165 lines
18 KiB
XML
165 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document id="CAB80DA1906FE21E78EE0A4C20F78E12" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4179.3.7" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4179.3.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="54508a8c-23ca-4301-b495-b63871ead137" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="272528" ID-ZooBank="B0854097-2CA6-41CF-B44C-8A0F49819DA0" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1477991165189" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Chang, Chih-Han, Snyder, Bruce A. & Szlavecz, Katalin" docDate="2016" docId="4A3787AD5443A577FF3C030F45C7FA15" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4179.3.7.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4179 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Metaphire posthuma Vaillant 1868" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="519" masterDocId="B60EFFD5545BA56FFFAB0075471EFFF3" masterDocTitle="Asian pheretimoid earthworms in North America north of Mexico: An illustrated key to the genera Amynthas, Metaphire, Pithemera, and Polypheretima (Clitellata: Megascolecidae)" masterLastPageNumber="529" masterPageNumber="495" pageNumber="519" updateTime="1698391540546" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="2FE6610B2E6E36E16800D292EF6F42F2">Asian pheretimoid earthworms in North America north of Mexico: An illustrated key to the genera Amynthas, Metaphire, Pithemera, and Polypheretima (Clitellata: Megascolecidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D028A24716C10262048B42AB750E540D">Chang, Chih-Han</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E8E179DDD59D9A5D9DDC8629DC8E715C">Snyder, Bruce A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7ED61441047E1102C8A243F655C74F4B">Szlavecz, Katalin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="979B852606C35EEF3AC166904220881B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0C4ED16F5E0FDEE8BF23F3737045A4CC">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D006757585B82F6F0F6F77182737AA49">4179</mods:number>
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<treatment id="4A3787AD5443A577FF3C030F45C7FA15" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5671393" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124560887" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5671393" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4A3787AD5443A577FF3C030F45C7FA15" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4A3787AD5443A577FF3C030F45C7FA15" lastPageNumber="519" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A577FF3C030F459AFC67" blockId="24.[151,644,890,950]" box="[151,644,890,916]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<heading id="996981D75443A577FF3C030F459AFC67" bold="true" box="[151,644,890,916]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF3C030F459AFC67" bold="true" box="[151,644,890,916]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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14.
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385443A577FF68030F459AFC67" authority="Vaillant, 1868" authorityName="Vaillant" authorityYear="1868" box="[195,644,890,916]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="posthuma">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF68030F46A0FC67" bold="true" box="[195,446,890,916]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Metaphire posthuma</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FE66030F4562FC67" author="Vaillant" box="[461,636,890,916]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Vaillant, L. (1868) Note sur l'anatomie de deux especes du genre Perichaeta, et essai de classification des Annelides lombriciens. Memoires de la Section des Sciences Academie des Sciences et Lettres de Montpellier, 7, 143 - 173." type="journal article" year="1868">Vaillant, 1868</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="8A8465305443A577FF3C03E84659FC45" box="[151,327,925,950]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A577FF3C03E84659FC45" blockId="24.[151,644,890,950]" box="[151,327,925,950]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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(
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<figureCitation id="5AA52A3E5443A577FF3503E84618FC45" box="[158,262,925,950]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1537,1559]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,376,1515]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,373,1515]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Color photographs of live individuals of (A) Amynthas agrestis, (B) Amynthas corticis, (C) Amynthas gracilis, (D) Amynthas hupeiensis, (E) Amynthas minimus, (F) Amynthas morrisi, (G) Amynthas tokioensis, (H) Metaphire californica, (I) Metaphire hilgendorfi, (J) Metaphire posthuma, (K) Pithemera bicincta, and (L) Polypheretima elongata, showing interspecific variations in colorations and body shapes. Specimens are from US (A, B, D, G, I) and Taiwan (C, E, F, H, J, K, L). Photo credit: Chih-Han Chang (A, B, D, E, G, H, I) and Wen-Jay Chih (C, F, J, K, L). The photographs of A. minimus and M. californica have been previously presented in Chang et al. (2009 a)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272529/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Figures 1</figureCitation>
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J, 20)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8A8465305443A577FF3C039045C0FB8D" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A577FF3C03904523FC08" blockId="24.[151,1289,997,1080]" box="[151,573,997,1019]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="E28E11955443A577FF3C03904523FC08" box="[151,573,997,1019]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385443A577FF3C03904527FC08" authority="Vaillant, 1868: 146" authorityName="Vaillant" authorityPageNumber="146" authorityYear="1868" box="[151,569,997,1019]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Perichaeta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="posthuma">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF3C03904671FC08" box="[151,367,997,1019]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Perichaeta posthuma</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5443A577FEDF03904527FC08" author="Vaillant" box="[372,569,997,1019]" page="146" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" year="1868">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FEDF03904518FC08" author="Vaillant" box="[372,518,997,1019]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Vaillant, L. (1868) Note sur l'anatomie de deux especes du genre Perichaeta, et essai de classification des Annelides lombriciens. Memoires de la Section des Sciences Academie des Sciences et Lettres de Montpellier, 7, 143 - 173." type="journal article" year="1868">Vaillant, 1868</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 146
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A577FF3C04714596FBE9" blockId="24.[151,1289,997,1080]" box="[151,648,1028,1050]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="E28E11955443A577FF3C04714596FBE9" box="[151,648,1028,1050]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385443A577FF3C04714676FBE9" box="[151,360,1028,1050]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="posthuma">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF3C04714676FBE9" box="[151,360,1028,1050]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Pheretima posthuma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5443A577FE2904714503FBE9" author="Gates" box="[386,541,1028,1050]" page="31" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" year="1958">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FE29047146E9FBE9" author="Gates" box="[386,503,1028,1050]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Gates, G. E. (1958) On some species of the oriental earthworm genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1867, with a key to species reported from the Americas. American Museum Novitates, 1888, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1958">Gates 1958</bibRefCitation>
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: 31
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
; 1982: 61.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A577FF3C04574217FBCB" blockId="24.[151,1289,997,1080]" box="[151,1289,1058,1080]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="E28E11955443A577FF3C04574217FBCB" box="[151,1289,1058,1080]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385443A577FF3C04574676FBCB" box="[151,360,1058,1080]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="posthuma">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF3C04574676FBCB" box="[151,360,1058,1080]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Metaphire posthuma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5443A577FE2904574597FBCB" author="Sims" box="[386,649,1058,1080]" page="239" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" year="1972">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FE2904574548FBCB" author="Sims" box="[386,598,1058,1080]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Sims, R. W. & Easton, E. G. (1972) A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4, 169 - 268. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1972. tb 00694. x" type="journal article" year="1972">Sims & Easton 1972</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 239
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
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.
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||
<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5443A577FD39045744A4FBCB" author="Reynolds" box="[658,954,1058,1080]" page="88" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" year="2004">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FD390457448BFBCB" author="Reynolds" box="[658,917,1058,1080]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Reynolds, J. W. & Wetzel, M. J. (2004) Terrestrial Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in North America north of Mexico. Megadrilogica, 9, 71 - 98." type="journal article" year="2004">Reynolds & Wetzel 2004</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 88
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; 2008: 181.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="433F10AA5443A577FB9C0457421BFBCB" author="Reynolds" box="[1079,1285,1058,1080]" page="281" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" year="2011">
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FB9C045743CCFBCB" author="Reynolds" box="[1079,1234,1058,1080]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Reynolds, J. W. (2011) The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Komarekionidae, Lumbricidae, Lutodrilidae, Megascolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae and Sparganophilidae) of Southeastern United States. Megadrilogica, 14, 175 - 320." type="journal article" year="2011">Reynolds 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
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: 281
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A577FF3C041045C0FB8D" blockId="24.[151,1437,1125,1510]" box="[151,734,1125,1150]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF3C04104629FB8E" bold="true" box="[151,311,1125,1149]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Data sources.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FE96041346D7FB8D" author="Gates" box="[317,457,1126,1150]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Gates, G. E. (1937) The genus Pheretima in North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 80, 339 - 373." type="journal article" year="1937">Gates (1937</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FE7F04134511FB8D" author="Gates" box="[468,527,1126,1150]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms - Introduction to systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62, 5 - 324. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214" type="journal article" year="1972">1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FDB104134548FB8D" author="Gates" box="[538,598,1126,1150]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Gates, G. E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
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);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FDC1041045C5FB8D" author="Tsai" box="[618,731,1125,1150]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Tsai, C. - F. (1964) On some earthworms belonging to the genus Pheretina Kinberg collected from Taipei area in North Taiwan. Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum, 17, 1 - 35." type="journal article" year="1964">Tsai 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="8A8465305443A577FF6C04FC4426FA6E" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A577FF6C04FC4426FA6E" blockId="24.[151,1437,1125,1510]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF6C04FC465FFB51" bold="true" box="[199,321,1161,1186]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Size
|
||
<quantity id="05669B5E5443A577FE2E04FC450EFB52" box="[389,528,1161,1186]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" unit="mm" value="135.0" valueMax="210.0" valueMin="60.0">60–210 mm</quantity>
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by
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<quantity id="05669B5E5443A577FD9404FF45BCFB52" box="[575,674,1162,1186]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="3.0">3–8 mm</quantity>
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||
. Segment numbers 91–140. Color of live specimens brown. Male pores paired in XVIII, in an invagination. Post-clitellar genital markings paired on setal circle on XVII, XIX, slightly median to male pores. Spermathecal pores four pairs, on the posterior margin of segments, just in front of 5/6/7/8/9. Pre-clitellar genital markings absent. Female pore single in XIV. First dorsal pore 11/12 or 12/13. Spermathecae four pairs in VI–IX, each with a short, stout duct and oval or heart-shaped ampulla; diverticulum stalk short and slender, seminal chambers usually longer than stalks. Prostate glands paired, extending through some or all of XV–XXI; accessory glands in XVII and XIX, corresponding to external genital markings. Intestinal caeca paired in XXVII, simple, extending anteriorly to XIV.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8A8465305443A577FF6C05DC45C7FA15" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C22136BB5443A577FF6C05DC45C7FA15" blockId="24.[151,1437,1125,1510]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">
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<materialsCitation id="72F63CE65443A577FF6C05DC45C7FA15" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1324406313" country="United States of America" location="Florida" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Florida">
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||
<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FF6C05DC4625FA32" bold="true" box="[199,315,1449,1473]" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Remarks.</emphasis>
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||
The first record of
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<taxonomicName id="059E4D385443A577FDB405DF45ADFA32" box="[543,691,1449,1473]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Metaphire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opisthopora" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="posthuma">
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<emphasis id="F0EAEAA95443A577FDB405DF45ADFA32" box="[543,691,1449,1473]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">M. posthuma</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
in the continental
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<collectingCountry id="BA89762B5443A577FC2005DF44B1FA31" box="[907,943,1450,1474]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">US</collectingCountry>
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||
was in
|
||
<quantity id="05669B5E5443A577FBA005DC437CFA31" box="[1035,1122,1449,1474]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.99618" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" unit="in" value="1967.0">1967 in</quantity>
|
||
Homestead,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="005AF8595443A577FB5205DC4254FA31" box="[1273,1354,1449,1474]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="24" pageNumber="519">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A60F4B4A5443A577FAF105DF47CDFA15" author="Gates" pageId="24" pageNumber="519" refString="Gates, G. E. (1982) Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica, 4, 12 - 77." type="journal article" year="1982">Gates 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Reproduction of this species is amphimictic.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |