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<mods:title id="EA87544F3FB550E21B4D884B77AD8EA6">Review of Rhabdiasidae (Nematoda) from the Holarctic</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8B8636BFFF8AFFB009F0F993ACE3CC07" blockId="37.[151,934,1620,1646]" box="[151,934,1620,1646]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<heading id="D0CE81D3FF8AFFB009F0F993ACE3CC07" bold="true" box="[151,934,1620,1646]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C394D3CFF8AFFB009F0F993ACE3CC07" ID-CoL="9B3BB" authority="Cipriani, Mattiucci, Paoletti et al., 2012" authorityName="Cipriani, Mattiucci, Paoletti" authorityYear="2012" box="[151,934,1620,1646]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabdiasidae" genus="Rhabdias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="esculentarum">
<emphasis id="B94DEAADFF8AFFB009F0F993ACE3CC07" bold="true" box="[151,934,1620,1646]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B94DEAADFF8AFFB009F0F993AEF1CC07" bold="true" box="[151,436,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Rhabdias esculentarum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B4EFF8AFFB008DBF993ACE3CC07" author="Cipriani, P. &amp; Mattiucci, S. &amp; Paoletti, M. &amp; Santoro, M. &amp; Nascetti, G." box="[444,934,1620,1646]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="131 - 146" refId="ref41129" refString="Cipriani, P., Mattiucci, S., Paoletti, M., Santoro, M. &amp; Nascetti, G. (2012). Rhabdias esculentarum n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from green frogs of the Rana esculenta species complex in Italy: molecular evidence, morphological description and genetic differentiation from its congeners in frogs and toads. Systematic Parasitology, 82, 131 - 146. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11230 - 012 - 9355 - x" type="journal article" year="2012">
Cipriani, Mattiucci, Paoletti
<emphasis id="B94DEAADFF8AFFB00A45F993AC18CC07" bold="true" box="[802,861,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
, 2012
</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3236534FF8AFFB309F0F95BAD00CBEE" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B8636BFFF8AFFB009F0F95BACFCCCDA" blockId="37.[151,1436,1691,2003]" box="[151,953,1691,1715]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Hosts:
<taxonomicName id="4C394D3CFF8AFFB00982F95CAE8FCCDA" baseAuthorityName="Camerano" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[229,458,1691,1715]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lessonae">
<emphasis id="B94DEAADFF8AFFB00982F95CAE8FCCDA" box="[229,458,1691,1715]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Pelophylax lessonae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C394D3CFF8AFFB008BEF95BAD2CCCDA" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[473,617,1691,1715]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="esculentus">
<emphasis id="B94DEAADFF8AFFB008BEF95BAD2CCCDA" box="[473,617,1691,1715]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">P. esculentus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C394D3CFF8AFFB00B10F95CADA8CCDA" box="[631,749,1691,1715]" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Amphibia</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C394D3CFF8AFFB00B9FF95CAC06CCDA" box="[760,835,1691,1715]" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Anura</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C394D3CFF8AFFB00A2BF95CACE8CCDA" authorityName="Batsch" authorityYear="1796" box="[844,941,1691,1715]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ranidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636BFFF8AFFB009A0F978ADCBCCBE" blockId="37.[151,1436,1691,2003]" box="[199,654,1727,1751]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Distribution: Western Palaearctic (
<collectingCountry id="F32E762FFF8AFFB00B2EF978ADC7CCBE" box="[585,642,1727,1751]" name="Italy" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Italy</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636BFFF8AFFB309A0F924AE2DCA9E" blockId="37.[151,1436,1691,2003]" lastBlockId="38.[151,1436,151,392]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Description (after
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B4EFF8AFFB008C3F924ADDECC92" author="Cipriani, P. &amp; Mattiucci, S. &amp; Paoletti, M. &amp; Santoro, M. &amp; Nascetti, G." box="[420,667,1763,1787]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="131 - 146" refId="ref41129" refString="Cipriani, P., Mattiucci, S., Paoletti, M., Santoro, M. &amp; Nascetti, G. (2012). Rhabdias esculentarum n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from green frogs of the Rana esculenta species complex in Italy: molecular evidence, morphological description and genetic differentiation from its congeners in frogs and toads. Systematic Parasitology, 82, 131 - 146. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11230 - 012 - 9355 - x" type="journal article" year="2012">
Cipriani
<emphasis id="B94DEAADFF8AFFB00B68F923AD15CC92" box="[527,592,1763,1787]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
). Body small, 6.82 (3.358.85) mm long, 350 (260410) wide (maximum width at vulva region). Body cuticle partly inflated, especially in anterior and posterior parts of body. Buccal capsule wide, cup-shaped; each side with small posterior segment; total length 14 (12.517), total width 8 (612); buccal capsule length/width ratio 0.57. Oesophageal length 483 (423560) (7.4 % of total body length), width 39 (3045) at anterior end, 68 (4582) at bulb region (posterior end). Nerve-ring near middle of oesophagus. Intestine slightly wider than oesophageal bulb at junction with oesophagus, filled with dark contents, becoming slender at about vulva region. Vulva fountain-shaped, post-equatorial; distance from apex to vulva 3.68 (1.90 4.80) mm, i.e. 54.4 (5159)% of body length. Tail simple and sharply pointed, length 256 (200310) (4.0% of body length). Uterus amphidelphic, filled with numerous eggs; eggs in proximity of vulva contain well-formed, unsheathed larvae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636BFFF89FFB309A0FEC3AEBACB0A" blockId="38.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
Remarks.
<taxonomicName id="4C394D3CFF89FFB3085EFEC3AD04CB75" box="[313,577,260,284]" class="Chromadorea" family="Rhabdiasidae" genus="Rhabdias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="esculentarum">
<emphasis id="B94DEAADFF89FFB3085EFEC3AD04CB75" box="[313,577,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Rhabdias esculentarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described and is still known only in Western Europe (
<collectingCountry id="F32E762FFF89FFB30DB1FEC3AA4ACB75" box="[1238,1295,260,284]" name="Italy" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Italy</collectingCountry>
). For now, it is not clear, whether or not its distribution coincides with the distribution areas of its hosts (
<taxonomicName id="4C394D3CFF89FFB30DCBFEEFAA24CB56" box="[1196,1377,295,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Pelophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94DEAADFF89FFB30DCBFEEFAA6FCB29" box="[1196,1322,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Pelophylax</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
) that reaches Central Asia in the east.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8636BFFF89FFB309A0FEA8AD00CBEE" blockId="38.[151,1436,151,392]" box="[199,581,367,392]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
References:
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B4EFF89FFB30835FEA8AD04CBEE" author="Cipriani, P. &amp; Mattiucci, S. &amp; Paoletti, M. &amp; Santoro, M. &amp; Nascetti, G." box="[338,577,367,392]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="131 - 146" refId="ref41129" refString="Cipriani, P., Mattiucci, S., Paoletti, M., Santoro, M. &amp; Nascetti, G. (2012). Rhabdias esculentarum n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from green frogs of the Rana esculenta species complex in Italy: molecular evidence, morphological description and genetic differentiation from its congeners in frogs and toads. Systematic Parasitology, 82, 131 - 146. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11230 - 012 - 9355 - x" type="journal article" year="2012">
Cipriani
<emphasis id="B94DEAADFF89FFB308D2FEB6AEA8CBE1" box="[437,493,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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