169 lines
17 KiB
XML
169 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document id="D0C648D5A07529FAB196AE13CA12DB32" ID-CLB-Dataset="58517" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6514377" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58bf4faf-7498-4c12-bcb3-b6f085b58978" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514377" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1635374545975" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03A087C4FFD7FFD6FF5AF31CE147F72A" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Cervidae_0350.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Elaphurus davidianus Milne Edwards 1866" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="425" masterDocId="FF99FFBCFFC5FFC4FFCBFFB7E63DFFF9" masterDocTitle="Cervidae" masterLastPageNumber="443" masterPageNumber="350" pageNumber="425" updateTime="1699464900173" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="EF1A00B469B8A8B0B65E162DDC838B5E" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D4652EB20111EED76764534A3BDF8200">
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<mods:title id="C4561E340D4D0DECFA744308F5E0A988">Cervidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="545758F879E32EC59B840A06F36D2E5D" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="D9907B859A272F595D31745C8AC3E50A">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="4262AED420CF25BA128AB9CA48416DF1" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="57D1D0211FE386DF4959598EEE2D89F8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="43E247F23A5E0046FE7FF7FD98F0426D">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="8F09613E42758B4A6D793DFF00A8CE7B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="6879ED7D7FFE652332A58545FFEF346D">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="F2CB6DD0277891142752B00E73D97260" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="03A91EDAF98438583595FDA9692E9340">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="ECF253CDEBA0FE77E02C4AA124194B78">
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<mods:placeTerm id="04267C36E0996083807924D87365EC89">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="D0033D3EEA2DEACC5AE5F21E21A1DB61">
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<mods:title id="71B6224760273DD4D2E642DEC3F23F8B">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:identifier id="119EEC2447816BD66E509D8916A3E4D8" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6514377</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="979695CD57CF078D388FABA38C1B09E9" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A087C4FFD7FFD6FF5AF31CE147F72A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6587397" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195657930" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6587397" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087C4FFD7FFD6FF5AF31CE147F72A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087C4FFD7FFD6FF5AF31CE147F72A" lastPageNumber="425" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD7FFD6FF5AF31CE6F6F329" blockId="18.[143,1067,3243,3323]" box="[145,203,3243,3280]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFD7FFD6FF5AF31CE6F6F329" box="[145,203,3243,3280]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">
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<figureCitation id="13322A57FFD7FFD6FF5AF31CE6F6F329" box="[145,203,3243,3280]" captionStart="Plate 18: Cervidae" captionStartId="18.[143,175,3415,3436]" captionTargetBox="[12,2817,15,3634]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="27. White-lipped Deer Cervus albirostris French cerf à museau blanc German Weißlippenhirsch Spanish Ciervo hociblanco Other common names Thoıold (s Deer), 28. Pere David's Deer Elaphurus davidianus French ert du Père David Gaiman Davidshiisch Spenleh Ciervode (Padre David), 29. Brow-antlered Deer (Rucervus eldii)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6554882" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6554882/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">28.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD7FFD6FF10F31BE472F336" box="[219,591,3243,3279]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD7FFD6FF10F31BE472F336" blockId="18.[143,1067,3243,3323]" box="[219,591,3243,3279]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFD7FFD6FF10F31BE472F336" box="[219,591,3243,3279]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFD7FFD6FF10F31BE472F336" box="[219,591,3243,3279]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">Pere David's Deer</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD7FFD6FD4BF31AE216F328" box="[640,1067,3245,3293]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD7FFD6FD4BF31AE216F328" blockId="18.[143,1067,3243,3323]" box="[640,1067,3245,3293]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFD7FFD6FD4BF31AE216F328" box="[640,1067,3245,3293]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFD7FFD6FD4BF31AE216F328" ID-CoL="394B6" authorityName="Milne Edwards" authorityYear="1866" box="[640,1067,3245,3293]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Elaphurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="425" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davidianus">Elaphurus davidianus</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD7FFD6FF44F354E5CBF301" box="[143,1014,3299,3323]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD7FFD6FF44F354E5CBF301" blockId="18.[143,1067,3243,3323]" box="[143,1014,3299,3323]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFD7FFD6FF44F354E5CBF301" box="[143,1014,3299,3323]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">
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French ert du Père David Gaiman Davidshiisch Spenleh Ciervode
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD7FFD6FCB4F352E5CBF301" box="[895,1014,3301,3320]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">Padre David</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD7FFD6F82BFEACEE80FEA2" pageId="18" pageNumber="425" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD7FFD6F82BFEACEE80FEA2" blockId="18.[2016,2606,276,696]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD7FFD6F82BFEACEE46FEC3" bold="true" box="[2016,2171,283,314]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFD7FFD6F75AFEAFEE8BFEA1" ID-CoL="394B6" authority="Milne Edwards, 1866" authorityName="Milne Edwards" authorityYear="1866" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Elaphurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="18" pageNumber="425" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davidianus">Elaphurus davidíanus Milne Edwards, 1866</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD7FFD6F719FE8AEEACFE7F" pageId="18" pageNumber="425" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD7FFD6F719FE8AEEACFE7F" blockId="18.[2016,2606,276,696]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">
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<materialsCitation id="3B613C8FFFD7FFD6F719FE8AEEACFE7F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785196301" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">
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Imperial Hunting Park near
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<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFD7FFD6F7E7FED0EEB7FE7F" box="[2092,2186,359,390]" country="China" name="Beijing" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">Peking</collectingRegion>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD7FFD6F829FE27EF75FD60" pageId="18" pageNumber="425" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD7FFD6F829FE27EF75FD60" blockId="18.[2016,2606,276,696]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">
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The genus appeared in the Late Pliocene of
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFD7FFD6F7C6FE01EE5FFE36" box="[2061,2146,438,463]" name="China" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">China</collectingCountry>
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and japan. Some genetic studie have related to Ruœruus aldi. lts scientific and common names refer to Père A. David. French Lazarite missionary and naturalist. who was able to collect the first skins in 1865. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD7FFD6F821FD29EED8FD18" pageId="18" pageNumber="425" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF76665AFFD7FFD6F821FD29EED8FD18" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514489" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6514489/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="425" targetBox="[1402,1996,286,689]" targetPageId="18">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD7FFD6F821FD29EED8FD18" blockId="18.[2016,2606,276,696]" lastBlockId="18.[1415,2618,708,2259]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD7FFD6F821FD29EEA5FD4E" bold="true" box="[2026,2200,670,695]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Reintroduced into E
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFD7FFD6F612FD2AEC13FD4C" box="[2521,2606,669,693]" name="China" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">China</collectingCountry>
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since 1985; main inirocduced populations marked on the map.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD7FFD6FA4CFD54EFC5FB56" pageId="18" pageNumber="425" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD7FFD6FA4CFD54EFC5FB56" blockId="18.[1415,2618,708,2259]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD7FFD6FA4CFD54E041FCFD" bold="true" box="[1415,1660,739,772]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-hody 195-210 cm for males (adult stags) and 180-190 cm for females (hinds), tail length
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFD7FFD6F8C9FCB9E169FCD2" box="[1794,1876,782,811]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="425" unit="cm" value="35.0">35 cm</quantity>
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, shoulder height 120-140 cm (stags) and 110-120 cm (hinds); weight of 169-220 kg (stags) and 140-170 kg (hinds). Males are on average 40% heavier than females. A large-sized deer, with short neck, elongated and narrow head, large eyes, long legs, and long tail with a terminal tuft. The lachrymal pits are large. The permanent dentition is 34 teeth and the incisors are specialized for grazing. In summer, the coat is reddish-brown with a black dorsal stripe; the winter pelage is grayish-brown with the underside bright cream. Stags have a throat mane. Newborn calves are spotted. Only the preorbital gland is present. Males have very peculiar antlers, consisting of a very short basal beam and two shafts, an almost vertical branched foreshaft and a simpler, backward-pointing hindshaft with thorn-like snags Antler casting occurs in November—January, velvet shedding in April-May. Hooves are large and splayed.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD7FFD6FA40FB0EEE3BFB2F" box="[1419,2054,1209,1238]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD7FFD6FA40FB0EEE3BFB2F" blockId="18.[1415,2618,708,2259]" box="[1419,2054,1209,1238]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD7FFD6FA40FB0EE3C7FB2F" bold="true" box="[1419,1530,1209,1238]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Plains, grasslands, and reed marshes.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD7FFD6FA40FB57EF1CFB04" box="[1419,2337,1248,1277]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD7FFD6FA40FB57EF1CFB04" blockId="18.[1415,2618,708,2259]" box="[1419,2337,1248,1277]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD7FFD6FA40FB57E0ADFB04" bold="true" box="[1419,1680,1248,1277]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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It primarily feeds on grasses, reeds, and leaves.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD7FFD6FA40FAB4EF4AF954" pageId="18" pageNumber="425" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD7FFD6FA40FAB4EF4AF954" blockId="18.[1415,2618,708,2259]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD7FFD6FA40FAB4E02CFADD" bold="true" box="[1419,1553,1283,1316]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Females attain puberty at 14-26 months of age. They are seasonally nolyestrous, with an estrous cycle of 18-20 days. Stags begin to compete for reproduction at four years of age. Mating season occurs in june-August. Stags join the female groups and compete to defend a harem. They roar, adorn their antlers with soil and vegetation, spray urine, and wallow. At high density they may adopt a lekking behavior. A stag following an estrous hind makes slow, rhythmic left-right antler movements (“swaggering”). After a gestation of 283-287 days, hinds give birth to a single calf weighing 11-12 kg in March-April. The calf can stand after 40 minutes and nurses after one hour; it remains hidden for around five days. The white spots on its coat fade after two months. Weaning occurs at 6-10 months of age. Normally Pere David's Deer live to a maximum of 18 years of age. Maximum longevity in captivity is 23 years.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD7FFD6FA43F905EE33F92A" box="[1416,2062,1714,1747]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD7FFD6FA43F905EE33F92A" blockId="18.[1415,2618,708,2259]" box="[1416,2062,1714,1747]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD7FFD6FA43F905E04EF92A" bold="true" box="[1416,1651,1714,1747]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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It is diurnal and crepuscular.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD7FFD6FA41F969EF87F8B3" pageId="18" pageNumber="425" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD7FFD6FA41F969EF87F8B3" blockId="18.[1415,2618,708,2259]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD7FFD6FA41F969EE7FF902" bold="true" box="[1418,2114,1758,1787]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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It is very agile on moist ground and spends a lot of time in water. It can swim well. It is a social species, forming male and female groups. Mixed-sex groups are present only during the mating season.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD7FFD6FA41F8E7EC26F77D" pageId="18" pageNumber="425" type="conservation">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD7FFD6FA41F8E7EC26F77D" blockId="18.[1415,2618,708,2259]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD7FFD6FA41F8E7E0CCF888" bold="true" box="[1418,1777,1872,1905]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Extinct in the Wild on The IUCN Red List. It became extinct a long time ago, perhaps 1800 years ago, and was preserved by the Chinese Emperor in his Imperial Hunting Park not far from Beijing. After the extermination of the last animals in the Hunting Park in 1900, the species was saved by a captive breeding program begun in
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFD7FFD6F859F859EE34F7F6" box="[1938,2057,2030,2063]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">England</collectingCountry>
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by the Duke of
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<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFD7FFD6F738F859EF54F7F6" box="[2291,2409,2030,2063]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bedford" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">Bedford</collectingRegion>
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. In 1985-2002 the reintroduction into
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFD7FFD6F911F7A2E112F7CF" box="[1754,1839,2069,2102]" name="China" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">China</collectingCountry>
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took place. Currently, there are in
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFD7FFD6F6D1F7A2EF52F7CF" box="[2330,2415,2069,2102]" name="China" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">China</collectingCountry>
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53 herds, with a total of more than 2000 individuals. Four localities have the most numerous herds: Milu Park in
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<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFD7FFD6F988F7D4E095F77D" box="[1603,1704,2147,2180]" country="China" name="Beijing" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">Beijing</collectingRegion>
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, Dafeng Reserve, Tian’ezhou Wetland Reserve, and Yuanyang.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFD7FFD6FA41F723E147F72A" pageId="18" pageNumber="425" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFD7FFD6FA41F723E147F72A" blockId="18.[1415,2618,708,2259]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFD7FFD6FA41F723E019F754" bold="true" box="[1418,1572,2196,2221]" pageId="18" pageNumber="425">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Beck & Wemmer (1983), Geist (1998), Jiang Zigang et al. (2000), Schaller & Hamer (1978), Wemmeret al. (1989), Zeng Yan et al. (2007).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |