treatments-xml/data/03/85/99/03859978FFF79123FF053F3BFC2BFE6A.xml

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<mods:title>Revision of the Old World Sobarocephala (Diptera: Clusiidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Lonsdale, Owen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2014-01-21</mods:number>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3502268" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119413268" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3502268" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03859978FFF79123FF053F3BFC2BFE6A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03859978FFF79123FF053F3BFC2BFE6A" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="221" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="8F35J" authority="Sasakawa" authorityName="Sasakawa" box="[151,597,802,829]" class="Insecta" family="Clusiidae" genus="Sobarocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geniculata">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,597,802,829]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,465,802,828]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Sobarocephala geniculata</emphasis>
Sasakawa
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="9.[151,597,802,862]" box="[151,217,837,862]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
<figureCitation box="[151,217,837,862]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1671,1693]" captionTargetBox="[154,1428,412,1645]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,409,1650]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 2. Sobarocephala geniculata Sasakawa, male. Fig. 3: S. zuluensis Stuckenberg, male. Fig. 4: S. milangensis Stuckenberg, female. Fig. 5: S. plumicornis (Lamb), Seychelles male. Fig. 6: S. plumicornis, Nigerian female. Fig. 7: S. insolata spec. nov., male. Fig. 8: S. apoxys spec. nov., male. Fig. 9: S. recava spec. nov., male. Fig. 10: S. laticrinis spec. nov., male. Fig. 11: S. doryphoros spec. nov., female. Fig. 12: S. vockerothi Sasakawa, male. Fig. 13: S. uncinata Sueyoshi, male. Fig. 14: S. mitsuii Sasakawa, male (left) and female abdomen (right). Figs 15 – 17: S. cycla spec. nov; 15: Malaysian dark colour pattern; 16: Malaysian light colour pattern; 17: Indonesian colour pattern. Fig. 18: S. magna spec. nov., male. Fig. 19: S. megastylis Sasakawa, male. Fig. 20: S. eurystylis Sasakawa, male. Fig. 21: S. hirsutiseta (Frey), female. Fig. 22: S. fuscifacies Sasakawa, male. Fig. 23: S. baculigera Sasakawa, male. Fig. 24: S. nimbipennis spec. nov., male. Fig. 25: S. nepalensis Sasakawa, female. Fig. 26: S. triangula spec. nov., Australian female (pattern of Vietnamese female dotted). Fig. 27: S. orientalis spec. nov., female (left) and male abdomen (right). Fig. 28: S. secaperas spec. nov., male. Fig. 29: S. kapnikos spec. nov., male. * — representative of S. flaviseta species group; ** — representatives of S. flava species group; other species are representatives of the S. plumicornis species group or are of uncertain placement." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229580/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
Fig. 
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="8F35J" authority="Sasakawa, 2011: 11" authorityName="Sasakawa" authorityPageNumber="11" authorityYear="2011" box="[151,625,909,931]" class="Insecta" family="Clusiidae" genus="Sobarocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geniculata">
<emphasis box="[151,416,909,931]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Sobarocephala geniculata</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3500349" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3500349" author="Sasakawa" box="[423,625,909,931]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A787A1FFCEFFA7FF5EFF22EEB01F5F" page="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation author="Sasakawa" box="[423,625,909,931]" firstAuthor="Sasakawa" page="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" refString="Sasakawa, M. (2011) Oriental species of clusiid flies (Diptera: Clusiidae: Clusiinae). Zootaxa, 3038, 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="2011">
Sasakawa, 
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: 
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="9.[151,1436,976,2012]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,317,976,1001]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Redescription</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation box="[335,406,976,1001]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1671,1693]" captionTargetBox="[154,1428,412,1645]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,409,1650]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 2. Sobarocephala geniculata Sasakawa, male. Fig. 3: S. zuluensis Stuckenberg, male. Fig. 4: S. milangensis Stuckenberg, female. Fig. 5: S. plumicornis (Lamb), Seychelles male. Fig. 6: S. plumicornis, Nigerian female. Fig. 7: S. insolata spec. nov., male. Fig. 8: S. apoxys spec. nov., male. Fig. 9: S. recava spec. nov., male. Fig. 10: S. laticrinis spec. nov., male. Fig. 11: S. doryphoros spec. nov., female. Fig. 12: S. vockerothi Sasakawa, male. Fig. 13: S. uncinata Sueyoshi, male. Fig. 14: S. mitsuii Sasakawa, male (left) and female abdomen (right). Figs 15 – 17: S. cycla spec. nov; 15: Malaysian dark colour pattern; 16: Malaysian light colour pattern; 17: Indonesian colour pattern. Fig. 18: S. magna spec. nov., male. Fig. 19: S. megastylis Sasakawa, male. Fig. 20: S. eurystylis Sasakawa, male. Fig. 21: S. hirsutiseta (Frey), female. Fig. 22: S. fuscifacies Sasakawa, male. Fig. 23: S. baculigera Sasakawa, male. Fig. 24: S. nimbipennis spec. nov., male. Fig. 25: S. nepalensis Sasakawa, female. Fig. 26: S. triangula spec. nov., Australian female (pattern of Vietnamese female dotted). Fig. 27: S. orientalis spec. nov., female (left) and male abdomen (right). Fig. 28: S. secaperas spec. nov., male. Fig. 29: S. kapnikos spec. nov., male. * — representative of S. flaviseta species group; ** — representatives of S. flava species group; other species are representatives of the S. plumicornis species group or are of uncertain placement." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229580/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
Fig. 
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). 
<emphasis box="[430,495,976,1001]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Male.</emphasis>
Body length 3.0– 
<quantity box="[705,786,976,1001]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" unit="mm" value="3.6">3.6mm</quantity>
. Setae brown. 
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in poor condition with aristae, first flagellomeres and most setae missing. Notal setae partially evident from sockets: two dorsocentral setae, one pair of lateral scutellar setae; acrostichal and presutural intra-alar setae absent. Head light yellow, whitish below frons, with ocellar tubercle brown, and back of head mostly brown above foramen excluding dorsomedial region; face particularly soft (collapsed); posterior margin of frons (vertex) strongly incurved with ocelli and posteromedial corner of eye shifted forwards, and frons much narrower than eye seen dorsally; gena shallow anteriorly and deep posteriorly, forming large silvery-tomentose triangle with occiput (similar to state seen in many 
<taxonomicName box="[1276,1419,1192,1217]" class="Insecta" family="Clusiidae" genus="Allometopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1276,1419,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Allometopon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Notum yellow with curved brown stripe along anterior margin of scutum, katatergite brown, and scutellum light yellow; postsutural stripes reported in 
<bibRefCitation author="Sasakawa" box="[600,795,1264,1289]" firstAuthor="Sasakawa" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" refString="Sasakawa, M. (2011) Oriental species of clusiid flies (Diptera: Clusiidae: Clusiinae). Zootaxa, 3038, 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="2011">
Sasakawa (
<number box="[729,787,1264,1288]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="2011.0">2011</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
appear to be absent, with darker region attributable to underlying muscle attachment. Pleuron light yellow (contrasting slightly darker scutum which may only differ due to state of preservation). Legs yellow. Halter entirely pale. Wing with faint anterodistal infuscation. M 
<number box="[1349,1355,1351,1365]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="1.0">1</number>
+ 
<number box="[1365,1374,1351,1365]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="2.0">2</number>
ratio approximately 
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. Abdomen of 
<typeStatus box="[517,613,1376,1400]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">paratype</typeStatus>
dark brown; abdomen of 
<typeStatus box="[906,1004,1374,1399]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">holotype</typeStatus>
(from 
<bibRefCitation author="Sasakawa" box="[1082,1282,1374,1399]" firstAuthor="Sasakawa" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" refString="Sasakawa, M. (2011) Oriental species of clusiid flies (Diptera: Clusiidae: Clusiinae). Zootaxa, 3038, 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="2011">
Sasakawa (
<number box="[1207,1264,1375,1399]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="2011.0">2011</number>
))
</bibRefCitation>
with “T 
<number box="[1381,1392,1375,1399]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="1.0">1</number>
, T 
<number box="[1422,1436,1375,1399]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="2.0">2</number>
and anterior half of T 
<number box="[409,421,1411,1435]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="3.0">3</number>
yellowish brown, posterior half of T 
<number box="[864,877,1411,1435]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="3.0">3</number>
, T 
<number box="[911,955,1411,1436]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="5.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.0">4–6</number>
, and S 
<number box="[1038,1052,1411,1435]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="8.0">8</number>
black; epandrium shining black, surstylus pale brown”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[151,1436,976,2012]" box="[199,415,1483,1508]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
<emphasis box="[199,283,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Female</emphasis>
. Unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[151,1436,976,2012]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
<emphasis box="[199,384,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Male terminalia</emphasis>
. (
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Sasakawa 
<number box="[535,595,1519,1543]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="2011.0">2011</number>
: figs 
<number box="[663,734,1518,1543]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="16.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="15.0">15–18</number>
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) Surstylus long, thin and sharply angled on distal 
<number box="[1339,1350,1519,1543]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="1.0">1</number>
/ 
<number box="[1360,1374,1519,1543]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="3.0">3</number>
with ventral margin of bent portion with tubercle-like setae on inner surface; outer surface mostly bare with setae clustered medially. Cerci small, short-haired and slightly divergent apically. Pregonite membranous with four setulae. Postgonite small and weakly sclerotized with several setulae. Basiphallus apparently medially divided with apical U-shaped section. Epiphallus not evident. Distiphallus narrow, upcurved, apically tapered and desclerotized along midline basally and medially; sclerotized oprtions minutely spinulose; paraphallus subequal to distiphallus, tapered apically and minutely spinulose along anterior surface.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="9.[151,1436,976,2012]" box="[199,1409,1771,1796]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
<materialsCitation box="[199,1409,1771,1796]" collectingDate="1958-03-28" collectingDateMax="1958-03-31" collectingDateMin="1958-03-28" collectionCode="BPBM" collectorName="T. C. Maa" country="Thailand" location="Doi Suthep" municipality="Chiangmai" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" specimenCode="17245" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,482,1771,1796]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
<typeStatus box="[199,312,1771,1796]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Holotype</typeStatus>
: 
<collectingCountry box="[324,477,1771,1796]" name="Thailand" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">THAILAND</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingMunicipality box="[489,616,1771,1796]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Chiangmai</collectingMunicipality>
: 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03859978FFF79123FF053F3BFC2BFE6A:8EF37EB5FFF79120FDE13AF2FD06F8BE" box="[627,757,1771,1796]" country="Thailand" municipality="Chiangmai" name="Doi Suthep" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Doi Suthep</location>
, 
<date box="[767,933,1771,1796]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="1958-03-28" valueMax="1958-03-31" valueMin="1958-03-28">
<collectingDate box="[767,933,1771,1796]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="1958-03-28" valueMax="1958-03-31" valueMin="1958-03-28">
<number box="[767,841,1771,1796]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="29.5" valueMax="31.0" valueMin="28.0">28–31</number>
.iii. 
<number box="[874,933,1771,1796]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="1958.0">1958</number>
</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName box="[945,1049,1771,1795]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">T.C. Maa</collectorName>
[Type No. 
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<specimenCode box="[1176,1249,1771,1796]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">17245</specimenCode>
</number>
] (
<specimenCount box="[1272,1307,1771,1795]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="male">
<number box="[1272,1283,1771,1795]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="1.0">1</number>
♂
</specimenCount>
<collectionCode LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" box="[1314,1397,1771,1795]" collectionName="USA, Hawaii, Honolulu, Bernice P. Bishop Museum" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">BPBM</collectionCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="9.[151,1436,976,2012]" box="[199,1048,1806,1831]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
<materialsCitation box="[199,1048,1806,1831]" collectingDate="1958-04-05" collectingDateMax="1958-04-11" collectingDateMin="1958-04-05" collectionCode="BPBM" collectorName="T. C. Maa" country="Thailand" location="Chiangdao" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,482,1806,1831]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
<typeStatus box="[199,312,1806,1831]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Paratype</typeStatus>
: 
<collectingCountry box="[324,477,1806,1831]" name="Thailand" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">THAILAND</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03859978FFF79123FF053F3BFC2BFE6A:8EF37EB5FFF79120FE7B3B17FD96F89D" box="[489,613,1806,1831]" country="Thailand" name="Chiangdao" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Chiangdao</location>
, 
<date box="[624,772,1806,1831]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="1958-04-05" valueMax="1958-04-11" valueMin="1958-04-05">
<collectingDate box="[624,772,1806,1831]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="1958-04-05" valueMax="1958-04-11" valueMin="1958-04-05">
<number box="[624,680,1806,1831]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="8.0" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="5.0">5–11</number>
.iv. 
<number box="[711,772,1806,1831]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="1958.0">1958</number>
</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName box="[783,888,1807,1831]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">T.C. Maa</collectorName>
(
<specimenCount box="[905,941,1807,1831]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="male">
<number box="[905,916,1807,1831]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="1.0">1</number>
♂
</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" box="[953,1036,1807,1831]" collectionName="USA, Hawaii, Honolulu, Bernice P. Bishop Museum" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">BPBM</collectionCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="221" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="9.[151,1436,976,2012]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="221" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,335,1843,1868]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Comments.</emphasis>
The genus 
<taxonomicName box="[480,648,1843,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Clusiidae" genus="Sobarocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[480,648,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">Sobarocephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by a two-segmented phallus composed of a short basiphallus connecting the phallapodeme to the usually rod-like and well-developed distiphallus. In 
<taxonomicName box="[1282,1429,1878,1903]" class="Insecta" family="Clusiidae" genus="Sobarocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geniculata">
<emphasis box="[1282,1429,1878,1903]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="220">S. geniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, however, there appears to be a third intermediary segment treated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Sasakawa" box="[977,1173,1915,1940]" firstAuthor="Sasakawa" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" refString="Sasakawa, M. (2011) Oriental species of clusiid flies (Diptera: Clusiidae: Clusiinae). Zootaxa, 3038, 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="2011">
Sasakawa (
<number box="[1107,1165,1915,1939]" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" value="2011.0">2011</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
as the mesophallus is present—this structure is here interpreted as a distal segmentation of the basiphallus because is precedes the insertion of the paraphallus, which is always distal to the basiphallus when present in other 
<taxonomicName box="[1243,1353,1987,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Clusiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="220" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Clusiidae</taxonomicName>
. In the subfamily 
<taxonomicName box="[278,387,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Clusiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Clusiinae">Clusiinae</taxonomicName>
, a “mesophallus” is sometimes present due to a medial bending and breakage of the distiphallus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[151,1436,151,464]" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">
Apart from segmented basiphallus and the highly unusual distiphallus and surstylus, the genitalia of 
<taxonomicName box="[151,452,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Clusiidae" genus="Sobarocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geniculata">
<emphasis box="[151,452,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Sobarocephala geniculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
departs from those of other 
<taxonomicName box="[819,988,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Clusiidae" genus="Sobarocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[819,988,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Sobarocephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in lacking both the “thumb” of the paraphallus and the “basal shield” of the distiphallus. These throw doubt on its membership in the genus, which is entirely defined by these two characters, although like most 
<taxonomicName box="[846,1014,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Clusiidae" genus="Sobarocephala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[846,1014,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Sobarocephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(and the related genus 
<taxonomicName authority="Lonsdale &amp; Marshall" authorityName="Lonsdale &amp; Marshall" class="Insecta" family="Clusiidae" genus="Procerosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1287,1436,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Procerosoma</emphasis>
Lonsdale &amp; 
<collectingCountry box="[294,398,367,392]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Marshall</collectingCountry>
</taxonomicName>
), cell bm is open. Externally, the notal pattern is also unique, while the dimensions of the gena and frons and structure of the paraphallus are characteristic of some 
<taxonomicName box="[1017,1160,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Clusiidae" genus="Allometopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="221" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1017,1160,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="221">Allometopon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and generic placement should be reconsidered when better-preserved material becomes available.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>