1177 lines
160 KiB
XML
1177 lines
160 KiB
XML
<document id="17BA1DAD34C483C1DF8611C4E923A7ED" ID-CLB-Dataset="32094" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4320.2.11" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e6953ab9-3d5f-4992-a783-73666a7f8286" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="891702" ID-ZooBank="0D3991A1-E8F2-4Fb9-8261-36Af7Ddd99D3" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1505460976101" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="O’Neill, John P." docDate="2017" docId="0381500B071EFFE3FF35FD48484527CD" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4320.2.11.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4320 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Machaeropterus eckelberryi" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="388" masterDocId="FFB82873071CFFEAFFA2FF9F4B132058" masterDocTitle="A new species of manakin (Aves: Pipridae; Machaeropterus) from Peru with a taxonomic reassessment of the Striped Manakin (M. regulus) complex" masterLastPageNumber="390" masterPageNumber="379" pageNumber="381" updateTime="1698468502993" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="C5A4B434744584AE6840834AE584158B">A new species of manakin (Aves: Pipridae; Machaeropterus) from Peru with a taxonomic reassessment of the Striped Manakin (M. regulus) complex</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="E17F96C0B81452BDFF5E3BFFC20DB73D" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="9B1195E00A1706E183CD7074FEF39F5C">O’Neill, John P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="BBFBE4B4AB67152C560CE1C3699B5258">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="FB798184174A72D6FFA936933CA7F4BC">
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<mods:date id="E747D0618282F9C615BAC4E275942B97">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B8548930E102FA35F66676FA7B392369">2017-09-15</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="8DF3A520A05B968E616F422A61CB63CC">4320</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="3839D5DA4AF9372953C3F107BD8CDCC4">379</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="9EB8C20A1962705CE578BB299384E4EA" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4320.2.11</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="FF2D521124438310C6E09E2622CD877C" type="GBIF-Dataset">e6953ab9-3d5f-4992-a783-73666a7f8286</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="15EFB76258975A721C670DE0FD997ADF" type="Zenodo-Dep">891702</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0381500B071EFFE3FF35FD48484527CD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6007895" ID-GBIF-Taxon="134089770" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6007895" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0381500B071EFFE3FF35FD48484527CD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0381500B071EFFE3FF35FD48484527CD" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="388" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">
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<subSubSection id="C332B296071EFFE8FF35FD484A45234B" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B97E11D071EFFE8FF35FD4849BE22AA" blockId="2.[151,685,727,787]" box="[151,685,727,754]" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">
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<heading id="D0DF5671071EFFE8FF35FD4849BE22AA" bold="true" box="[151,685,727,754]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071EFFE8FF35FD4849BE22AA" bold="true" box="[151,685,727,754]" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">
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<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071EFFE8FF35FD484AE122A9" bold="true" box="[151,498,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">
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<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071EFFE8FF35FD484AFF22A9" box="[151,492,727,753]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">Machaeropterus eckelberryi</taxonomicName>
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,
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||
</emphasis>
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||
species novum
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B97E11D071EFFE8FF35FD654A45234B" blockId="2.[151,685,727,787]" box="[151,342,762,787]" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">Painted Manakin</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C332B296071EFFE8FF35FCDD4A1423FE" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B97E11D071EFFE8FF35FCDD4A1423FE" blockId="2.[151,1437,834,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B40EB40071EFFE8FF35FCDD48FC23D9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1638471432" collectingDate="1996-07-12" collectionCode="MUSM" collectorName="John P." country="Peru" latitude="-7.0833335" location="Contamana" longLatPrecision="1303" longitude="-75.65" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" specimenCode="MUSM 17725" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Loreto" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071EFFE8FF35FCDD4A182303" bold="true" box="[151,267,834,859]" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54935FBF071EFFE8FF35FCDD4A152303" box="[151,262,834,859]" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
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</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB8E4966071EFFE8FEB0FCDC4AA42303" box="[274,439,834,859]" collectionCode="MUSM" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">MUSM 17725</specimenCode>
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||
, male, netted and prepared on
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<date id="FF96C7DD071EFFE8FCB3FCDC48B12303" box="[785,930,834,859]" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" value="1996-07-12">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFD23E35071EFFE8FCB3FCDC48B12303" box="[785,930,834,859]" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" value="1996-07-12">12 July 1996</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="26DD84CB071EFFE8FC6FFCDD4F0E2302" box="[973,1053,834,859]" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">John P.</collectorName>
|
||
O’Neill, personal catalog number 7795.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33FA18D071EFFE8FF7EFCF54A3B23D9" box="[220,296,874,897]" name="Peru" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">PERU</collectingCountry>
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: dept.
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||
<collectingRegion id="49EC2FFF071EFFE8FED2FCF54AAD23D9" box="[368,446,874,897]" country="Peru" name="Loreto" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">Loreto</collectingRegion>
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||
; ca.
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||
<quantity id="4CD04CF8071EFFE8FE52FCF5492423DA" box="[496,567,873,898]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" unit="km" value="77.0">77 km</quantity>
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||
WNW
|
||
<location id="8EF7B7C6071EFFE8FD2FFCF5480323DA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0381500B071EFFE3FF35FD48484527CD:8EF7B7C6071EFFE8FD2FFCF5480323DA" box="[653,784,874,898]" country="Peru" latitude="-7.0833335" longLatPrecision="1303" longitude="-75.65" name="Contamana" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" stateProvince="Loreto">Contamana</location>
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,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1C87DA071EFFE8FCB8FCF5484B23DA" box="[794,856,870,898]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" precision="925" value="-7.0833335">7o5’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1C87DA071EFFE8FCC6FCF648DB23DA" box="[868,968,870,898]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" precision="925" value="-75.65">75o39’W</geoCoordinate>
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||
, ca
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
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||
<quantity id="4CD04CF8071EFFE8FC5BFCF54F5823DA" box="[1017,1099,874,898]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000m</quantity>
|
||
. Tissue B-27712 (deposited at LSUMZ).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C332B296071EFFE8FF65FC2E4FC425C6" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B97E11D071EFFE8FF65FC2E4FC425C6" blockId="2.[151,1437,834,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">
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<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071EFFE8FF65FC2E4AFD2392" bold="true" box="[199,494,945,970]" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">
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Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54935FBF071EFFE8FEDDFC2E4AFB2392" box="[383,488,945,970]" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
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||
</emphasis>
|
||
Specimen neither worn nor showing molt. Crown from culmen to occiput deep crimson red closest to 7.5R 3/12 (color standards from Munsell n.d.) with whiter bases to feathers showing where the feathers are disheveled. Lores, malar, and auriculars olive closest to 7.5Y 4/4, with rear supercilium grayer olive (7.5Y 5/2). Nape to uppertail coverts, wing coverts, and outer margins of secondaries olive closest to 10Y 4/ 6. Dorsal surface of remiges dull olive gray (10Y 3/4) with whitish inner edges, particularly pronounced on inner secondaries (often visible even when wing closed), but lacking on tertials. Shafts of secondaries 6–8 thickened, slightly twisted outward about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF8071EFFE8FE51FB15495A24FA" box="[499,585,1162,1186]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4mm</quantity>
|
||
from tip, and notably stunted, exposing the white inner, ventral webs of the (more distal) secondaries on the closed wing. Underwing coverts whitish. Rectrices dull grayish olive (7.5Y 4/2) dorsally, with white on underside of inner webs and on ventral surface of shafts (which seem stiffened). Feathers from chin to upper breast dingy whitish with pale gray tips (10YR 5/2). A narrow whitish collar separates the throat from the chest, which is pale lemon-yellow closest to 7.5Y 8.5/12. Feathers of belly and undertail coverts elongated and lanceolate with a whitish streak along the shaft and broad chestnut (2.5YR 3/6) margins. Label data: weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF8071EFFE8FF35FAFD4BD72522" box="[151,196,1378,1402]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" unit="g" value="10.0">10g</quantity>
|
||
. Iris red-brown; bill black, base of mandible grayish-pink; tarsi and toes medium brown; netted in humid montane forest; testes
|
||
<date id="FF96C7DD071EFFE8FE30FA194ABD25C6" box="[402,430,1414,1438]" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">3x</date>
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF8071EFFE8FE0FFA194AE125C5" box="[429,498,1414,1438]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
; skull 100% ossified; trace fat; no molt; no bursa; stomach empty.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C332B296071EFFE8FF65FA364E9B26B9" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D071EFFE8FF65FA364E9B26B9" blockId="2.[151,1437,834,2014]" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071EFFE8FF65FA364A52259A" bold="true" box="[199,321,1449,1474]" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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||
A tiny manakin (
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071EFFE8FD81FA364997259A" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[547,644,1449,1474]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pipridae</taxonomicName>
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||
) clearly assignable to the
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071EFFE8FC6FFA364FF4259A" baseAuthorityName="Hahn" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[973,1255,1449,1474]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">
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||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071EFFE8FC6FFA364FF4259A" box="[973,1255,1449,1474]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">Machaeropterus regulus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
complex by a combination of male plumage characters including red crown, olive upperparts becoming grayish on face, whitish throat, and white and chestnut streaking below. Additionally, the rachises of secondaries 6–8 are thickened but attenuating distally and bending slightly outward about
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||
<quantity id="4CD04CF8071EFFE8FCACF98948432675" box="[782,848,1558,1582]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
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||
before tip, and the rectrices have stiffened rachises. The new form is most similar to
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<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071EFFE8FD83F9A549F82609" authorityName="Phelps, Sr. & Gilliard" authorityYear="1941" box="[545,747,1594,1617]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="aureopectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071EFFE8FD83F9A549F82609" box="[545,747,1594,1617]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">M. r. aureopectus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
in having a bold yellow chest patch, but differs in having upperparts greenish-olive (less golden-olive than
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071EFFE8FD73F9C04892262E" box="[721,897,1631,1654]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureopectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071EFFE8FD73F9C04892262E" box="[721,897,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">M. aureopectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), similar to 7.5Y 4/6 on the back and slightly more golden, similar to 7.5Y 5/8, on rump (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313FD98071EFFE8FD2AF91E49DE26C2" box="[648,717,1665,1690]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1901,1923]" captionTargetBox="[214,1386,193,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[214,1386,193,1864]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Comparison of ventral and dorsal plumage of some taxa in the Machaeropterus regulus complex. Males are on left, females on right, except in the case of M. regulus, in which the male is above and the female below. Specimens exhibited (male, female): M. eckelberryi (MUSM 17725 [holotype], LSUMZ 161896); M. regulus aureopectus (FMNH 344155, 344154); M. r. striolatus (LSUMZ 115836, 110617); M. r. regulus (AMNH 43053, 493115)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/891706/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), in morphometrics (see below;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6AAD4A6071EFFE8FB9EF91E4F8226C2" box="[1084,1169,1665,1690]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,239,188,211]" captionText="TABLE 1. Selected measurements (in mm) of specimens of Machaeropterus eckelberryi and other taxa in the M. regulus complex. Specimens measured are listed in “ Specimens examined ” in the text. Measurements are given as means followed by standard deviation (when applicable). * = damage to a specimen precluded taking this measurement. † = MZUSP specimens excluded from this measurement." pageId="2" pageNumber="381">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313FD98071EFFE8FB02F91E4FF026C2" box="[1184,1251,1665,1690]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1602,1624]" captionTargetBox="[214,1405,401,1571]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,373,1581]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Principal components analysis (PCA) of morphometrics of specimens of the Machaeropterus regulus complex (see also Table 1). See “ Specimens examined ” for list of specimens measured. Vector loadings show which measurements had the strongest effect on the plot analysis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/891708/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), and voice (see below;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313FD98071EFFE8FF4FF93A4A2726E6" box="[237,308,1701,1726]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1585,1607]" captionTargetBox="[191,1341,440,1452]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[168,1420,375,1566]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. A comparison of “ advertising songs ” of some taxa in the Machaeropterus regulus complex. A) M. eckelberryi (PERU: Loreto dept.; ca 77 km WNW Contamana, ca. 1000 m. 12 July 1996. D. F. Lane, XC 170145). B) M. eckelberryi (PERU: San Martín dept.; Morro de Calzada, ca. 1000 m. 29 July 2005. D. F. Lane, XC 170143). C) M. regulus striolatus (PERU: Loreto dept.; Jeberos, ca. 350 m. 15 June 2001. D. F. Lane, XC 170138). D) M. r. striolatus (PERU: Loreto dept.; Oran, ca 200 m. 24 July 2013. D. F. Lane, XC 170139). E) M. r. aureopectus (VENEZUELA: Bolivar state; El Pauji. 4 December 2010. A. Renaudier, XC 66415). F) M. r. antioquiae (COLOMBIA: Santander dept.; Serranía de la Quinchas, RNA El Paujíl. F. Lambert, XC 16781). G) M. r. regulus (BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro; Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu. J. Minns, XC 82253). Notice the light flat lines (around 1 kHz and 3 kHz) “ underscoring ” the notes of the songs in figures C-G, but lacking in A and B. Also note that the song of M. r. antioquiae (F) is very similar in structure to those of M. r. striolatus (C, D), but the spacing between the two main notes is longer. The dark band running above the loudest fundamental frequencies of the notes in C and D is insect noise. “ XC #### ” refers to recordings available at www. xeno-canto. org / ####." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/891710/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Females are very similar to females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071EFFE8FCB3F93848CA26E6" authorityName="Phelps, Sr. & Gilliard" authorityYear="1941" box="[785,985,1703,1726]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="aureopectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071EFFE8FCB3F93848CA26E6" box="[785,985,1703,1726]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">M. r. aureopectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, differing, like males, in being slightly deeper greenish-olive (rather than golden-olive); they appear to be indistinguishable from female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071EFFE8FB7EF9554E9226BA" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[1244,1409,1737,1762]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="striolatus" subSpecies="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071EFFE8FB7EF9554E9226BA" box="[1244,1409,1737,1762]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">M. r. striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C332B296071EFFEEFF65F9724ACF2118" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="383" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D071EFFEEFF65F9724ACF2118" blockId="2.[151,1437,834,2014]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="383" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071EFFE8FF65F9724A5D275E" bold="true" box="[199,334,1773,1798]" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
We are pleased to name this colorful manakin after one of the greatest American bird artists of the twentieth century, Donald R. Eckelberry. Not only did Eckelberry’s artwork increase the world’s awareness of the beauty of the birds of the Americas, particularly the Neotropics, but he also was a great force in the establishment of the Asa Wright Nature Center in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33FA18D071EFFE8FD84F8C6499B272A" box="[550,648,1881,1906]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="2" pageNumber="381">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and a wonderful mentor to young bird artists (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB99CEC071EFFE8FB37F8C64E36272A" author="Angell" box="[1173,1317,1881,1906]" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" refString="Angell, T. (2001) Don Richard Eckelberry (obituary). Ornitologia Neotropical, 12, 357 - 359." type="journal article" year="2001">Angell 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB99CEC071EFFE8FA92F8C64A2C27CE" author="Gilbert" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" refString="Gilbert, A. E. & Amadon, D. (2001) In Memorium: Don Richard Eckelberry 1921 - 2001. Auk, 118, 736 - 739." type="journal article" year="2001">Gilbert & Amadon 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Both JPO and DFL personally benefitted from Eckelberry’s generous advice and coaching in artistic matters. Don Eckelberry passed away on
|
||
<date id="FF96C7DD071EFFE8FD1BF83D486627E2" box="[697,885,1954,1978]" pageId="2" pageNumber="381" value="2000-01-14">14 January 2000</date>
|
||
, and we are sorry he did not live to see this paper published. We are, however, pleased to say that he was aware of our intention to grace this bird with his name and excited by the prospect. May his influence continue to inspire other nature artists in the future! The suggested English name refers to the colorful plumage of the male, and also serves as a nod to Eckelberry’s forte. If taxonomic committees that follow our recommendation of splitting up the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0718FFEEFC40FF7E4F4820A0" baseAuthorityName="Hahn" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[994,1115,223,248]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0718FFEEFC40FF7E4F4820A0" box="[994,1115,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="383">M. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex (see below) would prefer all sibling species retain “Striped” in the English name, a fine alternative name for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0718FFEEFB2BFE9A4E3F2145" box="[1161,1324,260,285]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0718FFEEFB2BFE9A4E3F2145" box="[1161,1324,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="383">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would be “Peruvian Striped Manakin.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF57B195071FFFE9FF35F8F24F282786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/891706/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="382" targetBox="[214,1386,193,1857]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D071FFFE9FF35F8F24F282786" blockId="3.[151,1436,1900,2015]" pageId="3" pageNumber="382">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071FFFE9FF35F8F24A0727DA" bold="true" box="[151,276,1901,1923]" pageId="3" pageNumber="382">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of ventral and dorsal plumage of some taxa in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071FFFE9FC0CF8F34FBB27DA" baseAuthorityName="Hahn" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[942,1192,1900,1922]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="382" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071FFFE9FC0CF8F34FBB27DA" box="[942,1192,1900,1922]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="382">Machaeropterus regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex. Males are on left, females on right, except in the case of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071FFFE9FDF2F81349AD27F9" baseAuthorityName="Hahn" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[592,702,1931,1953]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="382" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071FFFE9FDF2F81349AD27F9" box="[592,702,1931,1953]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="382">M. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the male is above and the female below. Specimens exhibited (male, female):
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071FFFE9FEE7F8344ACC2798" box="[325,479,1962,1984]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="382" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071FFFE9FEE7F8344ACC2798" box="[325,479,1962,1984]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="382">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MUSM 17725 [holotype], LSUMZ 161896);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071FFFE9FC41F8344FCD2798" authorityName="Phelps, Sr. & Gilliard" authorityYear="1941" box="[995,1246,1962,1984]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="382" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="aureopectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071FFFE9FC41F8344FCD2798" box="[995,1246,1962,1984]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="382">M. regulus aureopectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(FMNH 344155, 344154);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071FFFE9FF5AF8554A9D2786" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[248,398,1992,2015]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="382" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="striolatus" subSpecies="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071FFFE9FF5AF8554A9D2786" box="[248,398,1992,2015]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="382">M. r. striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(LSUMZ 115836, 110617);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071FFFE9FD13F85548222786" authorityName="in Sick" authorityYear="1993" box="[689,817,1992,2015]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="382" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071FFFE9FD13F85548222786" box="[689,817,1992,2015]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="382">M. r. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(AMNH 43053, 493115).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF57B1950718FFEEFF35F9DD493A26CD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/891708/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" targetBox="[214,1405,401,1571]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D0718FFEEFF35F9DD493A26CD" blockId="4.[151,1436,1602,1685]" pageId="4" pageNumber="383">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0718FFEEFF35F9DD4A06260F" bold="true" box="[151,277,1602,1624]" pageId="4" pageNumber="383">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Principal components analysis (PCA) of morphometrics of specimens of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0718FFEEFBE0F9DD4E2F2600" baseAuthorityName="Hahn" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1090,1340,1602,1624]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0718FFEEFBE0F9DD4E2F2600" box="[1090,1340,1602,1624]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="383">Machaeropterus regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex (see also Table 1). See “Specimens examined” for list of specimens measured. Vector loadings show which measurements had the strongest effect on the plot analysis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C332B2960718FFEDFF65F95D4E8720A0" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="386" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D0718FFEFFF65F95D4FDC211B" blockId="4.[151,1436,1730,2018]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,323]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="384" pageId="4" pageNumber="383">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0718FFEEFF65F95D4A732683" bold="true" box="[199,352,1730,1755]" pageId="4" pageNumber="383">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Based on localities vouchered by specimens and recordings (“XC####” refers to recordings available at www.xeno-canto.org/####), it appears that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0718FFEEFC83F97848DA26A7" box="[801,969,1766,1791]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0718FFEEFC83F97848DA26A7" box="[801,969,1766,1791]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="383">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to a fairly small region in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33FA18D0718FFEEFF5CF8944A22277A" box="[254,305,1803,1826]" name="Peru" pageId="4" pageNumber="383">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the departments of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EC2FFF0718FFEEFD90F89449A3277B" box="[562,688,1803,1827]" country="Peru" name="San Martin" pageId="4" pageNumber="383">San Martín</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EC2FFF0718FFEEFD4BF8944827277A" box="[745,820,1803,1826]" country="Peru" name="Loreto" pageId="4" pageNumber="383">Loreto</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313FD980718FFEEFCE6F8954895277B" box="[836,902,1802,1827]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[170,1407,193,1781]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[170,1407,193,1865]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of distribution of Machaeropterus eckelberryi (inset map at lower right: black squares, star representing type locality, see “ Distribution ” for localities) with selected localities of M. r. striolatus from western Amazonia (black circles, LSUMZ specimens and XC 170139), and M. r. aureopectus (white squares, from Phelps Collection and FMNH specimens, Hilty 2002, and XC 66415) from the tepuis. Single localities are provided for M. r. antioquiae (white circle, XC 16781), and M. r. regulus (continental map in lower left: black triangle, XC 82253). Localities labeled with a number-letter code coincide with the letters of the recordings featured in Figure 4. Base map adapted from relief layer available at www. maps-for-free. com." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/891704/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="383">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Localities in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EC2FFF0718FFEEFB96F8944FA1277B" box="[1076,1202,1803,1827]" country="Peru" name="San Martin" pageId="4" pageNumber="383">San Martín</collectingRegion>
|
||
dept. are: ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80718FFEEFAF6F8954E8F277B" box="[1364,1436,1802,1827]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" unit="km" value="50.0">50 km</quantity>
|
||
(by road) west of Rioja, ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80718FFEEFE7DF8AE490C2712" box="[479,543,1841,1866]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.75" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" unit="m" value="775.0">775m</quantity>
|
||
(LSUMZ 85047) and ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80718FFEEFCECF8AE489C2712" box="[846,911,1841,1866]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.25" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" unit="m" value="825.0">825m</quantity>
|
||
(LSUMZ 85046); Morro de Calzada,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1C87DA0718FFEEFAE8F8AE4E842711" box="[1354,1431,1838,1866]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" precision="925" value="-6.016667">6o01’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1C87DA0718FFEEFF35F8C74BE92728" box="[151,250,1876,1904]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" precision="925" value="-77.05">77o03’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80718FFEEFEADF8C74A4E2728" box="[271,349,1880,1904]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000m</quantity>
|
||
(XC17041–17043); Quebrada Mishquiyacu,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1C87DA0718FFEEFC22F8C848DF2728" box="[896,972,1876,1904]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" precision="925" value="-6.1">6o06’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1C87DA0718FFEEFC43F8C74F572728" box="[993,1092,1876,1904]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" precision="925" value="-77.0">77o00’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80718FFEEFBFBF8C74FBB2728" box="[1113,1192,1880,1904]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000m</quantity>
|
||
(XC23488),
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80718FFEEFAECF8C74E8F2728" box="[1358,1436,1880,1904]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" unit="m" value="1300.0">1300m</quantity>
|
||
(XC83479),
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80718FFEEFE84F8E34A6727CD" box="[294,372,1916,1941]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" unit="m" value="1600.0">1600m</quantity>
|
||
(XC
|
||
<date id="FF96C7DD0718FFEEFE0CF8E3491527CD" box="[430,518,1916,1941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" value="29-12-16">161229</date>
|
||
); ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80718FFEEFDE1F8E3499827CD" box="[579,651,1916,1941]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" unit="km" value="15.0">15 km</quantity>
|
||
by trail NE Jirillo on trail to Balsapuerto,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80718FFEEFBD6F8E34FD127CD" box="[1140,1218,1916,1941]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" unit="m" value="1350.0">1350m</quantity>
|
||
(LSUMZ 117122– 117124), ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80718FFEEFE85F83D4A7327E3" box="[295,352,1954,1979]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
S Sianbal,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1C87DA0718FFEEFE7FF83D493927E3" box="[477,554,1951,1979]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" precision="925" value="-6.6833334">6o41’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1C87DA0718FFEEFD97F83D498A27E3" box="[565,665,1951,1979]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" precision="925" value="-76.083336">76o05’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80718FFEEFD06F83D480427E3" box="[676,791,1954,1979]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.625" metricValueMax="9.5" metricValueMin="5.75" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" unit="m" value="762.5" valueMax="950.0" valueMin="575.0">575-950m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB99CEC0718FFEEFC86F83D4F1B27E3" author="Merkord" box="[804,1032,1954,1979]" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" refString="Merkord, C. L., Mark, T., Susanibar, D., Johnson, A. & Witt, C. C. (2009) Avifaunal survey of the Rio Chipaota valley in the Cordillera Azul region, San Martin, Peru. Ornitologia Neotropical, 20, 535 - 552." type="journal article" year="2009">Merkord et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EC2FFF0718FFEEFBB8F83C4F7627E2" box="[1050,1125,1955,1978]" country="Peru" name="Loreto" pageId="4" pageNumber="383">Loreto</collectingRegion>
|
||
dept.: ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80718FFEEFB75F83D4E0D27E3" box="[1239,1310,1954,1979]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" unit="km" value="85.0">85 km</quantity>
|
||
SE Juanjui
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1C87DA0718FFEEFF35F8554BF027BA" box="[151,227,1990,2018]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" precision="925" value="-7.5666666">7o34’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1C87DA0718FFEEFF50F8564A4627BA" box="[242,341,1990,2018]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" precision="925" value="-75.916664">75o55’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80718FFEEFEC1F8554ABC27BA" box="[355,431,1994,2018]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100m</quantity>
|
||
(LSUMZ
|
||
<date id="FF96C7DD0718FFEEFD88F855499227BA" box="[554,641,1994,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" value="09-10-17">171009</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF96C7DD0718FFEEFD2DF85549F527BA" box="[655,742,1994,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" value="10-10-17">171010</date>
|
||
, MUSM 22661, 22693); ca
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80718FFEEFB89F8554F6727BA" box="[1067,1140,1993,2018]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" unit="km" value="77.0">77 km</quantity>
|
||
WNW Contamana
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1C87DA0718FFEEFAFBF8554E8527BA" box="[1369,1430,1990,2018]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="383" precision="925" value="-7.0833335">7o5’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1C87DA0719FFEFFF35FF054BE920EB" box="[151,250,151,179]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="384" precision="925" value="-75.65">75o39’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80719FFEFFEAAFF044A4520EB" box="[264,342,155,179]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="384" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000m</quantity>
|
||
(LSUMZ 16893–16899, MUSM 17721–17726). A female specimen (AMNH 822267), taken
|
||
<date id="FF96C7DD0719FFEFFA2CFF044A46208F" pageId="5" pageNumber="384" value="1971-11-02">2 November 1971</date>
|
||
from “
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80719FFEFFE14FF21491B208F" box="[438,520,190,215]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="384" unit="km" value="59.0">59 km</quantity>
|
||
W of Pucallpa [
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EC2FFF0719FFEFFD42FF214829208F" box="[736,826,190,215]" country="Peru" name="Ucayali" pageId="5" pageNumber="384">Ucayali</collectingRegion>
|
||
department]”, could potentially also represent
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0719FFEFFADFFF5F4A0620A3" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0719FFEFFADFFF5F4A0620A3" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="384">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but its identity should be confirmed by genetic analysis or by visiting the locality and documenting male plumage and voice there. The taxon is probably truly restricted to this foothills region of the north-central Peruvian Andes, particularly where there are short-stature woodlands on poor, sandy-soil ridges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF57B1950719FFEFFF35F9AE48B62722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/891710/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="384" targetBox="[191,1341,440,1452]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D0719FFEFFF35F9AE48B62722" blockId="5.[151,1436,1585,1914]" pageId="5" pageNumber="384">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0719FFEFFF35F9AE4A06261E" bold="true" box="[151,277,1585,1607]" pageId="5" pageNumber="384">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
A comparison of “advertising songs” of some taxa in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0719FFEFFCD8F9AE4F67261F" baseAuthorityName="Hahn" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[890,1140,1585,1607]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0719FFEFFCD8F9AE4F67261F" box="[890,1140,1585,1607]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="384">Machaeropterus regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex. A)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0719FFEFFAA4F9AD4E8F261F" box="[1286,1436,1585,1607]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0719FFEFFAA4F9AD4E8F261F" box="[1286,1436,1585,1607]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="384">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(PERU: Loreto dept.; ca 77 km WNW Contamana, ca. 1000m. 12 July 1996. D. F. Lane, XC170145). B)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0719FFEFFAA6F9CE4E8F263E" box="[1284,1436,1616,1638]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0719FFEFFAA6F9CE4E8F263E" box="[1284,1436,1616,1638]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="384">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(PERU: San Martín dept.; Morro de Calzada, ca. 1000m. 29 July 2005. D. F. Lane, XC170143). C)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0719FFEFFB60F9EF4E8F26DC" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1218,1436,1646,1669]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0719FFEFFB60F9EF4E8F26DC" box="[1218,1436,1646,1669]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="384">M. regulus striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(PERU: Loreto dept.; Jeberos, ca. 350m. 15 June 2001. D. F. Lane, XC170138). D)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0719FFEFFC4AF9114F6E26FB" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1000,1149,1677,1699]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0719FFEFFC4AF9114F6E26FB" box="[1000,1149,1677,1699]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="384">M. r. striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(PERU: Loreto dept.; Oran, ca 200m. 24 July 2013. D. F. Lane, XC170139). E)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0719FFEFFD1EF9324862269A" authorityName="Phelps, Sr. & Gilliard" authorityYear="1941" box="[700,881,1709,1730]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="aureopectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0719FFEFFD1EF9324862269A" box="[700,881,1709,1730]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="384">M. r. aureopectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(VENEZUELA: Bolivar state; El Pauji. 4 December 2010. A. Renaudier, XC66415). F)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0719FFEFFE5EF953498D26B9" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1924" box="[508,670,1740,1761]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="antioquiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0719FFEFFE5EF953498D26B9" box="[508,670,1740,1761]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="384">M. r. antioquiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(COLOMBIA: Santander dept.; Serranía de la Quinchas, RNA El Paujíl. F. Lambert, XC16781). G)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0719FFEFFE31F975490726A7" authorityName="in Sick" authorityYear="1993" box="[403,532,1769,1791]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0719FFEFFE31F975490726A7" box="[403,532,1769,1791]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="384">M. r. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro; Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu. J. Minns, XC82253). Notice the light flat lines (around 1kHz and 3 kHz) “underscoring” the notes of the songs in figures C-G, but lacking in A and B. Also note that the song of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0719FFEFFECFF8B7491C2765" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1924" box="[365,527,1832,1853]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="antioquiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0719FFEFFECFF8B7491C2765" box="[365,527,1832,1853]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="384">M. r. antioquiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(F) is very similar in structure to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0719FFEFFC1CF8B74F402764" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[958,1107,1830,1853]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="384" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0719FFEFFC1CF8B74F402764" box="[958,1107,1830,1853]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="384">M. r. striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(C, D), but the spacing between the two main notes is longer. The dark band running above the loudest fundamental frequencies of the notes in C and D is insect noise. “XC####” refers to recordings available at www.xeno-canto.org/####.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF57B195071AFFECFF35F9034E5926B7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/891712/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="385" targetBox="[340,1247,193,1671]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D071AFFECFF35F9034E5926B7" blockId="6.[151,1436,1692,1775]" pageId="6" pageNumber="385">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071AFFECFF35F9034A0526EA" bold="true" box="[151,278,1692,1714]" pageId="6" pageNumber="385">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
A comparison of the shapes of the outer two primaries of adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071AFFECFBA5F9034E0926EA" authorityName="in Sick" authorityYear="1993" box="[1031,1306,1692,1714]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071AFFECFBA5F9034E0926EA" box="[1031,1306,1692,1714]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="385">Machaeropterus r. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A, AMNH 493126) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071AFFECFE83F9234AA82689" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[289,443,1723,1745]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071AFFECFE83F9234AA82689" box="[289,443,1723,1745]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="385">M. r. striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(B, LSUMZ uncataloged, GFS 465). The attenuated shape of these remiges in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071AFFECFB5FF9234E912689" authorityName="in Sick" authorityYear="1993" box="[1277,1410,1723,1745]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071AFFECFB5FF9234E912689" box="[1277,1410,1723,1745]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="385">M. r. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unique within the Striped Manakin complex; all other members share the wing shape exhibited here by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071AFFECFB0DF9454E5726B7" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1199,1348,1753,1775]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071AFFECFB0DF9454E5726B7" box="[1199,1348,1753,1775]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="385">M. r. striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D071AFFEDFF65F8834E8720A0" blockId="6.[151,1437,1820,2024]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,2035]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="386" pageId="6" pageNumber="385">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071AFFECFF65F8834AD5276D" bold="true" box="[199,454,1820,1845]" pageId="6" pageNumber="385">Specimens examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071AFFECFE6FF8834818276D" box="[461,779,1820,1845]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071AFFECFE6FF8834818276D" box="[461,779,1820,1845]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="385">Machaeropterus eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: MUSM 17721 (female); 17725 (male, holotype); 17722– 17724, 17726, 22661, 22693 (males); LSUMZ 85046, 85047, 117122–117124, 161896, 161898 (females); 161893–161895, 161897, 161899,
|
||
<date id="FF96C7DD071AFFECFD88F8FB49922724" box="[554,641,1892,1916]" pageId="6" pageNumber="385" value="09-10-17">171009</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF96C7DD071AFFECFD32F8FB49F72724" box="[656,740,1892,1916]" pageId="6" pageNumber="385" value="10-10-17">171010</date>
|
||
(males).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071AFFECFCF6F8FA4F6F2725" authority=": Phelps" authorityName="Phelps" box="[852,1148,1892,1917]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="aureopectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071AFFECFCF6F8FA4F0C2724" box="[852,1055,1893,1916]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="385">M. r. aureopectus</emphasis>
|
||
: Phelps
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
12847 (male, holotype); FMNH 344154 (female); 344155 (male).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071AFFECFDD2F817480427F8" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[624,791,1927,1952]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071AFFECFDD2F817480427F8" box="[624,791,1927,1952]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="385">M. r. striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: AMNH 6792, 6793 (males); 822267 (female, taxon not certain). LSUMZ
|
||
<date id="FF96C7DD071AFFECFEC2F8344AA5279C" box="[352,438,1963,1988]" pageId="6" pageNumber="385" value="87-11-05">110587</date>
|
||
, 173118, 173120 (females);
|
||
<date id="FF96C7DD071AFFECFD57F8344858279C" box="[757,843,1963,1988]" pageId="6" pageNumber="385" value="85-11-05">110585</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF96C7DD071AFFECFCF4F83448BF279C" box="[854,940,1963,1988]" pageId="6" pageNumber="385" value="86-11-05">110586</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF96C7DD071AFFECFC15F8344F1E279C" box="[951,1037,1963,1988]" pageId="6" pageNumber="385" value="93-11-05">110593</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF96C7DD071AFFECFBBAF8344F7D279C" box="[1048,1134,1963,1988]" pageId="6" pageNumber="385" value="94-11-05">110594</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF96C7DD071AFFECFBDBF8344FDC279C" box="[1145,1231,1963,1988]" pageId="6" pageNumber="385" value="96-11-05">110596</date>
|
||
, 115845, 156714– 156716, 173119, 173121 (males).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071AFFECFD8AF84F49F727BF" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1924" box="[552,740,2000,2023]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="antioquiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071AFFECFD8AF84F49F727BF" box="[552,740,2000,2023]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="385">M. r. antioquiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: AMNH 133839 (male, holotype); AMNH 94973, 133838, 493128, 493129, 824685 (males); 133840, 133841 (females); LSUMZ 38712, 61663 (males).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFB53FF064BF1208C" authority=": Phelps" authorityName="Phelps" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="zulianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFB53FF064E8720E8" box="[1265,1428,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. r. zulianus</emphasis>
|
||
: Phelps
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
998 (male, holotype); 468596 (male).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFD00FF2248F8208C" authority=": Phelps" authorityName="Phelps" box="[674,1003,187,212]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="obscurostriatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFD00FF22489C208C" box="[674,911,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. r. obscurostriatus</emphasis>
|
||
: Phelps
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
9816 (male, holotype).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFAA3FF224E87208C" authorityName="in Sick" authorityYear="1993" box="[1281,1428,187,212]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFAA3FF224E87208C" box="[1281,1428,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. r. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: AMNH 6792, 6793, 43053, 43055, 493117, 493119–493124, 493126,
|
||
<date id="FF96C7DD071BFFEDFC0FFF7F4F1220A0" box="[941,1025,224,248]" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" value="37-10-13">131037</date>
|
||
(males); AMNH 493115 (female?).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C332B296071BFFE2FF6FFE9C4E1322E6" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="387" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D071BFFEDFF6FFE9C4FC62300" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFF6FFE9C49012144" bold="true" box="[205,530,259,284]" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">Variation in the type series.</emphasis>
|
||
We designate all specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFCD2FE9B4F002144" box="[880,1043,259,284]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFCD2FE9B4F002144" box="[880,1043,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that we examined (listed above) as paratypes, and all were compared alongside the holotype. Among adult males of M.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFBDBFEB94FE42167" box="[1145,1271,294,319]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFBDBFEB94FE42167" box="[1145,1271,294,319]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there is little plumage variation, but most are whiter-throated than the holotype, with only a few (e.g., LSUMZ 161894, 161899, MUSM 17726) approaching it in its dingy grayness. On some female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFC65FEF04F7E21DF" box="[967,1133,366,391]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFC65FEF04F7E21DF" box="[967,1133,366,391]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(LSUMZ 85046, 161896, 161898, MUSM 17721), there is an indistinct whitish inner edge to rectrices (visible from underneath), but this is not apparent in all specimens (and is lacking in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFD17FE28484F2196" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[693,860,437,462]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFD17FE28484F2196" box="[693,860,437,462]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. r. striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFC5AFE284FAE2196" box="[1016,1213,439,462]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="aureopectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFC5AFE284FAE2196" box="[1016,1213,439,462]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. r. aureopectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female available to us, FMNH 344154). Females lack the modified, thickened shafts on the inner secondaries and stiffened shafts of the rectrices. The plumage of immature males (skull 100% ossified in MUSM 22693; 99% ossified and bursa of Fabricius
|
||
<date id="FF96C7DD071BFFEDFEAAFDBE4A372261" box="[264,292,545,569]" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">4x</date>
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF8071BFFEDFE87FDBE4A7B2261" box="[293,360,545,569]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in LSUMZ
|
||
<date id="FF96C7DD071BFFEDFE5AFDBE495D2261" box="[504,590,545,569]" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" value="09-10-17">171009</date>
|
||
) is female-like overall, but there is already a suggestion of a pure yellow breast band, and LSUMZ
|
||
<date id="FF96C7DD071BFFEDFE6DFDDA49302205" box="[463,547,581,605]" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" value="09-10-17">171009</date>
|
||
has one crimson crown feather. Males in immature plumage also lack the modified inner secondaries of adult males. The feather modifications exhibited by adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFB69FDF64E6222D9" box="[1227,1393,616,641]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFB69FDF64E6222D9" box="[1227,1393,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are shared by
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFEA8FD1248FC22FC" box="[266,1007,652,677]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFEA8FD124AA122FD" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[266,434,652,677]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">M. r. striolatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFE1FFD12494B22FD" box="[445,600,652,677]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="zulianus">M. r. zulianus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFDC6FD12480922FC" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1924" box="[612,794,653,676]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="antioquiae">M. r. antioquiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFC86FD1248F822FC" box="[804,1003,653,676]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="aureopectus">M. r. aureopectus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFB87FD124FA822FD" box="[1061,1211,652,677]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFB87FD124FA522FD" authorityName="in Sick" authorityYear="1993" box="[1061,1206,652,677]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="regulus">M. r. regulus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
By comparison, the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFE83FD2E491F2290" box="[289,524,687,712]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="obscurostriatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFE83FD2E491F2290" box="[289,524,687,712]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. r. obscurostriatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to have secondaries 5–8 modified. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the outer two primaries
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFED9FD4B493B22B4" box="[379,552,723,748]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFE3BFD4A493B22B4" authorityName="in Sick" authorityYear="1993" box="[409,552,723,748]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="regulus">M. r. regulus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are distally attenuated and slightly curved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313FD98071BFFEDFBB5FD4C4F4F22B4" box="[1047,1116,723,748]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1692,1714]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,193,1671]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[340,1247,193,1671]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. A comparison of the shapes of the outer two primaries of adult male Machaeropterus r. regulus (A, AMNH 493126) and M. r. striolatus (B, LSUMZ uncataloged, GFS 465). The attenuated shape of these remiges in M. r. regulus is unique within the Striped Manakin complex; all other members share the wing shape exhibited here by M. r. striolatus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/891712/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Based on label data, irides tend to be chestnut or brick red on adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFD37FD67482B2348" box="[661,824,759,784]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFD37FD67482B2348" box="[661,824,759,784]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but dark brown on most females and immature males. Tarsi and toes vary from dark brown to pinkish-gray and have yellow soles. Specimen preparators described maxilla color as blackish, often with grayish-black tomia, and mandibles as pinkish-gray or gray.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D071BFFEDFF65FCFD4E732570" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFF65FCFD4A9B2323" bold="true" box="[199,392,866,891]" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">Morphometrics.</emphasis>
|
||
DFL made standard measurements of the museum skins listed in the “specimens examined” section (above): culmen (measured from distal edge of nares to maxilla tip); bill depth (at nares); maxilla width (at nares); flat wing; primary extension (measured from tip of longest secondary to tip of longest primary); tail length (from insertion point to tip of longest rectrices); and tarsus length (measured from joint of tarsometatarsus to the underside of the hallux at its base). Bret Whitney took measurements (not including primary extension) of the larger series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFEE7FB894AC72476" authorityName="in Sick" authorityYear="1993" box="[325,468,1045,1070]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFEE7FB894AC72476" box="[325,468,1045,1070]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. r. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
available at the Museo Zoologia da Universidade de
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EC2FFF071BFFEDFB8CFB894FB32476" box="[1070,1184,1045,1070]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">Sao Paulo</collectingRegion>
|
||
(MZUSP) to augment our sample size of that taxon. Whitney measured the following MZUSP specimens: MZUSP 33495, 33497, 91013, 91472, 91473 (females); 33494, 91011, 91474, 91475, 94423, 94425–94427 (males). The means and standard deviations of these measurements were calculated and are presented in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6AAD4A6071BFFEDFC5AFB1F4F4124C1" box="[1016,1106,1152,1177]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,239,188,211]" captionText="TABLE 1. Selected measurements (in mm) of specimens of Machaeropterus eckelberryi and other taxa in the M. regulus complex. Specimens measured are listed in “ Specimens examined ” in the text. Measurements are given as means followed by standard deviation (when applicable). * = damage to a specimen precluded taking this measurement. † = MZUSP specimens excluded from this measurement." pageId="7" pageNumber="386">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
. We present a PCA of the measurements (minus those from MZUSP due to the missing primary extension measurement) in
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313FD98071BFFEDFB75FB3B4E0424E5" box="[1239,1303,1188,1213]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1602,1624]" captionTargetBox="[214,1405,401,1571]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,373,1581]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Principal components analysis (PCA) of morphometrics of specimens of the Machaeropterus regulus complex (see also Table 1). See “ Specimens examined ” for list of specimens measured. Vector loadings show which measurements had the strongest effect on the plot analysis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/891708/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
to illustrate the overlap in morphospace among the various taxa in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFC8CFB5648B424B8" baseAuthorityName="Hahn" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[814,935,1223,1248]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFC8CFB5648B424B8" box="[814,935,1223,1248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex. In this PCA, we see no overlap in the plotting of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFEF6FB724AED255C" box="[340,510,1259,1284]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFEF6FB724AED255C" box="[340,510,1259,1284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFDE6FB724805255C" box="[580,790,1261,1284]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="aureopectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFDE6FB724805255C" box="[580,790,1261,1284]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. r. aureopectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, indicative of apparent morphological distinctiveness, particularly in primary extension and tail length, but note that sample size for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFC5DFA8F4FD1257F" box="[1023,1218,1296,1319]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="aureopectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFC5DFA8F4FD1257F" box="[1023,1218,1296,1319]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. r. aureopectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very small.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D071BFFEDFF65FAAC4E4C26D5" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFF65FAAC4A7F2514" bold="true" box="[199,364,1331,1356]" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">Vocalizations.</emphasis>
|
||
Members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFDA8FAAC49D12514" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1854" box="[522,706,1331,1356]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFDA8FAAC49D12514" box="[522,706,1331,1356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">Machaeropterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are generally quiet and unobtrusive unless a male is giving an advertising song from a perch. This song can be vocally produced, as by
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFBA2FAC74A1225CB" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFBA2FAC74FB82537" box="[1024,1195,1366,1391]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">M. eckelberryi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFB18FAC74E472537" authorityName="in Sick" authorityYear="1993" box="[1210,1364,1366,1391]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="regulus">M. r. regulus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFAC6FAC74A1225CB" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">M. r. striolatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFEB7FAE34AF725CB" box="[277,484,1404,1427]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="aureopectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFEB7FAE34AF725CB" box="[277,484,1404,1427]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. r. aureopectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFE5AFAE349AD25CB" box="[504,702,1404,1427]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFE5AFAE349A925CB" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1924" box="[504,698,1404,1427]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="antioquiae">M. r. antioquiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and the Fiery-capped Manakin
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFBE0FAE34E6025CB" authority="(Sclater)" authorityName="Sclater" baseAuthorityName="Sclater" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1090,1395,1402,1427]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFBE0FAE34E1025CB" box="[1090,1283,1402,1427]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. pyrocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
(Sclater)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or mechanically produced using modified secondaries, as by the Club-winged Manakin
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFBF7FA004E4525EF" authority="(Sclater)" authorityName="Sclater" baseAuthorityName="Sclater" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1109,1366,1438,1463]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="deliciosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFBF7FA004FF825EF" box="[1109,1259,1438,1463]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. deliciosus</emphasis>
|
||
(Sclater)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In all members of the genus, the advertising song is short, fairly simple in structure, and strongly stereotyped. When a female is present, the singing male may become more active and perform a courtship display (e.g., as described for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFF35F995490F267A" authority="in Sick 1993: 500" authorityName="in Sick" authorityPageNumber="500" authorityYear="1993" box="[151,540,1545,1570]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFF35F9954A22267A" box="[151,305,1545,1570]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. r. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB99CEC071BFFEDFEC0F9964ACE267A" author="Sick" box="[354,477,1545,1570]" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" refString="Sick, H. (1993) Birds in Brazil. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 703 pp." type="book" year="1993">Sick 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 500
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but these displays have not been fully described for several members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFF35F9B24A5C261E" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,335,1581,1606]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFF35F9B24A5C261E" box="[151,335,1581,1606]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">Machaeropterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB99CEC071BFFEDFEFCF9B2491F261E" author="Bostwick" box="[350,524,1581,1606]" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" refString="Bostwick, K. S. (2000) Display behaviors, mechanical sounds, and evolutionary relationships of the Club-winged Manakin (Machaeropterus deliciosus). Auk, 117, 465 - 478. https: // doi. org / 10.1642 / 0004 - 8038 (2000) 117 [0465: DBMSAE] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2000">Bostwick 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB99CEC071BFFEDFDBAF9B24835261E" author="Schulenberg" box="[536,806,1581,1606]" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" refString="Schulenberg, T. S., Stotz, D. F., Lane, D. F., O'Neill, J. P. & Parker III, T. A. (2010) Birds of Peru. Revised Edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 664 pp." type="book" year="2010">
|
||
Schulenberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFD09F9B149F7261E" box="[683,740,1581,1606]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Kirwan & Green 2012), and we have not observed any such display by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFEF7F9CD4AEF2632" box="[341,508,1617,1642]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFEF7F9CD4AEF2632" box="[341,508,1617,1642]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(although the thickened secondary shafts and stiffened rectrices suggest it must have a display involving mechanical sound production), so we will not consider the courtship display further.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D071BFFEDFF65F9074F1627AA" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">
|
||
The advertising song of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFE74F906496A26E9" box="[470,633,1688,1713]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFE74F906496A26E9" box="[470,633,1688,1713]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is noticeable and persistent, and often is the best means of detecting the bird; it may be delivered as rapidly as 30 songs/min, at shorter intervals than is typical of any other taxon in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFADFF9224BFA26A0" baseAuthorityName="Hahn" baseAuthorityYear="1818" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFADFF9224BFA26A0" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex on average. It is a simple, unmodulated, rising “
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFC26F94048FD26A0" box="[900,1006,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">chiWEE?</emphasis>
|
||
” (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313FD98071BFFEDFBA9F9404F9A26A0" box="[1035,1161,1759,1784]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1585,1607]" captionTargetBox="[191,1341,440,1452]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[168,1420,375,1566]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. A comparison of “ advertising songs ” of some taxa in the Machaeropterus regulus complex. A) M. eckelberryi (PERU: Loreto dept.; ca 77 km WNW Contamana, ca. 1000 m. 12 July 1996. D. F. Lane, XC 170145). B) M. eckelberryi (PERU: San Martín dept.; Morro de Calzada, ca. 1000 m. 29 July 2005. D. F. Lane, XC 170143). C) M. regulus striolatus (PERU: Loreto dept.; Jeberos, ca. 350 m. 15 June 2001. D. F. Lane, XC 170138). D) M. r. striolatus (PERU: Loreto dept.; Oran, ca 200 m. 24 July 2013. D. F. Lane, XC 170139). E) M. r. aureopectus (VENEZUELA: Bolivar state; El Pauji. 4 December 2010. A. Renaudier, XC 66415). F) M. r. antioquiae (COLOMBIA: Santander dept.; Serranía de la Quinchas, RNA El Paujíl. F. Lambert, XC 16781). G) M. r. regulus (BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro; Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu. J. Minns, XC 82253). Notice the light flat lines (around 1 kHz and 3 kHz) “ underscoring ” the notes of the songs in figures C-G, but lacking in A and B. Also note that the song of M. r. antioquiae (F) is very similar in structure to those of M. r. striolatus (C, D), but the spacing between the two main notes is longer. The dark band running above the loudest fundamental frequencies of the notes in C and D is insect noise. “ XC #### ” refers to recordings available at www. xeno-canto. org / ####." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/891710/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">Fig. 4A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
), which is quite distinct from the homologous monosyllabic “
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFDFAF89B49B92743" box="[600,682,1796,1819]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">DJEW!</emphasis>
|
||
” of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFD49F89A489A2744" authorityName="in Sick" authorityYear="1993" box="[747,905,1795,1820]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFD49F89A489A2744" box="[747,905,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. r. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313FD98071BFFEDFC02F89C48EC2744" box="[928,1023,1795,1820]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1585,1607]" captionTargetBox="[191,1341,440,1452]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[168,1420,375,1566]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. A comparison of “ advertising songs ” of some taxa in the Machaeropterus regulus complex. A) M. eckelberryi (PERU: Loreto dept.; ca 77 km WNW Contamana, ca. 1000 m. 12 July 1996. D. F. Lane, XC 170145). B) M. eckelberryi (PERU: San Martín dept.; Morro de Calzada, ca. 1000 m. 29 July 2005. D. F. Lane, XC 170143). C) M. regulus striolatus (PERU: Loreto dept.; Jeberos, ca. 350 m. 15 June 2001. D. F. Lane, XC 170138). D) M. r. striolatus (PERU: Loreto dept.; Oran, ca 200 m. 24 July 2013. D. F. Lane, XC 170139). E) M. r. aureopectus (VENEZUELA: Bolivar state; El Pauji. 4 December 2010. A. Renaudier, XC 66415). F) M. r. antioquiae (COLOMBIA: Santander dept.; Serranía de la Quinchas, RNA El Paujíl. F. Lambert, XC 16781). G) M. r. regulus (BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro; Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu. J. Minns, XC 82253). Notice the light flat lines (around 1 kHz and 3 kHz) “ underscoring ” the notes of the songs in figures C-G, but lacking in A and B. Also note that the song of M. r. antioquiae (F) is very similar in structure to those of M. r. striolatus (C, D), but the spacing between the two main notes is longer. The dark band running above the loudest fundamental frequencies of the notes in C and D is insect noise. “ XC #### ” refers to recordings available at www. xeno-canto. org / ####." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/891710/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">Fig. 4G</figureCitation>
|
||
), and the two-noted “
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFAB3F89C4E9C2744" box="[1297,1423,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">cli-CHEW!</emphasis>
|
||
” vocalizations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFEFBF8B7491B2718" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[345,520,1831,1856]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFEFBF8B7491B2718" box="[345,520,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. r. striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313FD98071BFFEDFDBEF8B8498E2718" box="[540,669,1831,1856]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1585,1607]" captionTargetBox="[191,1341,440,1452]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[168,1420,375,1566]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. A comparison of “ advertising songs ” of some taxa in the Machaeropterus regulus complex. A) M. eckelberryi (PERU: Loreto dept.; ca 77 km WNW Contamana, ca. 1000 m. 12 July 1996. D. F. Lane, XC 170145). B) M. eckelberryi (PERU: San Martín dept.; Morro de Calzada, ca. 1000 m. 29 July 2005. D. F. Lane, XC 170143). C) M. regulus striolatus (PERU: Loreto dept.; Jeberos, ca. 350 m. 15 June 2001. D. F. Lane, XC 170138). D) M. r. striolatus (PERU: Loreto dept.; Oran, ca 200 m. 24 July 2013. D. F. Lane, XC 170139). E) M. r. aureopectus (VENEZUELA: Bolivar state; El Pauji. 4 December 2010. A. Renaudier, XC 66415). F) M. r. antioquiae (COLOMBIA: Santander dept.; Serranía de la Quinchas, RNA El Paujíl. F. Lambert, XC 16781). G) M. r. regulus (BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro; Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu. J. Minns, XC 82253). Notice the light flat lines (around 1 kHz and 3 kHz) “ underscoring ” the notes of the songs in figures C-G, but lacking in A and B. Also note that the song of M. r. antioquiae (F) is very similar in structure to those of M. r. striolatus (C, D), but the spacing between the two main notes is longer. The dark band running above the loudest fundamental frequencies of the notes in C and D is insect noise. “ XC #### ” refers to recordings available at www. xeno-canto. org / ####." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/891710/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">Fig. 4C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFD1BF8B748962767" box="[697,901,1832,1855]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="aureopectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFD1BF8B748962767" box="[697,901,1832,1855]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. r. aureopectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313FD98071BFFEDFC3BF8B848E12718" box="[921,1010,1831,1856]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1585,1607]" captionTargetBox="[191,1341,440,1452]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[168,1420,375,1566]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. A comparison of “ advertising songs ” of some taxa in the Machaeropterus regulus complex. A) M. eckelberryi (PERU: Loreto dept.; ca 77 km WNW Contamana, ca. 1000 m. 12 July 1996. D. F. Lane, XC 170145). B) M. eckelberryi (PERU: San Martín dept.; Morro de Calzada, ca. 1000 m. 29 July 2005. D. F. Lane, XC 170143). C) M. regulus striolatus (PERU: Loreto dept.; Jeberos, ca. 350 m. 15 June 2001. D. F. Lane, XC 170138). D) M. r. striolatus (PERU: Loreto dept.; Oran, ca 200 m. 24 July 2013. D. F. Lane, XC 170139). E) M. r. aureopectus (VENEZUELA: Bolivar state; El Pauji. 4 December 2010. A. Renaudier, XC 66415). F) M. r. antioquiae (COLOMBIA: Santander dept.; Serranía de la Quinchas, RNA El Paujíl. F. Lambert, XC 16781). G) M. r. regulus (BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro; Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu. J. Minns, XC 82253). Notice the light flat lines (around 1 kHz and 3 kHz) “ underscoring ” the notes of the songs in figures C-G, but lacking in A and B. Also note that the song of M. r. antioquiae (F) is very similar in structure to those of M. r. striolatus (C, D), but the spacing between the two main notes is longer. The dark band running above the loudest fundamental frequencies of the notes in C and D is insect noise. “ XC #### ” refers to recordings available at www. xeno-canto. org / ####." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/891710/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFBE3F8B74FED2767" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1924" box="[1089,1278,1832,1855]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="antioquiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFBE3F8B74FED2767" box="[1089,1278,1832,1855]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. r. antioquiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313FD98071BFFEDFAB0F8B84E7F2718" box="[1298,1388,1831,1856]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1585,1607]" captionTargetBox="[191,1341,440,1452]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[168,1420,375,1566]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. A comparison of “ advertising songs ” of some taxa in the Machaeropterus regulus complex. A) M. eckelberryi (PERU: Loreto dept.; ca 77 km WNW Contamana, ca. 1000 m. 12 July 1996. D. F. Lane, XC 170145). B) M. eckelberryi (PERU: San Martín dept.; Morro de Calzada, ca. 1000 m. 29 July 2005. D. F. Lane, XC 170143). C) M. regulus striolatus (PERU: Loreto dept.; Jeberos, ca. 350 m. 15 June 2001. D. F. Lane, XC 170138). D) M. r. striolatus (PERU: Loreto dept.; Oran, ca 200 m. 24 July 2013. D. F. Lane, XC 170139). E) M. r. aureopectus (VENEZUELA: Bolivar state; El Pauji. 4 December 2010. A. Renaudier, XC 66415). F) M. r. antioquiae (COLOMBIA: Santander dept.; Serranía de la Quinchas, RNA El Paujíl. F. Lambert, XC 16781). G) M. r. regulus (BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro; Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu. J. Minns, XC 82253). Notice the light flat lines (around 1 kHz and 3 kHz) “ underscoring ” the notes of the songs in figures C-G, but lacking in A and B. Also note that the song of M. r. antioquiae (F) is very similar in structure to those of M. r. striolatus (C, D), but the spacing between the two main notes is longer. The dark band running above the loudest fundamental frequencies of the notes in C and D is insect noise. “ XC #### ” refers to recordings available at www. xeno-canto. org / ####." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/891710/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
|
||
). In addition, the advertising song of these latter three taxa also has a lower-frequency hollow, whistled component. After considering that this undertone may be produced by mechanical means, much in the same way as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB99CEC071BFFEDFA91F8F14BF127F3" author="Bostwick" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" refString="Bostwick, K. S. (2000) Display behaviors, mechanical sounds, and evolutionary relationships of the Club-winged Manakin (Machaeropterus deliciosus). Auk, 117, 465 - 478. https: // doi. org / 10.1642 / 0004 - 8038 (2000) 117 [0465: DBMSAE] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2000">Bostwick (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFE2CF80B493B27F3" baseAuthorityName="Sclater" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[398,552,1938,1963]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="deliciosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFE2CF80B493B27F3" box="[398,552,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. deliciosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, DFL discovered that this undertone is also given by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFB05F80B4E4627F3" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1191,1365,1938,1963]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFB05F80B4E4627F3" box="[1191,1365,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. r. striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
when vocalizing in the hand (when their wings are immobilized), and thus we can discard this hypothesis. There is no such audible undertone associated with the advertising song of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E071BFFEDFCF9F84448ED27AB" box="[859,1022,2010,2035]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F071BFFEDFCF9F84448ED27AB" box="[859,1022,2010,2035]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="386">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF57B1950714FFE2FF35FF2349FE216E" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D0714FFE2FF35FF2349FE216E" blockId="8.[151,1436,187,310]" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FF35FF234A1A208B" bold="true" box="[151,265,188,211]" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Selected measurements (in mm) of specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FCBBFF244F55208B" box="[793,1094,187,211]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FCBBFF244F55208B" box="[793,1094,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">Machaeropterus eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other taxa in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FA88FF234E8F208B" baseAuthorityName="Hahn" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1322,1436,187,211]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FA88FF234E8F208B" box="[1322,1436,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex. Specimens measured are listed in “Specimens examined” in the text. Measurements are given as means followed by standard deviation (when applicable). *= damage to a specimen precluded taking this measurement. †=MZUSP specimens excluded from this measurement.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D0714FFE2FF3DFECA4E532132" blockId="8.[159,1344,340,392]" box="[159,1344,340,362]" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">Taxon Sex (n) Flat wing Primary Tail Tarsus Culmen</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D0714FFE2FD77FEED482521D0" blockId="8.[159,1344,340,392]" box="[725,822,370,392]" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">extension</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D0714FFE2FF3DFE244E4E22F2" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<table id="F92813BD07140015FF3DFE254E4E22F2" box="[159,1373,442,682]" gridcols="7" gridrows="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<tr id="3518E35F07140015FF3DFE254E4E2188" box="[159,1373,442,464]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<th id="76C98A2307140015FF3DFE254A5C2188" box="[159,335,442,464]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FF3DFE244A202188" box="[159,307,442,464]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FF3DFE244A202188" box="[159,307,442,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76C98A2307140015FE04FE254AFE2188" box="[422,493,442,464]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">F (7)</th>
|
||
<th id="76C98A2307140015FD8DFE2549B32188" box="[559,672,442,464]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">52.8 (+1.6)</th>
|
||
<th id="76C98A2307140015FD77FE2548412188" box="[725,850,442,464]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">12.5 (+1.4)</th>
|
||
<th id="76C98A2307140015FC36FE254F152188" box="[916,1030,442,464]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">19.8 (+1.6)</th>
|
||
<th id="76C98A2307140015FBE0FE254FA02188" box="[1090,1203,442,464]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">14.3 (+0.5)</th>
|
||
<th id="76C98A2307140015FB52FE254E4E2188" box="[1264,1373,442,464]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">6.4 (+0.3)</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3518E35F07140015FF3DFE464E4E21B7" box="[159,1373,473,495]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<th id="76C98A2307140015FF3DFE464A5C21B7" box="[159,335,473,495]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FF3DFE454A2021B7" box="[159,307,473,495]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FF3DFE454A2021B7" box="[159,307,473,495]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FE04FE464AFE21B7" box="[422,493,473,495]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M (12)</td>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FD8DFE4649B321B7" box="[559,672,473,495]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">54.7 (+1.1)</td>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FD77FE46484121B7" box="[725,850,473,495]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">13.8 (+1.1)</td>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FC36FE464F1521B7" box="[916,1030,473,495]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">19.5 (+1.4)</td>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FBE0FE464FA021B7" box="[1090,1203,473,495]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">14.8 (+0.8)</td>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FB52FE464E4E21B7" box="[1264,1373,473,495]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">6.2 (+0.3)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3518E35F07140015FF3DFE674E4E2256" box="[159,1373,504,526]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<th id="76C98A2307140015FF3DFE674A5C2256" box="[159,335,504,526]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FF3DFE664A5C2256" box="[159,335,505,526]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="aureopectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FF3DFE664A5C2256" box="[159,335,505,526]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. r. aureopectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FE04FE674AFE2256" box="[422,493,504,526]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">F (1)</td>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FD8DFE6749B32256" box="[559,672,504,526]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">52.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FD77FE6748412256" box="[725,850,504,526]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">9.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FC36FE674F152256" box="[916,1030,504,526]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">23.7</td>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FBE0FE674FA02256" box="[1090,1203,504,526]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">15.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FB52FE674E4E2256" box="[1264,1373,504,526]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">6.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3518E35F07140015FF3DFD894E4E2215" box="[159,1373,534,589]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<th id="76C98A2307140015FF3DFD894A5C2215" box="[159,335,534,589]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FF3DFD874A272213" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FF3DFD874A5C2275" box="[159,335,536,557]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="aureopectus">M. r. aureopectus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FF3DFDA94A272213" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[159,308,565,587]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">M. r. striolatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FE04FD894AFE2215" box="[422,493,534,589]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M (2) F (3)</td>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FD8DFD8949B32215" box="[559,672,534,589]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">48, 52 49.5 (+0.9)</td>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FD77FD8948412215" box="[725,850,534,589]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">10, 12 11 (+1.2)</td>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FC36FD894F152215" box="[916,1030,534,589]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">16, 21 20.5 (+2.4)</td>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FBE0FD894FA02215" box="[1090,1203,534,589]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">15, 15.4 14.4 (+0.5)</td>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FB52FD894E4E2215" box="[1264,1373,534,589]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
6.4
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FAB2FD894E04227A" bold="true" box="[1296,1303,534,546]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">*</emphasis>
|
||
6.9 (+0.1)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3518E35F07140015FF3DFDCB4E4E22F2" box="[159,1373,596,682]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<th id="76C98A2307140015FF3DFDCB4A5C22F2" box="[159,335,596,682]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FF3DFDCA4A5322FF" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FF3DFDCA4A272232" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[159,308,596,618]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">M. r. striolatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FF3DFDEC4A5322D0" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1924" box="[159,320,627,648]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="antioquiae">M. r. antioquiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FF3DFD0D4A5322FF" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1924" box="[159,320,658,679]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="antioquiae">M. r. antioquiae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FE04FDCB4AFE22F2" box="[422,493,596,682]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M (11) F (2) M (8)</td>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FD8DFDCB49B322F2" box="[559,672,596,682]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">50.7 (+1.1) 48, 49 50.2 (+2.0)</td>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FD77FDCB484122F2" box="[725,850,596,682]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">12.2 (+1.1) 8.4, 9.6 11.3 (+01.9)</td>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FC36FDCB4F1522F2" box="[916,1030,596,682]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">20.1 (+1.2) 17.1, 20.7 18.2 (+1.9)</td>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FBE0FDCB4FA022F2" box="[1090,1203,596,682]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">14.3 (+0.5) 13.9, 14 14.1 (+0.5)</td>
|
||
<td id="76C98A2307140015FB52FDCB4E4E22F2" box="[1264,1373,596,682]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">6.3 (+0.4) 6.4, 7 6.3 (+0.4))</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D0714FFE2FF3DFD2E4E1322E6" blockId="8.[159,1365,688,809]" box="[159,1280,688,715]" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FF3DFD2E4A62229E" box="[159,369,688,710]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="obscurostriatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FF3DFD2E4A62229E" box="[159,369,688,710]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. r. obscurostriatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
M (1)
|
||
<date id="FF96C7DD0714FFE2FD8DFD2F48BD229E" box="[559,942,688,710]" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" value="1950-10-15">50 10 15</date>
|
||
13 -
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FB5BFD2D4E1322E6" bold="true" box="[1273,1280,690,702]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">*</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C332B2960714FFE2FF3DFD4F4813259F" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D0714FFE2FF3DFD4F4813259F" blockId="8.[159,1365,688,809]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,878,1983]" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FF3DFD4F4A3A22BC" ID-CoL="5JGZ4" box="[159,297,718,741]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="zulianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FF3DFD4F4A3A22BC" box="[159,297,718,741]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. r. zulianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
M (2) 50, 53 9, 10 17, 19.8 13, 15.3 8.5, 6.6
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FF3DFD714A0C235B" ID-CoL="5JGZ2" authorityName="in Sick" authorityYear="1993" box="[159,287,749,771]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FF3DFD714A0C235B" box="[159,287,749,771]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. r. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
F (6) 51.9 (+1.9) 11.7† 19.9 (+1.5) 14.6 (+0.6) 6.0 (+0.5)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FF3DFC924A0C237A" ID-CoL="5JGZ2" authorityName="in Sick" authorityYear="1993" box="[159,287,780,802]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FF3DFC924A0C237A" box="[159,287,780,802]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. r. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
M (21) 53.5 (+1.0) 12.8 (+0.9)† 20.7 (+1.8) 14.4 (+1.2) 6.1 (+0.7) The single-noted, rising inflection, in addition to the missing low frequency band, of the advertising song of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FADFFCF04A0623F3" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FADFFCF04A0623F3" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
immediately distinguishes it from all other taxa in the complex. The songs from two populations within
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FF35FC284A562397" box="[151,325,950,975]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FF35FC284A522397" ID-CoL="5JGZ3" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[151,321,950,975]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">M. r. striolatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
one from only about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80714FFE2FD9FFC2849802397" box="[573,659,950,975]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
|
||
from the nearest population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FC59FC284F8C2397" box="[1019,1183,950,975]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FC59FC284F8C2397" box="[1019,1183,950,975]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313FD980714FFE2FB12FC294E142397" box="[1200,1287,950,975]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1585,1607]" captionTargetBox="[191,1341,440,1452]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[168,1420,375,1566]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. A comparison of “ advertising songs ” of some taxa in the Machaeropterus regulus complex. A) M. eckelberryi (PERU: Loreto dept.; ca 77 km WNW Contamana, ca. 1000 m. 12 July 1996. D. F. Lane, XC 170145). B) M. eckelberryi (PERU: San Martín dept.; Morro de Calzada, ca. 1000 m. 29 July 2005. D. F. Lane, XC 170143). C) M. regulus striolatus (PERU: Loreto dept.; Jeberos, ca. 350 m. 15 June 2001. D. F. Lane, XC 170138). D) M. r. striolatus (PERU: Loreto dept.; Oran, ca 200 m. 24 July 2013. D. F. Lane, XC 170139). E) M. r. aureopectus (VENEZUELA: Bolivar state; El Pauji. 4 December 2010. A. Renaudier, XC 66415). F) M. r. antioquiae (COLOMBIA: Santander dept.; Serranía de la Quinchas, RNA El Paujíl. F. Lambert, XC 16781). G) M. r. regulus (BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro; Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu. J. Minns, XC 82253). Notice the light flat lines (around 1 kHz and 3 kHz) “ underscoring ” the notes of the songs in figures C-G, but lacking in A and B. Also note that the song of M. r. antioquiae (F) is very similar in structure to those of M. r. striolatus (C, D), but the spacing between the two main notes is longer. The dark band running above the loudest fundamental frequencies of the notes in C and D is insect noise. “ XC #### ” refers to recordings available at www. xeno-canto. org / ####." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/891710/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
|
||
) and another from near the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54935FBF0714FFE2FEE1FC444A6023AB" box="[323,371,987,1011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313FD980714FFE2FE45FC45495623AA" box="[487,581,986,1011]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1585,1607]" captionTargetBox="[191,1341,440,1452]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[168,1420,375,1566]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. A comparison of “ advertising songs ” of some taxa in the Machaeropterus regulus complex. A) M. eckelberryi (PERU: Loreto dept.; ca 77 km WNW Contamana, ca. 1000 m. 12 July 1996. D. F. Lane, XC 170145). B) M. eckelberryi (PERU: San Martín dept.; Morro de Calzada, ca. 1000 m. 29 July 2005. D. F. Lane, XC 170143). C) M. regulus striolatus (PERU: Loreto dept.; Jeberos, ca. 350 m. 15 June 2001. D. F. Lane, XC 170138). D) M. r. striolatus (PERU: Loreto dept.; Oran, ca 200 m. 24 July 2013. D. F. Lane, XC 170139). E) M. r. aureopectus (VENEZUELA: Bolivar state; El Pauji. 4 December 2010. A. Renaudier, XC 66415). F) M. r. antioquiae (COLOMBIA: Santander dept.; Serranía de la Quinchas, RNA El Paujíl. F. Lambert, XC 16781). G) M. r. regulus (BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro; Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu. J. Minns, XC 82253). Notice the light flat lines (around 1 kHz and 3 kHz) “ underscoring ” the notes of the songs in figures C-G, but lacking in A and B. Also note that the song of M. r. antioquiae (F) is very similar in structure to those of M. r. striolatus (C, D), but the spacing between the two main notes is longer. The dark band running above the loudest fundamental frequencies of the notes in C and D is insect noise. “ XC #### ” refers to recordings available at www. xeno-canto. org / ####." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/891710/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
|
||
), but on the opposite bank of the Amazon River, show no difference in structure from one another, supporting the widely held suspicion that voice is innate in most suboscine passerines, including piprids. The advertising song of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FD2AFBBC48512462" ID-CoL="5JGYX" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1924" box="[648,834,1059,1082]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="antioquiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FD2AFBBC48512462" box="[648,834,1059,1082]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. r. antioquiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Colombian Andes is very similar to
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FAC6FBBC4A142407" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FAC6FBBC4A172407" ID-CoL="5JGZ3" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">M. r. striolatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
differing only in having a longer pause between the two syllables. The song of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FB17FBD84E6C2406" ID-CoL="5JGYY" box="[1205,1407,1095,1118]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="aureopectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FB17FBD84E6C2406" box="[1205,1407,1095,1118]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. r. aureopectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is poorly known, but appears to be identical to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FD7EFBF4489124DB" ID-CoL="5JGZ3" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[732,898,1130,1155]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FD7EFBF4489124DB" box="[732,898,1130,1155]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. r. striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on two recordings (XC66401, XC66415) from El Pauji, eastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EC2FFF0714FFE2FE02FB114AE724FF" box="[416,500,1166,1191]" country="Venezuela" name="Bolivar" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">Bolivar</collectingRegion>
|
||
state,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33FA18D0714FFE2FDE6FB1149A424FF" box="[580,695,1166,1191]" name="Venezuela" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313FD980714FFE2FD68FB11483724FF" box="[714,804,1166,1191]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1585,1607]" captionTargetBox="[191,1341,440,1452]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[168,1420,375,1566]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. A comparison of “ advertising songs ” of some taxa in the Machaeropterus regulus complex. A) M. eckelberryi (PERU: Loreto dept.; ca 77 km WNW Contamana, ca. 1000 m. 12 July 1996. D. F. Lane, XC 170145). B) M. eckelberryi (PERU: San Martín dept.; Morro de Calzada, ca. 1000 m. 29 July 2005. D. F. Lane, XC 170143). C) M. regulus striolatus (PERU: Loreto dept.; Jeberos, ca. 350 m. 15 June 2001. D. F. Lane, XC 170138). D) M. r. striolatus (PERU: Loreto dept.; Oran, ca 200 m. 24 July 2013. D. F. Lane, XC 170139). E) M. r. aureopectus (VENEZUELA: Bolivar state; El Pauji. 4 December 2010. A. Renaudier, XC 66415). F) M. r. antioquiae (COLOMBIA: Santander dept.; Serranía de la Quinchas, RNA El Paujíl. F. Lambert, XC 16781). G) M. r. regulus (BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro; Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu. J. Minns, XC 82253). Notice the light flat lines (around 1 kHz and 3 kHz) “ underscoring ” the notes of the songs in figures C-G, but lacking in A and B. Also note that the song of M. r. antioquiae (F) is very similar in structure to those of M. r. striolatus (C, D), but the spacing between the two main notes is longer. The dark band running above the loudest fundamental frequencies of the notes in C and D is insect noise. “ XC #### ” refers to recordings available at www. xeno-canto. org / ####." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/891710/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
|
||
), and recordings of six individuals kindly supplied by Kevin Zimmer from the Pacaraima Mountains, west of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33FA18D0714FFE2FCB5FB2D48B22493" box="[791,929,1202,1227]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EC2FFF0714FFE2FCB5FB2D48B22493" box="[791,929,1202,1227]" country="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" name="Saint Helena" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">Santa Elena</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33FA18D0714FFE2FC0CFB2D4F362493" box="[942,1061,1202,1227]" name="Venezuela" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB99CEC0714FFE2FB90FB2D4FD32492" author="Hilty" box="[1074,1216,1202,1227]" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" refString="Hilty, S. L. (2002) Birds of Venezuela. 2 nd Edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 878 pp." type="book" year="2002">Hilty (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned another record from
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80714FFE2FE83FB494A7B24B7" box="[289,360,1238,1263]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" unit="km" value="15.0">15 km</quantity>
|
||
west of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33FA18D0714FFE2FE67FB48495924B7" box="[453,586,1238,1263]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EC2FFF0714FFE2FE67FB48495924B7" box="[453,586,1238,1263]" country="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" name="Saint Helena" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">Santa Elena</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
de Uairén (a locality near El Pauji) and implied that the voices of birds from the Venezuelan Andes and the tepui region of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EC2FFF0714FFE2FD0DFB654836254A" box="[687,805,1274,1298]" country="Venezuela" name="Amazonas" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">Amazonas</collectingRegion>
|
||
state are similar. Two recordings from the Venezuelan Andes, thus presumably of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FE6CFA8049AA256F" ID-CoL="5JGYZ" box="[462,697,1310,1335]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="obscurostriatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FE6CFA8049AA256F" box="[462,697,1310,1335]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. r. obscurostriatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(XC42943, 42944), also sound identical to vocalizations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FAC5FA804A122503" ID-CoL="5JGZ3" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FAC5FA804A122503" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. r. striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FE95FADC4AE82502" ID-CoL="5JGYY" box="[311,507,1347,1370]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="aureopectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FE95FADC4AE82502" box="[311,507,1347,1370]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. r. aureopectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FDABFADD481E2503" box="[521,781,1346,1371]" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="regulus">
|
||
Nominate
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FDDCFADC481E2503" box="[638,781,1346,1371]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. r. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sounds very different from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FBE4FADC4FF92503" box="[1094,1258,1346,1371]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FBE4FADC4FF92503" box="[1094,1258,1346,1371]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well as from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FF35FAF84A2F2527" ID-CoL="5JGZ3" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[151,316,1382,1407]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FF35FAF84A2F2527" box="[151,316,1382,1407]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. r. striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FEE8FAF848172527" box="[330,772,1382,1407]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FEE8FAF849022526" ID-CoL="5JGYY" box="[330,529,1383,1406]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="aureopectus">M. r. aureopectus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FDBEFAF848172527" ID-CoL="5JGYZ" box="[540,772,1382,1407]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="obscurostriatus">M. r. obscurostriatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FCE0FAF848E52526" ID-CoL="5JGYX" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1924" box="[834,1014,1383,1406]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="antioquiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FCE0FAF848E52526" box="[834,1014,1383,1406]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. r. antioquiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(we call these last four taxa, and also
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FF35FA154BE725FB" box="[151,244,1418,1443]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">zulianus</emphasis>
|
||
, the “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FE9AFA154AB125FB" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[312,418,1418,1443]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FE9AFA154AB125FB" box="[312,418,1418,1443]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group” hereafter) as has been previously mentioned (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB99CEC0714FFE2FC58FA154E1825FB" author="Whittaker" box="[1018,1291,1418,1443]" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" refString="Whittaker, A. & Oren, D. C. (1999) Important ornithological records from the Rio Jurua, western Amazonia, including twelve additions to the Brazilian avifauna. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, 119, 235 - 260." type="journal article" year="1999">Whittaker & Oren 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB99CEC0714FFE2FAB4FA144E8425FB" author="Snow" box="[1302,1431,1419,1443]" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" refString="Snow, D. W. (2004) Family Pipridae (Manakins). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D. A. (Eds.), Handbook of Birds of the World. Vol. 9. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, 110 - 169." type="book chapter" year="2004">Snow 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB99CEC0714FFE2FF35FA314A8A259F" author="Ridgely" box="[151,409,1454,1479]" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" refString="Ridgely, R. S. & Tudor, G. (2009) Songbirds of South America. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, 750 pp." type="book" year="2009">Ridgely & Tudor 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Kirwan & Green 2012;
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313FD980714FFE2FD0DFA3149E0259F" box="[687,755,1454,1479]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1585,1607]" captionTargetBox="[191,1341,440,1452]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[168,1420,375,1566]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. A comparison of “ advertising songs ” of some taxa in the Machaeropterus regulus complex. A) M. eckelberryi (PERU: Loreto dept.; ca 77 km WNW Contamana, ca. 1000 m. 12 July 1996. D. F. Lane, XC 170145). B) M. eckelberryi (PERU: San Martín dept.; Morro de Calzada, ca. 1000 m. 29 July 2005. D. F. Lane, XC 170143). C) M. regulus striolatus (PERU: Loreto dept.; Jeberos, ca. 350 m. 15 June 2001. D. F. Lane, XC 170138). D) M. r. striolatus (PERU: Loreto dept.; Oran, ca 200 m. 24 July 2013. D. F. Lane, XC 170139). E) M. r. aureopectus (VENEZUELA: Bolivar state; El Pauji. 4 December 2010. A. Renaudier, XC 66415). F) M. r. antioquiae (COLOMBIA: Santander dept.; Serranía de la Quinchas, RNA El Paujíl. F. Lambert, XC 16781). G) M. r. regulus (BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro; Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu. J. Minns, XC 82253). Notice the light flat lines (around 1 kHz and 3 kHz) “ underscoring ” the notes of the songs in figures C-G, but lacking in A and B. Also note that the song of M. r. antioquiae (F) is very similar in structure to those of M. r. striolatus (C, D), but the spacing between the two main notes is longer. The dark band running above the loudest fundamental frequencies of the notes in C and D is insect noise. “ XC #### ” refers to recordings available at www. xeno-canto. org / ####." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/891710/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C332B2960714FFE3FF65FA4D484527CD" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="388" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D0714FFE2FF65FA4D49F227E7" blockId="8.[151,1437,878,1983]" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FF65FA4D4A2825B3" bold="true" box="[199,315,1490,1515]" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
DFL’s observations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FDE4FA4D489725B3" box="[582,900,1490,1515]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FDE4FA4D489725B3" box="[582,900,1490,1515]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">Machaeropterus eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggest that its behavior is very similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FF17FA684A4A2657" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[181,345,1526,1551]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FF17FA684A4A2657" box="[181,345,1526,1551]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. r. striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Males and females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FDFFFA6848132657" box="[605,768,1526,1551]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FDFFFA6848132657" box="[605,768,1526,1551]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
both tend to remain in the mid-story and canopy of shorterstature (
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80714FFE2FF57F9854A57266B" box="[245,324,1562,1587]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" unit="m" value="12.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="5.0">5–20m</quantity>
|
||
canopy height) woodland, particularly around trees in the family Melastomaceae, the fruits of which are an important part of their diet (pers. obs.). A male’s persistent advertising song is given from one of several perches on a small territory in a dispersed or exploded lek (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB99CEC0714FFE2FC2AF9FC4F1B2623" author="Prum" box="[904,1032,1635,1659]" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" refString="Prum, R. O. (1994) Phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of alternative social behavior in the manakins (Aves: Pipridae). Evolution, 48, 1657 - 1675. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2410255" type="journal article" year="1994">Prum 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Kirwan & Green 2012), just below the canopy. The small size and relatively inactive behavior of these manakins can make them difficult to spot, even when their general position is revealed by persistent vocalization. Both sexes can also be observed as they forage at fruiting trees, from which they pluck small, berry-sized fruits while performing brief hovering maneuvers typical of most small piprids. Presumably, these manakins also eat some arthropods to supplement their largely frugivorous diet (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB99CEC0714FFE2FEFAF8884ACE2777" author="Snow" box="[344,477,1815,1839]" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" refString="Snow, D. W. (2004) Family Pipridae (Manakins). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D. A. (Eds.), Handbook of Birds of the World. Vol. 9. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, 110 - 169." type="book chapter" year="2004">Snow 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We have no information on nesting habits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FC40F8884F972777" box="[994,1156,1814,1839]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FC40F8884F972777" box="[994,1156,1814,1839]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but specimens collected in early July and early August appeared to be entering breeding condition (males with testes over
|
||
<date id="FF96C7DD0714FFE2FB43F8A44FEE270B" box="[1249,1277,1851,1875]" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">4x</date>
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80714FFE2FB5FF8A44E29270B" box="[1277,1338,1851,1875]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" unit="mm" value="2.0">2mm</quantity>
|
||
, females with ova over
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80714FFE2FE9FF8C04A65272F" box="[317,374,1887,1911]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" unit="mm" value="1.0">1mm</quantity>
|
||
diameter), suggesting that breeding begins near the end of the dry season (August–October). Gonad data from female specimens which we suspect to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0714FFE2FCE0F81C48F527C3" box="[834,998,1922,1947]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0714FFE2FCE0F81C48F527C3" box="[834,998,1922,1947]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(from NE of Jirillo,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EC2FFF0714FFE2FB76F81C4E4027C3" box="[1236,1363,1923,1947]" country="Peru" name="San Martin" pageId="8" pageNumber="387">San Martín</collectingRegion>
|
||
dept.) from November did not indicate breeding condition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D0715FFE3FF65FF0849BA22A8" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">
|
||
Within its range,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FE25FF06493920E8" box="[391,554,151,176]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FE25FF06493920E8" box="[391,554,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not appear to come into contact with any other member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FA86FF064E8F20E8" baseAuthorityName="Hahn" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1316,1436,151,176]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FA86FF064E8F20E8" box="[1316,1436,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, although there is a population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FDC9FF224805208D" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[619,790,188,213]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FDC9FF224805208D" box="[619,790,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. r. striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80715FFE3FC01FF2348E9208D" box="[931,1018,188,213]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
|
||
to the northeast of the Mayo valley localities, where specimens (e.g., LSUMZ 173121) document
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FCD0FF7E4F3220A0" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[882,1057,223,248]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FCD0FF7E4F3220A0" box="[882,1057,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. r. striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in white-sand forest at Jeberos,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EC2FFF0715FFE3FF35FE9A4BF12144" box="[151,226,261,284]" country="Peru" name="Loreto" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">Loreto</collectingRegion>
|
||
dept., at
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80715FFE3FEEFFE9B4A9E2145" box="[333,397,260,285]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" unit="m" value="165.0">165m</quantity>
|
||
elevation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313FD980715FFE3FDAFFE9B49432144" box="[525,592,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1839,1861]" captionTargetBox="[170,1407,193,1781]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[170,1407,193,1865]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of distribution of Machaeropterus eckelberryi (inset map at lower right: black squares, star representing type locality, see “ Distribution ” for localities) with selected localities of M. r. striolatus from western Amazonia (black circles, LSUMZ specimens and XC 170139), and M. r. aureopectus (white squares, from Phelps Collection and FMNH specimens, Hilty 2002, and XC 66415) from the tepuis. Single localities are provided for M. r. antioquiae (white circle, XC 16781), and M. r. regulus (continental map in lower left: black triangle, XC 82253). Localities labeled with a number-letter code coincide with the letters of the recordings featured in Figure 4. Base map adapted from relief layer available at www. maps-for-free. com." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/891704/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FDC8FE9B48B12145" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[618,930,260,285]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FDC8FE9B48B12145" box="[618,930,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">Machaeopterus r. striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is typically a species of lowland
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FA82FE9A4E8F2144" box="[1312,1436,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">terra firme</emphasis>
|
||
forest, where there are fruiting melastomes (pers. obs.), however, it reaches elevations of about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80715FFE3FB7EFEB74E3A2118" box="[1244,1321,296,320]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100m</quantity>
|
||
locally in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33FA18D0715FFE3FEA2FED34A4E213D" box="[256,349,332,357]" name="Ecuador" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB99CEC0715FFE3FECCFED349BD213C" author="Ridgely" box="[366,686,332,357]" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" refString="Ridgely, R. S. & Greenfield, P. J. (2001) The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 740 pp." type="book" year="2001">Ridgely & Greenfield 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We suspect that the geologic formations of the Cordillera Azul/ Escalera and the Mayo valley act as a barrier separating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FCABFEEE48B821D0" box="[777,939,367,392]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FCABFEEE48B821D0" box="[777,939,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the nearby, lower-lying habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FACAFEEE4A1221F5" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FACAFEEE4A1221F5" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. r. striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Available records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FDB6FE0A49F521F4" box="[532,742,405,428]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="aureopectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FDB6FE0A49F521F4" box="[532,742,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. r. aureopectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
indicate that it is largely a species of ridges and higher elevations—the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54935FBF0715FFE3FEEDFE284AA22188" box="[335,433,439,464]" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of the taxon is from about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80715FFE3FD49FE28483D2188" box="[747,814,439,464]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" unit="m" value="550.0">550m</quantity>
|
||
, and the two FMNH specimens are from
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2E2A940715FFE3FAABFE274E432188" box="[1289,1360,440,464]" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80715FFE3FAABFE274E5F2188" box="[1289,1356,440,464]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" unit="m" value="900.0">900m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
Kevin Zimmer (in litt.,
|
||
<date id="FF96C7DD0715FFE3FEC6FE434ACF21AD" box="[356,476,476,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" value="2016-02">Feb. 2016</date>
|
||
) noted that he had encountered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FCC6FE424F2121AC" box="[868,1074,477,500]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="aureopectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FCC6FE424F2121AC" box="[868,1074,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. r. aureopectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
west of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33FA18D0715FFE3FB06FE434E2221AD" box="[1188,1329,476,501]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EC2FFF0715FFE3FB06FE434E2221AD" box="[1188,1329,476,501]" country="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" name="Saint Helena" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">Santa Elena</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EC2FFF0715FFE3FAE0FE434E8B21AD" box="[1346,1432,476,501]" country="Venezuela" name="Bolivar" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">Bolivar</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33FA18D0715FFE3FF35FE604A1E2240" box="[151,269,511,536]" name="Venezuela" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, at about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80715FFE3FE34FD9F4AC52240" box="[406,470,512,536]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" unit="m" value="940.0">940m</quantity>
|
||
elevation.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB99CEC0715FFE3FDC7FE6049E92240" author="Hilty" box="[613,762,511,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" refString="Hilty, S. L. (2002) Birds of Venezuela. 2 nd Edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 878 pp." type="book" year="2002">Hilty (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that Striped Manakin (referring to
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FAAFFD9E4A5E2265" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FAAFFD9E4E8B2240" box="[1293,1432,513,536]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureopectus">aureopectus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, obscuriostriatus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FE2BFDBB4AF52265" box="[393,486,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">zulianus</emphasis>
|
||
) occurs in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33FA18D0715FFE3FDC0FDBB49C62265" box="[610,725,548,573]" name="Venezuela" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
at elevations from
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80715FFE3FC09FDBB4F202264" box="[939,1075,548,572]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" unit="m" value="650.0" valueMax="1200.0" valueMin="100.0">100–1200m</quantity>
|
||
, with most records above
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2E2A940715FFE3FAF7FDBB4E8E2264" box="[1365,1437,548,572]" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80715FFE3FAF7FDBB4E8B2264" box="[1365,1432,548,572]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" unit="m" value="300.0">300m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
In short-stature woodlands of the Mayo Valley,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FD61FDD648792238" box="[707,874,583,608]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FD61FDD648792238" box="[707,874,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does occur in syntopy with the slightly smaller, congeneric Fiery-capped Manakin
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FDBDFDF249C822DD" baseAuthorityName="Sclater" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[543,731,620,645]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FDBDFDF249C822DD" box="[543,731,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. pyrocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although the latter tends to be found in disturbed habitats and flatter terrain (DFL, pers. obs.). To date, fieldwork in the Cordillera Azul has only detected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FB37FD0E4E4322F0" baseAuthorityName="Sclater" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[1173,1360,655,680]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FB37FD0E4E4322F0" box="[1173,1360,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. pyrocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at low elevations (below
|
||
<quantity id="4CD04CF80715FFE3FED0FD2B4AA02294" box="[370,435,692,716]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" unit="m" value="400.0">400m</quantity>
|
||
) on the Río Huallaga side, below the elevations preferred by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FB0EFD2A4E452295" box="[1196,1366,692,717]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FB0EFD2A4E452295" box="[1196,1366,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
there (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB99CEC0715FFE3FF3CFD484ABE22A8" author="Schulenberg" box="[158,429,727,752]" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" refString="Schulenberg, T. S., O'Neill, J. P., Lane, D. F., Valqui, T. & Albujar, C. (2001) Birds. In: Alverson, W. S., Rodriguez, L. O. & Moskovitz, D. K. (Eds.), Peru: Biabo Cordillera Azul. Rapid Biological Inventories, 2, pp. 146 - 155." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Schulenberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FE91FD464A7822A8" box="[307,363,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB99CEC0715FFE3FE1AFD48498E22A8" author="Merkord" box="[440,669,727,752]" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" refString="Merkord, C. L., Mark, T., Susanibar, D., Johnson, A. & Witt, C. C. (2009) Avifaunal survey of the Rio Chipaota valley in the Cordillera Azul region, San Martin, Peru. Ornitologia Neotropical, 20, 535 - 552." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Merkord
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FD83FD46494922A8" box="[545,602,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D0715FFE3FF65FD6348CE23FD" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">
|
||
Despite the fairly limited distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FD29FD62483D234D" box="[651,814,764,789]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FD29FD62483D234D" box="[651,814,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, its presence within one of Peru’s largest national parks (Parque Nacional Cordillera Azul), and its preference for poor-soil environments unlikely to be converted to agriculture suggests that the taxon is probably not in any serious conservation danger. A review of satellite imagery of the region suggests that there has been minimal anthropogenic damage to the ridges that we suspect hold its preferred habitat on the eastern flanks of the cordilleras Escalera and Azul.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D0715FFE3FF65FC3049D6262D" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FF65FC30486A2390" bold="true" box="[199,889,943,968]" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">
|
||
Taxonomy within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FE7CFC3048122390" baseAuthorityName="Hahn" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[478,769,943,968]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FE7CFC3048122390" bold="true" box="[478,769,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">Machaeropterus regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
At present, there is some taxonomic turmoil regarding the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FE90FC4B495023B5" baseAuthorityName="Hahn" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[306,579,980,1005]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FE90FC4B495023B5" box="[306,579,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">Machaeropterus regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex, with some authorities considering it two species (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB99CEC0715FFE3FAB4FC4B4E8423B4" author="Snow" box="[1302,1431,980,1004]" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" refString="Snow, D. W. (2004) Family Pipridae (Manakins). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D. A. (Eds.), Handbook of Birds of the World. Vol. 9. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, 110 - 169." type="book chapter" year="2004">Snow 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB99CEC0715FFE3FF35FC684A8E2448" author="Ridgely" box="[151,413,1015,1040]" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" refString="Ridgely, R. S. & Tudor, G. (2009) Songbirds of South America. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, 750 pp." type="book" year="2009">Ridgely & Tudor 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Gill & Donsker 2014), and others retaining all taxa as one species (e.g., Kirwan & Green 2012; Remsen
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FE9CFB824A66246D" box="[318,373,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014). Our initial reluctance to describe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FC9DFB8248F1246D" box="[831,994,1052,1077]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FC9DFB8248F1246D" box="[831,994,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, despite recognizing that it was likely a new taxon, was because of the lack of crucial information about the morphologically very similar
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FAFDFBDE4A0C2424" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="regulus" subSpecies="aureopectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FAFDFBDE4A0C2424" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. r. aureopectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Their similarity suggested a sister relationship to us, but convergence in plumage characters could not be ruled out without genetic analyses. Further, the presence of an isolated population of several “Guianan” or “Tepui” taxa in the Cordillera Azul and nearby
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EC2FFF0715FFE3FD4DFB3348DE249D" box="[751,973,1196,1221]" country="Peru" name="San Martin" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">San Martín region</collectingRegion>
|
||
of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33FA18D0715FFE3FBA1FB324F25249C" box="[1027,1078,1197,1220]" name="Peru" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
provided a pattern to which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FF35FB504A5C24B0" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,335,1231,1256]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FF35FB504A5C24B0" box="[151,335,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">Machaeropterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could conceivably conform. These include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FCC6FB4F4E2324B0" authority="Zimmer" authorityName="Zimmer" authorityYear="1938" box="[868,1328,1231,1256]" class="Aves" family="Tyrannidae" genus="Cnemotriccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="fuscatus" subSpecies="duidae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FCC6FB4F4FD024B0" box="[868,1219,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">Cnemotriccus fuscatus duidae</emphasis>
|
||
Zimmer
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FAE0FB4F4BF82554" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">Cotinga cotinga</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FE2BFB6B48312555" authority="Swainson" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1838" box="[393,802,1268,1293]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Tachyphonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phoenicius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FE2BFB6B49B02555" box="[393,675,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">Tachyphonus phoenicius</emphasis>
|
||
Swainson
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FC97FB6A4F6D2555" authority="(Linnaeus)" authorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[821,1150,1268,1293]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Tangara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cayana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FC97FB6A48E12554" box="[821,1010,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">Tangara cayana</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FB33FB6A4BE32568" authority="(Statius Muller)" authorityName="Statius Muller" baseAuthorityName="Statius Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1776" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Tangara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="varia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FB33FB6A4E2B2554" box="[1169,1336,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">Tangara varia</emphasis>
|
||
(Statius Müller)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FE8CFA884F6E2568" box="[302,1149,1303,1328]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Euphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="plumbea" subSpecies="aureopectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FE8CFA8849162568" box="[302,517,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">Euphonia plumbea</emphasis>
|
||
Du Bus de Gisignies. Unfortunately,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FC14FA864F6E2568" box="[950,1149,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. r. aureopectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains a poorly known and understudied taxon; even its distribution is poorly known, as exemplified by the fact that the first probable specimen (a female) of this taxon from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33FA18D0715FFE3FDD0FAFF49DA2520" box="[626,713,1376,1400]" name="Guyana" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
||
was not published until 1998 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB99CEC0715FFE3FB9DFAFF4E542520" author="Agro" box="[1087,1351,1375,1400]" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" refString="Agro, D. J. & Ridgely, R. S. (1998) First record of the Striped Manakin Machaeropterus regulus in Guyana. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, 118, 122 - 123." type="journal article" year="1998">Agro & Ridgely 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). More information on the life history and voice, and additional specimens, including tissue samples, of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FB7AFA1A4E8F25C4" box="[1240,1436,1413,1436]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Euphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="plumbea" subSpecies="aureopectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FB7AFA1A4E8F25C4" box="[1240,1436,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. r. aureopectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would be very useful for a more in-depth study of the taxonomic and systematics of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FBCAFA364FF32598" baseAuthorityName="Hahn" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[1128,1248,1447,1472]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FBCAFA364FF32598" box="[1128,1248,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex. In lieu of genetic data, however, we use voice as a proxy to indicate genetic similarity, as differing vocalizations among most suboscine passerines have been shown to correlate strongly with genetic differentiation (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB99CEC0715FFE3FAB7FA704A322675" author="Kirwan" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" refString="Kirwan, G. M. & Green, G. (2011) Cotingas and Manakins. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 624 pp." type="book" year="2011">Kirwan and Green 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:26). The strong distinction in note structure in the advertising songs between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FB38F98A4E2C2675" box="[1178,1343,1556,1581]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FB38F98A4E2C2675" box="[1178,1343,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FF35F9A84A122608" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[151,257,1591,1616]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FF35F9A84A122608" box="[151,257,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group has led us to the conclusion that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FD7DF9A648942608" box="[735,903,1591,1616]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FD7DF9A648942608" box="[735,903,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most appropriately considered a biological species apart from the rest of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FDA9F9C34966262D" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[523,629,1628,1653]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FDA9F9C34966262D" box="[523,629,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97E11D0715FFE3FF65F91F484527CD" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">
|
||
In addition to the remarkable vocal differentiation of advertising songs of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FB8AF9E04F8226C0" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1064,1169,1663,1688]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FB8AF9E04F8226C0" box="[1064,1169,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group and nominate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FADFF91E4BFA26E5" baseAuthorityName="Hahn" baseAuthorityYear="1818" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FADFF91E4BFA26E5" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313FD980715FFE3FF5DF93B4A5426E4" box="[255,327,1700,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1585,1607]" captionTargetBox="[191,1341,440,1452]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[168,1420,375,1566]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. A comparison of “ advertising songs ” of some taxa in the Machaeropterus regulus complex. A) M. eckelberryi (PERU: Loreto dept.; ca 77 km WNW Contamana, ca. 1000 m. 12 July 1996. D. F. Lane, XC 170145). B) M. eckelberryi (PERU: San Martín dept.; Morro de Calzada, ca. 1000 m. 29 July 2005. D. F. Lane, XC 170143). C) M. regulus striolatus (PERU: Loreto dept.; Jeberos, ca. 350 m. 15 June 2001. D. F. Lane, XC 170138). D) M. r. striolatus (PERU: Loreto dept.; Oran, ca 200 m. 24 July 2013. D. F. Lane, XC 170139). E) M. r. aureopectus (VENEZUELA: Bolivar state; El Pauji. 4 December 2010. A. Renaudier, XC 66415). F) M. r. antioquiae (COLOMBIA: Santander dept.; Serranía de la Quinchas, RNA El Paujíl. F. Lambert, XC 16781). G) M. r. regulus (BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro; Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu. J. Minns, XC 82253). Notice the light flat lines (around 1 kHz and 3 kHz) “ underscoring ” the notes of the songs in figures C-G, but lacking in A and B. Also note that the song of M. r. antioquiae (F) is very similar in structure to those of M. r. striolatus (C, D), but the spacing between the two main notes is longer. The dark band running above the loudest fundamental frequencies of the notes in C and D is insect noise. “ XC #### ” refers to recordings available at www. xeno-canto. org / ####." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/891710/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) cited above, their differences are further augmented by the distinctive, attenuated outer two primaries of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FE85F9564AAB26B8" authorityName="in Sick" authorityYear="1993" box="[295,440,1735,1760]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FE85F9564AAB26B8" box="[295,440,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. r. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313FD980715FFE3FE65F958491F26B8" box="[455,524,1735,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1692,1714]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,193,1671]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[340,1247,193,1671]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. A comparison of the shapes of the outer two primaries of adult male Machaeropterus r. regulus (A, AMNH 493126) and M. r. striolatus (B, LSUMZ uncataloged, GFS 465). The attenuated shape of these remiges in M. r. regulus is unique within the Striped Manakin complex; all other members share the wing shape exhibited here by M. r. striolatus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/891712/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). This character is unique within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FC11F9564F3F26B8" baseAuthorityName="Hahn" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[947,1068,1735,1760]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FC11F9564F3F26B8" box="[947,1068,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex, and noteworthy in not having been mentioned in the literature previously. Taken together, these characters point to the presence of two biological species within the existing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FDECF88E49D92770" baseAuthorityName="Hahn" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[590,714,1807,1832]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FDECF88E49D92770" box="[590,714,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FD7CF88E48412770" box="[734,850,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">sensu lato</emphasis>
|
||
), in addition to the new
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FBD8F88E4E332770" box="[1146,1312,1807,1832]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FBD8F88E4E332770" box="[1146,1312,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thus, we suggest a systematic reorganization to recognize a monotypic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FCEAF8AA48AC2715" baseAuthorityName="Hahn" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[840,959,1844,1869]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FCEAF8AA48AC2715" box="[840,959,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. regulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Eastern Striped Manakin), a polytypic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FADFF8AA4A122728" baseAuthorityName="Bonaparte" baseAuthorityYear="1838" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="striolatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FADFF8AA4A122728" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. striolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FE23F8C649242728" box="[385,567,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. s. antioquiae</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FDE6F8C648192728" box="[580,778,1881,1904]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Euphonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="plumbea" subSpecies="aureopectus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FDE6F8C648192728" box="[580,778,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. s. aureopectus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FCB5F8C64F122728" box="[791,1025,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. s. obscurostriatus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FBB2F8C84FC82728" box="[1040,1243,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">and M. s. zulianus</emphasis>
|
||
; Western Striped Manakin), and a monotypic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C289A9E0715FFE3FE71F8E2484027CD" authority="(Painted Manakin)" authorityName="Painted Manakin" box="[467,851,1916,1941]" class="Aves" family="Pipridae" genus="Machaeropterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eckelberryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C3D0F0715FFE3FE71F8E2496427CD" box="[467,631,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="388">M. eckelberryi</emphasis>
|
||
(Painted Manakin)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |