389 lines
54 KiB
XML
389 lines
54 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="5DF5BE63D4C6EF3E51A8380A70A96653">Taxonomic revision of the species of Parvanachis Radwin, 1968 (Gastropoda: Columbellidae) from the Gulf of Panama</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="293BB1169832BEF771B76E567C9D8C6F">Maintenon, Marta J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="57C3FA1F595EAC963C5FCDA0A750147C">2014</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03C0B65EFFCEFF9EFF0F54DAFCA4FF63" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6141044" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119410433" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6141044" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C0B65EFFCEFF9EFF0F54DAFCA4FF63" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0B65EFFCEFF9EFF0F54DAFCA4FF63" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="223" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
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<subSubSection id="C37354C3FFCEFF9DFF0F54DAFEDBF993" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD60748FFCEFF9DFF0F54DAFDE1FA72" blockId="20.[151,529,1484,1543]" box="[151,529,1484,1510]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
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<heading id="D09EB024FFCEFF9DFF0F54DAFDE1FA72" bold="true" box="[151,529,1484,1510]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCEFF9DFF0F54DAFDE1FA72" ID-CoL="DBGD" authority="Hinds, 1843" authorityName="Hinds" authorityYear="1843" box="[151,529,1484,1510]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pardalis">
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<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCEFF9DFF0F54DAFDE1FA72" bold="true" box="[151,529,1484,1510]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
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<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCEFF9DFF0F54DAFE93FA72" bold="true" box="[151,355,1484,1510]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Anachis pardalis</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCEFF9DFEEA54DAFDF9FA72" author="Hinds" box="[370,521,1484,1510]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" refString="Hinds, R. B. (1843) Descriptions of new shells, from the collection of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, R. N., C. B. & c. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pt. 11, 36 - 46. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484309445298" type="journal article" year="1843">Hinds, 1843</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD60748FFCEFF9DFF0F54F8FEDBF993" blockId="20.[151,529,1484,1543]" box="[151,299,1518,1543]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
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<figureCitation id="13521BCDFFCEFF9DFF0F54F8FF04F993" box="[151,244,1518,1543]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1628,1650]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,265,1607]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 9. Shell, anatomy and morphology of Anachis pardalis. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, C, 30 µm; D – G, 200 µm. A. Shell, USNM 1231330, Playa Rio Mar. B. Operculum from adult male, 48 X. C. Radula from adult male, 400 X. D. Cross section of body showing secondary seminal vesicle. E. Cross section of animal showing section of penis, housed in a cavity between the hypobranchial gland and body wall. F. Cross section of female reproductive gland mass, with anterior to the right. G. Cross section of bursa copulatrix, with part of the duct and vestibule." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253319/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Figure 9</figureCitation>
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A–G
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37354C3FFCEFF9FFF0F5720FCCDFEAB" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="223" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BD60748FFCEFF9DFF0F5720FC63F9D8" blockId="20.[151,1382,1590,1858]" box="[151,915,1590,1612]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
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<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCEFF9DFF0F5720FE2AF9D8" authority="Hinds, 1843" authorityName="Hinds" authorityYear="1843" box="[151,474,1590,1612]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clavatulidae" genus="Clavatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pardalis">
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<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCEFF9DFF0F5720FEA4F9D8" box="[151,340,1590,1612]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Clavatula pardalis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCEFF9DFEC35720FE2AF9D8" author="Hinds" box="[347,474,1590,1612]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" refString="Hinds, R. B. (1843) Descriptions of new shells, from the collection of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, R. N., C. B. & c. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pt. 11, 36 - 46. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484309445298" type="journal article" year="1843">Hinds, 1843</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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: p. 42, not figured. 1844: p. 22, pl. 7, fig. 1.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD60748FFCEFF9DFF0F5743FC54F9FF" blockId="20.[151,1382,1590,1858]" box="[151,932,1621,1643]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
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<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCEFF9DFF0F5743FE0DF9FF" authority="Hinds, 1844" authorityName="Hinds" authorityYear="1844" box="[151,509,1621,1643]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Pleurotoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pardalis">
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<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCEFF9DFF0F5743FE97F9FF" box="[151,359,1621,1643]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Pleurotoma pardalis</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCEFF9DFEED5743FE05F9FF" author="Hinds" box="[373,501,1621,1643]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" refString="Hinds, R. B. (1844) The Zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur, under the command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, R. N., C. B., F. R. G. S., etc. during the years 1836 - 1842. Vol. II. Smith, Elder and Co., London. 72 pp., 21 pls." type="book chapter" year="1844">Hinds, 1844</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCEFF9DFD9F5740FD75F9FF" author="Reeve" box="[519,645,1621,1643]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" refString="Reeve, L. A. (1843) Conchologica Iconica, or, Illustrations of the Shells of Molluscous Animals. Vol. I. Containing Monographs of the Genera … Pleurotoma … London, King William Street, Strand. [Real printing dates various months in 1845 and 1846]" type="journal article" year="1843">Reeve, 1843</bibRefCitation>
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(
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<date id="FFD72188FFCEFF9DFD0B5743FD0CF9FF" box="[659,764,1621,1643]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" value="1845-10">Oct. 1845</date>
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): pl. 23, sp. 196.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD60748FFCEFF9DFF0F5762FCDEF93C" blockId="20.[151,1382,1590,1858]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
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<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCEFF9DFF0F5762FE0EF91E" ID-CoL="XC4X" authority="Sowerby, 1844" authorityName="Sowerby" authorityYear="1844" box="[151,510,1652,1674]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Columbella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sulcosa">
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<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCEFF9DFF0F5762FEAFF91E" box="[151,351,1652,1674]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Columbella sulcosa</emphasis>
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Sowerby, 1844
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</taxonomicName>
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(not
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCEFF9DFDAA5762FD20F91E" author="Sowerby" box="[562,720,1652,1674]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" refString="Sowerby, G. B. I. (1832) Genus Columbella. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Pt. II. No. 16, 113 - 120." type="proceedings paper" year="1832">Sowerby, 1832</bibRefCitation>
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?): pp. 141-142, pl. 40, fig. 165.
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<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCEFF9DFF0F5784FEA7F93C" box="[151,343,1682,1704]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
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<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCEFF9DFF0F5784FEBDF93C" box="[151,333,1682,1704]" class="Gastropoda" family="Mangeliidae" genus="Mangelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sulcosa">Mangelia sulcosa</taxonomicName>
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?
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</emphasis>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCEFF9DFEFB5784FDD2F93C" author="Adams" box="[355,546,1682,1704]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" refString="Adams, C. B. (1852) Catalogue of shells collected at Panama, with notes on their synonymy, station, and geographical distribution. Annals of Lyceum of Natural History of New York, 5, 229 - 567." type="journal article" year="1852">C.B. Adams, 1852</bibRefCitation>
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: pp. 373–374, not figured.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD60748FFCEFF9DFF0F57A7FC7AF8B7" blockId="20.[151,1382,1590,1858]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCEFF9DFF0F57A7FD3DF953" ID-CoL="XC4X" authority="Sowerby. Kobelt, 1897" authorityName="Sowerby. Kobelt" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,717,1713,1735]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Columbella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sulcosa" subGenus="Seminella">
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<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCEFF9DFF0F57A7FE2AF953" box="[151,474,1713,1735]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Columbella (Seminella) sulcosa</emphasis>
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Sowerby.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCEFF9DFDDD57A7FD3DF953" author="Kobelt" box="[581,717,1713,1735]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" refString="Kobelt, W. (1897) Die Familie der Columbelliden. In: Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini & Chemnitz. Nurnberg, Verlag von Bauer & Raspe. Bd. 3, Abt. 1 d, 344 pp., 44 pls." type="book" year="1897">Kobelt, 1897</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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: pp. 200 - 201, taf. 27, fig. 18.
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<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCEFF9DFF0F57C6FDD5F972" ID-CoL="66J22" authority="Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932" authorityName="Pilsbry & Lowe" authorityYear="1932" box="[151,549,1744,1766]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carmen">
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<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCEFF9DFF0F57C6FECBF972" box="[151,315,1744,1766]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Anachis carmen</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCEFF9DFED957C6FDD5F972" author="Pilsbry" box="[321,549,1744,1766]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" refString="Pilsbry, H. A. & Lowe, H. N. (1932) West Mexican and Central American mollusks collected by H. N. Lowe, 1929 - 31. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 84, 33 - 144." type="journal article" year="1932">Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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: p. 71, pl. 5 fig. 4.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCEFF9DFD7C57C7FCACF972" author="Keen" box="[740,860,1744,1766]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" refString="Keen, A. M. (1958) Sea Shells of Tropical West America. Stanford University Press, 624 pp." type="book" year="1958">Keen, 1958</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 380, sp. 423 (illustration from Pilsbry & Lowe).
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<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCEFF9DFF0F57F8FE29F890" ID-CoL="DBGD" authority="Hinds, 1844" authorityName="Hinds" authorityYear="1844" box="[151,473,1774,1796]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pardalis">
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||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCEFF9DFF0F57F8FEB2F890" box="[151,322,1774,1796]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Anachis pardalis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCEFF9DFED757F8FE21F890" author="Hinds" box="[335,465,1774,1796]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" refString="Hinds, R. B. (1844) The Zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur, under the command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, R. N., C. B., F. R. G. S., etc. during the years 1836 - 1842. Vol. II. Smith, Elder and Co., London. 72 pp., 21 pls." type="book chapter" year="1844">Hinds, 1844</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCEFF9DFE7A57F9FDAAF890" author="Keen" box="[482,602,1774,1796]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" refString="Keen, A. M. (1958) Sea Shells of Tropical West America. Stanford University Press, 624 pp." type="book" year="1958">Keen, 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: p. 383, sp. 446 (illustration from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCEFF9DFC2B57F8FBC0F890" author="Hinds" box="[947,1072,1774,1796]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" refString="Hinds, R. B. (1844) The Zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur, under the command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, R. N., C. B., F. R. G. S., etc. during the years 1836 - 1842. Vol. II. Smith, Elder and Co., London. 72 pp., 21 pls." type="book chapter" year="1844">
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||
Hinds,
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||
<date id="FFD72188FFCEFF9DFC6457F8FBC0F890" box="[1020,1072,1774,1796]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" value="1844" valueMax="1845">1844</date>
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||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–1845.
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCEFF9DFF0F561BFD9FF8B7" ID-CoL="DBGD" authority="Hinds, 1843" authorityName="Hinds" authorityYear="1843" box="[151,623,1805,1827]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pardalis" subGenus="Parvanachis">
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||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCEFF9DFF0F561BFE29F8B7" box="[151,473,1805,1827]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Anachis (Parvanachis) pardalis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCEFF9DFE7E561BFD98F8B7" author="Hinds" box="[486,616,1805,1827]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" refString="Hinds, R. B. (1843) Descriptions of new shells, from the collection of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, R. N., C. B. & c. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pt. 11, 36 - 46. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484309445298" type="journal article" year="1843">Hinds, 1843</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCEFF9DFDE15618FD00F8B7" author="Keen" box="[633,752,1805,1827]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" refString="Keen, A. M. (1971) Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 2 nd ed. Stanford University Press, 1064 pp." type="book" year="1971">Keen, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 585, sp. 1208.
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFCEFF9DFF0F563AFD2EF8D6" blockId="20.[151,1382,1590,1858]" box="[151,734,1836,1858]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB792066FFCEFF9DFF0F563AFD2EF8D6" box="[151,734,1836,1858]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCEFF9DFF0F563AFDF7F8D6" authority="Hinds, 1843" authorityName="Hinds" authorityYear="1843" box="[151,519,1836,1858]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pardalis">
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||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCEFF9DFF0F563AFE80F8D6" box="[151,368,1836,1858]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Parvanachis pardalis</emphasis>
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||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCEFF9DFEE6563AFE0EF8D6" author="Hinds" box="[382,510,1836,1858]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" refString="Hinds, R. B. (1843) Descriptions of new shells, from the collection of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, R. N., C. B. & c. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pt. 11, 36 - 46. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484309445298" type="journal article" year="1843">Hinds, 1843</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AC82159FFCEFF9DFD88563AFD2AF8D6" author="Skoglund" box="[528,730,1836,1858]" page="89" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" year="1992">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCEFF9DFD88563AFD44F8D6" author="Skoglund" box="[528,692,1836,1858]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" refString="Skoglund, C. (1992) Additions to the Panamic Province gastropod (Mollusca) literature 1971 to 1992. The Festivus, supplement 24, 1 - 169." type="journal article" year="1992">Skoglund, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 89
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFCEFF9CFF0F5678FD2DFF41" blockId="20.[151,1436,1902,2035]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="222" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCEFF9DFF0F5678FF13F813" bold="true" box="[151,227,1902,1927]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D2B9EAFFCEFF9DFF0F5678FF2FF813" box="[151,223,1902,1927]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Types</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D2B9EAFFCEFF9DFF745679FEAFF813" box="[236,351,1903,1927]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, NHMUK 1844.6.7.56, from the Gulf of Nicoya,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37E47D8FFCEFF9DFC005679FBE7F813" box="[920,1047,1902,1927]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
. This was a
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D2B9EAFFCEFF9DFB3E5679FAF1F813" box="[1190,1281,1903,1927]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCEFF9DFA965679FA6CF813" author="Keen" box="[1294,1436,1903,1927]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" refString="Keen, A. M. (1971) Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 2 nd ed. Stanford University Press, 1064 pp." type="book" year="1971">Keen (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
figured it and incorrectly called it the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D2B9EAFFCEFF9DFDCD5684FD4AF83F" box="[597,698,1938,1963]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, but noted that this is not the specimen illustrated by Hinds, or
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCEFF9DFF0F56A1FEC1F85B" author="Reeve" box="[151,305,1975,1999]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" refString="Reeve, L. A. (1843) Conchologica Iconica, or, Illustrations of the Shells of Molluscous Animals. Vol. I. Containing Monographs of the Genera … Pleurotoma … London, King William Street, Strand. [Real printing dates various months in 1845 and 1846]" type="journal article" year="1843">Reeve (1843)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who essentially copied Hinds’ figure. According to Andreia
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37E47D8FFCEFF9DFC7456A0FBA0F85B" box="[1004,1104,1974,1999]" name="El Salvador" pageId="20" pageNumber="221">Salvador</collectingCountry>
|
||
at NMHUK, there is another registration number on the board with this known
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D2B9EAFFCEFF9DFD5056CDFCD2F867" box="[712,802,2011,2035]" pageId="20" pageNumber="221" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
, but no specimens have yet been found corresponding to this number, and Sowerby’s
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D2B9EAFFCFFF9CFE4F518EFDE2FF24" box="[471,530,152,176]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">types</typeStatus>
|
||
also could not be located. Therefore this remaining
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D2B9EAFFCFFF9CFBC6518EFB45FF24" box="[1118,1205,152,176]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
is herein designated as a
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D2B9EAFFCFFF9CFF5151AAFEDFFF41" box="[201,303,188,213]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
to stabilize the identity of the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1657C0FFCFFF9CFF0F574AFCE2F979" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253319/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" targetBox="[151,1436,265,1606]" targetPageId="21">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFCFFF9CFF0F574AFCE2F979" blockId="21.[151,1436,1628,1773]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCFFF9CFF0F574AFEE4F9E6" bold="true" box="[151,276,1628,1650]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Shell, anatomy and morphology of
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCFFF9CFD1F574AFCCBF9E6" box="[647,827,1628,1650]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCFFF9CFD1F574AFCC7F9E6" ID-CoL="DBGD" box="[647,823,1628,1650]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pardalis">Anachis pardalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Scale bars: A, 1mm; B, C, 30 µm; D–G, 200 µm. A. Shell, USNM 1231330, Playa Rio Mar. B. Operculum from adult male, 48X. C. Radula from adult male, 400X. D. Cross section of body showing secondary seminal vesicle. E. Cross section of animal showing section of penis, housed in a cavity between the hypobranchial gland and body wall. F. Cross section of female reproductive gland mass, with anterior to the right. G. Cross section of bursa copulatrix, with part of the duct and vestibule.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFCFFF9FFF5F560CFCCDFEAB" blockId="21.[151,1436,1818,2023]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="223" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCFFF9CFF5F560CFE5DF8A7" bold="true" box="[199,429,1818,1843]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Taxonomic history.</emphasis>
|
||
This species was named by Hinds as a turrid, and as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCFFF9CFB8F560DFB55F8A6" author="Keen" box="[1047,1189,1818,1842]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" refString="Keen, A. M. (1971) Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 2 nd ed. Stanford University Press, 1064 pp." type="book" year="1971">Keen (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
points out, his figure (published later) was rather poor, featuring only the dorsal side, and the species was not recognized as a columbellid for many years.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCFFF9CFE7E5674FD03F8EE" author="Pilsbry" box="[486,755,1890,1915]" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" refString="Pilsbry, H. A. & Lowe, H. N. (1932) West Mexican and Central American mollusks collected by H. N. Lowe, 1929 - 31. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 84, 33 - 144." type="journal article" year="1932">Pilsbry & Lowe (1932)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
published
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCFFF9CFCED5674FBDDF8EE" ID-CoL="66J22" box="[885,1069,1890,1914]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carmen">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCFFF9CFCED5674FBDDF8EE" box="[885,1069,1890,1914]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Anachis carmen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a new name for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCFFF9CFA815674FE5FF80A" ID-CoL="XC4X" authority="Sowerby (1844)" authorityName="Sowerby" authorityYear="1844" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Columbella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="222" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sulcosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCFFF9CFA815674FF1BF80A" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="222">Columbella sulcosa</emphasis>
|
||
Sowerby (1844)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, on the basis that the 1844 illustration and text referred to a different species than that described (but not figured) by Sowerby in 1832. Sowerby’s 1832 description suggests a much larger species, possibly from Polynesia; however sizes are not listed in his 1844 publication, and the specimen figured appears to be the much smaller Panamic species. Perhaps because of this, C.B. Adams was uncertain of the identity of his species. Pilsbry & Lowe also maintained that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFD0651AAFCE2FF40" ID-CoL="66J22" box="[670,786,188,212]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carmen">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFD0651AAFCE2FF40" box="[670,786,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">A. carmen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was different than Hinds’ species, having a more slender shape.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFF7C51F6FEA8FF6C" ID-CoL="66J22" box="[228,344,224,248]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carmen">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFF7C51F6FEA8FF6C" box="[228,344,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">A. carmen</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has since been recognized as a synonym (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCCFF9FFCA851F6FC5CFF6C" author="Keen" box="[816,940,224,248]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" refString="Keen, A. M. (1971) Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 2 nd ed. Stanford University Press, 1064 pp." type="book" year="1971">Keen 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFC4251F6FB5CFF6C" box="[986,1196,224,248]" class="Gastropoda" family="Clavatulidae" genus="Clavatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pardalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFC4251F6FB5CFF6C" box="[986,1196,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Clavatula pardalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As discussed below, its anatomy is quite different from that of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFC995012FC7EFE88" ID-CoL="7PBZD" box="[769,910,260,284]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFC995012FC7EFE88" box="[769,910,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Parvanachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and so should be considered as a species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFF0F503EFF01FED4" ID-CoL="7NNYL" box="[151,241,296,320]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFF0F503EFF01FED4" box="[151,241,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Anachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
until a thorough analysis of the group is carried out.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37354C3FFCCFF9FFF5F505AFC04FE1C" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFCCFF9FFF5F505AFC04FE1C" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFF5F505AFEB1FEF1" bold="true" box="[199,321,332,357]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Biconic, axially ridged species
|
||
<quantity id="4C91AAADFFCCFF9FFD37505BFCD7FEF0" box="[687,807,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" unit="mm" value="8.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="7.0">7 to 9 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and less than half as wide, uniformly dark brown with yellowish lines atop the axial ridges, and spiral grooves between ridges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37354C3FFCCFF9FFF5F5082FECCF9B9" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFCCFF9FFF5F5082FF0AFE61" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFF5F5082FEC6FE39" bold="true" box="[199,310,404,429]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Material.</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6FCCC1FFCCFF9FFEA65082FE26FE39" box="[318,470,404,429]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" type="generic">18 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
were collected from Playa Rio Mar in 2006, on and under high intertidal rocks. Two adult specimens were sectioned and two dissected.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED789F8DFFCCFF9FFD7050AEFCC9FE44" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[744,825,440,464]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
has representatives of this species from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37E47D8FFCCFF9FFA8950AEFA9AFE5B" box="[1297,1386,440,463]" name="Panama" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37E47D8FFCCFF9FFF0F50CAFF07FE61" box="[151,247,476,501]" name="Ecuador" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFCCFF9FFF5F5316FF28FD64" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFF5F5316FF0FFD8C" box="[199,255,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Shell</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13521BCDFFCCFF9FFE8850E9FEA5FD8C" box="[272,341,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1628,1650]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,265,1607]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 9. Shell, anatomy and morphology of Anachis pardalis. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, C, 30 µm; D – G, 200 µm. A. Shell, USNM 1231330, Playa Rio Mar. B. Operculum from adult male, 48 X. C. Radula from adult male, 400 X. D. Cross section of body showing secondary seminal vesicle. E. Cross section of animal showing section of penis, housed in a cavity between the hypobranchial gland and body wall. F. Cross section of female reproductive gland mass, with anterior to the right. G. Cross section of bursa copulatrix, with part of the duct and vestibule." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253319/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A): Shell medium-sized, biconic, 7.60 to 8.57 (avg. 8.08) mm long and 2.95 to 3.58 (avg. 3.20) mm wide in eight specimens measured. Adults have 6.25 to 7 (avg. 6.6) teleoconch whorls. Protoconch smooth, tan, with 3 whorls (in four specimens) and a moderate velar sinus. Shell dark grey or brown, nearly black, with light yellowish axial stripes on the tops of the axial ridges that are the predominant sculpture. Shell has close-set spiral grooves between axial ridges, and a weak subsutural groove. Axial ridges fade on dorsal side of body whorl. Aperture narrow and darkly pigmented, with a posterior notch in the aperture edge, labial denticles and a parietal ridge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFCCFF9FFF5F53EAFBA7FCAC" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFF5F53EAFE7EFC81" bold="true" box="[199,398,764,789]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Body coloration.</emphasis>
|
||
Preserved animals densely mottled with black blotches overall, sole of foot cream colored. Cephalic tentacles white with medial black bands. Siphon densely spotted with black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFCCFF9FFF5F5252FED0FCEB" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFF5F5252FEB4FCC8" box="[199,324,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Operculum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13521BCDFFCCFF9FFECC5252FE69FCC8" box="[340,409,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1628,1650]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,265,1607]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 9. Shell, anatomy and morphology of Anachis pardalis. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, C, 30 µm; D – G, 200 µm. A. Shell, USNM 1231330, Playa Rio Mar. B. Operculum from adult male, 48 X. C. Radula from adult male, 400 X. D. Cross section of body showing secondary seminal vesicle. E. Cross section of animal showing section of penis, housed in a cavity between the hypobranchial gland and body wall. F. Cross section of female reproductive gland mass, with anterior to the right. G. Cross section of bursa copulatrix, with part of the duct and vestibule." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253319/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
B): Operculum elongate oval, more pigmented in the middle. There is a keel and a bilobed muscle scar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFCCFF9FFF5F529AFBCFFC78" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFF5F529AFEE8FC30" box="[199,280,908,932]" class="Jungermanniopsida" family="Radulaceae" genus="Radula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Porellales" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFF5F529AFEE8FC30" box="[199,280,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Radula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13521BCDFFCCFF9FFEBF529AFE9AFC30" box="[295,362,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1628,1650]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,265,1607]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 9. Shell, anatomy and morphology of Anachis pardalis. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, C, 30 µm; D – G, 200 µm. A. Shell, USNM 1231330, Playa Rio Mar. B. Operculum from adult male, 48 X. C. Radula from adult male, 400 X. D. Cross section of body showing secondary seminal vesicle. E. Cross section of animal showing section of penis, housed in a cavity between the hypobranchial gland and body wall. F. Cross section of female reproductive gland mass, with anterior to the right. G. Cross section of bursa copulatrix, with part of the duct and vestibule." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253319/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
C): Radula narrow, with lateral teeth 35 to 40 µm long in two specimens dissected. Center plates are about twice as wide as deep. Each lateral tooth has three secondary cusps, with basal cusp similar to the other two, and embedded in membranes. The radula in one specimen had 125 tooth rows.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFCCFF9FFF5F52EEFC6CFAA4" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFF5F52EEFE37FB84" box="[199,455,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Reproductive anatomy</emphasis>
|
||
: Gonoduct anatomy in this species not typical for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFBBC52EEFB41FB84" box="[1060,1201,1016,1040]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFBBC52EEFB41FB84" box="[1060,1201,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Parvanachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, instead resembling species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFE94550AFE96FBA0" box="[268,358,1052,1076]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFE94550AFE96FBA0" box="[268,358,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Anachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Convoluted seminal vesicle contains a mix of dark staining normal sperm cells and red staining atypical cells. Anterior end of seminal vesicle continues into a sac-like secondary vesicle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13521BCDFFCCFF9FFB2A5529FB08FBCC" box="[1202,1272,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1628,1650]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,265,1607]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 9. Shell, anatomy and morphology of Anachis pardalis. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, C, 30 µm; D – G, 200 µm. A. Shell, USNM 1231330, Playa Rio Mar. B. Operculum from adult male, 48 X. C. Radula from adult male, 400 X. D. Cross section of body showing secondary seminal vesicle. E. Cross section of animal showing section of penis, housed in a cavity between the hypobranchial gland and body wall. F. Cross section of female reproductive gland mass, with anterior to the right. G. Cross section of bursa copulatrix, with part of the duct and vestibule." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253319/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
D). Secondary vesicle wall has low epithelium with some brown staining material present in the cells, and the vesicle is full of red-staining atypical sperm cells. Densely ciliated mantle cavity duct splits from spermiduct anterior to where it joins the secondary vesicle. Anterior body wall spermiduct narrow, densely ciliated. No free spermiduct loop present. Body wall spermiduct develops tall, eosinophilic secretory epithelium close to penis base, which continues into penis. Penial spermiduct winding (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13521BCDFFCCFF9FFDC555E2FD53FA98" box="[605,675,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1628,1650]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,265,1607]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 9. Shell, anatomy and morphology of Anachis pardalis. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, C, 30 µm; D – G, 200 µm. A. Shell, USNM 1231330, Playa Rio Mar. B. Operculum from adult male, 48 X. C. Radula from adult male, 400 X. D. Cross section of body showing secondary seminal vesicle. E. Cross section of animal showing section of penis, housed in a cavity between the hypobranchial gland and body wall. F. Cross section of female reproductive gland mass, with anterior to the right. G. Cross section of bursa copulatrix, with part of the duct and vestibule." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253319/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
E). Penis shape simple, with a filament tip. Penis at rest stored in pouch in mantle cavity roof under the hypobranchial gland (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13521BCDFFCCFF9FFCA05401FC8BFAA4" box="[824,891,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1628,1650]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,265,1607]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 9. Shell, anatomy and morphology of Anachis pardalis. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, C, 30 µm; D – G, 200 µm. A. Shell, USNM 1231330, Playa Rio Mar. B. Operculum from adult male, 48 X. C. Radula from adult male, 400 X. D. Cross section of body showing secondary seminal vesicle. E. Cross section of animal showing section of penis, housed in a cavity between the hypobranchial gland and body wall. F. Cross section of female reproductive gland mass, with anterior to the right. G. Cross section of bursa copulatrix, with part of the duct and vestibule." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253319/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
E).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFCCFF9FFF5F542AFECCF9B9" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">
|
||
Oviduct also typical for species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFDFA542AFD4CFAC0" box="[610,700,1340,1364]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFDFA542AFD4CFAC0" box="[610,700,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Anachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; there is a large bursa copulatrix, and a long, coiled, muscular vestibule; but no gonopericardial duct. Anterior oviduct comprises a single gland mass (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13521BCDFFCCFF9FFBE25449FB4EFAEC" box="[1146,1214,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1628,1650]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,265,1607]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 9. Shell, anatomy and morphology of Anachis pardalis. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, C, 30 µm; D – G, 200 µm. A. Shell, USNM 1231330, Playa Rio Mar. B. Operculum from adult male, 48 X. C. Radula from adult male, 400 X. D. Cross section of body showing secondary seminal vesicle. E. Cross section of animal showing section of penis, housed in a cavity between the hypobranchial gland and body wall. F. Cross section of female reproductive gland mass, with anterior to the right. G. Cross section of bursa copulatrix, with part of the duct and vestibule." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253319/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
F), which stains red anteriorly, with a dark purple staining band through middle toward the posterior end. Portion of gland posterior to dark band stains pale purple. Gland lumen flat and broad. Posterior end of gland mass very flat, duct lumen curves toward ventral body wall. Anterior end of gland mass has moderately long vestibule (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13521BCDFFCCFF9FFB1254DAFB20FA70" box="[1162,1232,1484,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1628,1650]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,265,1607]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 9. Shell, anatomy and morphology of Anachis pardalis. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, C, 30 µm; D – G, 200 µm. A. Shell, USNM 1231330, Playa Rio Mar. B. Operculum from adult male, 48 X. C. Radula from adult male, 400 X. D. Cross section of body showing secondary seminal vesicle. E. Cross section of animal showing section of penis, housed in a cavity between the hypobranchial gland and body wall. F. Cross section of female reproductive gland mass, with anterior to the right. G. Cross section of bursa copulatrix, with part of the duct and vestibule." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253319/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
G) with a folded, muscular wall. Appended on the dorsal side is a round bursa copulatrix (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13521BCDFFCCFF9FFC5954F9FBF3F99C" box="[961,1027,1519,1544]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1628,1650]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,265,1607]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 9. Shell, anatomy and morphology of Anachis pardalis. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, C, 30 µm; D – G, 200 µm. A. Shell, USNM 1231330, Playa Rio Mar. B. Operculum from adult male, 48 X. C. Radula from adult male, 400 X. D. Cross section of body showing secondary seminal vesicle. E. Cross section of animal showing section of penis, housed in a cavity between the hypobranchial gland and body wall. F. Cross section of female reproductive gland mass, with anterior to the right. G. Cross section of bursa copulatrix, with part of the duct and vestibule." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/253319/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
G) with pouched but not particularly secretory wall.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37354C3FFCCFF9EFF5F5721FCA4FF63" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="224" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD60748FFCCFF9EFF5F5721FCA4FF63" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="224" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFF5F5721FECBF9C4" bold="true" box="[199,315,1591,1616]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
This species has been placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFD21572EFCB6F9C4" box="[697,838,1592,1616]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFD21572EFCB6F9C4" box="[697,838,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Parvanachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in recent years perhaps because of its small size; it does not have a globose shell form, and the radula, though similar to those of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFBD9574AFB3FF9E0" box="[1089,1231,1628,1652]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFBD9574AFB3FF9E0" box="[1089,1231,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Parvanachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, lacks the down-hooked shape of the basal cusp of the lateral teeth. It also doesn’t closely resemble any other Panamic species. More important though, the reproductive anatomy is considerably different than that of any species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFF0F57DEFED4F974" box="[151,292,1736,1760]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Parvanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFF0F57DEFED4F974" box="[151,292,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Parvanachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Species with similar anatomy occur in both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFCD957DEFC29F974" box="[833,985,1736,1760]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Costoanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFCD957DEFC29F974" box="[833,985,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Costoanachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFB8157DEFB83F974" box="[1049,1139,1736,1760]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFB8157DEFB83F974" box="[1049,1139,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Anachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but these two genera as currently known are both anatomically and morphologically diverse.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFC3557FAFBB5F890" box="[941,1093,1772,1796]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Costoanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFC3557FAFBB5F890" box="[941,1093,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Costoanachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was unfortunately based on a Neogene fossil species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFE2A5606FC6CF8BC" authority="Sacco, 1890" authorityName="Sacco" authorityYear="1890" box="[434,924,1808,1832]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Columbella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="turrita" subGenus="Anachis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFE2A5606FCF1F8B3" box="[434,769,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Columbella (Anachis) turrita</emphasis>
|
||
Sacco, 1890
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, renamed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCCFF9FFBA55619FB08F8BC" author="Radwin" box="[1085,1272,1807,1832]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" refString="Radwin, G. E. (1977 b) The family Columbellidae in the Western Atlantic, part IIa - The Pyreninae. The Veliger, 20, 119 - 133." type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">Radwin (1977b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFA9C5606FEFDF8D8" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Costoanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="saccostata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFA9C5606FEFDF8D8" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Costoanachis saccostata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from Europe, so cannot be anatomically characterized.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFC085622FC1AF8D8" box="[912,1002,1844,1868]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFC085622FC1AF8D8" box="[912,1002,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Anachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based on the large Panamic species
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFF0F564EFE9AF8E4" box="[151,362,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFF0F564EFE96F8E4" box="[151,358,1880,1904]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="scalarina">Anachis scalarina</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but the genus name is widely used for axially ribbed species. The reproductive anatomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFA1C564EFEF1F800" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="scalarina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFA1C564EFEF1F800" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">A. scalarina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar to that of this species and other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFD60566AFCA2F800" box="[760,850,1916,1940]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFD60566AFCA2F800" box="[760,850,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Anachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFC17566AFBD8F800" box="[911,1064,1916,1940]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Costoanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFC17566AFBD8F800" box="[911,1064,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Costoanachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCCFF9FFAB0566BFECCF82D" author="Marcus" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" refString="Marcus, Ev. & Marcus, Er. (1962) Studies on Columbellidae. Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias E Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo. Boletim 261, Zoologia, 24, 335 - 384." type="journal article" year="1962">Marcus & Marcus (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCCFF9FFEEB56B7FDD7F82D" author="Houston" box="[371,551,1952,1977]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" refString="Houston, R. S. (1976) The structure and function of neogastropod reproductive systems: with special reference to Columbella fuscata Sowerby, 1832. The Veliger, 19, 27 - 46." type="journal article" year="1976">Houston (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF87AB9FFCCFF9FFDAB56B6FD19F82D" author="Radwin" box="[563,745,1952,1977]" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" refString="Radwin, G. E. (1977 b) The family Columbellidae in the Western Atlantic, part IIa - The Pyreninae. The Veliger, 20, 119 - 133." type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">Radwin (1977b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
interprets
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCCFF9FFCFA56B6FC0BF82C" box="[866,1019,1952,1976]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Costoanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="223" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCCFF9FFCFA56B6FC0BF82C" box="[866,1019,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="223">Costoanachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as confined to species that lack axial ridges on some portion of the shell spire. Insomuch as this species has axial ridges over the entire spire, it is anatomically similar to
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCDFF9EFE3E518EFD8AFF24" box="[422,634,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCDFF9EFE3E518EFD85FF24" box="[422,629,152,176]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="scalarina">Anachis scalarina</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and considering it probably is not possible to determine exactly what
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCDFF9EFF0F51AAFEC0FF40" box="[151,304,188,212]" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Costoanachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCDFF9EFF0F51AAFEC0FF40" box="[151,304,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">Costoanachis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
actually is due to lack of anatomical and molecular data, this species should be referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C697CCBFFCDFF9EFADA51AAFEF4FF6C" class="Gastropoda" family="Columbellidae" genus="Anachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="224" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pardalina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DDB5AFFCDFF9EFADA51AAFEF4FF6C" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="224">Anachis pardalina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
until a global systematic analysis can be carried out.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |