survey of India, Kolkata, pp. 8115 - 125." type="book chapter" year="2017">Purushothaman (2017)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1EA273C55711FFAF55E8F867FB00DB98" box="[199,1152,1951,1978]" pageId="4" pageNumber="336" type="description">
<paragraph id="5607204E5711FFAF55E8F867FB00DB98" blockId="4.[151,1436,1879,2014]" box="[199,1152,1951,1978]" pageId="4" pageNumber="336">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5711FFAF55E8F867FDB2DB9B" bold="true" box="[199,562,1951,1977]" pageId="4" pageNumber="336">Habitat (as in Indian records).</emphasis>
Freshwater; in ponds and tanks, sometimes in moss.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1EA273C55711FFAF55E8F83BFDB0DBFF" box="[199,560,1987,2014]" pageId="4" pageNumber="336" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="5607204E5711FFAF55E8F83BFDB0DBFF" blockId="4.[151,1436,1879,2014]" box="[199,560,1987,2014]" pageId="4" pageNumber="336">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5711FFAF55E8F83BFED9DBFF" bold="true" box="[199,345,1987,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="336">Distribution</emphasis>
. Europe and
<collectingCountry id="2EAF60DE5711FFAF54C0F83BFDACDBFF" box="[495,556,1987,2013]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="336">India</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="1EA273C55710FFAE55E8FF6EFDE6DDD6" pageId="5" pageNumber="337" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="5607204E5710FFAE55E8FF6EFDE6DDD6" blockId="5.[151,1437,150,501]" pageId="5" pageNumber="337">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5710FFAE55E8FF6EFEB4DC92" bold="true" box="[199,308,150,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="337">Remarks</emphasis>
. This species was originally described from
<collectingCountry id="2EAF60DE5710FFAE561CFF6EFC39DC92" box="[819,953,150,176]" name="Switzerland" pageId="5" pageNumber="337">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
by
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5710FFAE56C9FF6EFB12DC92" author="Greuter, A." box="[998,1170,150,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="337" pagination="35 - 76" refId="ref11901" refString="Greuter, A. (1917) Beitrage zur Systematik der Gastrotrichen in der Schweiz. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 25, 35 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 31929" type="journal article" year="1917">Greuter (1917)</bibRefCitation>
; since then, it has been found twice, by
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5710FFAE5461FF42FD9BDCF7" author="Visvesvara, G." box="[334,539,186,213]" pageId="5" pageNumber="337" pagination="209 - 216" refId="ref14243" refString="Visvesvara, G. (1964) On some Gastrotricha of genus Chaetonotus from India. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 209 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936408651460" type="journal article" year="1964">Visvesvara (1964)</bibRefCitation>
in
<collectingCountry id="2EAF60DE5710FFAE5710FF42FDF9DCF6" box="[575,633,186,212]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="337">India</collectingCountry>
and by
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5710FFAE57FBFF42FC01DCF6" author="Balsamo, M." box="[724,897,186,212]" pageId="5" pageNumber="337" pagination="287 - 295" refId="ref11474" refString="Balsamo, M. (1982) Three new gastrotrichs from a Tuscan-Emilian Apennine Lake. Bollettino di Zoologia, 49, 287 - 295. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250008209439402" type="journal article" year="1982">Balsamo (1982</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="32295DBF5710FFAE56A2FF42FC46DCF6" author="Balsamo, M." box="[909,966,186,212]" pageId="5" pageNumber="337" pagination="1 - 92" refId="ref11510" refString="Balsamo, M. (1983) Gastrotrichi. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Guide per il riconoscimento delle specie animali delle acque interne italiane, 20, 1 - 92." type="journal article" year="1983">1983</bibRefCitation>
) in
<collectingCountry id="2EAF60DE5710FFAE56DCFF42FBA8DCF6" box="[1011,1064,186,212]" name="Italy" pageId="5" pageNumber="337">Italy</collectingCountry>
. A key character of the species is the presence of 9 giant single barbed spines (64-84 μm in length) originating at mid-posterior trunk and arranged in three rows and three columns. Morphology of the Indian specimens agree well with the original description, except for the size; in fact, the Indian specimens appear much smaller compared to the Swiss animals (111-115 μm vs 193 μm in total length). Size of the Indian specimens approaches that of the Italian gastrotrichs, which have a total length of 106-138 μm. On the other hand, the giant spines of the Italian specimens are double barbed. Future investiga- tions, at morphological and molecular levels, should clarify if the differences accounted fall within the intraspecific variability of the
<taxonomicName id="91B85BCD5710FFAE5476FE4FFE75DDF2" authorityName="Greuter" authorityYear="1917" box="[345,501,439,465]" family="Chaetonotidae" genus="Chaetonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chaetonotida" pageId="5" pageNumber="337" phylum="Gastrotricha" rank="species" species="novenarius">
<emphasis id="64CCFC5C5710FFAE5476FE4FFE75DDF2" box="[345,501,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="337">C. novenarius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taxon or are instead clues of populations distinctness i.e., specimens from the three countries belong to three distinct species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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