177 lines
18 KiB
XML
177 lines
18 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="562064AA0529F932E37DBA92E169DDE8">Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Dutch Leeward Islands, with a key to the adults and fourth instar larvae</mods:title>
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<treatment id="3371C9493653FFEA13DAF98EFBA8F9F0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3371C9493653FFEA13DAF98EFBA8F9F0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3371C9493653FFEA13DAF98EFBA8F9F0" lastPageNumber="381" pageId="8" pageNumber="381">
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<taxonomicName id="7CD803DC3653FFEA13DAF98EFDA6F96C" ID-CoL="89W72" ID-ENA="7159" authority="(Linnaeus, 1762)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[129,602,1643,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti" subGenus="Stegomyia">
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<emphasis id="89ACA44D3653FFEA13DAF98EFE5DF96F" box="[129,417,1643,1670]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="381">Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus, 1762)
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The invasive
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Ae.
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<taxonomicName id="7CD803DC3653FFEA1218F975FE68F943" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[323,404,1680,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">aegypti</taxonomicName>
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was probably introduced in the 16th century (
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<bibRefCitation id="DF4905AE3653FFEA12F6F956FDABF927" author="Lounibos, L. P." box="[429,599,1715,1741]" pageId="8" pageNumber="381" pagination="233 - 266" refId="ref12086" refString="Lounibos, L. P. (2002) Invasions by insect vectors of human disease. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47, 233 - 266." type="journal article" year="2002">Lounibos, 2002</bibRefCitation>
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). It breeds in artificial containers and feeds mainly on human blood and is therefore mainly found close to habitation (
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<bibRefCitation id="DF4905AE3653FFEA1086FF2AFD29FEE7" author="Harrington, L. C. & Edman, J. D. & Scott, T. W." pageId="8" pageNumber="381" pagination="411 - 422" refId="ref11425" refString="Harrington, L. C., Edman, J. D. & Scott, T. W. (2001) Why do female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) feed preferentially and frequently on human blood? J. Med. Entomol. 38, 411 - 422." type="journal article" year="2001">Harrington et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
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). It is the main vector for a number of arboviruses in the Caribbean causing dengue, chikungunya and Zika (
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<bibRefCitation id="DF4905AE3653FFEA1092FEDEFB63FEBF" author="Leslie, T. E. & Martin, N. J. & Jack-Roosberg, C. & Odongo, G. & Beausoleil, E. & Tuck, J. & Raviprakash, K. & Kochel, T. J." box="[969,1183,315,341]" pageId="8" pageNumber="381" pagination="95002" refId="ref12025" refString="Leslie, T. E., Martin, N. J., Jack-Roosberg, C., Odongo, G., Beausoleil, E., Tuck, J., Raviprakash, K. & Kochel, T. J. (2014) Dengue serosurvey in Sint Eustatius. PLoS One 9, e 95002." type="journal article" year="2014">Leslie et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="DF4905AE3653FFEA11FEFEBAFD28FE93" author="Leslie, T. E. & Carson, M. & Van Coeverden, E. & De Klein, K. & Braks, M. & Krumeich, A." box="[677,724,351,377]" pageId="8" pageNumber="381" pagination="1350394" refId="ref11963" refString="Leslie, T. E., Carson, M., Van Coeverden, E., De Klein, K., Braks, M. & Krumeich, A. (2017) An analysis of community perceptions of mosquito-borne disease control and prevention in Sint Eustatius, Caribbean Netherlands. Glob. Health Action 10, 1350394." type="journal article" year="2017">2017</bibRefCitation>
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). As expected, we found
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<emphasis id="89ACA44D3653FFEA10B7FEBAFB99FE93" box="[1004,1125,351,377]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="381">
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Ae.
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<taxonomicName id="7CD803DC3653FFEA174FFE85FB99FE93" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[1044,1125,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">aegypti</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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present in urban habitats on all three islands. We also found
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<emphasis id="89ACA44D3653FFEA107BFE42FC64FE2A" box="[800,920,423,449]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="381">
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Ae.
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<taxonomicName id="7CD803DC3653FFEA101CFE42FC64FE2A" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1762" box="[839,920,423,448]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">aegypti</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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in high densities in two remote old wells on
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(Venus Bay Road,
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,
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; Smoke Alley [near Fort Rotterdam],
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<geoCoordinate id="DEEC1E983653FFEA1750FDF7FB63FDC7" box="[1035,1183,530,557]" degrees="17" direction="north" minutes="29" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="381" precision="1" seconds="13.1" value="17.486973">17°29’13.1“ N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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). One of these wells had a relatively high salinity of 7 ‰, which has been shown to be well within the tolerance range of
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<emphasis id="89ACA44D3653FFEA11FFFD47FD3AFD56" box="[676,710,674,700]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="381">Ae.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="7CD803DC3653FFEA1190FD46FB91FD57" authority="(De Brito Arduino et al., 2015)" baseAuthorityName="De Brito Arduino" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[715,1133,674,701]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
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<emphasis id="89ACA44D3653FFEA1190FD46FCE0FD56" box="[715,796,675,700]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="381">aegypti</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="DF4905AE3653FFEA1077FD46FB9DFD57" author="De Brito Arduino, M. & Mucci, L. F. & Serpa, L. L. N. & De Moura Rodrigues, M." box="[812,1121,674,701]" pageId="8" pageNumber="381" pagination="79 - 87" refId="ref10608" refString="De Brito Arduino, M., Mucci, L. F., Serpa, L. L. N. & De Moura Rodrigues, M. (2015) Effect of salinity on the behavior of Aedes aegypti populations from the coast and plateau of southeastern Brazil. J. Vector Borne Dis. 52, 79 - 87." type="journal article" year="2015">De Brito Arduino et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="DF4905AE3653FFEA172DFD46FB98FD0A" author="Verdonschot, P. F. M. & Besse-Lototskaya, A. A." pageId="8" pageNumber="381" pagination="69 - 79" refId="ref12986" refString="Verdonschot, P. F. M. & Besse-Lototskaya, A. A. (2014) Flight distance of mosquitoes (Culicidae): A metadata analysis to support the management of barrier zones around rewetted and newly constructed wetlands. Limnol. - Ecol. Manag. Inl. Waters 45, 69 - 79." type="journal article" year="2014">Verdonschot and Besse-Lototskaya (2014)</bibRefCitation>
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concluded from a meta-analysis of 62 dispersal studies that
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Ae.
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<taxonomicName id="7CD803DC3653FFEA1006FCEBFC52FCCD" box="[861,942,782,807]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">aegypti</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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can cover maximally distances of 2.5 km (mean =
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="DF4905AE3653FFEA173BFCD7FCD9FC9A" author="Reiter, P. & Amador, M. A. & Anderson, R. A. & Clark, G. G." pageId="8" pageNumber="381" pagination="177 - 179" refId="ref12518" refString="Reiter, P., Amador, M. A., Anderson, R. A. & Clark, G. G. (1995) Short report: Dispersal of Aedes aegypti in an urban area after blood feeding as demonstrated by rubidium-marked eggs. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 52, 177 - 179." type="journal article" year="1995">
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Reiter
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<emphasis id="89ACA44D3653FFEA11FEFCB3FD27FC85" box="[677,731,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="381">et al.</emphasis>
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(1995)
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</bibRefCitation>
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reported that furthest
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<emphasis id="89ACA44D3653FFEA1770FCB3FB58FC85" box="[1067,1188,854,880]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="381">
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Ae.
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<taxonomicName id="7CD803DC3653FFEA1708FCB3FB58FC85" box="[1107,1188,854,879]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">aegypti</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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post-blood meal flight was
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(mean =
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). In a
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radius around the wells, only one or two residences are present, whereas goats were extremely abundant on this part of this island. The fact that post-blood meal flights over
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are exceptional and densities of adult mosquitoes at both sites were exceptionally high suggests that
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<emphasis id="89ACA44D3653FFEA175CFB90FB7FFB65" box="[1031,1155,1141,1167]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="381">
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Ae.
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<taxonomicName id="7CD803DC3653FFEA1769FB93FB7FFB65" box="[1074,1155,1142,1167]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">aegypti</taxonomicName>
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at these localities may be partly feeding on nonhuman hosts. Other studies have shown that the percentage of
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<emphasis id="89ACA44D3653FFEA1036FB04FC19FB10" box="[877,997,1249,1275]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="381">
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Ae.
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<taxonomicName id="7CD803DC3653FFEA10CFFB04FC19FB10" box="[916,997,1249,1274]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">aegypti</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
|
||
that were bloodfed on humans varies from 76.2 % in rural
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C3CF38CF3653FFEA11FEFACCFCD4FAA8" box="[677,808,1320,1347]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="8" pageNumber="381">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Barrera et al., 2012), where other hosts were mainly dogs, but also on cats, horses, and chickens, to 99.1 % in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C3CF38CF3653FFEA10B3FA95FBB0FA60" box="[1000,1100,1392,1418]" name="Thailand" pageId="8" pageNumber="381">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DF4905AE3653FFEA1700FA95FC44FA45" author="Ponlawat, A. & Harrington, L. C." pageId="8" pageNumber="381" pagination="844 - 849" refId="ref12463" refString="Ponlawat, A. & Harrington, L. C. (2005) Blood feeding patterns of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Thailand. J. Med. Entomol. 42, 844 - 849." type="journal article" year="2005">Ponlawat & Harrington, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C3CF38CF3653FFEA10A4FA71FB63FA44" box="[1023,1183,1428,1454]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="8" pageNumber="381">Sint Eustatius</collectingCountry>
|
||
, goats and sheep are very abundant at these sites. However, further research is needed to examine the origin of the blood meals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |