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<mods:title id="EFDA59399F36D6D4C8361BD7B2F1F60F">Recognizing Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. (Decapoda: Palinuridae) in Brazil — Systematic and biogeographic overview of Panulirus species in the Atlantic Ocean</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF91FFD5FF75FC54FE08FC4F" box="[151,469,912,938]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF91FFD5FF75FC54FE08FC4F" bold="true" box="[151,469,912,938]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Panulirus meripurpuratus</emphasis>
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n. sp
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(
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF91FFD5FF7DFC70FED7FC29" box="[159,266,948,973]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="2.[151,250,1975,1997]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,250,1802,1824]" captionStartId-2="4.[151,250,1649,1671]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,686,1951]" captionTargetBox-1="[164,1411,193,1767]" captionTargetBox-2="[157,1436,200,1624]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[151,1436,684,1951]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[164,1411,193,1768]" captionTargetId-2="figure@4.[155,1440,193,1626]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Holotype of Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. captured in Pernambuco—Brazil. Scales: 5 cm. Photographic credits: Jesser Fidelis." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Details of Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. A, the male paratype # 3 (CL = 92 mm) with lighter colour; B, antennular plate of holotype highlighting the four spines in square; C, lateral view of the right second maxillipeds of holotype; D, lateral view of the right third maxillipeds of holotype; E, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of holotype highlighting the end of the groove in each somite; F, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm) highlighting the end of the separated groove even with spotted line in transverse groove merged; G, abdomen of female paratype # 4 (CL = 78 mm) highlighting the pleopods with endopod and exopod; H, details of pleopods with endopod and exopod of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm). Scales: A = 5 cm; B – G = 2 cm; H = 1 cm. Photographic Credits: Jesser Fidelis." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. photographed at night in-situ in different habitats according to life stage. A, puerulus alone on reef fringe (reef surface) at shallow coastal reefs; B – C, juveniles upside down in groups in cavity in the caves at shallow reefs; D, F, large juveniles or pre-adults in the interface between soft substrate and reef in shallow coastal reefs; E, pre-adults foraging in the bottom among the reef structures, G – H, adults in deep zones in soft bottom and near the reefs. Images: specimens from Salvador-BA photographed by Claudio Sampaio (A, D – F); specimen from Fernando de Noronha-PE photographed by Bruno Welter Giraldes (B, C); specimens from Fernando de Noronha-PE photographed by Ronaldo Guillen (G – H)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/260886/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/260887/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/260888/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
, 
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B, 5)
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<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF91FFD5FF75FC38FE81FBF7" box="[151,348,1020,1042]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF91FFD5FF75FC38FEE3FBF7" ID-CoL="853XK" box="[151,318,1020,1042]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argus">Panulirus argus</taxonomicName>
.—
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<treatmentCitation id="041110BCFF91FFD5FEBEFC38FD7BFBF7" author="Fonteles-Filho" box="[348,678,1020,1042]" page="25" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" year="1980">
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF91FFD5FEBEFC38FDA1FBF7" author="Fonteles-Filho" box="[348,636,1020,1042]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" refString="Fonteles-Filho, A. A, Ivo, C. T. C. (1980) Migratory behaviour of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus (Latreille), off Ceara State, Brazil. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, Fortaleza, 20, 25 - 32." type="journal article" year="1980">Fonteles-Filho &amp; Ivo 1980</bibRefCitation>
: 25
</treatmentCitation>
–32. 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF91FFD5FD33FC39FD3AFBF7" box="[721,743,1021,1042]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">—</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="041110BCFF91FFD5FD05FC39FC0AFBF7" author="Ivo" box="[743,983,1020,1042]" page="7" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" year="1996">
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF91FFD5FD05FC39FC61FBF7" author="Ivo" box="[743,956,1020,1042]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" refString="Ivo, C. &amp; Pereira, J. (1996) Sinopse das principais observacoes sobre as lagostas Panulirus argus (Latreille) e Panulirus laevicauda (Latreille), capturadas em aguas costeiras do Brasil, entre os estados do Amapa e do Espirito Santo. Boletim Tecnico Cientifico do CEPENE, 4, 7 - 94." type="journal article" year="1996">Ivo &amp; Pereira 1996</bibRefCitation>
: 7
</treatmentCitation>
–94. 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF91FFD5FBE6FC39FBC7FBF7" box="[1028,1050,1021,1042]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">—</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF91FFD5FBF9FC38FB4FFBF7" author="Melo" box="[1051,1170,1020,1042]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" refString="Melo, G. A. S. (1999) Manual de Identificacao dos Crustacea Decapodo do Litoral Brasileiro: Anomura, Thalassinidea, Palinuridea e Astacidea. FAPESP. Ed. Pleiade, Museu de Zoologia. Universidade Estadual de Sao Paulo." type="book" year="1999">Melo 1999</bibRefCitation>
: 436
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 294. 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF91FFD5FAD0FC39FA95FBF7" box="[1330,1352,1021,1042]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">—</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="041110BCFF91FFD5FAABFC38FE67FBD5" author="Silva" page="19" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" year="2011">
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</treatmentCitation>
, 22–94. 
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<treatmentCitation id="041110BCFF91FFD5FDC3FBDEFCD2FBD5" author="Teschima" box="[545,783,1050,1072]" page="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" year="2012">
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF91FFD5FDC3FBDEFD2AFBD5" author="Teschima" box="[545,759,1050,1072]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" refString="Teschima, M. M., Faria Junior, E. &amp; Freire, A. S. (2012) New records of marine mantis shrimp, crabs and lobsters (Crustacea) from Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil (27 ° 15 ' S 48 ° 25 ' W). Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, e 100. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 1755267212000760" type="journal article" year="2012">
Teschima 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF91FFD5FD6AFBDFFD69FBD5" box="[648,692,1050,1072]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">et al</emphasis>
. 2012
</bibRefCitation>
: 5
</treatmentCitation>
. 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF91FFD5FCF1FBDFFCF4FBD5" box="[787,809,1051,1072]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">—</emphasis>
Faria-Junior 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF91FFD5FC49FBDFFC0AFBD5" box="[939,983,1050,1072]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">et al</emphasis>
. 2013: 29, fig 2. 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF91FFD5FB9CFBDFFB49FBD5" box="[1150,1172,1051,1072]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">—</emphasis>
Gaeta 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF91FFD5FB37FBDFFADFFBD5" box="[1237,1282,1050,1072]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">et al</emphasis>
. 2015: 2, fig 4. 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF91FFD5FF75FBFDFE6CFBAA" box="[151,433,1081,1103]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF91FFD5FF75FBFDFE4EFBAA" ID-CoL="862HQ" box="[151,403,1081,1103]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="argus" subSpecies="westonii">Panulirus argus westonii</taxonomicName>
.—
</emphasis>
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. 1998
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. 
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. [Nomen nudum].
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</paragraph>
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<typeStatus id="5A0B880FFF91FFD5FF75FB5EFF0FFB56" box="[151,210,1178,1203]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Type</typeStatus>
material.
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<typeStatus id="5A0B880FFF91FFD5FEAFFB5FFE69FB56" box="[333,436,1179,1203]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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. Offshore area around Pau Amarelo Beach, Pernambuco (
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, 
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), 0 
<date id="F10E106DFF91FFD5FF47FB7BFEAFFB32" box="[165,370,1214,1239]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" value="2015-11-04">4 November 2015</date>
, sampled by traps (
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF91FFD5FDAEFB7BFD5CFB33" box="[588,641,1215,1238]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">covo</emphasis>
), obtained from local fisherman, male, CL = 
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, (Oceanographic Museum Petrônio Alves Coelho in Pernambuco—MOUFPE 15564).
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<paragraph id="850F36ADFF91FFD5FF25FAC3FEADFA6E" blockId="1.[151,1437,1178,2031]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF91FFD5FF25FAC3FE9DFAFB" box="[199,320,1287,1310]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">
<typeStatus id="5A0B880FFF91FFD5FF25FAC3FEE1FAFB" box="[199,316,1287,1310]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="93B6FD24FF91FFD5FEA4FAC3FE0DFAFA" box="[326,464,1286,1311]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" type="generic">7 specimens</specimenCount>
obtained from local fisherman, sampled by traps (
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF91FFD5FBE6FAC3FBE4FAFB" box="[1028,1081,1287,1310]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">covo</emphasis>
), offshore around Pau Amarelo beach Pernambuco (
<geoCoordinate id="E084506AFF91FFD5FE62FAEEFDD4FAA6" box="[384,521,1322,1347]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" precision="1" value="-7.9043336">7°54'15.6&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="E084506AFF91FFD5FDF5FAEFFD14FAA6" box="[535,713,1323,1347]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" precision="1" value="-34.820637">034°49'14.3&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
), 0 
<date id="F10E106DFF91FFD5FD0EFAEFFC1DFAA6" box="[748,960,1322,1347]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" value="2015-11-04">4 November 2015</date>
: 
<specimenCount id="93B6FD24FF91FFD5FC2FFAEFFBFBFAA6" box="[973,1062,1322,1347]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
(#3 CL = 
<quantity id="42489B48FF91FFD5FB47FAEFFB24FAA7" box="[1189,1273,1323,1347]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" unit="mm" value="92.0">92 mm</quantity>
, #5 CL = 
<quantity id="42489B48FF91FFD5FA91FAEFFF19FA82" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1199999999999999" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" unit="mm" value="112.0">112 mm</quantity>
) and 
<specimenCount id="93B6FD24FF91FFD5FEEAFA8AFEABFA82" box="[264,374,1358,1383]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" type="female">5 females</specimenCount>
(#1 CL = 
<quantity id="42489B48FF91FFD5FE15FA8BFD96FA83" box="[503,587,1359,1383]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" unit="mm" value="72.0">72 mm</quantity>
, #2 CL = 
<quantity id="42489B48FF91FFD5FD24FA8BFCF5FA83" box="[710,808,1359,1383]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3199999999999998" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" unit="mm" value="132.0">132 mm</quantity>
, #4 CL = 
<quantity id="42489B48FF91FFD5FC41FA8BFC2AFA83" box="[931,1015,1359,1383]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" unit="mm" value="78.0">78 mm</quantity>
, #6 CL = 
<quantity id="42489B48FF91FFD5FB90FA8BFB1BFA83" box="[1138,1222,1359,1383]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" unit="mm" value="81.0">81 mm</quantity>
, #7 CL = 
<quantity id="42489B48FF91FFD5FAA0FA8BFA49FA82" box="[1346,1428,1359,1383]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" unit="mm" value="87.0">87 mm</quantity>
) (
<collectionCode id="E3A1AE68FF91FFD5FF7CFAB7FECFFA6E" box="[158,274,1395,1419]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/x21b-a7z4" name="Oceanographic Museum of the Federal University of Pernambuco" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">MOUFPE</collectionCode>
15562).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF91FFD5FF25FA52FCA3FA4A" blockId="1.[151,1437,1178,2031]" box="[199,894,1430,1455]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF91FFD5FF25FA52FEB5FA4A" bold="true" box="[199,360,1430,1455]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Type-locality.</emphasis>
Pernambuco state, northeastern coast of 
<collectingCountry id="FDA7763DFF91FFD5FCD1FA52FCA6FA4A" box="[819,891,1430,1455]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CDAA6526FF91FFD5FF25FA7EFBDBFA13" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF91FFD5FF25FA7EFBDBFA13" blockId="1.[151,1437,1178,2031]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF91FFD5FF25FA7EFE93FA36" bold="true" box="[199,334,1466,1491]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Etymology.</emphasis>
From Latin 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF91FFD5FE39FA7FFDCFFA37" box="[475,530,1467,1490]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Meri</emphasis>
(plural of merus) + 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF91FFD5FD17FA7FFCAFFA37" box="[757,882,1467,1490]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">purpuratus</emphasis>
(purple). Based on the main colour pattern in the meri of pereiopods that differentiates this species from the Caribbean 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF91FFD5FC46FA1BFC22FA13" box="[932,1023,1503,1526]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF91FFD5FC46FA1BFC22FA13" box="[932,1023,1503,1526]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">P. argus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CDAA6526FF91FFD2FF25F9C6FF3AF9D2" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="359" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" type="description">
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF91FFD5FF25F9C6FD8AF94E" blockId="1.[151,1437,1178,2031]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF91FFD5FF25F9C6FDF5F9FE" bold="true" box="[199,552,1538,1563]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">
Description of male 
<typeStatus id="5A0B880FFF91FFD5FE23F9C6FDF5F9FE" box="[449,552,1538,1563]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF91FFD5FDD8F9C6FD59F9FE" box="[570,644,1538,1563]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1975,1997]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,686,1951]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,684,1951]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. captured in Pernambuco—Brazil. Scales: 5 cm. Photographic credits: Jesser Fidelis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260886/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Figs 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF91FFD5FD77F9C7FD7EF9FE" box="[661,675,1539,1563]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1802,1824]" captionTargetBox="[164,1411,193,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[164,1411,193,1768]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Details of Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. A, the male paratype # 3 (CL = 92 mm) with lighter colour; B, antennular plate of holotype highlighting the four spines in square; C, lateral view of the right second maxillipeds of holotype; D, lateral view of the right third maxillipeds of holotype; E, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of holotype highlighting the end of the groove in each somite; F, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm) highlighting the end of the separated groove even with spotted line in transverse groove merged; G, abdomen of female paratype # 4 (CL = 78 mm) highlighting the pleopods with endopod and exopod; H, details of pleopods with endopod and exopod of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm). Scales: A = 5 cm; B – G = 2 cm; H = 1 cm. Photographic Credits: Jesser Fidelis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260887/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">2</figureCitation>
B–E). Carapace 1.4 times longer than wide, slightly shorter than abdomen length; covered with sharp anteriorly directed spines; very large spines (horns) above orbits, laterally compressed, directed anterodorsally, posteriorly with small spines; 2 transverse rows of 4 gastric spines; cervical groove distinct, other regions demarcated by shallow groove, with almost imperceptible divisions between cardiac, branchial and intestinal regions (
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF91FFD5FDE7F956FD9BF94E" box="[517,582,1682,1707]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1975,1997]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,686,1951]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,684,1951]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. captured in Pernambuco—Brazil. Scales: 5 cm. Photographic credits: Jesser Fidelis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260886/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF91FFD5FF25F972FCB9F8F2" blockId="1.[151,1437,1178,2031]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">
Abdomen smooth; somites 2–5 with shallow and incomplete transverse groove, without bristles, distinctly interrupted medially, especially on somites 3–4 (
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF91FFD5FD27F91EFCD6F916" box="[709,779,1754,1779]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1802,1824]" captionTargetBox="[164,1411,193,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[164,1411,193,1768]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Details of Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. A, the male paratype # 3 (CL = 92 mm) with lighter colour; B, antennular plate of holotype highlighting the four spines in square; C, lateral view of the right second maxillipeds of holotype; D, lateral view of the right third maxillipeds of holotype; E, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of holotype highlighting the end of the groove in each somite; F, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm) highlighting the end of the separated groove even with spotted line in transverse groove merged; G, abdomen of female paratype # 4 (CL = 78 mm) highlighting the pleopods with endopod and exopod; H, details of pleopods with endopod and exopod of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm). Scales: A = 5 cm; B – G = 2 cm; H = 1 cm. Photographic Credits: Jesser Fidelis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260887/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
E); maximum width of abdomen 4.8 times less than total body length. Male pleopods 2–5 leaf shaped, without endopods.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF91FFD5FF25F8E6FD27F8BA" blockId="1.[151,1437,1178,2031]" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Telson and uropods hard proximally and membranous distally; hard part of exopod with line of 7 small spines distally; hard part of endopod with 3+1 spines distally.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF91FFD6FF25F8AEFD13FEF9" blockId="1.[151,1437,1178,2031]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,647]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="355" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">
Antennular plate broad, bearing 2 pairs of large spines arranged in a square, with 2 anterior larger spines in the limit of antennular plate and 2 smaller spines posteriorly in the middle of antennular plate (
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF91FFD5FB49F84AFB2CF842" box="[1195,1265,1934,1959]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1802,1824]" captionTargetBox="[164,1411,193,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[164,1411,193,1768]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Details of Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. A, the male paratype # 3 (CL = 92 mm) with lighter colour; B, antennular plate of holotype highlighting the four spines in square; C, lateral view of the right second maxillipeds of holotype; D, lateral view of the right third maxillipeds of holotype; E, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of holotype highlighting the end of the groove in each somite; F, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm) highlighting the end of the separated groove even with spotted line in transverse groove merged; G, abdomen of female paratype # 4 (CL = 78 mm) highlighting the pleopods with endopod and exopod; H, details of pleopods with endopod and exopod of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm). Scales: A = 5 cm; B – G = 2 cm; H = 1 cm. Photographic Credits: Jesser Fidelis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260887/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B). Antennulae nearly 0.8 times total body length; outer flagellum setose distally and shorter and thicker than inner (
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF91FFD5FB1DF876FA9CF82E" box="[1279,1345,1970,1995]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1975,1997]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,686,1951]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,684,1951]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. captured in Pernambuco—Brazil. Scales: 5 cm. Photographic credits: Jesser Fidelis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260886/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Distal article of antennular peduncle exceeding antennal peduncle and over reaching first pereiopods (
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF91FFD5FB5EF812FADAF80A" box="[1212,1287,2006,2031]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1975,1997]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,686,1951]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,684,1951]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. captured in Pernambuco—Brazil. Scales: 5 cm. Photographic credits: Jesser Fidelis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260886/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="354">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
); second and third articles equal in length, half length of first article. Antennae very large, heavy, exceeding body length; peduncle reaching the distal limit of second antennular peduncle article; peduncle with numerous strong spines; ventral surface of first article smooth, with only 1 distomedial spine; flagellum stout, stiff, line of setae along inner margin and ringed with spines at intervals (
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF92FFD6FD99FEC0FD60FEF9" box="[635,701,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1975,1997]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,686,1951]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,684,1951]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. captured in Pernambuco—Brazil. Scales: 5 cm. Photographic credits: Jesser Fidelis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260886/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF92FFD6FF25FEE3FD83FE49" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,647]" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">
Third maxilliped with exopod (
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF92FFD6FDD9FEE3FD52FEA5" box="[571,655,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1802,1824]" captionTargetBox="[164,1411,193,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[164,1411,193,1768]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Details of Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. A, the male paratype # 3 (CL = 92 mm) with lighter colour; B, antennular plate of holotype highlighting the four spines in square; C, lateral view of the right second maxillipeds of holotype; D, lateral view of the right third maxillipeds of holotype; E, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of holotype highlighting the end of the groove in each somite; F, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm) highlighting the end of the separated groove even with spotted line in transverse groove merged; G, abdomen of female paratype # 4 (CL = 78 mm) highlighting the pleopods with endopod and exopod; H, details of pleopods with endopod and exopod of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm). Scales: A = 5 cm; B – G = 2 cm; H = 1 cm. Photographic Credits: Jesser Fidelis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260887/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
D); reaching carpi of first pereiopod; exopod with multi-articulate flagellum reaching 2/3 length of merus of endopod; first segment of exopod half length of flagellum (
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF92FFD6FAECFE88FA86FE81" box="[1294,1371,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1975,1997]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,686,1951]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,684,1951]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. captured in Pernambuco—Brazil. Scales: 5 cm. Photographic credits: Jesser Fidelis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260886/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF92FFD6FA8BFE88FAA5FE81" box="[1385,1400,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1802,1824]" captionTargetBox="[164,1411,193,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[164,1411,193,1768]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Details of Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. A, the male paratype # 3 (CL = 92 mm) with lighter colour; B, antennular plate of holotype highlighting the four spines in square; C, lateral view of the right second maxillipeds of holotype; D, lateral view of the right third maxillipeds of holotype; E, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of holotype highlighting the end of the groove in each somite; F, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm) highlighting the end of the separated groove even with spotted line in transverse groove merged; G, abdomen of female paratype # 4 (CL = 78 mm) highlighting the pleopods with endopod and exopod; H, details of pleopods with endopod and exopod of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm). Scales: A = 5 cm; B – G = 2 cm; H = 1 cm. Photographic Credits: Jesser Fidelis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260887/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">2</figureCitation>
D). Exopod of second maxilliped with multi-articulate flagellum reaching beyond endopod; first segment of exopod slightly shorter than flagellum (
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF92FFD6FE1AFE50FDE1FE49" box="[504,572,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1802,1824]" captionTargetBox="[164,1411,193,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[164,1411,193,1768]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Details of Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. A, the male paratype # 3 (CL = 92 mm) with lighter colour; B, antennular plate of holotype highlighting the four spines in square; C, lateral view of the right second maxillipeds of holotype; D, lateral view of the right third maxillipeds of holotype; E, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of holotype highlighting the end of the groove in each somite; F, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm) highlighting the end of the separated groove even with spotted line in transverse groove merged; G, abdomen of female paratype # 4 (CL = 78 mm) highlighting the pleopods with endopod and exopod; H, details of pleopods with endopod and exopod of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm). Scales: A = 5 cm; B – G = 2 cm; H = 1 cm. Photographic Credits: Jesser Fidelis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260887/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF92FFD6FF25FE7EFE17FD62" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,647]" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Pereiopods unequal in size; pereiopod 2 longest, followed by pereiopods 3, 4, 5 and 1; dactylus about half length of propodus, covered with bristles; merus with dorsodistal and outer distoventral spines; carpi with longitudinal dorsolateral grooves. Pereiopods 3–5 ending with superior spines. Pereiopod 1 slightly exceeding the end of antennal peduncle, reaching the end of second antennular article and reaching 1/3 length of propodus of pereiopod 2. Pereiopod 1 little longer than carapace length; propodus with ventral bristles. Pereiopod 2 about 1.4 times longer than carapace.</paragraph>
<caption id="D1CF6625FF92FFD6FF75F873FEAAF809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260886/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" targetBox="[151,1436,686,1951]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF92FFD6FF75F873FEAAF809" blockId="2.[151,1436,1975,2028]" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF92FFD6FF75F873FECAF829" bold="true" box="[151,279,1975,1997]" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF92FFD6FE4BF873FD6BF828" box="[425,694,1975,1997]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF92FFD6FE4BF873FD6BF828" box="[425,694,1975,1997]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">Panulirus meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF92FFD6FD23F873FCC8F829" bold="true" box="[705,789,1975,1996]" pageId="2" pageNumber="355">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ACF757C4FF92FFD6FD23F873FCC8F829" box="[705,789,1975,1996]" pageId="2" pageNumber="355" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
captured in Pernambuco—Brazil. Scales: 5cm. Photographic credits: Jesser Fidelis.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D1CF6625FF93FFD7FF75F8CEFC67F83D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260887/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="356" targetBox="[164,1411,193,1767]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF93FFD7FF75F8CEFC67F83D" blockId="3.[151,1437,1802,2008]" pageId="3" pageNumber="356">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF93FFD7FF75F8CEFECBF8FA" bold="true" box="[151,278,1802,1824]" pageId="3" pageNumber="356">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Details of 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF93FFD7FE6DF8CEFD41F8C5" box="[399,668,1802,1824]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="3" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF93FFD7FE6DF8CEFD41F8C5" box="[399,668,1802,1824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="356">Panulirus meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF93FFD7FD47F8CFFD25F8C5" bold="true" box="[677,760,1803,1824]" pageId="3" pageNumber="356">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ACF757C4FF93FFD7FD47F8CFFD25F8C5" box="[677,760,1803,1824]" pageId="3" pageNumber="356" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A, the male paratype #3 (CL = 92 mm) with lighter colour; B, antennular plate of holotype highlighting the four spines in square; C, lateral view of the right second maxillipeds of holotype; D, lateral view of the right third maxillipeds of holotype; E, abdominal somites 2–4 of holotype highlighting the end of the groove in each somite; F, abdominal somites 2–4 of female paratype #6 (CL = 81mm) highlighting the end of the separated groove even with spotted line in transverse groove merged; G, abdomen of female paratype #4 (CL = 78 mm) highlighting the pleopods with endopod and exopod; H, details of pleopods with endopod and exopod of female paratype #6 (CL = 81 mm). Scales: A = 5 cm; B–G = 2 cm; H = 1 cm. Photographic Credits: Jesser Fidelis.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D1CF6625FF94FFD0FF75F9B5FF3DF8DA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260888/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="357" targetBox="[157,1436,200,1624]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF94FFD0FF75F9B5FF3DF8DA" blockId="4.[151,1437,1649,1855]" pageId="4" pageNumber="357">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF94FFD0FF75F9B5FEC9F963" bold="true" box="[151,276,1649,1671]" pageId="4" pageNumber="357">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF94FFD0FEFEF9B5FDF5F962" box="[284,552,1649,1671]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="4" pageNumber="357" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF94FFD0FEFEF9B5FDF5F962" box="[284,552,1649,1671]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="357">Panulirus meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF94FFD0FDD2F9B5FD5FF963" bold="true" box="[560,642,1649,1670]" pageId="4" pageNumber="357">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ACF757C4FF94FFD0FDD2F9B5FD5FF963" box="[560,642,1649,1670]" pageId="4" pageNumber="357" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
photographed at night in-situ in different habitats according to life stage. A, puerulus alone on reef fringe (reef surface) at shallow coastal reefs; B–C, juveniles upside down in groups in cavity in the caves at shallow reefs; D, F, large juveniles or pre-adults in the interface between soft substrate and reef in shallow coastal reefs; E, pre-adults foraging in the bottom among the reef structures, G–H, adults in deep zones in soft bottom and near the reefs. Images: specimens from Salvador-BA photographed by Claudio Sampaio (A, D–F); specimen from Fernando de Noronha-PE photographed by Bruno Welter Giraldes (B, C); specimens from Fernando de Noronha-PE photographed by Ronaldo Guillen (G–H).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF94FFD0FF25F8A8FE6EF814" blockId="4.[151,1437,1900,2033]" pageId="4" pageNumber="357">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF94FFD0FF25F8A8FE30F860" bold="true" box="[199,493,1900,1925]" pageId="4" pageNumber="357">
Colour of male 
<typeStatus id="5A0B880FFF94FFD0FE64F8A8FE30F860" box="[390,493,1900,1925]" pageId="4" pageNumber="357" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF94FFD0FE1CF8A8FD9AF861" box="[510,583,1900,1925]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1975,1997]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,686,1951]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,684,1951]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Holotype of Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. captured in Pernambuco—Brazil. Scales: 5 cm. Photographic credits: Jesser Fidelis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260886/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="357">Figs 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF94FFD0FDB4F8A8FDB8F861" box="[598,613,1900,1924]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1802,1824]" captionTargetBox="[164,1411,193,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[164,1411,193,1768]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Details of Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. A, the male paratype # 3 (CL = 92 mm) with lighter colour; B, antennular plate of holotype highlighting the four spines in square; C, lateral view of the right second maxillipeds of holotype; D, lateral view of the right third maxillipeds of holotype; E, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of holotype highlighting the end of the groove in each somite; F, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm) highlighting the end of the separated groove even with spotted line in transverse groove merged; G, abdomen of female paratype # 4 (CL = 78 mm) highlighting the pleopods with endopod and exopod; H, details of pleopods with endopod and exopod of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm). Scales: A = 5 cm; B – G = 2 cm; H = 1 cm. Photographic Credits: Jesser Fidelis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260887/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="357">2</figureCitation>
E). Antennal flagella purple. Mosaic of small purple dashes on antennal peduncle, antennular plate and anterolateral surface of carapace. Antennules orange-greenish. Supraorbital horns and ocular peduncle black and white. Body and pereiopods colourful dorsally, with inferior part whitish with reticulated sparse dashes.
</paragraph>
<caption id="D1CF6625FF95FFD1FF75F9ECFE1CF95D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260889/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="358" targetBox="[169,1423,202,1553]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF95FFD1FF75F9ECFE1CF95D" blockId="5.[151,1437,1576,1720]" pageId="5" pageNumber="358">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF95FFD1FF75F9ECFECFF9D8" bold="true" box="[151,274,1576,1598]" pageId="5" pageNumber="358">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Species of 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF95FFD1FE65F9ECFE36F9DB" box="[391,491,1576,1598]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF95FFD1FE65F9ECFE36F9DB" box="[391,491,1576,1598]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="358">Panulirus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Atlantic Ocean. A, 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF95FFD1FCF3F9EDFC82F9DB" box="[785,863,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="358">P. a rgu s</emphasis>
(Latreille, 1804) in Cuba; B, 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF95FFD1FB6FF9EDFA98F9DB" box="[1165,1349,1577,1598]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF95FFD1FB6FF9EDFA98F9DB" box="[1165,1349,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="358">P. meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF95FFD1FAA9F9ECFA46F9D8" bold="true" box="[1355,1435,1576,1597]" pageId="5" pageNumber="358">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ACF757C4FF95FFD1FAA9F9ECFA46F9D8" box="[1355,1435,1576,1597]" pageId="5" pageNumber="358" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
in Bahia, Brazil; C, 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF95FFD1FE84F98CFD5DF9B9" authority="Latreille, 1804" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" box="[358,640,1606,1629]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guttatus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF95FFD1FE84F98CFE0FF9B8" box="[358,466,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="358">P. guttatus</emphasis>
(Latreille, 1804)
</taxonomicName>
in Cuba; D, 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF95FFD1FCE4F98CFBDBF9B9" authority="Smith, 1869" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1869" box="[774,1030,1606,1629]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echinatus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF95FFD1FCE4F98CFC5CF9B9" box="[774,897,1606,1629]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="358">P. echinatus</emphasis>
Smith, 1869
</taxonomicName>
in Pernambuco, Brazil; E, 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF95FFD1FAFCF98CFE82F99E" authority="De Brito Capello, 1864" authorityName="De Brito Capello" authorityYear="1864" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="regius">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF95FFD1FAFCF98CFAAAF9B8" box="[1310,1399,1608,1629]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="358">P. regius</emphasis>
De Brito Capello, 1864
</taxonomicName>
in Cape Verde; F, 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF95FFD1FDF8F9A2FC93F99E" authority="Latreille, 1817" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1817" box="[538,846,1637,1659]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevicauda">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF95FFD1FDF8F9A2FD7FF99E" box="[538,674,1637,1659]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="358">P. laevicauda</emphasis>
(Latreille, 1817)
</taxonomicName>
in Bahia, Brazil. The colours of the textbox correspond to the colour in the distribution map in Fig 5. Photographic Credits: Wolfram Sander (A, C); Claudio Sampaio (B, F); Bruno W. Giraldes (D); Rui Freitas (E).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF95FFD1FF25F924FB44F862" blockId="5.[151,1436,1759,2037]" pageId="5" pageNumber="358">Carapace with light red gastric region; base of spines dark red; cardiac region red with darker red tones on last four rounded spines; intestinal region red near cardiac region, with four darker red rounded spines on each side; branchial region with gradient of red, darker only posterodorsally near cardiac region (lighter anteriorly) and lighter laterally, with only rounded spines with darker colours; posterior margin of carapace with dashed line of dark red rounded spines; very light mosaic of granules laterally and posteriorly in carapace.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF95FFD1FF25F850FB05F835" blockId="5.[151,1436,1759,2037]" pageId="5" pageNumber="358">Meri of pereiopods purple without lines; carpi, propodus and dactylus with predominant orange yellowish colour; longitudinal purple line only in the grooves on each side of carpi; propodus without lines.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF95FFD2FF25F818FCF1FEA6" blockId="5.[151,1436,1759,2037]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,2024]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="359" pageId="5" pageNumber="358">Abdomen light reddish brown; line of very small white spots (not continuous line) along posterior region of each abdominal somite; grooves at somites 2–5 posteriorly lined by very small white spots; abdominal somite 2 with two large, irregular, white eyespots with black margin, one on each lateral, and with two irregular whites spots centrally; abdominal somite 6 also with two large, irregular, white eyespots with black margin, one on each lateral and further areas irregularly white spotted; abdominal somites 3–5 with line of four small white eyespots with black margin dorsally and further areas irregularly white spotted.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF96FFD2FF25FE8AFB6EFE4A" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2024]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">Membranous part of tail fan (telson and uropods) greenish with two black transverse bands distally and proximally, and brownish band centrally. Protopod and hard part of uropods and telson with same colour pattern as abdomen but with larger white dashes. Pleopods black medially with yellow-greenish margin.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF96FFD2FF25FE7EFC99FDFE" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2024]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FF25FE7EFE01FE36" bold="true" box="[199,476,442,467]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">
Variation in 
<typeStatus id="5A0B880FFF96FFD2FEBFFE7EFE0AFE36" box="[349,471,442,467]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
In some specimens the antennular plates presented 1–4 additional spines between the main four spines. 
<typeStatus id="5A0B880FFF96FFD2FE90FE24FE09FE1D" box="[370,468,480,504]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
males present the same morphological proportions as the 
<typeStatus id="5A0B880FFF96FFD2FB74FE1AFB21FE12" box="[1174,1276,478,503]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. In one male specimen, the antennae are 1.7 times the total length of body.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF96FFD2FF25FDECFE4AFC80" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2024]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">
In females, the third antennular article does exceed the antennal peduncle and still proximally 0.8 times the total length of body. The first pereiopod is shorter and in most specimens does not reach the end of the antennal peduncle. The second pereiopod is proportionally shorter than in males at 1.02–1.07 times carapace length. The fifth pereiopod of females is distally subchelate. The antennae are 1.5–1.7 times the total length of body (few specimens with complete antennae for comparisons). The exopod of maxilliped 2 is almost same size as flagellum or 0.8 shorter. The carapace is 1.6–1.8 times longer than wide and 0.8–0.9 times shorter than abdomen length; maximum width of the abdomen is 3.8–4.3 times less than the total body length. The female pleopods on the abdominal somite 2 have a leaf-shaped endopod similar to exopod but slightly smaller; pleopods 3–5 with bifid endopods (
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF96FFD2FEF3FC88FE8EFC80" box="[273,339,844,869]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1802,1824]" captionTargetBox="[164,1411,193,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[164,1411,193,1768]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Details of Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. A, the male paratype # 3 (CL = 92 mm) with lighter colour; B, antennular plate of holotype highlighting the four spines in square; C, lateral view of the right second maxillipeds of holotype; D, lateral view of the right third maxillipeds of holotype; E, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of holotype highlighting the end of the groove in each somite; F, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm) highlighting the end of the separated groove even with spotted line in transverse groove merged; G, abdomen of female paratype # 4 (CL = 78 mm) highlighting the pleopods with endopod and exopod; H, details of pleopods with endopod and exopod of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm). Scales: A = 5 cm; B – G = 2 cm; H = 1 cm. Photographic Credits: Jesser Fidelis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260887/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
G, H).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF96FFD2FF25FCB4FD14FC1D" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2024]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">Thus, sexual dimorphism is evident in reproductive males, which present a larger cephalothorax, longer antennular peduncle and longer pereiopod 2 used in mating. Reproductive females have a larger abdomen and laminar endopods of pleopod 2; abdominal somites 3–5 with bifurcated endopods modified for carrying eggs; and the fifth pereiopod with a sub-chela for grooming.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF96FFD2FF25FBC7FD8DFB62" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2024]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">
Colour variation was not related to sexual dimorphism. Some adult males and females present a paler carapace and abdomen (
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF96FFD2FEDFFBE3FE5CFBDA" box="[317,385,1063,1088]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1802,1824]" captionTargetBox="[164,1411,193,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[164,1411,193,1768]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Details of Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. A, the male paratype # 3 (CL = 92 mm) with lighter colour; B, antennular plate of holotype highlighting the four spines in square; C, lateral view of the right second maxillipeds of holotype; D, lateral view of the right third maxillipeds of holotype; E, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of holotype highlighting the end of the groove in each somite; F, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm) highlighting the end of the separated groove even with spotted line in transverse groove merged; G, abdomen of female paratype # 4 (CL = 78 mm) highlighting the pleopods with endopod and exopod; H, details of pleopods with endopod and exopod of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm). Scales: A = 5 cm; B – G = 2 cm; H = 1 cm. Photographic Credits: Jesser Fidelis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260887/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A); as well as more purplish than red on the dorsal regions and more greenish antennules and abdomen (
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF96FFD2FEECFB8FFE8FFB86" box="[270,338,1099,1124]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1802,1824]" captionTargetBox="[164,1411,193,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[164,1411,193,1768]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Details of Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. A, the male paratype # 3 (CL = 92 mm) with lighter colour; B, antennular plate of holotype highlighting the four spines in square; C, lateral view of the right second maxillipeds of holotype; D, lateral view of the right third maxillipeds of holotype; E, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of holotype highlighting the end of the groove in each somite; F, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm) highlighting the end of the separated groove even with spotted line in transverse groove merged; G, abdomen of female paratype # 4 (CL = 78 mm) highlighting the pleopods with endopod and exopod; H, details of pleopods with endopod and exopod of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm). Scales: A = 5 cm; B – G = 2 cm; H = 1 cm. Photographic Credits: Jesser Fidelis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260887/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A). The spotted line on the transverse groove of the abdominal somites is sometimes merged, but the grooves remain separated (
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF96FFD2FE0CFBABFDECFB62" box="[494,561,1135,1160]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1802,1824]" captionTargetBox="[164,1411,193,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[164,1411,193,1768]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Details of Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. A, the male paratype # 3 (CL = 92 mm) with lighter colour; B, antennular plate of holotype highlighting the four spines in square; C, lateral view of the right second maxillipeds of holotype; D, lateral view of the right third maxillipeds of holotype; E, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of holotype highlighting the end of the groove in each somite; F, abdominal somites 2 – 4 of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm) highlighting the end of the separated groove even with spotted line in transverse groove merged; G, abdomen of female paratype # 4 (CL = 78 mm) highlighting the pleopods with endopod and exopod; H, details of pleopods with endopod and exopod of female paratype # 6 (CL = 81 mm). Scales: A = 5 cm; B – G = 2 cm; H = 1 cm. Photographic Credits: Jesser Fidelis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260887/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
F).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF96FFD2FF25FB57FF3AF9D2" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2024]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FF25FB57FE97FB49" bold="true" box="[199,330,1171,1196]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">Speciation.</emphasis>
The differentiation between 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF96FFD2FD77FB50FD2CFB4E" box="[661,753,1172,1195]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FD77FB50FD2CFB4E" box="[661,753,1172,1195]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">P. argus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Caribbean sea and 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF96FFD2FBDEFB50FAD4FB4E" box="[1084,1289,1172,1195]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FBDEFB50FAD4FB4E" box="[1084,1289,1172,1195]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">P. meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="FDA7763DFF96FFD2FAB2FB57FA4AFB49" box="[1360,1431,1171,1196]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, according to genetic analysis occurred between 8.4 and 26.1 My (
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF96FFD2FC9AFB73FBD0FB35" author="George" box="[888,1037,1207,1232]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" refString="George, R. W. (2006) Tethys sea fragmentation and speciation of Panulirus spiny lobsters. Crustaceana, 78, 1281 - 1309. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854005776759780" type="journal article" year="2006">George 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF96FFD2FBFBFB73FB39FB2A" author="Sarver" box="[1049,1252,1207,1231]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" refString="Sarver, S. K., Silberman, J. D. &amp; Walsh, P. J. (1998) Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Evidence Supporting the Recognition of Two Subspecies or Species of the Florida Spiny Lobster Panulirus argus. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 18, 177 - 186. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 193724098 X 00188" type="journal article" year="1998">
Sarver 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FB8BFB7CFB47FB2A" box="[1129,1178,1207,1231]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">et al</emphasis>
. 1998
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF96FFD2FB0DFB73FAF7FB2A" author="Sarver" box="[1263,1322,1207,1231]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" refString="Sarver, S. K., Freshwater, D. W. &amp; Walsh, P. J. (2000) The occurrence of the provisional Brazilian subspecies of spiny lobster (Panulirus argus westonii) in Florida waters. Fishery Bulletin, 98, 870 - 873." type="journal article" year="2000">2000</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF96FFD2FAD4FB73FECFFB16" author="Tourinho" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" refString="Tourinho, J. L., Sole-Cava, A. M. &amp; Lazoski, C. (2012) Cryptic species within the commercially most important lobster in the tropical Atlantic, the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. Marine Biology, 159, 1897 - 1906. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 012 - 1977 - 7" type="journal article" year="2012">
Tourinho 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FF75FB18FF12FB16" box="[151,207,1243,1267]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
). During this period at the beginning of late Miocene (around 10 My) with the Last Glacial Maximum, a great change took place in the western Atlantic Ocean with the beginning of the outflow of the Amazon-Orinoco River (
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF96FFD2FF07FAE7FE25FAD9" author="Campbell" box="[229,504,1315,1340]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" refString="Campbell Jr, K. E., Frailey, C. D. &amp; Romero-Pittman, L. (2006) The Pan-Amazonian Ucayali Peneplain, late Neogene sedimentation in Amazonia, and the birth of the modern Amazon River system. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 239, 166 - 219. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2006.01.020" type="journal article" year="2006">
Campbell Jr 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FE9BFAE0FE6EFADE" box="[377,435,1315,1339]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
). This created a massive physical barrier of low salinity water isolating biological populations and enabling allopatric speciation and vicariance. Indeed, the Amazon-Orinoco River plume is currently the most prominent biogeographic barrier in the western Atlantic Ocean, separating two tropical ecoregions with great differences in biodiversity composition (
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF96FFD2FCDCFA4BFBFBFA42" author="Spalding" box="[830,1062,1423,1448]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" refString="Spalding, M. D., Fox, H. E., Allen, G. R., Davidson, N., Ferdana, Z. A., Finlayson, M., Halpern, B. S., Jorge, M. A., Lombana, A., Lourie, S. A., Martin, K. D., Mcmanus, E., Molnar, J., Recchia, C. A. &amp; Robertson, J. (2007) Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas. BioScience, 57, 573 - 583. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1641 / B 570707" type="journal article" year="2007">
Spalding 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FC48FA54FC3EFA42" box="[938,995,1423,1447]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF96FFD2FBD1FA4BFADBFA42" author="Floeter" box="[1075,1286,1423,1448]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" refString="Floeter, S. R., Rocha, L. A., Robertson, D. R., Joyeux, J. C., Smith-Vaniz, W. F., Wirtz, P., Edwards, A. J., Barreiros, J. P., Ferreira, C. E. L., Gasparini, J. L., Brito, A., Falcon, J. M., Bowen, B. W. &amp; Bernardi, G. (2008) Atlantic reef fish biogeography and evolution. Journal of Biogeography, 35, 22 - 47." type="journal article" year="2008">
Floeter 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FB68FA54FB19FA42" box="[1162,1220,1423,1447]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF96FFD2FAF1FA4BFF09FA2E" author="Rocha" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" refString="Rocha, L. A., Rocha, C. R., Robertson, D. R. &amp; Bowen, B. W. (2008) Comparative phylogeography of Atlantic reef fishes indicates both origin and accumulation of diversity in the Caribbean. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8, 157. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 8 - 157" type="journal article" year="2008">
Rocha 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FA81FA54FA41FA42" box="[1379,1436,1423,1447]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
). This biogeographic barrier is reported as the main factor leading to allopatric speciation (
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF96FFD2FB2EFA77FA45FA2E" author="Sarver" box="[1228,1432,1459,1483]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" refString="Sarver, S. K., Silberman, J. D. &amp; Walsh, P. J. (1998) Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Evidence Supporting the Recognition of Two Subspecies or Species of the Florida Spiny Lobster Panulirus argus. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 18, 177 - 186. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 193724098 X 00188" type="journal article" year="1998">
Sarver 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FAFCFA70FA8BFA2E" box="[1310,1366,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">et al.</emphasis>
1998
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF96FFD2FF75FA13FF0EFA0A" author="Sarver" box="[151,211,1495,1519]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" refString="Sarver, S. K., Freshwater, D. W. &amp; Walsh, P. J. (2000) The occurrence of the provisional Brazilian subspecies of spiny lobster (Panulirus argus westonii) in Florida waters. Fishery Bulletin, 98, 870 - 873." type="journal article" year="2000">2000</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF96FFD2FF01FA13FE05FA0A" author="Tourinho" box="[227,472,1495,1520]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" refString="Tourinho, J. L., Sole-Cava, A. M. &amp; Lazoski, C. (2012) Cryptic species within the commercially most important lobster in the tropical Atlantic, the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. Marine Biology, 159, 1897 - 1906. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 012 - 1977 - 7" type="journal article" year="2012">
Tourinho 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FEB7FA1CFE4EFA0A" box="[341,403,1495,1519]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
) separating 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FD89FA1CFD1BFA0A" box="[619,710,1496,1519]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">P. a rgu s</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF96FFD2FCE9FA1CFC01FA0A" box="[779,988,1496,1519]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FCE9FA1CFC01FA0A" box="[779,988,1496,1519]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">P. meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into genetically different populations. Isolating 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF96FFD2FEE3FA38FE80F9F6" box="[257,349,1532,1555]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FEE3FA38FE80F9F6" box="[257,349,1532,1555]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">P. argus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the region north of the Amazon river plume and 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF96FFD2FC51FA38FB5DF9F6" box="[947,1152,1532,1555]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FC51FA38FB5DF9F6" box="[947,1152,1532,1555]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">P. meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the south in Brazilian waters.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CDAA6526FF96FFD2FF25F987FCFFF8D1" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF96FFD2FF25F987FCFFF8D1" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2024]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FF25F987FEBDF9B9" bold="true" box="[199,352,1603,1628]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">Distribution.</emphasis>
From Pará (2°S) to Santa Catarina (27°S) on the Brazilian coast, including the oceanic island of São Pedro and the São Paulo Archipelago, Fernando de Noronha and Rocas Atoll (
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF96FFD2FBA5F9A3FB1AF99A" author="Melo" box="[1095,1223,1639,1664]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" refString="Melo, G. A. S. (1999) Manual de Identificacao dos Crustacea Decapodo do Litoral Brasileiro: Anomura, Thalassinidea, Palinuridea e Astacidea. FAPESP. Ed. Pleiade, Museu de Zoologia. Universidade Estadual de Sao Paulo." type="book" year="1999">Melo 1999</bibRefCitation>
; Silva &amp; Fonteles- Filho 2011; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF96FFD2FEC4F94FFDC2F946" author="Teschima" box="[294,543,1675,1700]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" refString="Teschima, M. M., Faria Junior, E. &amp; Freire, A. S. (2012) New records of marine mantis shrimp, crabs and lobsters (Crustacea) from Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil (27 ° 15 ' S 48 ° 25 ' W). Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, e 100. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 1755267212000760" type="journal article" year="2012">
Teschima 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FE7EF948FE05F946" box="[412,472,1675,1699]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
; Gaeta 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FD9BF948FD68F946" box="[633,693,1675,1699]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">et al.</emphasis>
2015). 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF96FFD2FCF1F94FFBF4F941" author="Freitas" box="[787,1065,1675,1700]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" refString="Freitas, R. &amp; Castro, M. (2005) Occurrence of Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804) (Decapoda, Palinuridae) in the Northwest Islands of the Cape Verde Archipelago (Central-East Atlantic). Crustaceana, 78, 1191 - 1201. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854005775903555" type="journal article" year="2005">Freitas &amp; Castro (2005)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FB7EF948FB2BF946" box="[1180,1270,1676,1699]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">P. a rgu s</emphasis>
(but with the characteristics of 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF96FFD2FE81F974FDECF922" box="[355,561,1712,1735]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FE81F974FDECF922" box="[355,561,1712,1735]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">P. meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from 
<collectingCountry id="FDA7763DFF96FFD2FD67F96BFCD3F92D" box="[645,782,1711,1736]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
; however 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF96FFD2FC65F96BFB55F922" box="[903,1160,1711,1736]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" refString="Tourinho, J. L., Sole-Cava, A. M. &amp; Lazoski, C. (2012) Cryptic species within the commercially most important lobster in the tropical Atlantic, the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. Marine Biology, 159, 1897 - 1906. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 012 - 1977 - 7" type="journal article">
Tourinho 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FC15F974FBEEF922" box="[1015,1075,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">et al.</emphasis>
(2012)
</bibRefCitation>
reported an uncertainty about these populations and suggested that the species presence was instead due to anthropogenic transport. 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF96FFD2FAB1F917FEFEF8EA" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" refString="Sarver, S. K., Freshwater, D. W. &amp; Walsh, P. J. (2000) The occurrence of the provisional Brazilian subspecies of spiny lobster (Panulirus argus westonii) in Florida waters. Fishery Bulletin, 98, 870 - 873." type="journal article">
Sarver 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FF75F93CFF0DF8EA" box="[151,208,1783,1807]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">et al.</emphasis>
(2000)
</bibRefCitation>
described the presence of 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF96FFD2FDB1F93CFCFDF8EA" box="[595,800,1784,1807]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FDB1F93CFCFDF8EA" box="[595,800,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">P. meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as the Brazilian form of 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FBAAF93CFB7DF8EA" box="[1096,1184,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">P. a rgu s</emphasis>
) in Caribbean Waters was also uncertain of the provenance of local populations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CDAA6526FF96FFDCFF25F8FBFB9BFDFD" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="361" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF96FFD3FF25F8FBFD90FCDD" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2024]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,2015]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="360" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FF25F8FBFEC2F8BD" bold="true" box="[199,287,1855,1880]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">Biology</emphasis>
. (Based on 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF96FFD2FE57F884FD7DF8BD" author="Ivo" box="[437,672,1855,1880]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" refString="Ivo, C. &amp; Pereira, J. (1996) Sinopse das principais observacoes sobre as lagostas Panulirus argus (Latreille) e Panulirus laevicauda (Latreille), capturadas em aguas costeiras do Brasil, entre os estados do Amapa e do Espirito Santo. Boletim Tecnico Cientifico do CEPENE, 4, 7 - 94." type="journal article" year="1996">Ivo &amp; Pereira 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF96FFD2FD53F8FBFC96F8BD" author="George" box="[689,843,1855,1880]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" refString="George, R. W. (2006) Tethys sea fragmentation and speciation of Panulirus spiny lobsters. Crustaceana, 78, 1281 - 1309. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854005776759780" type="journal article" year="2006">George 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF96FFD2FCBEF8FBFB73F8B2" author="Silva" box="[860,1198,1855,1880]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" refString="Silva, A. C. &amp; Fonteles-Filho, A. A. (2011) Avaliacao do defeso aplicado a pesca da lagosta no nordeste do Brasil. Editora Expressao Grafica, Fortaleza." type="book" year="2011">Silva &amp; Fonteles-Filho 2011</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF96FFD2FB22F8FBFA4AF8B2" author="Butler" box="[1216,1431,1855,1880]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" refString="Butler, M., Cockcroft, A., MacDiarmid, A. &amp; Wahle, R. (2013) Panulirus argus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Available from: www. iucnredlist. org (accessed 1 December 2014)" type="journal article" year="2013">
Butler 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FAF0F884FA92F8B2" box="[1298,1359,1855,1879]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF96FFD2FF75F8A7FE46F899" author="Giraldes" box="[151,411,1891,1916]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" refString="Giraldes, B. W., Coelho Filho, P. A. &amp; Smyth, D. M. (2015 a) Decapod assemblages in subtidal and intertidal zones - Importance of scuba diving as a survey technique in tropical reefs, Brazil. Global Ecology and Conservation, 3, 163 - 175." type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="a">
Giraldes 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FEE6F8A0FE99F89E" box="[260,324,1891,1915]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">et al.</emphasis>
2015a
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF96FFD2FE4FF8A7FE63F899" author="Giraldes" box="[429,446,1891,1916]" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" refString="Giraldes, B. W., Silva, A. Z., Correa, F. M. &amp; Smyth, D. M. (2015 b) Artisanal fishing of spiny lobsters with gillnets - A significant anthropic impact on tropical reef ecosystem. Global Ecology and Conservation, 4, 572 - 580." type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
; as 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF96FFD2FE15F8A0FD8AF89E" box="[503,599,1892,1915]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FE15F8A0FD8AF89E" box="[503,599,1892,1915]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">P. argus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="FDA7763DFF96FFD2FD6EF8A7FD08F899" box="[652,725,1891,1916]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">Brazil</collectingCountry>
). 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF96FFD2FD12F8A7FBC0F89E" box="[752,1053,1891,1915]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="359" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF96FFD2FD12F8A7FBC0F89E" box="[752,1053,1891,1915]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="359">Panulirus meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presents two distinct migration behaviours: the trophic migration in the first three or four months of the year, with random displacement parallel to the coast searching for sites with high food concentration; and the reproductive (ontogeny) migration trough deeper areas in the first and second trimesters searching for favourable sites for reproduction. Like other lobsters reproduction occurs by front position mating, with male depositing the sperm mass on the sternum of the female. Fertilized eggs are attached to the exopod of pleopods of the female. Planktonic larvae stay for 12 months in the water mass where they assume a benthic position and become a puerulus; in the next 12 month the puerulus stage remains in shallow water for 1–2 years of life during which it becomes a juvenile; the juveniles stay in coastal reefs for 3 years during which they become adults in a pre-reproductive stage and migrate to deeper water for reproduction. This species presents a long life cycle of approximately 18.5 years. Adults are found in reproductive condition every month in tropical regions; however, the greatest reproductive intensity occurs from January to April. The average length of females at the first stage of sexual maturity is estimated at 
<quantity id="42489B48FF97FFD3FB8EFE50FB1BFE49" box="[1132,1222,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" unit="cm" value="20.5">20.5 cm</quantity>
in total length (
<quantity id="42489B48FF97FFD3FA9AFE50FF64FE2A" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" unit="cm" value="7.5">7.5 cm</quantity>
for carapace length and 13.0 cm for tail length). The species presents a high fecundity with an average of 29,4175 eggs per female and 
<specimenCount id="93B6FD24FF97FFD3FE0EFE18FD8EFE11" box="[492,595,476,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" type="egg">630 eggs</specimenCount>
/g of adult female; larger females produce more eggs and also incubate a greater number of eggs than smaller females. The sex ratio in the adult population supposedly is higher for males due to a numerical predominance of captured males reported in fishing stock description. The diet consists mainly of molluscs and crustaceans and as secondary food, echinoderms, algae and corals. Feeding habits are based on nightly foraging. The recruitment is dependent on the number and size of females. The natural recruitment ratio of new specimens into the population for this species in 
<collectingCountry id="FDA7763DFF97FFD3FD18FD4BFCE3FD4D" box="[762,830,655,680]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">Brazil</collectingCountry>
is uncertain, as biological data has traditionally been provided by analysis conducted by the fishing industry. It is important to report that the recruitment of this species happens in shallow coastal reefs and as suggested by 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF97FFD3FD10FD13FC01FD15" author="Giraldes" box="[754,988,727,752]" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" refString="Giraldes, B. W., Coelho Filho, P. A. &amp; Coelho, P. A. (2012) Composition and spatial distribution of subtidal Decapoda on the &quot; Reef Coast &quot;, northeastern Brazil, evaluated through a low-impact visual census technique. Nauplius, 20, 187 - 201. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0104 - 64972012000200010" type="journal article" year="2012">
Giraldes 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF97FFD3FCBAFD1DFC4CFD15" box="[856,913,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">et al.</emphasis>
(2012
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF97FFD3FC0AFD13FBF2FD15" author="Giraldes" box="[1000,1071,727,752]" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" refString="Giraldes, B. W., Coelho Filho, P. A. &amp; Smyth, D. M. (2015 a) Decapod assemblages in subtidal and intertidal zones - Importance of scuba diving as a survey technique in tropical reefs, Brazil. Global Ecology and Conservation, 3, 163 - 175." type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="a">2015a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF97FFD3FBD9FD13FB96FD15" author="Giraldes" box="[1083,1099,727,752]" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" refString="Giraldes, B. W., Silva, A. Z., Correa, F. M. &amp; Smyth, D. M. (2015 b) Artisanal fishing of spiny lobsters with gillnets - A significant anthropic impact on tropical reef ecosystem. Global Ecology and Conservation, 4, 572 - 580." type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
), it is possible to monitor this large lobster in coastal areas using nocturnal underwater visual cense and obtain information about species recruitment using low impact methods.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF97FFD3FF25FC80FCF4FC65" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF97FFD3FF25FC80FEF7FCB8" bold="true" box="[199,298,836,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">Habitat.</emphasis>
(Based in 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF97FFD3FE44FC81FD59FCB8" author="Ivo" box="[422,644,836,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" refString="Ivo, C. &amp; Pereira, J. (1996) Sinopse das principais observacoes sobre as lagostas Panulirus argus (Latreille) e Panulirus laevicauda (Latreille), capturadas em aguas costeiras do Brasil, entre os estados do Amapa e do Espirito Santo. Boletim Tecnico Cientifico do CEPENE, 4, 7 - 94." type="journal article" year="1996">Ivo &amp; Pereira 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF97FFD3FD73FC80FC83FCB9" author="Rocha" box="[657,862,836,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" refString="Rocha, C. A., Junior, W. F. &amp; Dantas, N. P. (1997) C rise de sustentabilidade na pesca da lagosta e do caranguejo no Nordeste do Brasil, 1 - 9." type="book chapter" year="1997">
Rocha 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF97FFD3FD03FC81FCC6FCB9" box="[737,795,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">et al.</emphasis>
1997
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF97FFD3FC89FC80FC34FCB9" author="Melo" box="[875,1001,836,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" refString="Melo, G. A. S. (1999) Manual de Identificacao dos Crustacea Decapodo do Litoral Brasileiro: Anomura, Thalassinidea, Palinuridea e Astacidea. FAPESP. Ed. Pleiade, Museu de Zoologia. Universidade Estadual de Sao Paulo." type="book" year="1999">Melo 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF97FFD3FC14FC80FB51FCB8" author="George" box="[1014,1164,836,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" refString="George, R. W. (2006) Tethys sea fragmentation and speciation of Panulirus spiny lobsters. Crustaceana, 78, 1281 - 1309. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854005776759780" type="journal article" year="2006">George 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF97FFD3FB7BFC80FF0CFC65" author="Silva" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" refString="Silva, A. C. &amp; Fonteles-Filho, A. A. (2011) Avaliacao do defeso aplicado a pesca da lagosta no nordeste do Brasil. Editora Expressao Grafica, Fortaleza." type="book" year="2011">Silva &amp; Fonteles-Filho 2011</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF97FFD3FF3EFCA3FE61FC65" author="Giraldes" box="[220,444,871,896]" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" refString="Giraldes, B. W., Coelho Filho, P. A. &amp; Coelho, P. A. (2012) Composition and spatial distribution of subtidal Decapoda on the &quot; Reef Coast &quot;, northeastern Brazil, evaluated through a low-impact visual census technique. Nauplius, 20, 187 - 201. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0104 - 64972012000200010" type="journal article" year="2012">
Giraldes 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF97FFD3FEA0FCADFEA6FC65" box="[322,379,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF97FFD3FE25FCA3FDCDFC65" author="Giraldes" box="[455,528,871,896]" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" refString="Giraldes, B. W., Coelho Filho, P. A. &amp; Smyth, D. M. (2015 a) Decapod assemblages in subtidal and intertidal zones - Importance of scuba diving as a survey technique in tropical reefs, Brazil. Global Ecology and Conservation, 3, 163 - 175." type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="a">2015a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF97FFD3FDF9FCA3FDF1FC65" author="Giraldes" box="[539,556,871,896]" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" refString="Giraldes, B. W., Silva, A. Z., Correa, F. M. &amp; Smyth, D. M. (2015 b) Artisanal fishing of spiny lobsters with gillnets - A significant anthropic impact on tropical reef ecosystem. Global Ecology and Conservation, 4, 572 - 580." type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
; as 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF97FFD3FDB4FCADFD6DFC65" box="[598,688,873,896]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF97FFD3FDB4FCADFD6DFC65" box="[598,688,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">P. argus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="FDA7763DFF97FFD3FD31FCA3FCC1FC65" box="[723,796,871,896]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">Brazil</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF97FFD3FF25FC48FE1CFAB0" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF97FFD3FF25FC48FE30FC41" box="[199,493,908,932]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF97FFD3FF25FC48FE30FC41" box="[199,493,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">Panulirus meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually found on reefs and coralline algae, sponges or other objects which afford protection or places of concealment; from low-tide mark to depths of about 
<quantity id="42489B48FF97FFD3FBC7FC6BFBBBFC22" box="[1061,1126,943,968]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
; increasing the abundance perpendicular to coast, with a maximum abundance at around 
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41– 
<specimenCount id="93B6FD24FF97FFD3FC6AFC10FC1BFC09" box="[904,966,980,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" type="generic">50 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. There are different habitats according to the life stage. Post larvae, puerulus and early stage juveniles live on outer reef habitats in coastal shallow reefs, associated with sessile benthic organisms and fouling, such as algae (
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF97FFD3FC56FBD8FC25FBD1" box="[948,1016,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1649,1671]" captionTargetBox="[157,1436,200,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[155,1440,193,1626]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. photographed at night in-situ in different habitats according to life stage. A, puerulus alone on reef fringe (reef surface) at shallow coastal reefs; B – C, juveniles upside down in groups in cavity in the caves at shallow reefs; D, F, large juveniles or pre-adults in the interface between soft substrate and reef in shallow coastal reefs; E, pre-adults foraging in the bottom among the reef structures, G – H, adults in deep zones in soft bottom and near the reefs. Images: specimens from Salvador-BA photographed by Claudio Sampaio (A, D – F); specimen from Fernando de Noronha-PE photographed by Bruno Welter Giraldes (B, C); specimens from Fernando de Noronha-PE photographed by Ronaldo Guillen (G – H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260888/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A). Juveniles inhabit shallow coastal reefs (around 0–15 meters) but small juveniles are found on the roof of caves inside cavities (
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF97FFD3FB44FBFBFB2EFBBD" box="[1190,1267,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1649,1671]" captionTargetBox="[157,1436,200,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[155,1440,193,1626]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. photographed at night in-situ in different habitats according to life stage. A, puerulus alone on reef fringe (reef surface) at shallow coastal reefs; B – C, juveniles upside down in groups in cavity in the caves at shallow reefs; D, F, large juveniles or pre-adults in the interface between soft substrate and reef in shallow coastal reefs; E, pre-adults foraging in the bottom among the reef structures, G – H, adults in deep zones in soft bottom and near the reefs. Images: specimens from Salvador-BA photographed by Claudio Sampaio (A, D – F); specimen from Fernando de Noronha-PE photographed by Bruno Welter Giraldes (B, C); specimens from Fernando de Noronha-PE photographed by Ronaldo Guillen (G – H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260888/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
B, C) and large juveniles (or young adults in a pre-reproductive stage just before the ontogenic migration) are found in cavities at the interface between the soft bottom and the reef/rock; at this time it is usually observed at night walking on the bottom near the reef structure (
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF97FFD3FDFAFB68FDB1FB21" box="[536,620,1196,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1649,1671]" captionTargetBox="[157,1436,200,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[155,1440,193,1626]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. photographed at night in-situ in different habitats according to life stage. A, puerulus alone on reef fringe (reef surface) at shallow coastal reefs; B – C, juveniles upside down in groups in cavity in the caves at shallow reefs; D, F, large juveniles or pre-adults in the interface between soft substrate and reef in shallow coastal reefs; E, pre-adults foraging in the bottom among the reef structures, G – H, adults in deep zones in soft bottom and near the reefs. Images: specimens from Salvador-BA photographed by Claudio Sampaio (A, D – F); specimen from Fernando de Noronha-PE photographed by Bruno Welter Giraldes (B, C); specimens from Fernando de Noronha-PE photographed by Ronaldo Guillen (G – H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260888/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
D–F). Adults are found in deeper water around 
<quantity id="42489B48FF97FFD3FB5DFB68FAF4FB21" box="[1215,1321,1196,1221]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" unit="m" value="35.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="20.0">20–50 m</quantity>
after the reproductive migration; observed by day and at night usually in soft bottom near a sheltered area (
<figureCitation id="1D8B2A28FF97FFD3FAE5FB0BFA89FB0D" box="[1287,1364,1231,1256]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1649,1671]" captionTargetBox="[157,1436,200,1624]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[155,1440,193,1626]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. photographed at night in-situ in different habitats according to life stage. A, puerulus alone on reef fringe (reef surface) at shallow coastal reefs; B – C, juveniles upside down in groups in cavity in the caves at shallow reefs; D, F, large juveniles or pre-adults in the interface between soft substrate and reef in shallow coastal reefs; E, pre-adults foraging in the bottom among the reef structures, G – H, adults in deep zones in soft bottom and near the reefs. Images: specimens from Salvador-BA photographed by Claudio Sampaio (A, D – F); specimen from Fernando de Noronha-PE photographed by Bruno Welter Giraldes (B, C); specimens from Fernando de Noronha-PE photographed by Ronaldo Guillen (G – H)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/260888/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
G, H). During migration, it is found in groups on soft bottom habitats walking through deeper reefs. The main description for 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF97FFD3FF20FADDFE4CFACA" box="[194,401,1304,1328]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF97FFD3FF20FADDFE4CFACA" box="[194,401,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">P. meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
associated habitat is based on reports from commercial fishing activity and by nocturnal scuba diving observations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF97FFD3FF25FA9BFE00FA78" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2015]" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF97FFD3FF25FA9BFE5DFA9D" bold="true" box="[199,384,1375,1400]" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">Fishing history.</emphasis>
(Based on 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF97FFD3FE1FFAA5FD0BFA9D" author="Ivo" box="[509,726,1375,1400]" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" refString="Ivo, C. &amp; Pereira, J. (1996) Sinopse das principais observacoes sobre as lagostas Panulirus argus (Latreille) e Panulirus laevicauda (Latreille), capturadas em aguas costeiras do Brasil, entre os estados do Amapa e do Espirito Santo. Boletim Tecnico Cientifico do CEPENE, 4, 7 - 94." type="journal article" year="1996">Ivo &amp; Pereira 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF97FFD3FD03FA9BFC75FA9D" author="Rocha" box="[737,936,1375,1400]" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" refString="Rocha, C. A., Junior, W. F. &amp; Dantas, N. P. (1997) C rise de sustentabilidade na pesca da lagosta e do caranguejo no Nordeste do Brasil, 1 - 9." type="book chapter" year="1997">
Rocha 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF97FFD3FCCDFAA5FCBAFA9D" box="[815,871,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">et al.</emphasis>
1997
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF97FFD3FC56FA9BFB29FA9D" author="Silva" box="[948,1268,1375,1400]" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" refString="Silva, A. C. &amp; Fonteles-Filho, A. A. (2011) Avaliacao do defeso aplicado a pesca da lagosta no nordeste do Brasil. Editora Expressao Grafica, Fortaleza." type="book" year="2011">Silva &amp; Fonteles-Filho 2011</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF97FFD3FB1DFA9BFF3DFA78" author="Giraldes" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" refString="Giraldes, B. W., Silva, A. Z., Correa, F. M. &amp; Smyth, D. M. (2015 b) Artisanal fishing of spiny lobsters with gillnets - A significant anthropic impact on tropical reef ecosystem. Global Ecology and Conservation, 4, 572 - 580." type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="b">
Giraldes 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF97FFD3FA86FAA5FA41FA9D" box="[1380,1436,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">et al.</emphasis>
2015b
</bibRefCitation>
; as 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF97FFD3FEE8FA41FEB9FA79" box="[266,356,1413,1436]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF97FFD3FEE8FA41FEB9FA79" box="[266,356,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">P. argus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="FDA7763DFF97FFD3FE6AFA40FE0CFA78" box="[392,465,1412,1437]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">Brazil</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF97FFDCFF25FA63FB9BFDFD" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2015]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,1977]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="361" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">
The fishing of 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF97FFD3FE88FA6DFDE9FA5A" box="[362,564,1448,1472]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF97FFD3FE88FA6DFDE9FA5A" box="[362,564,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">P. meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a target species in 
<collectingCountry id="FDA7763DFF97FFD3FCC7FA63FCB4FA25" box="[805,873,1447,1472]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">Brazil</collectingCountry>
started around 1950, with the aim to export frozen lobster tails as they commanded a high market price. In 
<collectingCountry id="FDA7763DFF97FFD3FCD0FA08FCA4FA00" box="[818,889,1484,1509]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, the species was fished intensely from Pará to Espírito Santo state an area of around 
<quantity id="42489B48FF97FFD3FD8EFA36FD37F9EE" box="[620,746,1522,1547]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4607" pageId="7" pageNumber="360" unit="km" value="74.607">74.607 km</quantity>
2. The fishing methodologies centre around three 
<typeStatus id="5A0B880FFF97FFD3FADFFA37FAA5F9EE" box="[1341,1400,1523,1547]" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">types</typeStatus>
of techniques: traps (
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF97FFD3FE8AF9DCFE40F9CA" box="[360,413,1560,1583]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">covo</emphasis>
or 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF97FFD3FE25F9D3FDF2F9CA" box="[455,559,1559,1583]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">cangalha</emphasis>
), anchored bottom gillnets (
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF97FFD3FC97F9DCFC0AF9CA" box="[885,983,1560,1583]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">caçoeira</emphasis>
) and diving (free diving or compressor diving); of the three fishing methods the trap is presently the only legalized technique nowadays. The Northern sub-region comprises the coast of the states of Amapá, Pará and Maranhão and despite the large marine area the population of this species presents a low density due to the strong influence of fresh water plumes from the Amazon and Orinoco rivers. This has caused a reduction in the fishing catchment area, which has pushed lobster fishing activities into deep-water sites offshore. The large continental shelf area of the Northern Northeast subregion from Piauí to Rio Grande do Norte state, has a habitat of calcareous algae and rocks and delivers the highest recorded landings for this species in 
<collectingCountry id="FDA7763DFF97FFD3FDD5F8D6FDA2F8CE" box="[567,639,1810,1835]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="360">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. The East Northeast sub-region, from Rio Grande do Norte to Espírito Santo state supports a large number of coralline reefs and a high abundance and diversity of demersal fish of economic value to the fishing industry. This region has the lowest catch per unit effort within the commercial lobster fishing industry and the lowest recorded landings of lobsters of the three sub-regions. There is no commercial fishing activity between Espírito Santo and Santa Catarina State. Historically the most intense fishing activity takes place between the Northern Northeast and East Northeast sub-regions, with Ceará and Pernambuco state accounting for about 80% of the total catch for the export market. Since the 1960s the region has recorded a drastic reduction in landings for this species. In the past advances in fishing technology have shown false increases in population numbers with increases in catch not a true representation of a standing stock but attributed to improvements in fishing methodologies. A pattern in increased landings can also be seen when the market value of a target species increases fishing effort also increases leading in-turn to increased landings. This can sometimes be wrongly interpreted as a recovery in stock. Unfortunately due to the constant increase in the fishing effort and the increase in size of the fishing fleet the stock abundance of this species is in a state of constant decline. Clearly the management and oversight strategies to control and limit the capture of this species by the Brazilian government have not been rigorous enough to address the overfishing scenario. A major concern about the management of this species was highlighted by 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF98FFDCFE34FE18FD00FE10" box="[470,733,476,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" refString="Giraldes, B. W., Silva, A. Z., Correa, F. M. &amp; Smyth, D. M. (2015 b) Artisanal fishing of spiny lobsters with gillnets - A significant anthropic impact on tropical reef ecosystem. Global Ecology and Conservation, 4, 572 - 580." type="journal article">
Giraldes 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFDDDFE19FDA7FE11" box="[575,634,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">et al.</emphasis>
(2015b)
</bibRefCitation>
when particular emphasis was focused on the importance of protecting the natural nursery regions of the shallow coastal reef ecosystem (&lt;
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).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CDAA6526FF98FFDCFF25FDE0FC93F85C" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF98FFDCFF25FDE0FBCEFCF0" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFF25FDE0FEE6FDD8" bold="true" box="[199,315,548,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFEA3FDE0FD6EFDD9" authority="Latreille, 1804" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" box="[321,691,548,573]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFEA3FDE0FE28FDD9" box="[321,501,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">Panulirus argus</emphasis>
(Latreille, 1804)
</taxonomicName>
remains the name for the species indigenous to the Caribbean Sea. The original description by Latreille (1084: 393 as 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFD0EFD8CFC7FFD85" box="[748,930,584,608]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Palinurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFD0EFD8CFC7FFD85" box="[748,930,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">Palinurus argus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is very limited and could apply to both 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFA65FD8DFF0BFD61" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Palinurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFA65FD8DFF0BFD61" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. argus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFEFBFDA9FE31FD61" box="[281,492,621,644]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFEFBFDA9FE31FD61" box="[281,492,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Images, pictures and descriptions for 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFC27FDA9FBFAFD61" box="[965,1063,621,644]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Palinurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFC27FDA9FBFAFD61" box="[965,1063,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. argus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reported in references such as 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF98FFDCFF75FD4BFD41FD4D" author="Crawford" box="[151,668,655,680]" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" refString="Crawford, D. R. &amp; Smidt, W. J. J. De (1922) Spiny Lobster, Panulirus argus, of Southern Florida: Its Natural History and Utilization. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 38, 281 - 310." type="journal article" year="1922">Crawford &amp; Smidt (1922: 291, figs. 265–271)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF98FFDCFD45FD4BFC21FD4D" author="Williams" box="[679,1020,655,680]" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" refString="Williams, A. B. (1984) Shrimps, Lobsters, and Crabs of the Atlantic Coast of the Eastern United States, Maine to Florida. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C., 550 pp." type="book" year="1984">Williams (1984: 170, fig. 120)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF98FFDCFBEAFD4BFB67FD4D" author="Williams" box="[1032,1210,655,680]" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" refString="Williams, A. B. (1986) Lobsters-Identification, World, Distribution and U. S. trade. Marine Fisheries Review, 48, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1986">Williams (1986</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 44, fig. 79b–c), 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF98FFDCFF75FD70FE30FD28" author="Holthuis" box="[151,493,692,717]" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" refString="Holthuis, L. B. (1991) Marine lobsters of the world: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis, 125 (13), 1 - 292." type="journal article" year="1991">Holthuis (1991: fig. 249, 257)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF98FFDCFDC4FD70FCC2FD29" author="Cervigon" box="[550,799,692,717]" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" refString="Cervigon, F., Cipriani, R., Fischer, W., Garibaldi, L., Hendrickx, M., Lemus, A. J., Marquez, R., Poutiers, M., Roijaina, G. &amp; Rodriguez, B. (1992) Guia de Campo de las Especies Comerciales Marinas y de Aguas Salobras de la Costa Septentrional de Sur America. FAO, Roma, Organizacion de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentacion." type="book" year="1992">
Cervigón 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFD75FD71FD0CFD29" box="[663,721,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">et al.</emphasis>
(1992
</bibRefCitation>
: 143 pl. II, fig 13) are based mainly on specimens from regions north of the Amazon-Orinoco river barrier. It was on examination of these references that differences between the specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFE5CFD39FD57FCF1" box="[446,650,765,788]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFE5CFD39FD57FCF1" box="[446,650,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFD22FD39FCC6FCF1" box="[704,795,765,788]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Palinurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFD22FD39FCC6FCF1" box="[704,795,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. argus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were first discovered.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF98FFDCFF25FCDBFE65FA00" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">
The characteristics used to differentiate 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFD7BFCE5FD2EFCDD" box="[665,755,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. a rgu s</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFCD7FCE5FBD9FCD2" box="[821,1028,800,824]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFCD7FCE5FBD9FCD2" box="[821,1028,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been used as part of the key identification presented below. 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFE1EFC81FD85FCB9" box="[508,600,837,860]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Palinurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFE1EFC81FD85FCB9" box="[508,600,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. argus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presents carapace with deep grooves well defining all regions, with very distinct divisions among cardiac, branchial and intestinal regions; while the carapace in 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFB8CFCADFAE7FC9A" box="[1134,1338,872,896]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFB8CFCADFAE7FC9A" box="[1134,1338,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presents only distinct cervical groove, with shallow groove dividing the regions, faintly perceptible divisions between cardiac, branchial and intestinal regions. Abdominal somites 
<quantity id="42489B48FF98FFDCFCBBFC6BFC7EFC2D" box="[857,931,943,968]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.89" metricValueMax="12.7" metricValueMin="5.08" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" unit="in" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2–5 in</quantity>
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFC4FFC75FBDBFC2D" box="[941,1030,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. a rgu s</emphasis>
with deep transverse groove often faint medially (not distinctly interrupted); and in 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFD2CFC11FC41FC09" box="[718,924,981,1004]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFD2CFC11FC41FC09" box="[718,924,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
abdominal somites 2–5 present shallow and incomplete transverse groove, interrupted medially, especially on somite 3. The conspicuous spots are observed in both species but they are isolated in the abdomen of 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFCE4FBD9FCBDFBD1" box="[774,864,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. a rgu s</emphasis>
presenting only the scattered spots; while in the abdomen of 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFEC1FB85FE30FBB2" box="[291,493,1088,1112]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFEC1FB85FE30FBB2" box="[291,493,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the conspicuous scattered spots are mixed with several small spots. The abdomen is darker, with solid colour in 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFE2CFBA1FDF4FB99" box="[462,553,1125,1148]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Palinurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFE2CFBA1FDF4FB99" box="[462,553,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. argus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFD9EFBA1FCFDFB99" box="[636,800,1125,1148]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Palinurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFD9EFBA1FCFDFB99" box="[636,800,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. meripuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is lighter and spotted. In the grooves and at the end of each abdominal somite, 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFE49FB4DFDDAFB45" box="[427,519,1161,1184]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Palinurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFE49FB4DFDDAFB45" box="[427,519,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. argus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
present continuous light line and 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFC68FB4DFB8AFB7A" box="[906,1111,1160,1184]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFC68FB4DFB8AFB7A" box="[906,1111,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
present small white spots in line. Carapace of 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFEBDFB69FE6BFB21" box="[351,438,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. a rgu s</emphasis>
has an intense and solid dark red colour dorsally, extending onto lateral surfaces; while the carapace of 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFEA5FB15FDCEFB02" box="[327,531,1232,1256]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFEA5FB15FDCEFB02" box="[327,531,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a light background with pale red (sometimes almost pink), with darker areas mainly in cardiac region and on dorso-posterior area of branchial region (near the cardiac) and only the base of spines are dark red, forming conspicuous dark spots in the light background. Pereiopods are striped longitudinally in 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFF56FAF9FEC8FAB1" box="[180,277,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFF56FAF9FECCFAB1" box="[180,273,1341,1364]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Palinurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argus">P. argus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
including meri and propodus; and in 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFD5CFAF9FCBEFAB1" box="[702,867,1341,1364]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Palinurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFD5CFAF9FCBEFAB1" box="[702,867,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. meripuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the pereiopods are mostly without stripes (present only on carpi), with peculiar conspicuous and solid purple colour on meri, with orange/brown shades at propodus and dactylus. Pleopods in 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFE5EFA41FDCAFA79" box="[444,535,1413,1436]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Palinurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFE5EFA41FDCAFA79" box="[444,535,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. argus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are yellow-green with a longitudinal black line medially with sickle shape; in 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFA65FA41FEFDFA5A" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Palinurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFA65FA41FEFDFA5A" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. meripuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it pleopods present only a lateral border green or yellowish with a large black area in centre (not only a black sickle shape line).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="850F36ADFF98FFDCFF25FA2BFC93F85C" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">
The distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFE50FA34FCEAF9ED" authority="Latreille, 1804" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1804" box="[434,823,1519,1544]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFE50FA34FDB1F9ED" box="[434,620,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">Panulirus argus</emphasis>
(Latreille, 1804)
</taxonomicName>
is now restricted to northern localities from North Carolina (35°N) to 
<collectingCountry id="FDA7763DFF98FFDCFE74F9D0FDD4F9C8" box="[406,521,1556,1581]" name="Venezuela" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
(8°N) including the Caribbean Sea, West Indies, Gulf of 
<collectingCountry id="FDA7763DFF98FFDCFAE8F9D0FA82F9C8" box="[1290,1375,1556,1581]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and Bermudas—localities north of the biogeographic barrier of the Amazon River plume (
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF98FFDCFB96F9F3FAFAF9B5" author="Williams" box="[1140,1319,1591,1616]" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" refString="Williams, A. B. (1986) Lobsters-Identification, World, Distribution and U. S. trade. Marine Fisheries Review, 48, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1986">Williams, 1986</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF98FFDCFAD7F9F3FF0FF991" author="Holthuis" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" refString="Holthuis, L. B. (1991) Marine lobsters of the world: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis, 125 (13), 1 - 292." type="journal article" year="1991">Holthuis, 1991</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF98FFDCFF02F998FE6DF991" author="Sarver" box="[224,432,1628,1652]" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" refString="Sarver, S. K., Freshwater, D. W. &amp; Walsh, P. J. (2000) The occurrence of the provisional Brazilian subspecies of spiny lobster (Panulirus argus westonii) in Florida waters. Fishery Bulletin, 98, 870 - 873." type="journal article" year="2000">
Sarver 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFED0F999FEB1F991" box="[306,364,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">et al.</emphasis>
2000
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF98FFDCFE5CF998FD70F991" author="Tourinho" box="[446,685,1628,1653]" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" refString="Tourinho, J. L., Sole-Cava, A. M. &amp; Lazoski, C. (2012) Cryptic species within the commercially most important lobster in the tropical Atlantic, the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. Marine Biology, 159, 1897 - 1906. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 012 - 1977 - 7" type="journal article" year="2012">
Tourinho 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFDCFF999FDB5F991" box="[557,616,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
). At localities south of the Amazon River plume on the Brazilian marine domain (from 2°S to 27°S) 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFDC1F945FD33F972" box="[547,750,1664,1688]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFDC1F945FD33F972" box="[547,750,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the representative species (see distribution section above). It was highlighted that neither 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFE12F961FD96F959" box="[496,587,1701,1724]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFE12F961FD96F959" box="[496,587,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. argus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nor 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFD9CF961FC97F959" box="[638,842,1701,1724]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFD9CF961FC97F959" box="[638,842,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were reported between the parallels of 8°N and 2°S, the area which is influenced by the Amazon-Orinoco River (
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF98FFDCFC81F90CFBE1F905" author="Sarver" box="[867,1084,1736,1760]" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" refString="Sarver, S. K., Freshwater, D. W. &amp; Walsh, P. J. (2000) The occurrence of the provisional Brazilian subspecies of spiny lobster (Panulirus argus westonii) in Florida waters. Fishery Bulletin, 98, 870 - 873." type="journal article" year="2000">
Sarver 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFC5BF90DFC2BF905" box="[953,1014,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">et al.</emphasis>
2000
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF98FFDCFBAEF903FA9FF905" author="Tourinho" box="[1100,1346,1735,1760]" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" refString="Tourinho, J. L., Sole-Cava, A. M. &amp; Lazoski, C. (2012) Cryptic species within the commercially most important lobster in the tropical Atlantic, the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. Marine Biology, 159, 1897 - 1906. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 012 - 1977 - 7" type="journal article" year="2012">
Tourinho 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFB5FF90DFB27F905" box="[1213,1274,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
). It can therefore be regarded as a physical barrier blocking the gene flow and isolating the two populations. 
<bibRefCitation id="E1214B5CFF98FFDCFAF0F928FF3CF8CD" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" refString="Sarver, S. K., Freshwater, D. W. &amp; Walsh, P. J. (2000) The occurrence of the provisional Brazilian subspecies of spiny lobster (Panulirus argus westonii) in Florida waters. Fishery Bulletin, 98, 870 - 873." type="journal article">
Sarver 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFA81F929FA41F8E1" box="[1379,1436,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">et al.</emphasis>
(2000)
</bibRefCitation>
reported that there was no recorded specimen of the Caribbean 
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFC29F8D5FBF9F8CD" box="[971,1060,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. a rgu s</emphasis>
in Brazilian waters and that the presence of 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFECEF8F1FE23F8A9" box="[300,510,1845,1868]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFECEF8F1FE23F8A9" box="[300,510,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
upward of the biogeographic barrier is uncertain. However, after the formal description of 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFED9F89DFDD5F88A" box="[315,520,1880,1904]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meripurpuratus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFED9F89DFDD5F88A" box="[315,520,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">P. meripurpuratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presented in this study, it is now be possible to confirm whether the two species populations remain in isolation or co-habit within a specific region. It should also be noted that the number of Atlantic Ocean 
<taxonomicName id="42B04D2EFF98FFDCFEA4F864FE69F85D" box="[326,436,1952,1976]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palinuridae" genus="Panulirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="8" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B7C4EABFFF98FFDCFEA4F864FE69F85D" box="[326,436,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="361">Panulirus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species has increased to six species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>