400 lines
44 KiB
XML
400 lines
44 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.645.11117" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1110a1bf-7dc6-4aeb-ad93-18a631d95290" ID-PMC="PMC5299223" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-645-37" ID-PubMed="28228666" ID-ZBK="44345FF885C2419B95CD87CF8BD37DC7" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1313-2970-645-37" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 645" ModsDocTitle="Description of a new species of Euderus Haliday from the southeastern United States (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae): the crypt-keeper wasp" checkinTime="1484263126856" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Egan, Scott P., Weinersmith, Kelly L., Liu, Sean, Ridenbaugh, Ryan D., Zhang, Y. Miles & Forbes, Andrew A." docDate="2017" docId="ACDB7DEF45B75C1E234D1CF8FF371712" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 645: 37-49" docOrigin="ZooKeys 645" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.645.11117" docTitle="Euderus set Egan, Weinersmith, & Forbes, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="44A7E50B-5E80-4A60-9170-DD1B9A7221B7" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="45" masterDocId="EA55FFF0934BFFD96349FFE8FF820929" masterDocTitle="Description of a new species of Euderus Haliday from the southeastern United States (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae): the crypt-keeper wasp" masterLastPageNumber="49" masterPageNumber="37" pageNumber="40" updateTime="1668163885317" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Description of a new species of Euderus Haliday from the southeastern United States (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae): the crypt-keeper wasp</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Egan, Scott P.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Weinersmith, Kelly L.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Liu, Sean</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ridenbaugh, Ryan D.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zhang, Y. Miles</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Forbes, Andrew A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>645</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>37</mods:start>
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<mods:end>49</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.645.11117</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.645.11117</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-645-37</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">44345FF885C2419B95CD87CF8BD37DC7</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">44345FF885C2419B95CD87CF8BD37DC7</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127890981" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:44A7E50B-5E80-4A60-9170-DD1B9A7221B7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ACDB7DEF45B75C1E234D1CF8FF371712" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/44A7E50B-5E80-4A60-9170-DD1B9A7221B7" authority="Egan, Weinersmith, & Forbes" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="40" start="start">Euderus</pageBreakToken>
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set Egan, Weinersmith, & Forbes
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="3" pageNumber="40">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 1, 2 (3 panels per figure)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="40" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Holotype, ♀, Inlet Beach, FL, collected July 15, 2015 by Scott P. Egan, AMNH ID#: AMNH_IZC 00238642</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Allotype, same data as holotype</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Paratypes, 2 ♂, same locality as holotype</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Specimens from each collection locality (Table 1).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="40">FEMALE. Length 1.6 - 2.3 mm. Holotype 2.3 mm</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Color. Head, scrobal depression, pedicel, flagellum, mesoscutum, scutellum, coxae and metasoma metallic, olive green to turquoise to iridescent blue (colors depends on lighting and age of specimen); antennal scape white to yellow; femora and tibiae concolorous with mesoscutum but color lightens apically; tarsi white, except terminal segment dark brown (Fig. 1A, B).</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
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Figure 1. A Lateral habitus of female
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
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B Dorsal habitus of female
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
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C Lateral habitus of male
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Head. Head in fresh specimens as wide as mesosoma; in dorsal view 2.9 times as broad as long; eyes prominent and bare; vertex, frons, and clypeus reticulate; vertex and upper frons distributed with white bristles; scrobal depression extends from slightly below anterior ocellus to level of lower eye margin, smooth above torulus and striolate below; toruli located in lower third of scrobal depression; clypeus short, subquadrate, only slightly longer than wide; malus sulcus inconspicuous and 0.44 times eye length; mandibles with three teeth. Antennal scape 3.5 times as long as broad and 0.6 times eye length; Flagellum with nine segments, with anellus two-segmented, funicle four-segmented, and clava three-segmented. Funicular segments each with 2 rows of thick, mostly non-overlapping bristles (Fig. 2B). Relative length of scape, pedicel, anelli, funicle 1, 2, 3, and 4, and clava 1, 2, and 3 as 38, 12, 2, 24, 22, 22, 20, 16, 12, 8, respectively; two anelli with the same length but relative breadth of first anellus to second anellus as 6, 8.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
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Figure 2. A Right forewing of male
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
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B Anterior view of female
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
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head C Anterior view of male
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
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head.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Mesosoma. Pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum reticulate; pronotum short in dorsal view, with six brown bristles at margin with mesoscutum; mesoscutum sparsely setose and setae inconspicuous; scutellum with many short setae and two pairs of strong setae in posterior third. Mesoscutum 0.95 as long as broad, mid-lobe convex, notauli complete and deep; axillae slightly advanced, their anterior tip extending to the approximate midpoint of the mesoscutum. Scutellum moderately convex and length 0.80 times length of mesoscutum. Propodeum 0.24 times length of scutellum and with strong median carina (Fig. 1B); callus with 6-7 bristles (Fig. 2A).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Wings. Forewing broad, extending past apex of gaster, marginal ciliae short; basal cell bare; submarginal vein with 6 dorsal bristles; postmarginal vein 1.3x length of stigmal vein; 3 admarginal hairs on left wing, four admarginal hairs on right wing; stigmal vein short and with large stigmus with 6 hairs on surface; 5 strongly-defined hair lines reaching dorsal and apical margin of forewing, with 3-4 additional less strongly defined hair lines that may or may not reach wing margin; 1 hair at median of radial cell (Fig. 2A). Hindwing 0.80 times length of forewing; hindwing moderately and evenly setose; hind marginal ciliae long.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="41" start="start">Metasoma</pageBreakToken>
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. Metasoma with petiole hidden in dorsal view; gaster elongate, 2.6 times as long as broad, and as long or longer than head and mesosoma combined; scattered white setae at posterior margins of each tergite becoming more dense towards
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="42" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
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apex of the gaster; each cercus with two long bristles. Ovipositor extends slightly beyond apex of gaster (Fig. 1A).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="42">MALE. Length 1.2 - 1.6 mm. Antennae inserted in middle of face (Fig. 2C). Funicular segments each with 3 loosely ordered rows of fine bristles. Gaster ovate; shorter than head and thorax combined. Other characters similar to female.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="42" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="42">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="42">
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Named after the ancient Egyptian god Set, whose mythological stories mirror the natural biology of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
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. Set was the god of evil and chaos (
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<bibRefCitation author="Pinch, G" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, Oxford" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" title="Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt." year="2004">Pinch 2004</bibRefCitation>
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) and was reported to have control over evil animals like hyenas and serpents, just as
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
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manipulates the behavior of its host, which is a parasite of trees (see Biology section below). The god Set is also reported to have trapped his brother Osiris in a crypt to kill him, later retrieving the body and chopping it up into small piece, which also fits with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
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, the crypt-keeper wasp, which kills its host in a crypt, and devours the host from the inside out, leaving major sections of exoskeleton (i.e., body parts) chopped up and distributed in the crypt (Weinersmith et al., in revision).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="43" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="43">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="43" start="start">Diagnosis</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="43">
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Two changes are required for the new species,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
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, to be included in the North American key to species of the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euderus</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="Yoshimoto, CM" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" pagination="541 - 578" title="Revision of the genus Euderus of America north of Mexico." url="https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent103541-4" volume="103" year="1971">Yoshimoto (1971)</bibRefCitation>
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. First, a change is required to the key to subgenera of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euderus</taxonomicName>
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, where characters referring to the male flagellum should be removed.
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<bibRefCitation author="Yoshimoto, CM" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" pagination="541 - 578" title="Revision of the genus Euderus of America north of Mexico." url="https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent103541-4" volume="103" year="1971">Yoshimoto (1971)</bibRefCitation>
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used whorls of long hairs on the male flagellum as a diagnostic trait to discriminate between subgenera
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Neoeuderus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoeuderus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neoeuderus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euderus</taxonomicName>
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, but at that time only a single male specimen of subgenus
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Virentes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virentes (Neoeuderus)" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Neoeuderus">Neoeuderus</taxonomicName>
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was available for study, and this individual was from the species
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus viridilineatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridilineatus">Euderus viridilineatus</taxonomicName>
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for which no females had been found. As the male
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
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. do not have antennae with pronounced whorls of long hairs, this is not an appropriate diagnostic trait for the subgenus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="43">
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We propose the following revision to the
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<bibRefCitation author="Yoshimoto, CM" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" pagination="541 - 578" title="Revision of the genus Euderus of America north of Mexico." url="https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent103541-4" volume="103" year="1971">Yoshimoto (1971)</bibRefCitation>
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key to subgenera:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="43">
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<table pageId="6" pageNumber="43">
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<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="43">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Neoeuderus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoeuderus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neoeuderus</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="43">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" rowspan="1">2A2B, C</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euderus</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="43">
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Secondly,
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<bibRefCitation author="Yoshimoto, CM" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" pagination="541 - 578" title="Revision of the genus Euderus of America north of Mexico." url="https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent103541-4" volume="103" year="1971">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Yoshimoto’s">Yoshimoto's</normalizedToken>
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(1971)
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</bibRefCitation>
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key to the subgenus
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Virentes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virentes (Neoeuderus)" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Neoeuderus">Neoeuderus</taxonomicName>
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should be revised as follows:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="43">
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<table pageId="6" pageNumber="43">
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<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="43">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" rowspan="1">4</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="43">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Virentes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virentes multilineatus" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multilineatus">multilineatus</taxonomicName>
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(Girault)
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="43">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Virentes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virentes crawfordi" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crawfordi">crawfordi</taxonomicName>
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Peck
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="43">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" rowspan="1">2A1A, C</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Virentes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virentes set" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="set">set</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="43" type="molecular barcodes to complement morphological taxonomy">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="43">Molecular barcodes to complement morphological taxonomy.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="43">
|
||
The two female
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
|
||
mtDNA-COI sequences were 98% identical to each another and each was most similar to other previously identified
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euderus</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the BOLD database. Sequence 1 was 88.4% identical to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euderus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. D0703 on BOLD and sequence 2 was 89.8% identical to another
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euderus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. on BOLD (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ratnasingham, S" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology Notes" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" pagination="355 - 364" title="BOLD: The barcode of life data system." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01678.x" volume="7" year="2007">Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). See Supplemental File 1 for the two specific mtDNA sequences.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="43">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="6" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Type locality for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
|
||
is Inlet Beach, Florida, U.S. (Lat/Long: 30.273663, -86.001911), where it emerged from a stem crypt gall on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus geminata" order="Fagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="geminata">Quercus geminata</taxonomicName>
|
||
induced by the crypt gall wasp,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexanauplia" family="Hatschekiidae" genus="Bassettia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassettia pallida" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">Bassettia pallida</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We have also collected
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexanauplia" family="Hatschekiidae" genus="Bassettia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassettia pallida" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">Bassettia pallida</taxonomicName>
|
||
galls from live oaks across the Gulf coast of the southeastern United States, where additional
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been found, including additional sites in Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas (see Table 1). Generally, we expect
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be restricted to
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="44" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
|
||
range of live oaks (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus" order="Fagales" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercus</taxonomicName>
|
||
; subsection
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Virentes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virentes" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subsection" subsection="Virentes">Virentes</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cavender-Bares, JA" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" pagination="3668 - 3687" title="Phylogeny and biogeography of the American live oaks Quercus subsection Virentes): a genomic and population genetics approach." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13269" volume="24" year="2015">Cavender-Bares et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) upon which
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexanauplia" family="Hatschekiidae" genus="Bassettia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassettia pallida" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">Bassettia pallida</taxonomicName>
|
||
induce galls (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Melika, G" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" pagination="131 - 148" title="Review of the nearctic gallwasp species of the genus Bassettia Ashmead, 1887, with description of new species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini)." volume="53" year="2007">Melika and Abrahamson 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="44">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="44">
|
||
The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euderus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Haliday is a small group of chalcidoid wasps belonging to the family
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Eulophidae" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Burks, RA" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, DC" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" title="Key to the Nearctic genera of Eulophidae, subfamilies Entedoninae, Euderinae, and Eulophinae (Hymenoptera; Chalcidoidea)" url="cache.ucr.edu/%7Eheraty/Eulophidae/" year="2003">Burks 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) where the majority are reported to be primary parasitoids of arthropods at all stages of development (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Burks, BD" editor="Krombein, KV" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, DC" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" pagination="748 - 749" title="Torymidae (Agaoninae) and all other families of Chalcidoidea (excluding Encyrtidae)." volumeTitle="Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico" year="1979">Burks 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Burks, RA" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, DC" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" title="Key to the Nearctic genera of Eulophidae, subfamilies Entedoninae, Euderinae, and Eulophinae (Hymenoptera; Chalcidoidea)" url="cache.ucr.edu/%7Eheraty/Eulophidae/" year="2003">Burks 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Noyes, JS" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" title="Universal Chalcidoidea Database" url="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/chalcidoids" year="2016">Noyes 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
|
||
parasitizes the crypt gall wasp
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexanauplia" family="Hatschekiidae" genus="Bassettia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassettia pallida" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">Bassettia pallida</taxonomicName>
|
||
Ashmead, 1896, which forms galls on American live oaks in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus" order="Fagales" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the subsection
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Virentes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virentes" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subsection" subsection="Virentes">Virentes</taxonomicName>
|
||
across the southeastern United States (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ashmead, WH" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" pagination="113 - 136" title="Descriptions of new cynipidous galls and gall-wasps in the United States National Museum." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.19-1102.113" volume="19" year="1896">Ashmead 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Melika, G" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" pagination="131 - 148" title="Review of the nearctic gallwasp species of the genus Bassettia Ashmead, 1887, with description of new species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini)." volume="53" year="2007">Melika and Abrahamson 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Egan, SP" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" title="Parallel patterns of morphological and behavioral variation among host-associated populations of two gall wasp species." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054690" volume="8" year="2013">Egan et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There are six to eight different cynipid gall wasps that are highly specialized and form galls on this same live oak complex (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Egan, SP" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" title="Parallel patterns of morphological and behavioral variation among host-associated populations of two gall wasp species." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054690" volume="8" year="2013">Egan et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We have reared out many of the parasitoids from this large community, including clearly documenting the community from another gall former,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Belonocnema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Belonocnema treatae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="treatae">Belonocnema treatae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Forbes, AA" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" pagination="49 - 63" title="Parasitoids, hyperparasitoids and inquilines associated with the sexual and agamic generations of the oak gall former, Belonocnematreatae (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/sav112" volume="109" year="2016">Forbes et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but this is the first time we have observed a member of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euderus</taxonomicName>
|
||
in this system after two decades of work (Lund et al. 1996,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Egan, SP" journalOrPublisher="Ecology" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" pagination="2869 - 2879" title="Host plant quality and local adaptation determine the distribution of a gall-forming herbivore." url="https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1303.1" volume="88" year="2007">Egan and Ott 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Egan, SP" journalOrPublisher="Biology Letters" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" pagination="605 - 608" title="Divergent host plant use promotes reproductive isolation among cynipid gall wasp populations." url="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.1205" volume="8" year="2012">Egan et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Egan, SP" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="9" pageNumber="46" title="Parallel patterns of morphological and behavioral variation among host-associated populations of two gall wasp species." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054690" volume="8" year="2013">Egan et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Egan, unpubl. data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Published records almost certainly underestimate the diversity of subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Virentes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virentes (Neoeuderus)" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Neoeuderus">Neoeuderus</taxonomicName>
|
||
in North America, and many other species in the subgenus may also be specialist parasitoids of oak galling cynipids.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yoshimoto, CM" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist" pageId="10" pageNumber="47" pagination="541 - 578" title="Revision of the genus Euderus of America north of Mexico." url="https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent103541-4" volume="103" year="1971">Yoshimoto (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that the biological records of the Nearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euderus</taxonomicName>
|
||
indicate that most species are host specific, while also cautioning that host records for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euderus</taxonomicName>
|
||
are patchy and the result of field observation, which only represent the most common species where there are substantial rearing records. While Yoshimoto noted just four members of subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Virentes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virentes (Neoeuderus)" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Neoeuderus">Neoeuderus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the current work adds a fifth, and we have recently reared another from the honey comb leaf gall wasp,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Callirhytis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Callirhytis favosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="favosa">Callirhytis favosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
, on pin oak in Iowa. While this undescribed
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euderus</taxonomicName>
|
||
parasitoid of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Callirhytis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Callirhytis favosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="favosa">Callirhytis favosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not yet been extensively studied, it is most similar in appearance to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus crawfordi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crawfordi">Euderus crawfordi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus multilineatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multilineatus">Euderus multilineatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. If this truly is a different species, then three of the six species in subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Virentes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virentes (Neoeuderus)" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Neoeuderus">Neoeuderus</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known parasitoids of the oak-associated
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Cynipidae" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" rank="family">Cynipidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Emergence of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the lab from field-collected
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexanauplia" family="Hatschekiidae" genus="Bassettia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassettia pallida" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">Bassettia pallida</taxonomicName>
|
||
galls was concentrated from February to March coincident with new leaf growth of the host plants and adult maturation and emergence of the asexual generation
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexanauplia" family="Hatschekiidae" genus="Bassettia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassettia pallida" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">Bassettia pallida</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Melika and Abrahamoson 2007, Egan, unpubl. data). We also observed a smaller pulse in September and October, which could have been a natural occurrence, or induced by harvesting galled tissue and bringing it into a controlled environment. Regardless of harvest time (August or October), a similar emergence window was observed in February and March.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="7" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
|
||
is strongly associated with a behavioral phenotype in its host, the crypt gall wasp,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexanauplia" family="Hatschekiidae" genus="Bassettia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassettia pallida" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">Bassettia pallida</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where infected gall wasps cut an emergence hole through the gall tissue as an adult, but then die and remain partially in the crypt to plug the emergence hole with its head (Weinersmith et al., in revision). When
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
|
||
emerges, it cuts an emergence hole directly through the head capsule plugging the hole (Weinersmith et al., in revision). The
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="host’s">host's</normalizedToken>
|
||
behavioral phenotype may benefit
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
|
||
by making it easier for the adult stage to emerge from the crypt (as it now only has to emerge through the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="parasitoid’s">parasitoid's</normalizedToken>
|
||
head capsule, rather than through the tree stem itself; Weiner
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="45" start="start">smith</pageBreakToken>
|
||
et al., in review). This putative behavioral manipulation of the host by its parasitoid
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the first time this has been described by the species-rich and economically important
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Chalcidoidea" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" rank="superfamily" superfamily="Chalcidoidea">Chalcidoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is also the inspiration behind both the scientific name,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the common name, the crypt-keeper wasp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="45">
|
||
In addition to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Euderus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euderus set" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="set">Euderus set</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we have also reared eleven additional natural enemy species from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Hexanauplia" family="Hatschekiidae" genus="Bassettia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassettia pallida" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallida">Bassettia pallida</taxonomicName>
|
||
galls on live oaks (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Quercus</taxonomicName>
|
||
; subsection
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Virentes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Virentes" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subsection" subsection="Virentes">Virentes</taxonomicName>
|
||
), including two inquilines (genera
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synergus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synergus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Synergus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Ceroptres" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ceroptres" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ceroptres</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and nine parasitoids including three species from the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Sycophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sycophila" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sycophila</taxonomicName>
|
||
, two species from genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ormyridae" genus="Ormyrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ormyrus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ormyrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, one each from the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Eurytoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eurytoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eurytoma</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Acaenacis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acaenacis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acaenacis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Brasema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brasema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Brasema</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as a parasitoid from the platygastrid subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="45" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Platygastrinae">Platygastrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
that we have not yet been able to key to genus. The natural enemy community requires further description.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |