281 lines
36 KiB
XML
281 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document id="01AA6C376F291DB6175F68F45388A616" ID-CLB-Dataset="134452" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fe084ed-d367-4d5a-9ed0-48882760ba96" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267833" ID-ZooBank="7D05BB2E-4373-4AFB-8DD3-ABE203D3BEC1" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629915050425" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2013" docId="0385994AFFB5FFED9BFDFB5DFA8BBDD4" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03724p085.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3724 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Gorgyra johnstoni Butler 1894" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="FFBCE132FFBEFFE09B6AFF91FFD5BA40" masterDocTitle="Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders" masterLastPageNumber="85" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="12" updateTime="1699144858824" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="E292581741C3E37F615AD9A9A6AD248B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="F54907907A67E334A0255AABA7873545">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="3B0DA43CA54749F00862207D76CD818F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="566469E6259C99631FD45059B1002BA9">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="52F8D860BD6A006EA329CD2845FB8D6D">C / o CABI Europe - UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, TW 20 9 TY, UK (e-mail: m. cock @ cabi. org; mjwcock @ btinternet. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="8E16D1990012C2544CF6F94666ED0D34" type="email">m.cock@cabi.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="417269E3097890D0F444232171D9D820">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="872013B526BA03C2662CD588392FB88B">African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), P. O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya (e-mail: colin. congdon @ gmail. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="95FCEF3BE84F7B2EB596424020B3A693" type="email">colin.congdon@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="2569201EA636300D09BD7D3B664FBA8B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="435260075042BEEE0EF5B9F66ADB681C">
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<mods:date id="E4A0F5265CF8E6C2F2FB3DFD914EB99B">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D6590D88752AC7CF608E7B2D02420F64">2013-10-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="4C4F2CF3AFA15217D2E9356DE9198BF3">3724</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="B6AFFC3739FE4460CF9CC00B3FDCCD18">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="0562937F8592A9D89857AD0430CF2DB0">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="0385994AFFB5FFED9BFDFB5DFA8BBDD4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5268091" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199910997" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5268091" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0385994AFFB5FFED9BFDFB5DFA8BBDD4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385994AFFB5FFED9BFDFB5DFA8BBDD4" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FFB5FFEB9BFDFB5DFD92BFFB" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB5FFEB9BFDFB5DFDC6BEA6" blockId="11.[151,531,1228,1254]" box="[151,531,1228,1254]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<heading id="D0DB9F30FFB5FFEB9BFDFB5DFDC6BEA6" bold="true" box="[151,531,1228,1254]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB5FFEB9BFDFB5DFDC6BEA6" ID-CoL="3H3B7" authority="Butler, 1894" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1894" box="[151,531,1228,1254]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnstoni">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB5FFEB9BFDFB5DFDC6BEA6" bold="true" box="[151,531,1228,1254]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB5FFEB9BFDFB5DFEA0BEA6" bold="true" box="[151,373,1228,1254]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Gorgyra johnstoni</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFB5FFEB9A16FB5DFDC6BEA6" author="Butler" box="[380,531,1228,1254]" firstAuthor="Butler" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="643 - 684" refId="ref41477" refString="Butler, A. G. (1894) On two collections of Lepidoptera sent by H. H. Johnston, Esq., C. B., from British Central Africa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1893, 643 - 684, plate LX." type="journal article" year="1894">Butler, 1894</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB5FFEB9BFDFA83FD92BFFB" blockId="11.[151,1436,1298,1467]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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This species was described from
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFB5FFEB9966FA83FDB1BF6B" box="[524,612,1298,1323]" name="Zambia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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, and is recorded from
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFB5FFEB9808FA83FC23BF6B" box="[866,1014,1298,1323]" name="Mozambique" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFB5FFEB9F44FA83FB73BF6B" box="[1070,1190,1298,1323]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFB5FFEB9FA0FA83FAF5BF6B" box="[1226,1312,1298,1323]" name="Zambia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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and Shaba (
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFB5FFEB9BF4FAA7FEC8BF0F" box="[158,285,1334,1359]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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) north to the
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFB5FFEB9AD5FAA6FDDDBF0F" box="[447,520,1335,1359]" name="Kenya" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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coast (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFB5FFEB9937FAA7FCE9BF0F" author="Ackery" box="[605,828,1334,1359]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ackery" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref41160" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB5FFEB99D1FAA6FD3ABF0F" box="[699,751,1334,1359]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
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. 1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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). In
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFB5FFEB9819FAA6FC6ABF0F" box="[883,959,1335,1359]" name="Kenya" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, it is restricted to the coastal area, where
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFB5FFEB9BFDFACBFEA6BF33" author="Sevastopulo" box="[151,371,1370,1395]" firstAuthor="Sevastopulo" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="131 - 136" refId="ref45528" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974) Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo (1974)</bibRefCitation>
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records it as rare in Makardara and Marere Forests, Shimba Hills. The habitat in
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFB5FFEB9E76FACBFA55BF33" box="[1308,1408,1370,1395]" name="Tanzania" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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is described as woodland, riverine forests and forest margins, from
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<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB5FFEB9811FAEFFBD5BFD7" box="[891,1024,1406,1431]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="1100.0" valueMax="1800.0" valueMin="400.0">400–1800m</quantity>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFB5FFEB9F7BFAEFFB62BFD7" author="Kielland" box="[1041,1207,1406,1431]" firstAuthor="Kielland" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref43661" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, Australia, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland 1990</bibRefCitation>
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). MJWC reared this species from the Shimba Hills,
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFB5FFEB9A9CFA32FD96BFFB" box="[502,579,1443,1467]" name="Kenya" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FFB5FFED9BFDFA7BFA8BBDD4" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB5FFEB9BFDFA7BFE99BC43" blockId="11.[151,1436,1514,1647]" box="[151,332,1514,1539]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB5FFEB9BFDFA7BFE99BC43" box="[151,332,1514,1539]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Adult behaviour</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB5FFEB9BFDF99FFD8EBC2F" blockId="11.[151,1436,1514,1647]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Although MJWC twice found caterpillars, he has not seen adults in the wild, yet it is relatively frequent in old collections (T.B. Larsen pers. comm. 2012). The adults (
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<figureCitation id="131734D9FFB5FFEB987EF9A3FC54BC0B" box="[788,897,1586,1611]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="11.[151,249,1105,1127]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,183,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-305@11.[151,1435,183,1083]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 11. Adult female Gorgyra johnstoni, collected as caterpillar 13 Dec 1989 on Rourea orientalis, Shimba Hills, Kenya; adult 1 Jan 1990; 89/100B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267857" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267857/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 11</figureCitation>
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) seem to prefer partially shaded food plants for oviposition, along forest or scrub tracks.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB5FFEB9BFDF926FECBBC90" blockId="11.[151,1436,1719,1852]" box="[151,286,1719,1744]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB5FFEB9BFDF926FECBBC90" box="[151,286,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Food plants</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB5FFEB9BFDF94AFAFBBD7B" blockId="11.[151,1436,1719,1852]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFB5FFEB9BFDF94AFEBBBCB4" author="Sevastopulo" box="[151,366,1755,1780]" firstAuthor="Sevastopulo" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="131 - 136" refId="ref45528" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974) Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo (1974</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFB5FFEB9A16F94AFE62BCB4" author="Sevastopulo, D. G." bookContentInfo="34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." box="[380,439,1755,1780]" editor="Sevastopulo, D. G." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="131 - 132" part="34" refId="ref45556" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975) Hesperiidae. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 131 - 132. In: Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975 - 1978) A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." title="Hesperiidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society" year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
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, unpublished) found the food plant of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB5FFEB9810F94DFC19BCB4" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[890,972,1755,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diva">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB5FFEB9810F94DFC19BCB4" box="[890,972,1755,1780]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">G. diva</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to be
