211 lines
33 KiB
XML
211 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="421B777B4DA526E7A90EEE79F1E75940" ID-CLB-Dataset="55246" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5310.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="95de53d6-ac5c-424e-a3ed-087bc2e2912b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8090240" ID-ZooBank="C6664128-1B4E-40C8-80E8-6D09AB49CB30" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1687949290506" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mah, Christopher L." docDate="2023" docId="03C387E8663AFFEEFF68E48A829BFB52" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5310.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5310 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5310.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Astrotholus infernalis Mah 2023, n. gen." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="FFFAFF906631FFE3FFFFE7588613FFBB" masterDocTitle="New Genera, Species, and observations on the biology of Antarctic Valvatida (Asteroidea)" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="12" updateTime="1699537264752" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="3A4FEA371F70D064DB2B236AFFBB1A8E">New Genera, Species, and observations on the biology of Antarctic Valvatida (Asteroidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1EED96B7815BEBFCFFF38B5560D1D540">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="C278E988DEF2C5654BCE540EE3B3E3A1">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="BD8F6E05B026851082074ED90D606C31">2023-06-27</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03C387E8663AFFEEFF68E48A829BFB52" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8092123" ID-GBIF-Taxon="210479569" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8092123" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C387E8663AFFEEFF68E48A829BFB52" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387E8663AFFEEFF68E48A829BFB52" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<subSubSection id="C3706575663AFFE8FF68E48A8457FC56" box="[151,580,978,1005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE663AFFE8FF68E48A8457FC56" blockId="11.[151,907,978,1071]" box="[151,580,978,1005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<heading id="D09D8192663AFFE8FF68E48A8457FC56" bold="true" box="[151,580,978,1005]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC663AFFE8FF68E48A8457FC56" bold="true" box="[151,580,978,1005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D663AFFE8FF68E48A87B3FC56" ID-CoL="a3c9974b-7c2c-4dcf-af38-60e21fa59a79" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,416,978,1005]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Astrotholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="infernalis" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC663AFFE8FF68E48A87B3FC56" bold="true" box="[151,416,978,1005]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Astrotholus infernalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D5797663AFFE8FE58E48B87EAFC56" box="[423,505,979,1005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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n. sp.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3706575663AFFE8FF68E4AF8598FB94" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE663AFFE8FF68E4AF8750FBAA" blockId="11.[151,907,978,1071]" box="[151,323,1015,1041]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<figureCitation id="13512A7B663AFFE8FF68E4AF8750FBAA" box="[151,323,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-28@12.[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astrotholus infernalis n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1122403. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close view of abactinal, superomarginal and inferomarginal plates, covered by spinelets. C. Abactinal and superomarginal plates denuded. D. Oral view close view. E. Oral surface. F. Furrow and adambulacral spination." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090246/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURE 2A–F</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE663AFFE8FF68E34F8598FB94" blockId="11.[151,907,978,1071]" box="[151,907,1047,1071]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F663AFFE8FF68E34F8461FB94" author="Hurtado-Garcia, J. & Manjon-Cabeza, M. E." box="[151,626,1047,1071]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1211 - 1228" refId="ref58724" refString="Hurtado-Garcia, J. & Manjon-Cabeza, M. E. (2022) Species composition of sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in the Patagonian Argentinian deep-sea including seven new records: connectivity with sub-Antarctic and Antarctic fauna. Polar Biology, 45, 1211 - 1228. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 022 - 03056 - x" type="journal article" year="2022">Hurtado-Garcia & Manjón-Cabeza 2022: 1220</bibRefCitation>
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(as
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D663AFFE8FD63E34F8591FB94" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[668,898,1047,1071]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Anseropoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarctica">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC663AFFE8FD63E34F8591FB94" box="[668,898,1047,1071]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Anseropoda antarctica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3706575663AFFE8FF68E30586E3FB04" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE663AFFE8FF68E305870BFBCC" blockId="11.[151,1436,1117,1215]" box="[151,280,1117,1143]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC663AFFE8FF68E305870BFBCC" bold="true" box="[151,280,1117,1143]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Etymology</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE663AFFE8FF38E3D986E3FB04" blockId="11.[151,1436,1117,1215]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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The species epithet “
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D663AFFE8FE4AE3D98433FB20" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[437,544,1153,1179]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Astrotholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="infernalis">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC663AFFE8FE4AE3D98433FB20" box="[437,544,1153,1179]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">infernalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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” describing “lower regions” and alluding to the great depth occurrence of this species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3706575663AFFE8FF68E3B5840DF960" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE663AFFE8FF68E3B58719FABC" blockId="11.[151,1437,1261,1756]" box="[151,266,1261,1287]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC663AFFE8FF68E3B58719FABC" bold="true" box="[151,266,1261,1287]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE663AFFE8FF38E24982A7F9D4" blockId="11.[151,1437,1261,1756]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Body pentagonal to weakly stellate (R/r=1.3–2.5, but mostly between 1.4–1.6), arms triangular, disk arched, actinal surface concave, interradial arcs weakly curved to straight (
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<figureCitation id="13512A7B663AFFE8FC5BE26D8211FAF4" box="[932,1026,1333,1359]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-28@12.[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astrotholus infernalis n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1122403. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close view of abactinal, superomarginal and inferomarginal plates, covered by spinelets. C. Abactinal and superomarginal plates denuded. D. Oral view close view. E. Oral surface. F. Furrow and adambulacral spination." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090246/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
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). Abactinal plates imbricate, flat to mound-like or arched (
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<figureCitation id="13512A7B663AFFE8FE63E20187E4FAC8" box="[412,503,1369,1395]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-28@12.[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astrotholus infernalis n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1122403. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close view of abactinal, superomarginal and inferomarginal plates, covered by spinelets. C. Abactinal and superomarginal plates denuded. D. Oral view close view. E. Oral surface. F. Furrow and adambulacral spination." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090246/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
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). Abactinal plate surfaces each covered with spinelets, 4–20, mostly 5–10, widely spaced (
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<figureCitation id="13512A7B663AFFE8FF0DE2258759FA2C" box="[242,330,1405,1431]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-28@12.[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astrotholus infernalis n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1122403. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close view of abactinal, superomarginal and inferomarginal plates, covered by spinelets. C. Abactinal and superomarginal plates denuded. D. Oral view close view. E. Oral surface. F. Furrow and adambulacral spination." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090246/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
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). Spinelet tips hyaline, 3–4. Marginal plates 30 to 38 to 40 (at R=1.0, R=1.2 to R=1.6 respectively) per interradius (arm tip to arm tip), imbricate. Superomarginal plates oval to quadrate in shape (
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<figureCitation id="13512A7B663AFFE8FB0CE2F9835CFA00" box="[1267,1359,1441,1467]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-28@12.[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astrotholus infernalis n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1122403. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close view of abactinal, superomarginal and inferomarginal plates, covered by spinelets. C. Abactinal and superomarginal plates denuded. D. Oral view close view. E. Oral surface. F. Furrow and adambulacral spination." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090246/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
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), plate surface with 5–12 spinelets bearing minute hyaline tips, 3–4 identical to those of abactinal plates. Inferomarginal plates approximately 50% the size of the superomarginal plates, quadrate in outline. Surface covered with 1–5 spinelets bearing minute hyaline tips, 3–4 identical to those on superomarginals and abactinal plates. Actinal plates imbricate, in 30–40 transverse rows showing direct continuity with inferomarginal and adambulacral plates (
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<figureCitation id="13512A7B663AFFE8FA90E16986A9F9D4" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-28@12.[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astrotholus infernalis n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1122403. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close view of abactinal, superomarginal and inferomarginal plates, covered by spinelets. C. Abactinal and superomarginal plates denuded. D. Oral view close view. E. Oral surface. F. Furrow and adambulacral spination." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090246/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
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). Plates round but elongate, each with sharp, elongate spines, 2–4 per plate (
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<figureCitation id="13512A7B663AFFE8FBEEE10D82B4F9D4" box="[1041,1191,1621,1648]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-28@12.[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astrotholus infernalis n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1122403. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close view of abactinal, superomarginal and inferomarginal plates, covered by spinelets. C. Abactinal and superomarginal plates denuded. D. Oral view close view. E. Oral surface. F. Furrow and adambulacral spination." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090246/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2D, E, F</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE663AFFE8FF38E122840DF960" blockId="11.[151,1437,1261,1756]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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Furrow spines elongate with pointed tips, webbed (sometimes torn)
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<quantity id="4C929B1B663AFFE8FC0CE1218272F928" box="[1011,1121,1657,1684]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" metricValueMax="10.16" metricValueMin="5.08" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="in" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2 to 4 in</quantity>
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palmate to straight series, subambulacral spines identically elongate with pointed tips and webbed, 2 to 4 per plate, set off from the furrow spine by a discrete space (
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<figureCitation id="13512A7B663AFFE8FE44E1998402F960" box="[443,529,1729,1755]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-28@12.[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astrotholus infernalis n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1122403. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close view of abactinal, superomarginal and inferomarginal plates, covered by spinelets. C. Abactinal and superomarginal plates denuded. D. Oral view close view. E. Oral surface. F. Furrow and adambulacral spination." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090246/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3706575663AFFEEFF68E05182C0FF6E" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE663AFFE8FF68E051870BF898" blockId="11.[151,1436,1801,1935]" box="[151,280,1801,1827]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC663AFFE8FF68E051870BF898" bold="true" box="[151,280,1801,1827]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Comments</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE663AFFE8FF38E075850BF834" blockId="11.[151,1436,1801,1935]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D663AFFE8FF38E07587A8F8FC" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[199,443,1837,1863]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Astrotholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="infernalis" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC663AFFE8FF38E07587A8F8FC" box="[199,443,1837,1863]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Astrotholus infernalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<materialsCitation id="3B023CA3663AFFE8FE3AE076850BF834" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4139000401" collectionCode="USNM" elevation="3866" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" specimenCode="USNM 1122403" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D5797663AFFE8FE3AE0768400F8F3" box="[453,531,1838,1864]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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n. sp. represents the deepest known member of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D663AFFE8FB96E07582F9F8FC" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[1129,1258,1837,1863]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterinidae</taxonomicName>
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with collection from
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<quantity id="4C929B1B663AFFE8FF27E0098769F8D7" box="[216,378,1873,1900]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.866" metricValueMax="3.944" metricValueMin="3.788" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="3866.0" valueMax="3944.0" valueMin="3788.0">
|
||
<elevation id="0047D1CD663AFFE8FF27E0098769F8D7" box="[216,378,1873,1900]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.866" metricValueMax="3.944" metricValueMin="3.788" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="3866.0" valueMax="3944.0" valueMin="3788.0">3788–3944 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
. Specimen
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBCC9E85663AFFE8FDFEE00984D2F8D0" box="[513,705,1873,1899]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="Museum">USNM 1122403</specimenCode>
|
||
, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D1885C663AFFE8FD03E009854DF8D0" box="[764,862,1873,1899]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of this species was cited as part of “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D663AFFE8FAE9E009871AF834" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Anseropoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarctica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC663AFFE8FAE9E009871AF834" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Anseropoda antarctica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F663AFFE8FEBFE02D850BF834" author="Hurtado-Garcia, J. & Manjon-Cabeza, M. E." box="[320,792,1909,1935]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1211 - 1228" refId="ref58724" refString="Hurtado-Garcia, J. & Manjon-Cabeza, M. E. (2022) Species composition of sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in the Patagonian Argentinian deep-sea including seven new records: connectivity with sub-Antarctic and Antarctic fauna. Polar Biology, 45, 1211 - 1228. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 022 - 03056 - x" type="journal article" year="2022">Hurtado-Garcia & Manjón-Cabeza (2022)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF156676663DFFEFFF68E007852EF804" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090246" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8090246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090246/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[151,250,1887,1911]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1863]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE663DFFEFFF68E007852EF804" blockId="12.[151,1437,1887,1983]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC663DFFEFFF68E00784A5F8CC" bold="true" box="[151,694,1887,1911]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
FIGURE 2.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D663DFFEFFEDAE0078403F8CC" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[293,528,1887,1911]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Astrotholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="infernalis" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC663DFFEFFEDAE0078403F8CC" bold="true" box="[293,528,1887,1911]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Astrotholus infernalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D5797663DFFEFFDE2E0078479F8CC" box="[541,618,1887,1911]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
n. sp.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
USNM 1122403.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC663DFFEFFC7DE0078588F8CC" bold="true" box="[898,923,1887,1911]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Abactinal surface.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC663DFFEFFB8DE007829AF8CC" bold="true" box="[1138,1161,1887,1911]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Close view of abactinal, superomarginal and inferomarginal plates, covered by spinelets.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC663DFFEFFCDDE0DB8528F820" bold="true" box="[802,827,1923,1947]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Abactinal and superomarginal plates denuded.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC663DFFEFFAE5E0DB8321F820" bold="true" box="[1306,1330,1923,1947]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D.</emphasis>
|
||
Oral view close view.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC663DFFEFFEF1E0FF8736F804" bold="true" box="[270,293,1959,1983]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E.</emphasis>
|
||
Oral surface.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC663DFFEFFE4AE0FF87DBF804" bold="true" box="[437,456,1959,1983]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">F.</emphasis>
|
||
Furrow and adambulacral spination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE663CFFEEFF68E7CE82C0FF6E" blockId="13.[151,1235,150,213]" box="[151,1235,150,213]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC663CFFEEFF68E7CE8731FF0B" bold="true" box="[151,290,150,176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Occurrence</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D766E663CFFEEFF38E7E3877CFF6E" box="[199,367,187,213]" name="Georgia Island" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Georgia Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Elephant Island, Scotia Sea, South Atlantic, Tierra del Fuego.
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B1B663CFFEEFBCEE7E382DCFF6E" box="[1073,1231,187,213]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.472" metricValueMax="3.944" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="m" value="2472.0" valueMax="3944.0" valueMin="1000.0">1000–3944 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3706575663CFFEEFF68E65A829BFB52" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE663CFFEEFF68E65A8732FEA7" blockId="13.[151,1437,258,1257]" box="[151,289,258,284]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC663CFFEEFF68E65A8732FEA7" bold="true" box="[151,289,258,284]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE663CFFEEFF38E67F85F8FEDE" blockId="13.[151,1437,258,1257]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Body pentagonal to weakly stellate (R/r=1.3–2.5, but mostly between 1.4–1.6), arms triangular, disk arched, actinal surface concave, interradial arcs weakly curved to straight (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B663CFFEEFC7BE61385CDFEDE" box="[900,990,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-28@12.[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astrotholus infernalis n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1122403. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close view of abactinal, superomarginal and inferomarginal plates, covered by spinelets. C. Abactinal and superomarginal plates denuded. D. Oral view close view. E. Oral surface. F. Furrow and adambulacral spination." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090246/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE663CFFEEFF38E6378237FDDA" blockId="13.[151,1437,258,1257]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Abactinal plates imbricate, most scalar, irregularly rounded most showing smooth, flat surface others are more mound-like (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B663CFFEEFED9E6CB878DFE16" box="[294,414,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-28@12.[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astrotholus infernalis n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1122403. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close view of abactinal, superomarginal and inferomarginal plates, covered by spinelets. C. Abactinal and superomarginal plates denuded. D. Oral view close view. E. Oral surface. F. Furrow and adambulacral spination." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090246/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 2A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Grooves arising as a result of adjacent mound-like plates. Plates largest on proximal region on disk and along radial regions of arms. Interradial plates more elongate in shape, arranged in transverse, ordered series with variably direct or slightly offset correspondence to superomarginal plates. Abactinal plate surfaces each covered with spinelets, 4–50, mostly 10–30, but number related to plate size. Spinelets cover each plate surface, closely but evenly spaced. Each spinelet with minute hyaline tips, 3–4. Madreporite triangular with deep sulci. Anus centrally located on disk, flanked by 4–6 plates, protected by overlying spinelets.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE663CFFEEFF38E53384C1FC72" blockId="13.[151,1437,258,1257]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Marginal plates 30 to 38 to 40 (at R=1.0, R=1.2 to R=1.6 respectively) per interradius (arm tip to arm tip). Superomarginal plates with 1:1 correspondence with inferomarginal plates. Superomarginal plates imbricate, shape ovoid to quadrate with rounded corners, variably offset or directly in association with serially arranged transverse, interradial abactinal plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B663CFFEEFE28E58F8421FD4A" box="[471,562,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-28@12.[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astrotholus infernalis n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1122403. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close view of abactinal, superomarginal and inferomarginal plates, covered by spinelets. C. Abactinal and superomarginal plates denuded. D. Oral view close view. E. Oral surface. F. Furrow and adambulacral spination." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090246/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Superomarginal plate surfaces with 5–12 spinelets bearing minute hyaline tips, 3–4 identical to those present on abactinal plates. Inferomarginal plates approximately 50% the size of the superomarginal plates, quadrate in outline. Surface covered with 5–12 spinelets bearing minute hyaline tips, 3–4 identical to those on superomarginals and abactinal plates. The convex outline of the superomarginal and inferomarginal plates forms a crenulated online along the lateral edge of the body (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B663CFFEEFBD4E43F8290FC3A" box="[1067,1155,871,897]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-28@12.[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astrotholus infernalis n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1122403. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close view of abactinal, superomarginal and inferomarginal plates, covered by spinelets. C. Abactinal and superomarginal plates denuded. D. Oral view close view. E. Oral surface. F. Furrow and adambulacral spination." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090246/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Shallow groove present at contact between superomarginal and inferomarginal plate series. Terminal plate quadrate in outline, smooth with no accessories (no spines, granules, etc.) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B663CFFEEFD92E4F784D6FC72" box="[621,709,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-28@12.[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astrotholus infernalis n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1122403. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close view of abactinal, superomarginal and inferomarginal plates, covered by spinelets. C. Abactinal and superomarginal plates denuded. D. Oral view close view. E. Oral surface. F. Furrow and adambulacral spination." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090246/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE663CFFEEFF38E48B82DEFBAA" blockId="13.[151,1437,258,1257]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Actinal plates imbricate, in 30–40 transverse rows in direct association with inferomarginal and adambulacral plates. Plates round but elongate, each with sharp, elongate spines, 2–4 per plate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B663CFFEEFBD6E4AF82D3FBAA" box="[1065,1216,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-28@12.[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astrotholus infernalis n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1122403. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close view of abactinal, superomarginal and inferomarginal plates, covered by spinelets. C. Abactinal and superomarginal plates denuded. D. Oral view close view. E. Oral surface. F. Furrow and adambulacral spination." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090246/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 2D, E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE663CFFEEFF38E343829BFB52" blockId="13.[151,1437,258,1257]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Furrow spines, elongate with pointed tip, webbed (sometimes torn),
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B1B663CFFEEFBF5E343824BFB8E" box="[1034,1112,1051,1077]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" metricValueMax="10.16" metricValueMin="5.08" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="in" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2–4 in</quantity>
|
||
palmate to straight series, subambulacral spines identically elongate with pointed tips and webbed, 2–4 per plate, set off from the furrow spine by a discrete space (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B663CFFEEFE82E33B87E5FBC6" box="[381,502,1123,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-28@12.[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astrotholus infernalis n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1122403. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close view of abactinal, superomarginal and inferomarginal plates, covered by spinelets. C. Abactinal and superomarginal plates denuded. D. Oral view close view. E. Oral surface. F. Furrow and adambulacral spination." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090246/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 2D, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Greatest number of furrow spines proximally with distalmost adambulacral plate showing fewest spines. Oral plates with furrow spines 5–12 at R=0.9 to R=1.5. At R=0.9, the paired oral spines projecting into the mouth are enlarged, approximately twice the length of the other oral plate furrow spines. Oral plates with pronounced ridge and enlarged central fissure between paired plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B663CFFEEFBDEE397826FFB52" box="[1057,1148,1231,1257]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-28@12.[151,1436,181,1863]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 2. Astrotholus infernalis n. gen. n. sp. USNM 1122403. A. Abactinal surface. B. Close view of abactinal, superomarginal and inferomarginal plates, covered by spinelets. C. Abactinal and superomarginal plates denuded. D. Oral view close view. E. Oral surface. F. Furrow and adambulacral spination." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090246/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |