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<mods:title id="4CABFF9139AEA211C7E953A8FC3A7765">Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C4D443B3A0528CF9EAF8D24AD2A8F399">Gamboa, Maribet</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9BCD7215B13769804DAC6BDCC6F6A290">Orci, Kirill Márk</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF07FFE01BE45BD4D730FF6F" blockId="15.[151,521,151,211]" box="[151,521,151,178]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<heading id="D0A7954CFF07FFE01BE45BD4D730FF6F" bold="true" box="[151,521,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="4">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01BE45BD4D730FF6F" bold="true" box="[151,521,151,178]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE01BE45BD4D4BEFF6F" ID-CoL="8MQD6" authority="Pictet, 1841" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,391,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01BE45BD4D5D6FF6C" bold="true" box="[151,239,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Capnia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE01B855BDBD4BEFF6F" author="Pictet, F. J." box="[246,391,152,178]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 423" refId="ref44628" refString="Pictet, F. J. (1841) Histoire naturelle des insectes Nevropteres. Famille des Perlides. Kessmann-Bailliere, Geneve-Paris, pp. 1 - 423." type="book chapter" year="1841">Pictet, 1841</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
</heading>
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<subSubSection id="C34A71ABFF07FFE01BE45BF9D4ECFF0E" box="[151,469,186,211]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF07FFE01BE45BF9D4ECFF0E" blockId="15.[151,521,151,211]" box="[151,469,186,211]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
(
<figureCitation id="136B3EA5FF07FFE01BEC5BF9D41FFF0E" box="[159,294,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–16" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1917,1940]" captionTargetBox="[197,1403,216,1877]" captionTargetId="figure-77@16.[151,1436,193,1897]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 11–16. Male terminalia of East Palaearctic Capnia s.l.—11–12: C. s.l. prolongata Zhiltzova; 13–14: C. s.l. pedestris Kimmins; 15–16: C. s.l. arensi Zhiltzova; 11, 13, 15: dorso-caudal view; 12, 14, 16: ventro-caudal view (B-scl: basal sclerite; Ep-scl: main epiproct sclerite (shaded in grey); I-scl: inner sclerite; Tg 10: tergite 10)—not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919085/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs. 11–16</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136B3EA5FF07FFE01A425BF9D443FF0E" box="[305,378,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURES 23–31" captionStartId="20.[151,264,1415,1438]" captionTargetBox="[201,1406,206,1387]" captionTargetId="figure-243@20.[177,1421,185,1401]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 23–31. Male paraprocts and fusion plate of Capniidae, dorso-lateral view—23: Zwicknia bifrons (Newman); 24: Capnia s.s. nigra (Pictet); 25: Capnia s.l. vidua Klapálek; 26: Capnia s.l. prolongata Zhiltzova; 27: Capnia s.l. pedestris Kimmins; 28: Capnia s.l. arensi Zhiltzova; 29: Bolshecapnia gregsoni (Ricker); 30: Isocapnia grandis (Banks); 31: Eucapnopsis brevicauda (Claassen) (Fp: fusion plate; Pp: paraproct; Rp: retractoral plate)—not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919091" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919091/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">26–28</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136B3EA5FF07FFE01AF65BF9D4F4FF0E" box="[389,461,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURES 32–48" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[184,1414,205,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-138@22.[151,1436,163,1822]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 32–48. Male terminalia of Capniidae, ventral view—32: Zwicknia bifrons (Newman); 33: Bolshecapnia gregsoni (Ricker); 34: Eucapnopsis stigmatica transversa Aubert; 35: Isocapnia grandis (Banks); 36: Capnia s.l. arensi Zhiltzova; 37: C. s.l. prolongata; 38: C. s.l. pedestris Kimmins; 39: C. s.s. nigra (Pictet); 40: Arsapnia decepta Banks; 41: Allocapnia granulata (Claassen); 42: Mesocapnia silvatica Raušer; 43: Capnura venosa Banks; 44: Utacapnia lemoniana (Nebeker &amp; Gaufin); 45: Paracapnia opis (Newman); 46: Nemocapnia carolina Banks; 47: Capnopsis schilleri schilleri (Rostock); 48: Capnioneura nemuroides Ris (C: cercus; Ep-scl: main epiproct sclerite; Fp: fusion plate; Pp: paraproct; Sg: subgenital plate; St 9: sternite 9; Tg 9: tergite 9; Tg 10: tergite 10; Vv: ventral vesicle)—scale 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919093" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919093/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">36–38</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C34A71ABFF07FFE01BE45A41D781FE3E" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF07FFE01BE45A41D1F3FE88" blockId="15.[151,1436,258,342]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE01BE45A41D459FEC5" ID-CoL="8MQD6" authority="Pictet, 1841" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,352,258,280]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01BE45A41D5DBFEC5" box="[151,226,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Capnia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE01B9A5A41D459FEC5" author="Pictet, F. J." box="[233,352,258,280]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 423" refId="ref44628" refString="Pictet, F. J. (1841) Histoire naturelle des insectes Nevropteres. Famille des Perlides. Kessmann-Bailliere, Geneve-Paris, pp. 1 - 423." type="book chapter" year="1841">Pictet, 1841</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
— 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE01A095A41D781FEC5" author="Nelson, C. R. &amp; Baumann, R. W." box="[378,696,258,280]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="289 - 363" refId="ref44044" refString="Nelson, C. R. &amp; Baumann, R. W. (1989) Systematics and distribution of the winter stonefly genus Capnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae) in North America. The Great Basin Naturalist, 49 (3), 289 - 363." type="journal article" year="1989">Nelson &amp; Baumann 1989: 291</bibRefCitation>
. (revision of the Nearctic species, partly refers to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE01FCB5A41D0A5FEC5" ID-CoL="8MQ4B" authority="Banks, 1897" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1897" box="[1208,1436,258,280]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Arsapnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01FCB5A41D02CFEC5" box="[1208,1301,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Arsapnia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE01E6F5A41D0A5FEC5" author="Banks, N." box="[1308,1436,258,280]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="21 - 31" refId="ref40933" refString="Banks, N. (1897) New North American Neuropteroid Insects. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 24 (1), 21 - 31." type="journal article" year="1897">Banks, 1897</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE01B805A62D486FEEA" ID-CoL="8MQD6" authority="Pictet, 1841" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1841" box="[243,447,289,311]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01B805A62D407FEEA" box="[243,318,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Capnia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE01A365A62D486FEEA" author="Pictet, F. J." box="[325,447,289,311]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 423" refId="ref44628" refString="Pictet, F. J. (1841) Histoire naturelle des insectes Nevropteres. Famille des Perlides. Kessmann-Bailliere, Geneve-Paris, pp. 1 - 423." type="book chapter" year="1841">Pictet, 1841</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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); 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE0192F5A62D616FEEA" author="Zhiltzova, L. A." box="[604,815,289,311]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 538" refId="ref46559" refString="Zhiltzova, L. A. (2003) Plecoptera, Gruppe Euholognatha. Fauna of Russia and Neighbouring Countries, New Series, 145, 1 - 538." type="journal article" year="2003">Zhiltzova 2003: 318</bibRefCitation>
. (revision of the Palaearctic species (excluded 
<collectingCountry id="F34762B0FF07FFE01E635A61D073FEEA" box="[1296,1354,290,311]" name="Japan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Japan</collectingCountry>
and the Himalayan ranges), partly refers to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE0195C5A03D7C0FE8B" ID-CoL="8MQD6" authority="Pictet, 1841" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1841" box="[559,761,320,342]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE0195C5A03D743FE8B" box="[559,634,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Capnia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE0190C5A03D7C0FE8B" author="Pictet, F. J." box="[639,761,320,342]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 423" refId="ref44628" refString="Pictet, F. J. (1841) Histoire naturelle des insectes Nevropteres. Famille des Perlides. Kessmann-Bailliere, Geneve-Paris, pp. 1 - 423." type="book chapter" year="1841">Pictet, 1841</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2174349FF07FFE0198C5A03D645FE8B" box="[767,892,320,342]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE018DD5A03D152FE8B" ID-CoL="8MVV5" authority="Muranyi" authorityName="Muranyi" authorityYear="2014" box="[942,1131,320,342]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Zwicknia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE018DD5A03D132FE8B" box="[942,1035,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Zwicknia</emphasis>
Murányi
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01F065A03D185FE88" bold="true" box="[1141,1212,320,341]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2174349FF07FFE01F065A03D185FE88" box="[1141,1212,320,341]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="genus">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF07FFE01BE45AC1D781FE3E" blockId="15.[151,1436,386,627]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01BE45AC1D45BFE46" bold="true" box="[151,354,386,411]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Species included.</emphasis>
In addition to the species treated as 
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE019845AC0D64DFE47" box="[759,884,387,410]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE019845AC0D673FE47" ID-CoL="8MQD6" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1841" box="[759,842,387,410]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Capnia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2174349FF07FFE018235AC0D64DFE47" box="[848,884,387,410]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
above, 1 valid species from the West Palaearctic, 49 from the East Palaearctic, 46 from the West Nearctic and 1 is Transnearctic (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE01F4E5AE5D026FE62" author="DeWalt, R. E. &amp; Neu-Becker, U. &amp; Steuber, G." box="[1085,1311,422,447]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref41558" refString="DeWalt, R. E., Neu-Becker, U. &amp; Steuber, G. (2014) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // plecoptera. speciesfile. org (accessed 12 May 2014)" type="url" year="2014">
DeWalt 
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01FED5AE4D1E3FE62" box="[1182,1242,422,447]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE01E5E5AE5D47CFE3E" author="Nelson, C. R. &amp; Baumann, R. W." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="289 - 363" refId="ref44044" refString="Nelson, C. R. &amp; Baumann, R. W. (1989) Systematics and distribution of the winter stonefly genus Capnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae) in North America. The Great Basin Naturalist, 49 (3), 289 - 363." type="journal article" year="1989">
<collectingRegion id="4994ECC2FF07FFE01E5E5AE5D045FE62" box="[1325,1404,422,447]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nelson</collectingRegion>
&amp; Baumann 1989
</bibRefCitation>
); 47 examined (see Appendix 1).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34A71ABFF07FFFD1BB45AADD188FAA5" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF07FFE01BB45AADD134FDAE" blockId="15.[151,1436,386,627]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01BB45AADD402FDDA" bold="true" box="[199,315,494,519]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Remarks.</emphasis>
An adequate diagnosis cannot be given for this artificial assemblage of taxa, and the species excluded from the sensu stricto diagnosis will need to be placed in existing or newly erected genera. A revision of these species is out of the scope of the present work, and most of the East Palaearctic species were not studied; some remarks on certain groups can be made on the basis of species examined:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF07FFE01BE45984D63CFD02" blockId="15.[151,1436,710,915]" box="[151,773,710,735]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01BE45984D457FD02" box="[151,366,710,735]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE01BE45984D5D3FD03" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,234,711,734]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Capnia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2174349FF07FFE01B835985D428FD02" box="[240,273,710,735]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
cordata
</emphasis>
species group sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE019295985D63CFD02" author="Zhiltzova, L. A." box="[602,773,710,735]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="423 - 429" refId="ref46499" refString="Zhiltzova, L. A. (2001) Plecoptera fauna of Capniidae of Russia and adjacent territories (within the limits of the former USSR). In: Dominguez, E. (Ed.), Trends in Research in Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, 423 - 429." type="book chapter" year="2001">Zhiltzova 2001</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF07FFE01BB459A9D637FC4E" blockId="15.[151,1436,710,915]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
This group is restricted to the high mountains of Asia with nine known species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE01F4C59A9D1CEFCDE" author="Li, W. &amp; Yang, D." box="[1087,1271,746,771]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="47 - 52" refId="ref43502" refString="Li, W. &amp; Yang, D. (2009) Synopsis of the genus Capnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae) from China. Zootaxa, 2112, 47 - 52." type="journal article" year="2009">Li &amp; Yang 2009</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE01E7259A9D0A1FCDE" author="Li, W. &amp; Kong, F. &amp; Yang, D." box="[1281,1432,746,771]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="63 - 68" refId="ref43535" refString="Li, W., Kong, F. &amp; Yang, D. (2011) A new species of Capnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae) from China. Zootaxa, 2943, 63 - 68." type="journal article" year="2011">
Li 
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01E5359A8D061FCDE" box="[1312,1368,746,771]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE01BE4584DD471FCFA" author="Zhiltzova, L. A." box="[151,328,782,807]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 538" refId="ref46559" refString="Zhiltzova, L. A. (2003) Plecoptera, Gruppe Euholognatha. Fauna of Russia and Neighbouring Countries, New Series, 145, 1 - 538." type="journal article" year="2003">Zhiltzova 2003</bibRefCitation>
); three further species, known from only females, are attributed to this group on the basis of the female genitalia (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE01A2F5871D737FC96" author="Zhiltzova, L. A." box="[348,526,818,843]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 538" refId="ref46559" refString="Zhiltzova, L. A. (2003) Plecoptera, Gruppe Euholognatha. Fauna of Russia and Neighbouring Countries, New Series, 145, 1 - 538." type="journal article" year="2003">Zhiltzova 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Morphologically they form a rather uniform lineage that is closer to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE01E5D5871D0ACFC96" authorityName="Muranyi" authorityYear="2014" box="[1326,1429,818,843]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Zwicknia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01E5D5871D0ACFC96" box="[1326,1429,818,843]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Zwicknia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but distinctly differs in the males with entire Ep-scl and the lack of Ec (studied in 
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01F245814D019FCB2" box="[1111,1312,854,879]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. s.l. prolongata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE01E595815D5EAFC4E" author="Zhiltzova, L. A." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="593 - 611" refId="ref46461" refString="Zhiltzova, L. A. (1969) Novie I redkie vidi vesnianok sem. Capniidae (Plecoptera) iz Srednei Azii. Revue d'Entomologie de l'USSR, 48 (3), 593 - 611." type="journal article" year="1969">Zhiltzova, 1969</bibRefCitation>
: 
<figureCitation id="136B3EA5FF07FFE01BAE5839D45DFC4E" box="[221,356,890,915]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–16" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1917,1940]" captionTargetBox="[197,1403,216,1877]" captionTargetId="figure-77@16.[151,1436,193,1897]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 11–16. Male terminalia of East Palaearctic Capnia s.l.—11–12: C. s.l. prolongata Zhiltzova; 13–14: C. s.l. pedestris Kimmins; 15–16: C. s.l. arensi Zhiltzova; 11, 13, 15: dorso-caudal view; 12, 14, 16: ventro-caudal view (B-scl: basal sclerite; Ep-scl: main epiproct sclerite (shaded in grey); I-scl: inner sclerite; Tg 10: tergite 10)—not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919085/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs. 11–12</figureCitation>
), and females have a narrow, dark Sg.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF07FFE01BE45880D6D6FC06" blockId="15.[151,1436,962,1059]" box="[151,1007,962,987]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01BE45880D445FC07" box="[151,380,962,987]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE01BE45880D5D3FC07" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,234,963,986]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Capnia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2174349FF07FFE01B835881D428FC06" box="[240,273,962,987]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
excavata
</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01AC15880D70BFC07" box="[434,562,962,987]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. s.l. nana</emphasis>
groups sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE019A25881D6D6FC06" author="Nelson, C. R. &amp; Baumann, R. W." box="[721,1007,962,987]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="289 - 363" refId="ref44044" refString="Nelson, C. R. &amp; Baumann, R. W. (1989) Systematics and distribution of the winter stonefly genus Capnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae) in North America. The Great Basin Naturalist, 49 (3), 289 - 363." type="journal article" year="1989">
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&amp; Baumann 1989
</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF07FFE01BB458A5D05CFBFE" blockId="15.[151,1436,962,1059]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<materialsCitation id="3B38287DFF07FFE01BB458A5D059FBFE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3325453321" location="West Nearctic" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Nelson">
As mentioned above, these 
<location id="8E8F74FBFF07FFE0197A58A4D793FC22" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F99336FF07FFFD1BE45BD4D188FAA5:8E8F74FBFF07FFE0197A58A4D793FC22" box="[521,682,998,1023]" name="West Nearctic" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" stateProvince="Nelson">West Nearctic</location>
groups of three and six species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE01F5C58A5D060FC22" author="Nelson, C. R. &amp; Baumann, R. W." box="[1071,1369,998,1023]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="289 - 363" refId="ref44044" refString="Nelson, C. R. &amp; Baumann, R. W. (1989) Systematics and distribution of the winter stonefly genus Capnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae) in North America. The Great Basin Naturalist, 49 (3), 289 - 363." type="journal article" year="1989">
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&amp; Baumann 1989
</bibRefCitation>
) may belong to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE01A0B5F48D4E6FBFF" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1897" box="[376,479,1035,1058]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Arsapnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01A0B5F48D4E6FBFF" box="[376,479,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Arsapnia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The morphology of their epiproct is similar, however, distinctly differ in shape
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF07FFE01BE45F10D747FBB6" blockId="15.[151,1436,1106,1347]" box="[151,638,1106,1131]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01BE45F10D46AFBB6" box="[151,339,1106,1131]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE01BE45F10D5D3FBB7" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,234,1107,1130]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Capnia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2174349FF07FFE01B835F11D428FBB6" box="[240,273,1106,1131]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE01A6B5F11D46AFBB6" box="[280,339,1106,1131]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fialai">fialai</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE01A295F11D747FBB6" author="Nelson, C. R. &amp; Baumann, R. W." box="[346,638,1106,1131]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="301 - 306" refId="ref44092" refString="Nelson, C. R. &amp; Baumann, R. W. (1990) New winter stoneflies (Plecoptera: Capniidae) from the Coast Range of California. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 66 (4), 301 - 306." type="journal article" year="1990">
<collectingRegion id="4994ECC2FF07FFE01A295F11D490FBB6" box="[346,425,1106,1131]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nelson</collectingRegion>
&amp; Baumann, 1990
</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF07FFE01BB45F34D11EFA9E" blockId="15.[151,1436,1106,1347]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
In its original description, this Californian, 
<collectingCountry id="F34762B0FF07FFE019BD5F35D622FB52" box="[718,795,1142,1167]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
species was noted for its resemblance to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE01E6B5F34D40CFB6E" authority="Hanson, 1946" authorityName="Hanson" authorityYear="1946" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Paracapnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01E6B5F34D0A5FB53" box="[1304,1436,1143,1166]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Paracapnia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE01BE45FD8D40CFB6E" author="Hanson, J. F." box="[151,309,1178,1203]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="193 - 249" refId="ref42328" refString="Hanson, J. F. (1946) Comparative morphology and taxonomy of the Capniidae (Plecoptera). The American Midland Naturalist, 35 (1), 193 - 249. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2421354" type="journal article" year="1946">
Hanson, 
<quantity id="4CA88FC5FF07FFE01B8E5FD9D40CFB6E" box="[253,309,1178,1203]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9428399999999995" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="in" value="1946.0">1946</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in many features. Recently, it was suggested by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE0181F5FD9D1ACFB6E" author="Kondratieff, B. C. &amp; Lee, J. J." box="[876,1173,1178,1203]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="206 - 209" refId="ref43378" refString="Kondratieff, B. C. &amp; Lee, J. J. (2010) A new species of Paracapnia from California (Plecoptera: Capniidae). Illiesia, 6 (13), 206 - 209." type="journal article" year="2010">Kondratieff &amp; Lee (2010)</bibRefCitation>
that 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE01FA15FD8D009FB6E" box="[1234,1328,1178,1203]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fialai">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01FA15FD8D009FB6E" box="[1234,1328,1178,1203]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. fialai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be placed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE01A605FFCD4AEFB0B" authorityName="Hanson" authorityYear="1946" box="[275,407,1215,1238]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Paracapnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01A605FFCD4AEFB0B" box="[275,407,1215,1238]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Paracapnia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Despite obvious similarities, we propose to retain it in 
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01F255FFCD1E1FB0A" box="[1110,1240,1214,1239]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE01F255FFCD190FB0B" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1841" box="[1110,1193,1215,1238]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Capnia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2174349FF07FFE01FCB5FFDD1E1FB0A" box="[1208,1240,1214,1239]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
pending further comparative studies, because of the presence of caudal setae on the epiproctal sclerite and tergal processes on Tg 5–7. These features are lacking on other species currently placed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE018C25E44D10CFAC3" authorityName="Hanson" authorityYear="1946" box="[945,1077,1287,1310]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Paracapnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE018C25E44D10CFAC3" box="[945,1077,1287,1310]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Paracapnia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Their inclusion in the generic diagnosis should further restrict the already few diagnostic features of that genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF07FFE01BE45E30D126FA56" blockId="15.[151,1437,1394,1671]" box="[151,1055,1394,1419]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01BE45E30D4B3FA56" box="[151,394,1394,1419]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE01BE45E30D5D3FA57" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,234,1395,1418]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Capnia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2174349FF07FFE01B835E31D428FA56" box="[240,273,1394,1419]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
gracilaria
</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01AB35E30D75BFA56" box="[448,610,1394,1419]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. s.l. vernalis</emphasis>
groups sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE018715E31D126FA56" author="Nelson, C. R. &amp; Baumann, R. W." box="[770,1055,1394,1419]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="289 - 363" refId="ref44044" refString="Nelson, C. R. &amp; Baumann, R. W. (1989) Systematics and distribution of the winter stonefly genus Capnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae) in North America. The Great Basin Naturalist, 49 (3), 289 - 363." type="journal article" year="1989">
<collectingRegion id="4994ECC2FF07FFE018715E31D668FA56" box="[770,849,1394,1419]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nelson</collectingRegion>
&amp; Baumann 1989
</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF07FFE01BB45ED5D4ECF95B" blockId="15.[151,1437,1394,1671]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
With respect to the structure of their terminalia, these Nearctic groups of four and three species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE01E585ED5D47AFA0E" author="Nelson, C. R. &amp; Baumann, R. W." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="289 - 363" refId="ref44044" refString="Nelson, C. R. &amp; Baumann, R. W. (1989) Systematics and distribution of the winter stonefly genus Capnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae) in North America. The Great Basin Naturalist, 49 (3), 289 - 363." type="journal article" year="1989">
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&amp; Baumann 1989
</bibRefCitation>
) probably belong to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE019D25EF8D6FFFA0E" authority="Rauser, 1968" authorityName="Rauser" authorityYear="1968" box="[673,966,1466,1491]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Mesocapnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE019D25EF8D613FA0F" box="[673,810,1467,1490]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mesocapnia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE018425EF9D6FFFA0E" author="Rauser, J." box="[817,966,1466,1491]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="329 - 398" refId="ref44701" refString="Rauser, J. (1968) 67. Plecoptera. Ergebnisse der zoologischen Forschungen von Dr. Z. Kaszab in der Mongolei. Entomologische Abhandlungen, 34 (5), 329 - 398." type="journal article" year="1968">Raušer, 1968</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, with the exception of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE01FBA5EF8D5F6FA2A" authority="Jewett, 1965" authorityName="Jewett" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacustra">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01FBA5EF8D07FFA0E" box="[1225,1350,1466,1491]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C. lacustra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE01E3E5EF8D5F6FA2A" author="Jewett, S. G." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="5 - 9" refId="ref42813" refString="Jewett, S. G. (1965) Four new stoneflies from California and Oregon. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 41, 5 - 9." type="journal article" year="1965">Jewett, 1965</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(see below). The distinctive apical spine of the epiproct of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE018165E9CD6D7FA2B" authorityName="Rauser" authorityYear="1968" box="[869,1006,1503,1526]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Mesocapnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE018165E9CD6D7FA2B" box="[869,1006,1503,1526]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mesocapnia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was thought to be a compact structure (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE01BED5D41D4B4F9C6" author="Baumann, R. W. &amp; Gaufin, A. R. &amp; Surdick, R. F." box="[158,397,1538,1563]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 208" refId="ref41133" refString="Baumann, R. W., Gaufin, A. R. &amp; Surdick, R. F. (1977) The stoneflies (Plecoptera) of the Rocky Mountains. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 31, 1 - 208." type="journal article" year="1977">
Baumann 
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01A605D40D472F9C6" box="[275,331,1538,1563]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
1977
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE01AEB5D41D71EF9C6" author="Rauser, J." box="[408,551,1538,1563]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="329 - 398" refId="ref44701" refString="Rauser, J. (1968) 67. Plecoptera. Ergebnisse der zoologischen Forschungen von Dr. Z. Kaszab in der Mongolei. Entomologische Abhandlungen, 34 (5), 329 - 398." type="journal article" year="1968">Raušer 1968</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE019405D41D66DF9C6" author="Nelson, C. R. &amp; Baumann, R. W." box="[563,852,1538,1563]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="289 - 363" refId="ref44044" refString="Nelson, C. R. &amp; Baumann, R. W. (1989) Systematics and distribution of the winter stonefly genus Capnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae) in North America. The Great Basin Naturalist, 49 (3), 289 - 363." type="journal article" year="1989">
<collectingRegion id="4994ECC2FF07FFE019405D41D7BBF9C6" box="[563,642,1538,1563]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nelson</collectingRegion>
&amp; Baumann 1989
</bibRefCitation>
). However, SEM studies showed that it is a dorsally open structure like the epiproct apex of any other 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE019A55D65D15AF9E2" authority="(Lee &amp; Baumann 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Lee &amp; Baumann" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[726,1123,1574,1599]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Capniidae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE0182B5D65D165F9E2" author="Lee, J. J. &amp; Baumann, R. W." box="[856,1116,1574,1599]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="192 - 196" refId="ref43453" refString="Lee, J. J. &amp; Baumann, R. W. (2011) Mesocapnia aptera (Plecoptera: Capniidae) a new wingless winter stonefly from northern California, U. S. A. Illiesia, 7 (20), 192 - 196." type="journal article" year="2011">Lee &amp; Baumann 2011</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01F035D64D00FF9E2" box="[1136,1334,1574,1599]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE01F035D64D1FAF9E3" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1841" box="[1136,1219,1575,1598]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Capnia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2174349FF07FFE01FBF5D65D1D5F9E2" box="[1228,1260,1574,1599]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
zukeli
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE01E4C5D64D5EBF9BE" author="Hanson, J. F." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="85 - 88" refId="ref42293" refString="Hanson, J. F. (1943) Descriptions of new North American Plecoptera, II. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 45 (4), 85 - 88." type="journal article" year="1943">Hanson, 1943</bibRefCitation>
, a species from 
<collectingRegion id="4994ECC2FF07FFE01AF55D09D4FFF9BE" box="[390,454,1610,1635]" country="United States of America" name="Idaho" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Idaho</collectingRegion>
that was not classified in these species groups by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE018895D09D014F9BE" author="Nelson, C. R. &amp; Baumann, R. W." box="[1018,1325,1610,1635]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="289 - 363" refId="ref44044" refString="Nelson, C. R. &amp; Baumann, R. W. (1989) Systematics and distribution of the winter stonefly genus Capnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae) in North America. The Great Basin Naturalist, 49 (3), 289 - 363." type="journal article" year="1989">
<collectingRegion id="4994ECC2FF07FFE018895D09D170F9BE" box="[1018,1097,1610,1635]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nelson</collectingRegion>
&amp; Baumann (1989)
</bibRefCitation>
, probably also belongs to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE01A355D2CD4F6F95B" authorityName="Rauser" authorityYear="1968" box="[326,463,1647,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Mesocapnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01A355D2CD4F6F95B" box="[326,463,1647,1670]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mesocapnia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF07FFE01BE45DF4D731F912" blockId="15.[151,1437,1718,2031]" box="[151,520,1718,1743]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01BE45DF4D429F912" box="[151,272,1718,1743]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE01BE45DF4D5D3F913" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,234,1719,1742]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Capnia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2174349FF07FFE01B835DF5D429F912" box="[240,272,1718,1743]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE01A6B5DF5D731F912" authority="Jewett, 1965" authorityName="Jewett" authorityYear="1965" box="[280,520,1718,1743]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacustra">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01A6B5DF5D44DF912" box="[280,372,1718,1743]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">lacustra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF07FFE01A085DF4D731F912" author="Jewett, S. G." box="[379,520,1718,1743]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="5 - 9" refId="ref42813" refString="Jewett, S. G. (1965) Four new stoneflies from California and Oregon. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 41, 5 - 9." type="journal article" year="1965">Jewett, 1965</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF07FFE01BB45D99D4D7F832" blockId="15.[151,1437,1718,2031]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
This odd species, restricted to Lake Tahoe, 
<collectingRegion id="4994ECC2FF07FFE019B95D99D61BF92E" box="[714,802,1754,1779]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nevada</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F34762B0FF07FFE018425D99D646F92E" box="[817,895,1754,1779]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
is aquatic in both the larval and adult stages, differing from all other 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE01AD35DBDD72BF8CA" baseAuthorityName="Lee &amp; Baumann" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[416,530,1790,1815]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Capniidae</taxonomicName>
by having Tg 10 entire, and exceptionally reduced ventral thoracic sclerites. The male terminalia is closer to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF07FFE01ABF5C60D76CF8E7" authorityName="Rauser" authorityYear="1968" box="[460,597,1827,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Mesocapnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF07FFE01ABF5C60D76CF8E7" box="[460,597,1827,1850]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mesocapnia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but differ in lacking caudal setae on the epiproct. However, its designation as a separate genus would need further specimens for study. The few available specimens are nearly transparent and morphological details were difficult to ascertain using stereomicroscopes. Specimens were not examined by SEM to avoid damaging these specimens. It is worthy to note that one of the females examined, the entire abdomen and thorax to the cervical region was filled with eggs, a further uniqueness that may be related to the exceptional underwater life of this species.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2F72A8FF18FFFF1BE45C3ED1B1F80C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919085" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4919085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919085/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[151,264,1917,1940]" targetBox="[197,1403,216,1877]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF18FFFF1BE45C3ED1B1F80C" blockId="16.[151,1436,1917,2001]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF18FFFF1BE45C3ED46BF84E" bold="true" box="[151,338,1917,1940]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FIGURES 11–16.</emphasis>
Male terminalia of East Palaearctic 
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF18FFFF19CD5C3DD615F849" box="[702,812,1918,1940]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF18FFFF19CD5C3DD630F849" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1841" box="[702,777,1918,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Capnia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2174349FF18FFFF187C5C3DD615F849" box="[783,812,1918,1940]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
—11–12: 
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF18FFFF18E25C3DD178F849" box="[913,1089,1918,1940]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. s.l. prolongata</emphasis>
Zhiltzova; 13–14: 
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF18FFFF1E735C3DD0A5F849" box="[1280,1436,1918,1940]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. s.l. pedestris</emphasis>
Kimmins; 15–16: 
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF18FFFF1A225CDED4E8F86E" box="[337,465,1949,1971]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C. s.l. arensi</emphasis>
Zhiltzova; 11, 13, 15: dorso-caudal view; 12, 14, 16: ventro-caudal view (B-scl: basal sclerite; Ep-scl: main epiproct sclerite (shaded in grey); I-scl: inner sclerite; Tg 10: tergite 10)—not to scale.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2F72A8FF19FFFE1BE45C62D70BF84E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919089" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4919089" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919089/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[151,264,1825,1848]" targetBox="[195,1403,233,1787]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF19FFFE1BE45C62D70BF84E" blockId="17.[151,1436,1825,1939]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF19FFFE1BE45C62D46DF8EB" bold="true" box="[151,340,1825,1848]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">FIGURES 17–22.</emphasis>
Male terminalia of Nearctic 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF19FFFE19095C62D7DFF8EA" baseAuthorityName="Lee &amp; Baumann" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[634,742,1825,1847]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Capniidae</taxonomicName>
—17–18: 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF19FFFE18345C62D1B4F8EA" authority="(Ricker)" baseAuthorityName="Ricker" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[839,1165,1825,1847]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Bolshecapnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gregsoni">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF19FFFE18345C62D116F8EA" box="[839,1071,1825,1847]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Bolshecapnia gregsoni</emphasis>
(Ricker)
</taxonomicName>
; 19–20: 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF19FFFE1F975C61D5D3F88B" authority="(Banks)" baseAuthorityName="Banks" baseAuthorityYear="1907" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Isocapnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF19FFFE1F975C61D0A2F8EA" box="[1252,1435,1825,1847]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Isocapnia grandis</emphasis>
(Banks)
</taxonomicName>
; 21–22: 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF19FFFE1A355C02D780F88B" authority="(Claassen)" baseAuthorityName="Claassen" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[326,697,1856,1878]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Eucapnopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF19FFFE1A355C02D77BF88B" box="[326,578,1856,1878]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Eucapnopsis brevicauda</emphasis>
(Claassen)
</taxonomicName>
; 17, 19, 21: dorso-caudal view; 18, 20, 22: ventro-caudal view (B-scl: basal sclerite; Ec: eversible crest; Ep-scl: main epiproct sclerite (shaded in grey); I-scl: inner sclerite; Lb-scl: laterobasal sclerite; Tg 10: tergite 10)—not to scale.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF1AFFFD1BE45BDBD7FEFF6D" blockId="18.[151,1436,151,320]" box="[151,711,151,176]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF1AFFFD1BE45BDBD428FF6D" box="[151,273,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF1AFFFD1BE45BDBD5D3FF72" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,234,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Capnia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2174349FF1AFFFD1B835BD4D428FF6D" box="[240,273,151,176]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF1AFFFD1A6B5BD4D7FEFF6D" authority="Kondratieff &amp; Baumann, 2002" authorityName="Kondratieff &amp; Baumann" authorityYear="2002" box="[280,711,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nelsoni">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF1AFFFD1A6B5BD4D450FF6D" box="[280,361,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">nelsoni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF1AFFFD1A035BD4D7FEFF6D" author="Kondratieff, B. C. &amp; Baumann, R. W." box="[368,711,151,176]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="385 - 401" refId="ref43325" refString="Kondratieff, B. C. &amp; Baumann, R. W. (2002) A review of the stoneflies of Colorado with description of a new species of Capnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 128 (3), 385 - 401." type="journal article" year="2002">Kondratieff &amp; Baumann, 2002</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF1AFFFD1BB45BFFD04DFE9D" blockId="18.[151,1436,151,320]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
The species was related to the 
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF1AFFFD196A5BFFD78EFF08" box="[537,695,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
C. s.l. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF1AFFFD19135BFFD78EFF08" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1897" box="[608,695,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Arsapnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decepta">decepta</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
group in its original description, but the authors reluctantly placed it in the above group because of notable morphological differences (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF1AFFFD18EF5B9CD1CCFF25" author="Kondratieff, B. C. &amp; Baumann, R. W." box="[924,1269,223,248]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="385 - 401" refId="ref43325" refString="Kondratieff, B. C. &amp; Baumann, R. W. (2002) A review of the stoneflies of Colorado with description of a new species of Capnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 128 (3), 385 - 401." type="journal article" year="2002">Kondratieff &amp; Baumann 2002</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF1AFFFD1E725B9CD5EDFEC0" author="Heinold, B. D. &amp; Gill, B. A. &amp; Kondratieff, B. C." pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="14 - 17" refId="ref42475" refString="Heinold, B. D., Gill, B. A. &amp; Kondratieff, B. C. (2013) Recent collection and DNA barcode of the rare Coffee pot snowfly Capnia nelsoni (Plecoptera: Capniidae). Illiesia, 9 (2), 14 - 17." type="journal article" year="2013">
Heinold 
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF1AFFFD1E105BA2D0A5FF25" box="[1379,1436,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
). Indeed, its genital characters differ greatly from the diagnosis of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF1AFFFD18BD5A47D10CFEC6" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1897" box="[974,1077,260,283]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Arsapnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF1AFFFD18BD5A47D10CFEC6" box="[974,1077,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Arsapnia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF1AFFFD1F345A47D1DAFEC0" box="[1095,1251,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
C. s.l. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF1AFFFD1FE15A47D1DAFEC0" authorityName="Kondratieff &amp; Baumann" authorityYear="2002" box="[1170,1251,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nelsoni">nelsoni</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
has large B-scl, Lb-scl divided from Ep-scl and Ep-scl is longitudinally divided), but also cannot placed in any existing groups.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF1AFFFD1BE45A33D66BFE55" blockId="18.[151,1436,367,608]" box="[151,850,367,392]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF1AFFFD1BE45A33D444FE55" box="[151,381,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF1AFFFD1BE45A33D5D3FE5A" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,234,368,391]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Capnia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2174349FF1AFFFD1B835A2CD429FE55" box="[240,272,367,392]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
pedestris
</emphasis>
species group sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF1AFFFD191A5A2CD66BFE55" author="Zwick, P. &amp; Sivec, I." box="[617,850,367,392]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="59 - 138" refId="ref46883" refString="Zwick, P. &amp; Sivec, I. (1980) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Plecoptera des Himalaja. Entomologica Basiliensia, 5, 59 - 138." type="journal article" year="1980">Zwick &amp; Sivec 1980</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF1AFFFD1BB45AD7D7CFFDBD" blockId="18.[151,1436,367,608]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
This group was erected for nine, mainly Central Asian species and two additional species known only from females (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF1AFFFD1B8F5AF4D4B9FE0D" author="Alouf, N. J." box="[252,384,439,464]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="173 - 177" refId="ref40843" refString="Alouf, N. J. (1992) Description de deux Plecopteres du Liban: Capnia bicornata n. sp. et Siphonoperla libanica n. sp. (Insecta: Plecoptera). Senckerbergiana Biologica, 72 (1 / 3), 173 - 177." type="journal article" year="1992">Alouf 1992</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF1AFFFD1AF85AF4D701FE0D" author="Zhiltzova, L. A." box="[395,568,439,464]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 538" refId="ref46559" refString="Zhiltzova, L. A. (2003) Plecoptera, Gruppe Euholognatha. Fauna of Russia and Neighbouring Countries, New Series, 145, 1 - 538." type="journal article" year="2003">Zhiltzova 2003</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF1AFFFD19305AF4D617FE0D" author="Zwick, P. &amp; Sivec, I." box="[579,814,439,464]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="59 - 138" refId="ref46883" refString="Zwick, P. &amp; Sivec, I. (1980) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Plecoptera des Himalaja. Entomologica Basiliensia, 5, 59 - 138." type="journal article" year="1980">Zwick &amp; Sivec 1980</bibRefCitation>
). The main distinguishing character in males is a highly developed, bicuspidate Tg 9. In addition, these taxa are characterized by laterally and dorsally reduced Ep-scl and a large B-scl (
<figureCitation id="136B3EA5FF1AFFFD1A525ABCD492FDC5" box="[289,427,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–16" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1917,1940]" captionTargetBox="[197,1403,216,1877]" captionTargetId="figure-77@16.[151,1436,193,1897]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 11–16. Male terminalia of East Palaearctic Capnia s.l.—11–12: C. s.l. prolongata Zhiltzova; 13–14: C. s.l. pedestris Kimmins; 15–16: C. s.l. arensi Zhiltzova; 11, 13, 15: dorso-caudal view; 12, 14, 16: ventro-caudal view (B-scl: basal sclerite; Ep-scl: main epiproct sclerite (shaded in grey); I-scl: inner sclerite; Tg 10: tergite 10)—not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919085/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs. 13–16</figureCitation>
). However, the studied 
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF1AFFFD19C55943D65CFDC5" box="[694,869,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. s.l. pedestris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF1AFFFD181F5ABCD125FDC5" author="Kimmins, D. E." box="[876,1052,511,536]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="721 - 740" refId="ref42989" refString="Kimmins, D. E. (1946) New species of Himalayan Plecoptera. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 11 (13), 721 - 740. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934608654596" type="journal article" year="1946">Kimmins, 1946</bibRefCitation>
and 
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF1AFFFD1F205943D1DBFDCA" box="[1107,1250,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. s.l. arensi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF1AFFFD1F995ABCD0A5FDC5" author="Zhiltzova, L. A." box="[1258,1436,511,536]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="347 - 362" refId="ref46420" refString="Zhiltzova, L. A. (1964) K poznaniu vesnianok (Plecoptera) Kavkaza. VI. Novie vidi Taeniopterygidae, Nemouridae i Capniidae. Revue d'Entomologie de l'USSR, 43 (2), 347 - 362." type="journal article" year="1964">Zhiltzova, 1964</bibRefCitation>
differ in many features of the terminalia (
<figureCitation id="136B3EA5FF1AFFFD19015967D7CCFDE0" box="[626,757,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–16" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1917,1940]" captionTargetBox="[197,1403,216,1877]" captionTargetId="figure-77@16.[151,1436,193,1897]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 11–16. Male terminalia of East Palaearctic Capnia s.l.—11–12: C. s.l. prolongata Zhiltzova; 13–14: C. s.l. pedestris Kimmins; 15–16: C. s.l. arensi Zhiltzova; 11, 13, 15: dorso-caudal view; 12, 14, 16: ventro-caudal view (B-scl: basal sclerite; Ep-scl: main epiproct sclerite (shaded in grey); I-scl: inner sclerite; Tg 10: tergite 10)—not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919085/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs 13–16</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136B3EA5FF1AFFFD18715967D675FDE0" box="[770,844,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURES 23–31" captionStartId="20.[151,264,1415,1438]" captionTargetBox="[201,1406,206,1387]" captionTargetId="figure-243@20.[177,1421,185,1401]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 23–31. Male paraprocts and fusion plate of Capniidae, dorso-lateral view—23: Zwicknia bifrons (Newman); 24: Capnia s.s. nigra (Pictet); 25: Capnia s.l. vidua Klapálek; 26: Capnia s.l. prolongata Zhiltzova; 27: Capnia s.l. pedestris Kimmins; 28: Capnia s.l. arensi Zhiltzova; 29: Bolshecapnia gregsoni (Ricker); 30: Isocapnia grandis (Banks); 31: Eucapnopsis brevicauda (Claassen) (Fp: fusion plate; Pp: paraproct; Rp: retractoral plate)—not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919091" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919091/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">27–28</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="136B3EA5FF1AFFFD182B5967D69AFDE0" box="[856,931,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURES 32–48" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[184,1414,205,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-138@22.[151,1436,163,1822]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 32–48. Male terminalia of Capniidae, ventral view—32: Zwicknia bifrons (Newman); 33: Bolshecapnia gregsoni (Ricker); 34: Eucapnopsis stigmatica transversa Aubert; 35: Isocapnia grandis (Banks); 36: Capnia s.l. arensi Zhiltzova; 37: C. s.l. prolongata; 38: C. s.l. pedestris Kimmins; 39: C. s.s. nigra (Pictet); 40: Arsapnia decepta Banks; 41: Allocapnia granulata (Claassen); 42: Mesocapnia silvatica Raušer; 43: Capnura venosa Banks; 44: Utacapnia lemoniana (Nebeker &amp; Gaufin); 45: Paracapnia opis (Newman); 46: Nemocapnia carolina Banks; 47: Capnopsis schilleri schilleri (Rostock); 48: Capnioneura nemuroides Ris (C: cercus; Ep-scl: main epiproct sclerite; Fp: fusion plate; Pp: paraproct; Sg: subgenital plate; St 9: sternite 9; Tg 9: tergite 9; Tg 10: tergite 10; Vv: ventral vesicle)—scale 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919093" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919093/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">36, 38</figureCitation>
), and at least the latter Caucasian-Anatolian species is not monophyletic with the rest of the group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF1AFFFD1BE459D3D70DFD75" blockId="18.[151,1436,655,824]" box="[151,564,655,680]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF1AFFFD1BE459D3D4BAFD75" box="[151,387,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF1AFFFD1BE459D3D5D3FD7A" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,234,656,679]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Capnia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2174349FF1AFFFD1B8359CCD428FD75" box="[240,273,655,680]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
spinulosa
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF1AFFFD1AF959CCD70DFD75" author="Claassen, P. W." box="[394,564,655,680]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="79 - 82" refId="ref41462" refString="Claassen, P. W. (1937) New species of stoneflies (Plecoptera). The Canadian Entomologist, 69, 79 - 82. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / ent 6979 - 4" type="journal article" year="1937">Claassen, 1937</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF1AFFFD1BB459F7D603FCEA" blockId="18.[151,1436,655,824]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
This species from 
<collectingRegion id="4994ECC2FF1AFFFD1AE759F7D731FD10" box="[404,520,692,717]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">California</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F34762B0FF1AFFFD196059F7D759FD10" box="[531,608,692,717]" name="United States of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
has both laterally and ventrally highly divided Ep-scl. The large, complex membranous parts of the epiproct lack I-scl but possess an Ec, and the Fp is fused with Rp. The combination of these genital features does not occur in any of the other species studied during this study, but this taxon may belong to the East Palaearctic genera 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF1AFFFD1A94585CD7A6FCE5" authorityName="Okamoto" authorityYear="1922" box="[487,671,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Takagripopteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF1AFFFD1A94585CD7A6FCE5" box="[487,671,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Takagripopteryx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF1AFFFD19B6585CD60AFCE5" authorityName="Klapalek" authorityYear="1920" box="[709,819,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF1AFFFD19B6585CD60AFCE5" box="[709,819,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Capniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF1AFFFD1BE4582BD7A6FC5D" blockId="18.[151,1437,871,1077]" box="[151,671,871,896]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF1AFFFD1BE4582BD44DFC5D" box="[151,372,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF1AFFFD1BE4582BD5D3FCA2" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,234,872,895]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Capnia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2174349FF1AFFFD1B835824D428FC5D" box="[240,273,871,896]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
valhalla
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF1AFFFD1A085824D7A6FC5D" author="Nelson, C. R. &amp; Baumann, R. W." box="[379,671,871,896]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref43994" refString="Nelson, C. R. &amp; Baumann, R. W. (1987) The winter stonefly genus Capnura (Plecoptera: Capniidae) in North America: systematics, phylogeny, and zoogeography. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 113, 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1987">
<collectingRegion id="4994ECC2FF1AFFFD1A085824D4F3FC5D" box="[379,458,871,896]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Nelson</collectingRegion>
&amp; Baumann, 1987
</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF1AFFFD1BB458CFD74FFBE8" blockId="18.[151,1437,871,1077]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Despite superficial resemblance to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF1AFFFD192058CFD79FFC7E" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1841" box="[595,678,908,931]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF1AFFFD192058CFD79FFC7E" box="[595,678,908,931]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Capnia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2174349FF1AFFFD19DE58CFD604FC78" box="[685,829,908,933]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
, the epiproctal structure of another 
<collectingRegion id="4994ECC2FF1AFFFD1FBC58CFD07AFC78" box="[1231,1347,908,933]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">California</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F34762B0FF1AFFFD1E3C58CFD0A5FC78" box="[1359,1436,908,933]" name="United States of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
restricted species, is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF1AFFFD1A8A58ECD74DFC15" authorityName="Claassen" authorityYear="1928" box="[505,628,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Allocapnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF1AFFFD1A8A58ECD74DFC15" box="[505,628,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Allocapnia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, it differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF1AFFFD18D258ECD125FC15" authorityName="Claassen" authorityYear="1928" box="[929,1052,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Allocapnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF1AFFFD18D258ECD125FC15" box="[929,1052,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Allocapnia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having a long and narrow Fp, and Sg fused with St 9 but not with Tg 9; the latter feature occur only in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF1AFFFD18BD5897D1FFFC30" authority="Banks, 1900" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1900" box="[974,1222,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF1AFFFD18BD5897D10BFC36" box="[974,1074,980,1003]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Capnura</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF1AFFFD1F4A5897D1FFFC30" author="Banks, N." box="[1081,1222,980,1005]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="239 - 259" refId="ref40962" refString="Banks, N. (1900) New genera and species of Nearctic Neuropteroid Insects. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 26 (3), 239 - 259." type="journal article" year="1900">Banks, 1900</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
among the studied taxa (see 
<figureCitation id="136B3EA5FF1AFFFD1A7358B4D46DFBCD" box="[256,340,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURES 32–48" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1817,1840]" captionTargetBox="[184,1414,205,1789]" captionTargetId="figure-138@22.[151,1436,163,1822]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 32–48. Male terminalia of Capniidae, ventral view—32: Zwicknia bifrons (Newman); 33: Bolshecapnia gregsoni (Ricker); 34: Eucapnopsis stigmatica transversa Aubert; 35: Isocapnia grandis (Banks); 36: Capnia s.l. arensi Zhiltzova; 37: C. s.l. prolongata; 38: C. s.l. pedestris Kimmins; 39: C. s.s. nigra (Pictet); 40: Arsapnia decepta Banks; 41: Allocapnia granulata (Claassen); 42: Mesocapnia silvatica Raušer; 43: Capnura venosa Banks; 44: Utacapnia lemoniana (Nebeker &amp; Gaufin); 45: Paracapnia opis (Newman); 46: Nemocapnia carolina Banks; 47: Capnopsis schilleri schilleri (Rostock); 48: Capnioneura nemuroides Ris (C: cercus; Ep-scl: main epiproct sclerite; Fp: fusion plate; Pp: paraproct; Sg: subgenital plate; St 9: sternite 9; Tg 9: tergite 9; Tg 10: tergite 10; Vv: ventral vesicle)—scale 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919093" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919093/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
). Most probably, this species should be placed into a separate genus, but comparative studies with the East Palaearctic genera will be needed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF1AFFFD1BE45F27D731FBA0" blockId="18.[151,1436,1124,1400]" box="[151,520,1124,1149]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF1AFFFD1BE45F27D428FBA0" box="[151,273,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF1AFFFD1BE45F27D5D3FBA6" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,234,1124,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Capnia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2174349FF1AFFFD1B835F27D428FBA0" box="[240,273,1124,1149]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF1AFFFD1A6B5F27D731FBA0" authority="Klapalek, 1904" authorityName="Klapalek" authorityYear="1904" box="[280,520,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Capnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vidua">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF1AFFFD1A6B5F27D46FFBA0" box="[280,342,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">vidua</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF1AFFFD1A2E5F27D731FBA0" author="Klapalek, F." box="[349,520,1124,1149]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref43189" refString="Klapalek, F. (1904) Zprava o vysledcich cesty do Transsylvanskych Alp a Vysokych Tater. Vestniku Ceske Akademie cisare Frantiska Josefa pro vedy, slovesnost a umeni, 13, 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1904">Klapálek, 1904</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEF2220FF1AFFFD1BB45FCBD188FAA5" blockId="18.[151,1436,1124,1400]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
It shares all the characters enumerated in the diagnosis of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5059A3FF1AFFFD180B5FC4D6CAFB7D" authorityName="Claassen" authorityYear="1928" box="[888,1011,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Allocapnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF1AFFFD180B5FC4D6CAFB7D" box="[888,1011,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Allocapnia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, regarding also to the rather special structure of the epiproct (
<figureCitation id="136B3EA5FF1AFFFD1ABE5FEFD706FB18" box="[461,575,1196,1221]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[193,1399,221,1867]" captionTargetId="figure-86@8.[151,1436,195,1900]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Male terminalia of West Palaearctic Capniidae—1–2: Zwicknia bifrons (Newman); 3–4: Capnia s.s. nigra (Pictet); 5–6: Capnia s.l. vidua Klapálek; 1, 3, 5: dorso-caudal view; 2, 4, 6: ventro-caudal view (B-scl: basal sclerite; Cs: caudal setae; Ec: eversible crest; Ep-scl: main epiproct sclerite (shaded in grey); I-scl: inner sclerite; Lb-scl: laterobasal sclerite; Ll: lower limb; Tg 10: tergite 10)—not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4919081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4919081/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs. 5–6</figureCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="C6D2179BFF1AFFFD19225FEFD7EDFB18" box="[593,724,1196,1221]" captionStart-0="TABLE 1" captionStart-1="TABLE 2" captionStart-2="TABLE 3" captionStart-3="TABLE 4" captionStart-4="TABLE 5" captionStartId-0="7.[147,247,602,628]" captionStartId-1="9.[151,231,1267,1288]" captionStartId-2="10.[147,237,543,566]" captionStartId-3="11.[147,247,534,560]" captionStartId-4="12.[147,247,511,537]" captionTargetBox-0="[167,1849,720,1573]" captionTargetBox-1="[165,1410,1383,2005]" captionTargetBox-2="[194,1631,634,1733]" captionTargetBox-3="[387,1632,635,1702]" captionTargetBox-4="[445,1570,578,1583]" captionTargetId-3="graphics-128@11.[373,1650,628,1703]" captionTargetId-4="graphics-115@12.[431,1591,571,1584]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="9" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-4="12" captionText-0="TABLE 1. Ventral sclerites of valid extant Capniidae genera. — Capniella not included because of lacking information; in case of two character states the first one refers to the type species; for abbreviations of sclerites see Figs. 53-55." captionText-1="TABLE 2. Wing venation of valid extant Capniidae genera.—refers only to macropterous species, apterous and/or micropterous genera Apteroperla, Baikaloperla and Eocapnia not included; Fw: forewing, Hw: hindwing, for abbreviations of veins see Fig. 56—*besides arc and m-cu; **besides h." captionText-2="TABLE 3. Male epiproct of valid extant Capniidae genera. — in case of two character states the first one refers to the type species; for abbreviations of parts see Figs. 1-22." captionText-3="TABLE 4. Male terminalia (besides epiproct) of valid extant Capniidae genera. — in case of two character states the first or the non-parenthesised one refers to the type species; for abbreviations of parts see Figs.7-10, 23, 35, 81." captionText-4="TABLE 5. Female terminalia of valid extant Capniidae genera. — in case of two character states the first one refers to the type species." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2F72A8FF0FFFE81BE05919D188FD46" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2F72A8FF01FFE61BE45FB0D718FA96" httpUri-2="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2F72A8FF02FFE51BE0595CD720FD88" httpUri-3="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2F72A8FF03FFE41BE05955D16DFD8F" httpUri-4="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2F72A8FF04FFE31BE05ABCD3F5FDC4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" tableUuid-0="DF2F72A8FF0FFFE81BE05919D188FD46" tableUuid-1="DF2F72A8FF01FFE61BE45FB0D718FA96" tableUuid-2="DF2F72A8FF02FFE51BE0595CD720FD88" tableUuid-3="DF2F72A8FF03FFE41BE05955D16DFD8F" tableUuid-4="DF2F72A8FF04FFE31BE05ABCD3F5FDC4">Tables 1–5</tableCitation>
); similarities were already mentioned by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF1AFFFD1FBF5FEFD056FB18" author="Zwick, P." box="[1228,1391,1196,1221]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 465" refId="ref46707" refString="Zwick, P. (1973) Insecta Plecoptera. Phylogenetisches System und Katalog. Das Tierreich, Berlin, 94, 1 - 465." type="journal article" year="1973">Zwick (1973)</bibRefCitation>
. Its classification in the previously strictly East Nearctic genus would explain its peculiar distribution, as the only stonefly found in 
<collectingCountry id="F34762B0FF1AFFFD1A2D5FB7D48DFAD0" box="[350,436,1268,1293]" name="Iceland" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Iceland</collectingCountry>
. This species additionally has a patchy distribution in southeastern Europe through the N British Isles and NW Scandinavia, with five named subspecies (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF1AFFFD18025E54D12BFAED" author="Fochetti, R." box="[881,1042,1303,1328]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref41668" refString="Fochetti, R. (Ed.) (2004) Plecoptera. Fauna Europea version 1. 1. Available from: http: // www. faunaeur. org (accessed 12 May 2014)" type="url" year="2004">Fochetti 2004</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF1AFFFD1F6C5E5BD18EFAED" author="Hynes, H. B. N." box="[1055,1207,1303,1328]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="164 - 166" refId="ref42666" refString="Hynes, H. B. N. (1955 b) A note on the Stoneflies of Iceland. The Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 30 (10 / 12), 164 - 166." type="journal article" year="1955">Hynes 1955b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF1AFFFD1FB75E54D0A1FAED" author="Lillehammer, A." box="[1220,1432,1303,1328]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="153 - 156" refId="ref43612" refString="Lillehammer, A. (1972) Notes on the stonefly Capnia vidua Klapalek from Fennoscandia. Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift, 19 (2), 153 - 156." type="journal article" year="1972">Lillehammer 1972</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF1AFFFD1BE45E7FD4F8FA88" author="Lillehammer, A. &amp; Johannsson, M. &amp; Gislason, G. M." box="[151,449,1340,1365]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="93 - 97" refId="ref43702" refString="Lillehammer, A., Johannsson, M. &amp; Gislason, G. M. (1986) Studies on Capnia vidua Klapalek (Capniidae, Plecoptera) populations in Iceland. Fauna Norvegica, Series B, 33, 93 - 97." type="journal article" year="1986">
Lillehammer 
<emphasis id="B924FE32FF1AFFFD1A445E7ED44EFA88" box="[311,375,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
1986
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC15FD1FF1AFFFD1AA65E7FD7DAFA88" author="Vincon, G. &amp; Sivec, I." box="[469,739,1340,1365]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="118 - 126" refId="ref46054" refString="Vincon, G. &amp; Sivec, I. (2011) Contribution to the knowledge of the Capniidae (Plecoptera) of Turkey. Illiesia, 7 (11), 118 - 126." type="journal article" year="2011">Vinçon &amp; Sivec 2011</bibRefCitation>
). However, molecular studies do not readily confirm the morphological characteristics, and further studies are needed to clarify the generic placement.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>