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB5FFEB9F70F94DFB34BCB4" box="[1050,1249,1755,1780]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" genus="Rourea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientalis">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB5FFEB9F70F94DFB34BCB4" box="[1050,1249,1755,1780]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Rourea orientalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB5FFEB9E64F94DFED7BD58" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" genus="Byrsocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientalis">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB5FFEB9E64F94DFED7BD58" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Byrsocarpus orientalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB5FFEB9A70F96EFE64BD58" box="[282,433,1791,1816]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Connaraceae</taxonomicName>
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), in the Shimba Hills. MJWC examined the food plant (
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<figureCitation id="131734D9FFB5FFEB9F48F96EFB55BD58" box="[1058,1152,1791,1816]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1446,1468]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,581,1425]" captionTargetId="figure-268@5.[151,1436,581,1425]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Rourea orientalis, a food plant of Gorgyra diva and G. johnstoni, Shimba Hills, 13 Apr 1990." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267835" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267835/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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) in the Shimba Hills and collected caterpillars of what he assumed at the time to be
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB5FFEB984CF8B5FCA0BD7C" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[806,885,1827,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diva">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB5FFEB984CF8B5FCA0BD7C" box="[806,885,1827,1852]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">G. diva</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but actually proved to be
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB5FFEB9FCAF8B5FAF2BD7C" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1894" box="[1184,1319,1827,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnstoni">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB5FFEB9FCAF8B5FAF2BD7C" box="[1184,1319,1827,1852]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">G. johnstoni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB5FFEB9BFDF8FAFEF2BDC4" blockId="11.[151,1436,1899,2032]" box="[151,295,1899,1924]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB5FFEB9BFDF8FAFEF2BDC4" box="[151,295,1899,1924]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB5FFEC9BFDF81EFE7BBB5D" blockId="11.[151,1436,1899,2032]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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The first shelter is a small flap (5–7 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB5FFEB9956F81EFD46BDE8" box="[572,659,1935,1960]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mm" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3–5mm</quantity>
|
||
) cut from the edge of the leaf lamina and folded upwards. The second shelter is formed from the basal half of a leaf, by cutting a notch from each margin to the mid rib at the centre of the leaf, and a small notch at the base of the leaf adjacent to, and parallel to the mid rib (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFB5FFEB9F03F846FB02BDB0" box="[1129,1239,2007,2032]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1324,1346]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,481,1302]" captionTargetId="figure-388@12.[151,1436,481,1302]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 12. Penultimate instar caterpillar of Gorgyra johnstoni collected 13 Dec 1989 on Rourea orientalis, Shimba Hills, Kenya; moulted to penultimate instar 14 Dec; photographed 20 Dec, moulted to final instar 23 Dec; 15mm, 89/100C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267861/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||
); then folding the flap from each side upwards to meet over the mid rib, making a shelter
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB2FFEC98BBFF06FB97BAF0" box="[977,1090,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="13.0" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="10.0">10–16mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB2FFEC9FDDFF06FAD8BAF0" box="[1207,1293,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="7.0">7–8mm</quantity>
|
||
wide. Some caterpillars make a second shelter similar to the first, but larger (e.g. 10 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB2FFEC9894FF2DFBE9BA95" box="[1022,1084,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="5.0">5mm</quantity>
|
||
). The third shelter is made by drawing together several leaves. Pupation may be in the third shelter, or in a single leaf shelter formed by folding it in half along the mid rib.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB2FFEC9BFDFEDDFF0FBB23" blockId="12.[151,1435,332,429]" box="[151,218,332,355]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB2FFEC9BFDFEDDFF0FBB23" box="[151,218,332,355]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ovum</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB2FFEC9BFDFEFEFBAFBBED" blockId="12.[151,1435,332,429]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
A hatched ovum, probably of this species, was noted on a leaf undersurface, at the margin; it was similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB2FFEC9BFDFE05FEDDBBED" authorityName="Riley" authorityYear="1929" box="[151,264,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bibulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB2FFEC9BFDFE05FEDDBBED" box="[151,264,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">G. bibulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but smaller; white, rugose, finely reticulate, 0.67 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB2FFEC9821FE05FC72BBED" box="[843,935,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.35">0.35mm</quantity>
|
||
diameter x height.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FFB2FFEC9BFDFABDFAEFBF20" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267861" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267861/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[151,249,1324,1346]" targetBox="[151,1436,481,1302]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB2FFEC9BFDFABDFAEFBF20" blockId="12.[151,1436,1324,1376]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB2FFEC9BFDFABDFEF4BF02" bold="true" box="[151,289,1324,1346]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Penultimate instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB2FFEC991DFABDFCE6BF02" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1894" box="[631,819,1324,1346]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnstoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB2FFEC991DFABDFCE6BF02" box="[631,819,1324,1346]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Gorgyra johnstoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected 13 Dec 1989 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB2FFEC9F27FABDFA42BF02" authority=", Shimba Hills" authorityName="Shimba Hills" box="[1101,1431,1324,1346]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" genus="Rourea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB2FFEC9F27FABDFAD5BF02" box="[1101,1280,1324,1346]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Rourea orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
, Shimba Hills
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kenya; moulted to penultimate instar 14 Dec; photographed 20 Dec, moulted to final instar 23 Dec; 15mm, 89/100C.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB2FFEC9BFDFA16FEC0BFE0" blockId="12.[151,1436,1415,1656]" box="[151,277,1415,1440]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB2FFEC9BFDFA16FEC0BFE0" box="[151,277,1415,1440]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Caterpillar</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB2FFEC9BFDFA3AFC7ABC38" blockId="12.[151,1436,1415,1656]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The caterpillar is green, with yellow speckles and a darker dorsal line (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFB2FFEC98C3FA3AFBF4BF84" box="[937,1057,1451,1476]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1324,1346]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,481,1302]" captionTargetId="figure-388@12.[151,1436,481,1302]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 12. Penultimate instar caterpillar of Gorgyra johnstoni collected 13 Dec 1989 on Rourea orientalis, Shimba Hills, Kenya; moulted to penultimate instar 14 Dec; photographed 20 Dec, moulted to final instar 23 Dec; 15mm, 89/100C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267861/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figures 12</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFB2FFEC9F3CFA3AFBA0BF84" box="[1110,1141,1451,1476]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="13.[151,249,1062,1084]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1041]" captionTargetId="figure-184@13.[151,1436,193,1041]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 13. Final instar caterpillars of Gorgyra johnstoni, collected on Rourea orientalis, Shimba Hills, Kenya, 13 Dec 1989. 1, detail of head, anterodorsolateral view, photographed 14 Dec; pupated 19 Dec; 17mm; 89/100B; 2, detail of head, dorsolateral view, moulted to final instar 23 Dec; photographed 27 Dec; preserved in ethanol; 18mm; 89/100C; 3, as #2, dorsolateral view whole caterpillar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267863" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267863/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">13</figureCitation>
|
||
). Instar n-2 the black head measured 0.96 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB2FFEC9A30FA5EFE62BFA8" box="[346,439,1487,1512]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="0.98">0.98mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=2). In the penultimate instar, the rounded oval head is dark brown with scattered light setae, 1.47 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB2FFEC9AB8FA62FDFBBC4C" box="[466,558,1523,1548]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="1.65">1.65mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=2); T1 concolorous; anal plate translucent brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFB2FFEC9E77FA62FA5ABC4C" box="[1309,1423,1523,1548]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="12.[151,249,1324,1346]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,481,1302]" captionTargetId="figure-388@12.[151,1436,481,1302]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 12. Penultimate instar caterpillar of Gorgyra johnstoni collected 13 Dec 1989 on Rourea orientalis, Shimba Hills, Kenya; moulted to penultimate instar 14 Dec; photographed 20 Dec, moulted to final instar 23 Dec; 15mm, 89/100C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267861/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the final instar the head is reddish brown, with short, pale, scattered setae, stalked with a round plate on top, 2.35 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB2FFEC9BC7F9AAFEDFBC14" box="[173,266,1595,1620]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="2.35">2.35mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFB2FFEC9A70F9AAFE5EBC14" box="[282,395,1595,1620]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="13.[151,249,1062,1084]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1041]" captionTargetId="figure-184@13.[151,1436,193,1041]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 13. Final instar caterpillars of Gorgyra johnstoni, collected on Rourea orientalis, Shimba Hills, Kenya, 13 Dec 1989. 1, detail of head, anterodorsolateral view, photographed 14 Dec; pupated 19 Dec; 17mm; 89/100B; 2, detail of head, dorsolateral view, moulted to final instar 23 Dec; photographed 27 Dec; preserved in ethanol; 18mm; 89/100C; 3, as #2, dorsolateral view whole caterpillar." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267863" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267863/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 13</figureCitation>
|
||
); the anal plate is brown and the dorsal plate on T1 is not evident. A specimen with a dark brown head (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFB2FFEC9A43F9CEFE4DBC38" box="[297,408,1631,1656]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="13.[151,249,1679,1701]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1226,1657]" captionTargetId="figure-188@13.[151,1436,1226,1657]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 14. Final instar caterpillar of Gorgyra sp., probably G. johnstoni, collected on Rourea orientalis, Shimba Hills, Kenya, collected 12 Apr 1990, photographed 17 Apr; parasitized 25 Apr; 18mm; 90/42.. 1, dorsolateral view; 2, detail of head, anterolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267865/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 14</figureCitation>
|
||
) was probably this species, but was parasitised.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB2FFEC9BFDF938FF07BC80" blockId="12.[151,1436,1705,1944]" box="[151,210,1705,1728]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB2FFEC9BFDF938FF07BC80" box="[151,210,1705,1728]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB2FFEC9BFDF95AFACFBDD8" blockId="12.[151,1436,1705,1944]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The pupa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFB2FFEC9A67F95AFEA8BCA4" box="[269,381,1739,1764]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="14.[151,249,931,953]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,183,913]" captionTargetId="figure-164@14.[151,1436,183,913]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 15. Pupa of Gorgyra johnstoni, collected 13 Dec 1989 on Rourea orientalis, Shimba Hills, Kenya; pupated 19 Dec 1989; photographed 20 Dec; adult 1 Jan 1990; 14mm; 89/100B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267867/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 15</figureCitation>
|
||
; 89/100B) is supported by a silk girdle; it is lightly dusted with white waxy powder, apart from the dorsal surface of the head which has a dense layer on it. The inside of the pupal shelter is also covered with the powder.
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFB2FFEC9B9DF882FE97BD6C" box="[247,322,1811,1836]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="mm" value="14.0">14mm</quantity>
|
||
; four days after formation (and three days after
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFB2FFEC9833F882FC10BD6C" box="[857,965,1811,1836]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="14.[151,249,931,953]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,183,913]" captionTargetId="figure-164@14.[151,1436,183,913]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 15. Pupa of Gorgyra johnstoni, collected 13 Dec 1989 on Rourea orientalis, Shimba Hills, Kenya; pupated 19 Dec 1989; photographed 20 Dec; adult 1 Jan 1990; 14mm; 89/100B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267867/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 15</figureCitation>
|
||
was taken) the abdomen, appendages and wing cases were translucent yellowish; thorax and head light brown; eyes protuberant; two small blunt frontal projections at an angle of about 45°; thorax, anterior and posterior parts of eye, apex of frontal projections with erect pale setae; spiracle T1 brown, slightly protuberant and fairly conspicuous. Pupation took 13 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FFB3FFED9BFDFBB7FE28BED8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267863" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267863" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267863/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[151,249,1062,1084]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1041]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB3FFED9BFDFBB7FE28BED8" blockId="13.[151,1436,1062,1176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB3FFED9BFDFBB7FECABE7C" bold="true" box="[151,287,1062,1084]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
|
||
Final instar caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB3FFED9945FBB7FD3FBE7C" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1894" box="[559,746,1062,1084]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnstoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB3FFED9945FBB7FD3FBE7C" box="[559,746,1062,1084]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Gorgyra johnstoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB3FFED9812FBB6FB69BE7C" authority=", Shimba Hills" authorityName="Shimba Hills" box="[888,1212,1062,1084]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" genus="Rourea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB3FFED9812FBB6FBFDBE7C" box="[888,1064,1062,1084]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rourea orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
, Shimba Hills
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kenya, 13 Dec 1989.
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB3FFED9BFDFBD4FF71BE1B" bold="true" box="[151,164,1093,1115]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head, anterodorsolateral view, photographed 14 Dec; pupated 19 Dec; 17mm; 89/100B;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB3FFED9FB5FBD4FB3EBE1B" bold="true" box="[1247,1259,1093,1115]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head, dorsolateral view, moulted to final instar 23 Dec; photographed 27 Dec; preserved in ethanol; 18mm; 89/100C;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB3FFED9E2AFBF5FA98BE3A" bold="true" box="[1344,1357,1124,1146]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">3</emphasis>
|
||
, as #2, dorsolateral view whole caterpillar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FFB3FFED9BFDF91EFE86BCA2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267865" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267865/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[151,249,1679,1701]" targetBox="[151,1436,1226,1657]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB3FFED9BFDF91EFE86BCA2" blockId="13.[151,1436,1679,1762]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB3FFED9BFDF91EFEF6BCE5" bold="true" box="[151,291,1679,1701]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
|
||
Final instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB3FFED9954F91EFD68BCE5" box="[574,701,1679,1701]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB3FFED9954F91EFD41BCE5" box="[574,660,1679,1701]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Gorgyra</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, probably
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB3FFED985AF91EFC7BBCE5" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1894" box="[816,942,1679,1701]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gorgyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnstoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB3FFED985AF91EFC7BBCE5" box="[816,942,1679,1701]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">G. johnstoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB3FFED9F2DF901FA42BCE5" authority=", Shimba Hills" authorityName="Shimba Hills" box="[1095,1431,1679,1701]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Connaraceae" genus="Rourea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB3FFED9F2DF901FB29BCE5" box="[1095,1276,1679,1701]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rourea orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
, Shimba Hills
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kenya, collected 12 Apr 1990, photographed 17 Apr; parasitized 25 Apr; 18mm; 90/42..
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB3FFED9F75F93FFBFEBC84" bold="true" box="[1055,1067,1710,1732]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB3FFED9F99F93FFAD5BC84" bold="true" box="[1267,1280,1710,1732]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head, anterolateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB3FFED9BFDF89EFE9ABD67" blockId="13.[151,1436,1807,1940]" box="[151,335,1807,1832]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB3FFED9BFDF89EFE9ABD67" box="[151,335,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Natural enemies</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFB3FFED9BFDF8A2FA8BBDD4" blockId="13.[151,1436,1807,1940]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
The medium grown caterpillars are commonly attacked by a gregarious eulophid, which forms 2–4 naked black pupae in the leaf shelter. The final instar is also parasitised by an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB3FFED98FAF8C6FC2BBD30" box="[912,1022,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB3FFED98FAF8C6FC2BBD30" box="[912,1022,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Apanteles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFB3FFED9F7BF8C6FBFEBD30" box="[1041,1067,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">s.l</emphasis>
|
||
.) sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFB3FFED9F1FF8C6FB2EBD30" box="[1141,1275,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Braconidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), a gregarious species whose larvae spin a tight mass of flocullence in the leaf shelter within which they pupate for 16 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |