130 lines
36 KiB
XML
130 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document id="A382473F93F5C47BFE9BB190F552BAA3" ID-CLB-Dataset="7643" ID-DOI="10.1206/906.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="15ad630f-eff2-451d-a5f8-22731ff53851" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4612269" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1615992761985" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Lipke, Elisabeth & Michalik, Peter" docDate="2015" docId="03E487E0303621512C96A59563637A31" docLanguage="en" docName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2015.396.1-72.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2015 (396)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/906.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310.5:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Paradysderina fusiscuta Platnick" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="48" masterDocId="FFDDFF98301921612E5DA448625E7969" masterDocTitle="Evolutionary Morphology Of The Primary Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa Of Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae; Araneae)" masterLastPageNumber="72" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="48" updateTime="1698933598634" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="43FCAA274387A0C4750A0B14548D7534">Evolutionary Morphology Of The Primary Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa Of Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae; Araneae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7EAC6AB94909EF324E158E2E01C3DDE8">Lipke, Elisabeth</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="530BEB0E40BF39C7C16EE8D6A3B3792D">Michalik, Peter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="322DB029BE4599DF7A833AF61AE042EB">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="1AA95736FE71C863DDE0FA981E15C764">2015</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03E487E0303621512C96A59563637A31" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4628195" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180663275" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4628195" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E487E0303621512C96A59563637A31" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E487E0303621512C96A59563637A31" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<subSubSection id="C357657D3036214E2C96A59561D87AD6" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF236F63036214E2C96A59561A87B79" blockId="47.[715,1145,477,529]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<heading id="D0BA819A3036214E2C96A59561A87B79" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D753036214E2C96A595661A789A" ID-CoL="6TP26" authority="Platnick" authorityName="Platnick" box="[715,1092,477,500]" class="Arachnida" family="Oonopidae" genus="Paradysderina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fusiscuta">
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43036214E2C96A5956185789B" box="[715,987,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Paradysderina fusiscuta</emphasis>
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Platnick
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</taxonomicName>
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and Dupérre´, 2011
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF236F63036214E2CE5A66F61D87AD6" blockId="47.[667,1194,551,1759]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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SPERM TRANSFER FORM (
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<figureCitation id="13762A733036214E2DA4A66F66137B56" box="[1017,1101,551,575]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[116,155,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-54@35.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 30. Characteristics of synspermia of Paradysderina fusiscuta. A: The lumen of the deferent ducts is filled with large sperm conjugates. B: Sperm conjugates are composed of four sperm, which are randomly arranged and curled around each other. C: All sperm conjugates are surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath. Numerous membranes, as well as small folds are visible in the periphery. D: Sperm are not entirely fused, thus the main sperm cell components remain surrounded by their own membrane. E: The deep implantation fossa is filled with numerous mitochondria that are arranged in a row. F: Additional mitochondria are present in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612365/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">fig. 30</figureCitation>
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): Large (,12 Mm), mainly oval synspermia (
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<figureCitation id="13762A733036214E2A1FA60E60F07B13" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[116,155,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-54@35.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 30. Characteristics of synspermia of Paradysderina fusiscuta. A: The lumen of the deferent ducts is filled with large sperm conjugates. B: Sperm conjugates are composed of four sperm, which are randomly arranged and curled around each other. C: All sperm conjugates are surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath. Numerous membranes, as well as small folds are visible in the periphery. D: Sperm are not entirely fused, thus the main sperm cell components remain surrounded by their own membrane. E: The deep implantation fossa is filled with numerous mitochondria that are arranged in a row. F: Additional mitochondria are present in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612365/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">fig. 30A, B</figureCitation>
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) comprising four sperm. Numerous membranes are located in the periphery (
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<figureCitation id="13762A733036214E2A67A6CA66C27BF1" box="[1082,1180,642,664]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[116,155,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-54@35.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 30. Characteristics of synspermia of Paradysderina fusiscuta. A: The lumen of the deferent ducts is filled with large sperm conjugates. B: Sperm conjugates are composed of four sperm, which are randomly arranged and curled around each other. C: All sperm conjugates are surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath. Numerous membranes, as well as small folds are visible in the periphery. D: Sperm are not entirely fused, thus the main sperm cell components remain surrounded by their own membrane. E: The deep implantation fossa is filled with numerous mitochondria that are arranged in a row. F: Additional mitochondria are present in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612365/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">fig. 30C</figureCitation>
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), as well as among all sperm components (
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<figureCitation id="13762A733036214E2CFEA6F5615A7BBA" box="[675,772,701,723]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[116,155,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-54@35.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 30. Characteristics of synspermia of Paradysderina fusiscuta. A: The lumen of the deferent ducts is filled with large sperm conjugates. B: Sperm conjugates are composed of four sperm, which are randomly arranged and curled around each other. C: All sperm conjugates are surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath. Numerous membranes, as well as small folds are visible in the periphery. D: Sperm are not entirely fused, thus the main sperm cell components remain surrounded by their own membrane. E: The deep implantation fossa is filled with numerous mitochondria that are arranged in a row. F: Additional mitochondria are present in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612365/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">fig. 30E</figureCitation>
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). Thus, although fused, each sperm remains surrounded by its own membrane (
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<figureCitation id="13762A733036214E2CFEA6B061577A67" box="[675,777,760,782]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[116,155,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-54@35.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 30. Characteristics of synspermia of Paradysderina fusiscuta. A: The lumen of the deferent ducts is filled with large sperm conjugates. B: Sperm conjugates are composed of four sperm, which are randomly arranged and curled around each other. C: All sperm conjugates are surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath. Numerous membranes, as well as small folds are visible in the periphery. D: Sperm are not entirely fused, thus the main sperm cell components remain surrounded by their own membrane. E: The deep implantation fossa is filled with numerous mitochondria that are arranged in a row. F: Additional mitochondria are present in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612365/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">fig. 30D</figureCitation>
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). The deep implantation fossa is completely filled with mitochondria (
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<figureCitation id="13762A733036214E2A03A75D60EE7A20" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[116,155,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-54@35.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 30. Characteristics of synspermia of Paradysderina fusiscuta. A: The lumen of the deferent ducts is filled with large sperm conjugates. B: Sperm conjugates are composed of four sperm, which are randomly arranged and curled around each other. C: All sperm conjugates are surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath. Numerous membranes, as well as small folds are visible in the periphery. D: Sperm are not entirely fused, thus the main sperm cell components remain surrounded by their own membrane. E: The deep implantation fossa is filled with numerous mitochondria that are arranged in a row. F: Additional mitochondria are present in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612365/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">fig. 30 E</figureCitation>
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). In addition, there are numerous mitochondria located in the peripheral cytoplasm (
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<figureCitation id="13762A733036214E2CFEA726615A7AED" box="[675,772,878,900]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[116,155,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-54@35.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 30. Characteristics of synspermia of Paradysderina fusiscuta. A: The lumen of the deferent ducts is filled with large sperm conjugates. B: Sperm conjugates are composed of four sperm, which are randomly arranged and curled around each other. C: All sperm conjugates are surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath. Numerous membranes, as well as small folds are visible in the periphery. D: Sperm are not entirely fused, thus the main sperm cell components remain surrounded by their own membrane. E: The deep implantation fossa is filled with numerous mitochondria that are arranged in a row. F: Additional mitochondria are present in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612365/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">fig. 30F</figureCitation>
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). A thin, homogeneous secretion sheath (,
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<quantity id="4CB59B133036214E2D52A7C461047AC8" box="[783,858,908,930]" metricMagnitude="-8" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="nm" value="50.0">50 nm</quantity>
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) surrounds the sperm transfer forms (
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<figureCitation id="13762A733036214E2D45A7E161277AD6" box="[792,889,937,959]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[116,155,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-54@35.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 30. Characteristics of synspermia of Paradysderina fusiscuta. A: The lumen of the deferent ducts is filled with large sperm conjugates. B: Sperm conjugates are composed of four sperm, which are randomly arranged and curled around each other. C: All sperm conjugates are surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath. Numerous membranes, as well as small folds are visible in the periphery. D: Sperm are not entirely fused, thus the main sperm cell components remain surrounded by their own membrane. E: The deep implantation fossa is filled with numerous mitochondria that are arranged in a row. F: Additional mitochondria are present in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612365/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">fig. 30F</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C357657D303621512CE5A78E63637A31" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF236F63036214E2CE5A78E61697C34" blockId="47.[667,1194,551,1759]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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SPERMATOZOA (
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<figureCitation id="13762A733036214E2D26A78E618C7AB7" box="[891,978,966,990]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[116,155,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-54@35.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 30. Characteristics of synspermia of Paradysderina fusiscuta. A: The lumen of the deferent ducts is filled with large sperm conjugates. B: Sperm conjugates are composed of four sperm, which are randomly arranged and curled around each other. C: All sperm conjugates are surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath. Numerous membranes, as well as small folds are visible in the periphery. D: Sperm are not entirely fused, thus the main sperm cell components remain surrounded by their own membrane. E: The deep implantation fossa is filled with numerous mitochondria that are arranged in a row. F: Additional mitochondria are present in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612365/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">fig. 30</figureCitation>
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):
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43036214E2DB6A78F608C7A93" bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Acrosomal complex:</emphasis>
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AV small, cylindrical with narrow subacrosomal space. AF originates from the subacrosomal space and extends into the nuclear canal, clearly ends after the axonemal base (
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<figureCitation id="13762A733036214E2CB1A01361137D1B" box="[748,845,1115,1138]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[116,155,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-54@35.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 30. Characteristics of synspermia of Paradysderina fusiscuta. A: The lumen of the deferent ducts is filled with large sperm conjugates. B: Sperm conjugates are composed of four sperm, which are randomly arranged and curled around each other. C: All sperm conjugates are surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath. Numerous membranes, as well as small folds are visible in the periphery. D: Sperm are not entirely fused, thus the main sperm cell components remain surrounded by their own membrane. E: The deep implantation fossa is filled with numerous mitochondria that are arranged in a row. F: Additional mitochondria are present in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612365/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">fig. 30F</figureCitation>
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).
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43036214E2D32A014618F7D18" bold="true" box="[879,977,1116,1137]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Nucleus:</emphasis>
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prcN extremely elongated, providing a deep implantation fossa that is completely filled with mitochondria (
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<figureCitation id="13762A733036214E2C87A0FC61797DA3" box="[730,807,1204,1226]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[116,155,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-54@35.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 30. Characteristics of synspermia of Paradysderina fusiscuta. A: The lumen of the deferent ducts is filled with large sperm conjugates. B: Sperm conjugates are composed of four sperm, which are randomly arranged and curled around each other. C: All sperm conjugates are surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath. Numerous membranes, as well as small folds are visible in the periphery. D: Sperm are not entirely fused, thus the main sperm cell components remain surrounded by their own membrane. E: The deep implantation fossa is filled with numerous mitochondria that are arranged in a row. F: Additional mitochondria are present in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612365/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">fig. 30</figureCitation>
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D–F). peN long and oval shaped (
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<figureCitation id="13762A733036214E2CFEA09A61597D81" box="[675,775,1234,1256]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[116,155,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-54@35.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 30. Characteristics of synspermia of Paradysderina fusiscuta. A: The lumen of the deferent ducts is filled with large sperm conjugates. B: Sperm conjugates are composed of four sperm, which are randomly arranged and curled around each other. C: All sperm conjugates are surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath. Numerous membranes, as well as small folds are visible in the periphery. D: Sperm are not entirely fused, thus the main sperm cell components remain surrounded by their own membrane. E: The deep implantation fossa is filled with numerous mitochondria that are arranged in a row. F: Additional mitochondria are present in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612365/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">fig. 30D</figureCitation>
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), contains parts of the implantation fossa. NC located in the periphery.
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43036214E2A6AA0A766F77C6D" bold="true" box="[1079,1193,1263,1284]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Axoneme:</emphasis>
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very long, always in close association with the nucleus (
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<figureCitation id="13762A733036214E2D5EA16261367C29" box="[771,872,1322,1344]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[116,155,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-54@35.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 30. Characteristics of synspermia of Paradysderina fusiscuta. A: The lumen of the deferent ducts is filled with large sperm conjugates. B: Sperm conjugates are composed of four sperm, which are randomly arranged and curled around each other. C: All sperm conjugates are surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath. Numerous membranes, as well as small folds are visible in the periphery. D: Sperm are not entirely fused, thus the main sperm cell components remain surrounded by their own membrane. E: The deep implantation fossa is filled with numerous mitochondria that are arranged in a row. F: Additional mitochondria are present in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612365/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">fig. 30D</figureCitation>
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); 9+3 microtubular pattern (
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<figureCitation id="13762A733036214E2CFEA10061777C34" box="[675,809,1352,1374]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[116,155,1416,1435]" captionTargetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetId="figure-54@35.[93,1195,207,1393]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 30. Characteristics of synspermia of Paradysderina fusiscuta. A: The lumen of the deferent ducts is filled with large sperm conjugates. B: Sperm conjugates are composed of four sperm, which are randomly arranged and curled around each other. C: All sperm conjugates are surrounded by a very thin secretion sheath. Numerous membranes, as well as small folds are visible in the periphery. D: Sperm are not entirely fused, thus the main sperm cell components remain surrounded by their own membrane. E: The deep implantation fossa is filled with numerous mitochondria that are arranged in a row. F: Additional mitochondria are present in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612365/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">fig. 30D, F</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF236F6303621512CE5A12C63637A31" blockId="47.[667,1194,551,1759]" lastBlockId="48.[128,654,213,856]" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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NOTES ON SPERMIOGENESIS (
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<figureCitation id="13762A733036214E2A60A12C66C57C15" box="[1085,1179,1380,1404]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[150,188,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[128,1228,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-47@36.[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 31. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Paradyderina fusiscuta. A: A small, fingerlike AV is formed at the anterior pole of the nucleus. B: The posterior portion of AV is accompanied by electrondense material. C: At the posterior pole of nucleus a wide IF is formed. D: Numerous mitochondria are located in the IF. E: The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids. F: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids, which remained connected to each other via cellular bridges, arrange closely attached to each other and partly fuse. G: Finally, they form a large sperm conjugate, in which the main cell components of all spermatids coil. H: Additional mitochondria are located in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612367" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612367/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">fig. 31</figureCitation>
|
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): Within the testis all stages of spermiogenesis are present. Spermatids of the same developmental stage are arranged in cysts. Early spermatids are characterized by a large, mainly spherical nucleus that is surrounded by a manchette of microtubules. The acrosomal complex, which is composed of a small, cylindrical AV and the AF, is formed at the anterior pole of the nucleus (
|
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<figureCitation id="13762A733036214E2A5DA238663D7FEF" box="[1024,1123,1648,1670]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[150,188,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[128,1228,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-47@36.[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 31. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Paradyderina fusiscuta. A: A small, fingerlike AV is formed at the anterior pole of the nucleus. B: The posterior portion of AV is accompanied by electrondense material. C: At the posterior pole of nucleus a wide IF is formed. D: Numerous mitochondria are located in the IF. E: The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids. F: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids, which remained connected to each other via cellular bridges, arrange closely attached to each other and partly fuse. G: Finally, they form a large sperm conjugate, in which the main cell components of all spermatids coil. H: Additional mitochondria are located in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612367" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612367/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">fig. 31A</figureCitation>
|
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). The AV is attached to the cell membrane (
|
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<figureCitation id="13762A733036214E2A03A2C660867FA8" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[150,188,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[128,1228,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-47@36.[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 31. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Paradyderina fusiscuta. A: A small, fingerlike AV is formed at the anterior pole of the nucleus. B: The posterior portion of AV is accompanied by electrondense material. C: At the posterior pole of nucleus a wide IF is formed. D: Numerous mitochondria are located in the IF. E: The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids. F: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids, which remained connected to each other via cellular bridges, arrange closely attached to each other and partly fuse. G: Finally, they form a large sperm conjugate, in which the main cell components of all spermatids coil. H: Additional mitochondria are located in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612367" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612367/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">fig. 31 A, B</figureCitation>
|
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); proximally it is surrounded by some electron-dense material (
|
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<figureCitation id="13762A733036214E2D9CA281667F7FB6" box="[961,1057,1737,1759]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[150,188,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[128,1228,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-47@36.[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 31. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Paradyderina fusiscuta. A: A small, fingerlike AV is formed at the anterior pole of the nucleus. B: The posterior portion of AV is accompanied by electrondense material. C: At the posterior pole of nucleus a wide IF is formed. D: Numerous mitochondria are located in the IF. E: The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids. F: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids, which remained connected to each other via cellular bridges, arrange closely attached to each other and partly fuse. G: Finally, they form a large sperm conjugate, in which the main cell components of all spermatids coil. H: Additional mitochondria are located in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612367" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612367/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">fig. 31B</figureCitation>
|
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). The wide implantation fossa at the posterior pole of the nucleus is filled with numerous, small mitochondria (
|
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302921512F68A558639A784C" box="[309,452,272,294]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[150,188,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[128,1228,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-47@36.[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 31. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Paradyderina fusiscuta. A: A small, fingerlike AV is formed at the anterior pole of the nucleus. B: The posterior portion of AV is accompanied by electrondense material. C: At the posterior pole of nucleus a wide IF is formed. D: Numerous mitochondria are located in the IF. E: The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids. F: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids, which remained connected to each other via cellular bridges, arrange closely attached to each other and partly fuse. G: Finally, they form a large sperm conjugate, in which the main cell components of all spermatids coil. H: Additional mitochondria are located in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612367" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612367/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">fig. 31C, D</figureCitation>
|
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). It extends toward the prcN, as well as into the peN (
|
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302921512ED5A50362B37808" box="[136,237,331,353]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[150,188,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[128,1228,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-47@36.[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 31. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Paradyderina fusiscuta. A: A small, fingerlike AV is formed at the anterior pole of the nucleus. B: The posterior portion of AV is accompanied by electrondense material. C: At the posterior pole of nucleus a wide IF is formed. D: Numerous mitochondria are located in the IF. E: The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids. F: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids, which remained connected to each other via cellular bridges, arrange closely attached to each other and partly fuse. G: Finally, they form a large sperm conjugate, in which the main cell components of all spermatids coil. H: Additional mitochondria are located in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612367" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612367/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">fig. 31D</figureCitation>
|
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). Further differentiation of the spermatid includes chromatin condensation that consequently appears fibrillar (
|
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302921512C75A5CE60DB78F5" box="[552,645,390,412]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[150,188,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[128,1228,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-47@36.[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 31. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Paradyderina fusiscuta. A: A small, fingerlike AV is formed at the anterior pole of the nucleus. B: The posterior portion of AV is accompanied by electrondense material. C: At the posterior pole of nucleus a wide IF is formed. D: Numerous mitochondria are located in the IF. E: The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids. F: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids, which remained connected to each other via cellular bridges, arrange closely attached to each other and partly fuse. G: Finally, they form a large sperm conjugate, in which the main cell components of all spermatids coil. H: Additional mitochondria are located in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612367" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612367/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">fig. 31E</figureCitation>
|
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) and an enormous elongation of the nucleus. The Ax curls around the latter (
|
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302921512FA0A58960DE78BE" box="[509,640,449,471]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[150,188,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[128,1228,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-47@36.[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 31. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Paradyderina fusiscuta. A: A small, fingerlike AV is formed at the anterior pole of the nucleus. B: The posterior portion of AV is accompanied by electrondense material. C: At the posterior pole of nucleus a wide IF is formed. D: Numerous mitochondria are located in the IF. E: The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids. F: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids, which remained connected to each other via cellular bridges, arrange closely attached to each other and partly fuse. G: Finally, they form a large sperm conjugate, in which the main cell components of all spermatids coil. H: Additional mitochondria are located in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612367" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612367/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">fig. 31E, F</figureCitation>
|
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). The chromatin of late spermatids is highly condensed (
|
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302921512F54A5B563307B7A" box="[265,366,509,531]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[150,188,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[128,1228,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-47@36.[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 31. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Paradyderina fusiscuta. A: A small, fingerlike AV is formed at the anterior pole of the nucleus. B: The posterior portion of AV is accompanied by electrondense material. C: At the posterior pole of nucleus a wide IF is formed. D: Numerous mitochondria are located in the IF. E: The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids. F: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids, which remained connected to each other via cellular bridges, arrange closely attached to each other and partly fuse. G: Finally, they form a large sperm conjugate, in which the main cell components of all spermatids coil. H: Additional mitochondria are located in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612367" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612367/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">fig. 31G</figureCitation>
|
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). At the end of spermiogenesis, four slender spermatids arrange closely attached to each other. The main cell components coil within the cell membrane, while the cellular bridges widen and secondarily surround the main sperm cell components. The fused sperm are the subject to several differentiations including partial restriction of common cytoplasm and further coiling processes, before large sperm conjugates are released into the lumen of the testis (
|
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<figureCitation id="13762A73302921512E96A70A636E7A31" box="[203,304,834,856]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="36.[150,188,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[128,1228,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-47@36.[128,1229,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Fig. 31. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Paradyderina fusiscuta. A: A small, fingerlike AV is formed at the anterior pole of the nucleus. B: The posterior portion of AV is accompanied by electrondense material. C: At the posterior pole of nucleus a wide IF is formed. D: Numerous mitochondria are located in the IF. E: The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids. F: At the end of spermiogenesis four spermatids, which remained connected to each other via cellular bridges, arrange closely attached to each other and partly fuse. G: Finally, they form a large sperm conjugate, in which the main cell components of all spermatids coil. H: Additional mitochondria are located in the periphery of the sperm conjugate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612367" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612367/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">fig. 31H</figureCitation>
|
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |